142:
31:
636:, she and her daughters abstained from drinking and were members of temperance societies in their communities. Mary, her son Salmon, and her daughter-in-law Abbie Hinckley Brown decided to travel to California. Abbie's uncle had declared that he found it to be a "land of gold opportunity". Mary and the couple sold their farms and headed west with her daughters Sarah and Annie, hoping that it would be a fresh start and an escape from John Brown's notoriety.
524:, while Brown stayed in North Elba with her daughters and son Watson. In 1857, Franklin Sanborn commented that Mary and her daughters, Ruth and Annie, were "hardworking, self-denying, devoted women, fully sensible of the greatness of the struggle in which Capt. Brown is engaged, and willing to bear their part in it." Brown's life was one of financial hardship, and yet the family set aside money to aid African Americans in North Elba.
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While her husband and sons were away fighting against slavery, she remained at home and worked to support the family, as well as running her household and delivering and raising children. John considered his wife a partner and a "fast and faithful affectionate friend" who made it possible for him to
564:
The night of the raid, Mary waited at their home in North Elba for news about the fate of her husband and sons. With her were four daughters — Ruth, Annie, Sarah, and Ellen — and her daughters-in-law Martha and Bell. Ruth's husband, Henry, was injured while working with John and did not participate
694:
Historian
Stephen B. Oates called her a "loyal, self-sacrificing wife", and stated, "She had been taught since childhood that a woman's task was to bear children, tend her house, and obey her husband. Thus she subordinated herself completely to Brown's will... enduring his intractable ways."
454:. Believed to have been written by John, the inscription is: "Through all the dreary night of death / In peaceful slumbers may you rest, / And when eternal day shall dawn / And shades and death have past and gone, / O may you then with glad surprise / In God's own image wake and rise."
702:(1902) that she bore "hardship, poverty, prolonged separation from her husband, yea, even the loss of her noble sons to further the sacred cause of freedom." Of her husband, Mary stated, "It is only those that are capable of appreciating his motives that can see any beauty in them."
175:. Married at age 17, Mary raised 5 stepchildren and an additional 13 children born during her marriage. She supported her husband's activities by managing the family farm while he was away, which he often was. Mary and her husband helped enslaved Africans escape slavery via the
269:. He attempted to keep accurate records of his father's disorganized business proceedings in the 1840s and became a teacher later in life. He married Wealthy Hotchkiss in 1847. As a Captain in a Kansas cavalry unit, he was the only one of the Brown's children to serve in the
368:
Annie Brown was born in
Richfield, Ohio, on December 23, 1843. She was a lookout at Kennedy Farm before the raid on Harpers Ferry to alleviate concerns of nearby residents. She married Samuel Adams and they had descendants. Annie died October 5, 1926, and was buried in
1522:
John Brown's family in
California : a journey by funeral train, covered wagon, through archives, to the Valley of Heart's Delight : including the years 1833-1926, and honoring descendants of the women abolitionists of Santa Clara County, now known as Silicon
655:, where they were welcomed by the residents. They received groceries and supplies and Salmon obtained work immediately after their arrival. She was harassed by pro-slavery people while in Red Bluff and decided to leave the town. She moved to
572:, Mary's likeness was sketched and her life story printed in newspapers. She became a source of interest in the country as the result of the Harpers Ferry raid. Mary met noted abolitionists and funds were raised to help support the family.
438:. In the mid-1830s, the Browns were subscribers of the newspaper and Mary was familiar with her husband's and Garrison's positions against slavery. Few people supported the anti-slavery movement in the 1840s and 1850s. Influenced by the
527:
John returned to the east in 1856 and began canvassing for support for an anti-slavery raid in
Virginia. Mary was managing the family's "hardscrabble" existence in North Elba — as he traveled through Canada and the Northern states.
222:. Her sister was his housekeeper. Mary was described as tall and sturdy, with striking black hair. John found her to be a hard worker and practical. A shy man, John wrote a letter to her in which he asked her to marry him.
293:
Ruth Brown was born in New
Richmond, Pennsylvania, on February 18, 1829. She also attended the Grand River Institute. She married Henry Thompson on September 26, 1850, and they had descendants. She died on January 18,
449:
Their children were raised to be truthful, resist temptation, improve morally, and be useful. Four of her children died in 1843 and another two children died by 1849. A religious marker was placed in the cemetery at
504:
John Brown and Gerrit Smith had hoped that the colony would be a place where
African Americans could settle. It was difficult, however, to farm in the cold climate and it did not become a thriving community.
1488:
Laughlin-Schultz, Bonnie. "Could I not do something for the cause?" : the Brown women, antislavery reform, and
American memory of militant abolitionism. Ph. D. Dissertation. Indiana University 2009.
1581:
446:
focus on his fight against slavery. He recognized that she took on a life of "poverty, trials, discredit, and sore afflictions" due to his commitments, which resulted in periods of illness and loss.
708:
noted in his 1910 biography of her husband that Mary possessed “rugged physical health and even greater ruggedness of nature… was as truly of the stuff of which martyrs are made as was her husband.
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In 1882, she made a trip east. She was honored at public receptions in
Chicago and Kansas, and visited several places associated with her life and that of her husband. While at the house of her son
481:
wilderness. John Brown moved to the area, with his family, to teach the men how to farm. Having suffered poor health following the death of her children, Mary was described as an invalid by visitor
359:
was born in
Franklin, Ohio, on March 9, 1839. He married Martha Brewster on April 7, 1858. Oliver participated in the raid on Harpers Ferry and died from wounds received there on October 17, 1859.
1485:
Laughlin-Schultz, Bonnie. "The noble wife of the late champion of freedom" Mary Brown's 1882 visit to Topeka and John Brown's enduring legacy. Kansas history. Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter 2012/2013)
276:
Jason Brown was born in Hudson, Ohio, on
January 19, 1823. Jason was a humanitarian and a pacifist. He married Ellen Sherbondy in 1847 and they had descendants. He died on December 24, 1912.
509:
and his family were neighbors. A formerly enslaved man, Cyrus, worked for the Browns as a farmhand and lived with the family. The Browns assisted Blacks who were escaping slavery on the
535:, as her husband requested. She did not answer his request at all, and did "everything in her power" to prevent her stepdaughter Annie and Oliver's wife Martha from going in her place.
579:) about how they thought John Brown's wife should behave and speak, to project the image that John had his wife's unqualified support. They wrote letters for publication in her name.
517:. John Brown made his wool warehouse in Springfield, Massachusetts, an Underground Railroad site. The Brown family intended to defend North Elba against slavecatchers with weapons.
282:
was born in Hudson, Ohio, on November 4, 1824. He participated in the Kansas battles and came with his father to Harpers Ferry. During the raid on Harpers Ferry, he stayed at the
1990:
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639:
They spent the winter in Iowa and were discovered by Confederate sympathizers who were believed to have poisoned two ewes and planned to kill Salmon. On September 22, 1864,
332:, on October 7, 1835. He married Isabella Thompson in September 1858. He participated in the raid on Harpers Ferry and died on October 19, 1859, of wounds that he sustained.
557:. Annie and daughter-in-law Martha (Oliver's wife) made preparations and cooked at the Kennedy house for the men who would participate in the raid, who were later called
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647:, arriving three hours before their pursuers. Soldiers traveled with the family to Nevada, a 200 miles (320 km) trip. They continued their journey along the
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reported that there was an unconfirmed rumor that the Brown family was murdered by Missouri guerillas. Instead, the Browns traveled by wagon to the Union post at
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found during his visits that the boys and girls of the family served food to family members and visitors. The boys cleared the table and washed the dishes.
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John was captured and two of their sons were killed. He was charged with murder, inciting a slave riot, and treason. When she visited him in jail in
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Peter Brown was born in Hudson, Ohio, on December 7, 1840. He died of dysentery at age two on September 22, 1843, and was buried in Richfield, Ohio.
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in Ohio, the lost body of her son Watson was unexpectedly brought to her, and she took it with her to North Elba, burying him beside his father.
598:
Found guilty of all charges, John was hanged on December 2, 1859. There were some plans to use his body for medical research, but Mary implored
1995:
1962:
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342:, on October 2, 1836. He married Abbie C. Hinckley in September 1858 and they had descendants. He took part in the Kansas fighting. He died in
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Ellen Brown (the second) was born in Akron, Ohio, on September 25, 1854. She married James Fablinger in 1876. She died on July 16, 1916.
310:
Mary had thirteen children with John. Six of them did not survive to adulthood. Three more died before John's death. The children were:
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Frederick Brown (the second) was born in New Richmond, Pennsylvania, on December 31, 1830. He was shot and killed by Martin White in
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686:. She had requested to be buried alongside her husband, if it was not too costly or difficult. Her funeral was heavily attended.
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Amelia Brown was born June 22, 1845, and was accidentally scalded to death on October 30, 1846. She was buried in Akron, Ohio.
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Chronology of residences and real estate holdings of the family of John Brown : Santa Clara and Santa Cruz Counties
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Austin Brown was born in Richfield, Ohio, on September 14, 1842. He died of dysentery at age one, September 27, 1843.
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Infant son (unnamed) was born in Akron, Ohio, on April 26, 1852, and died of whooping cough 21 days after his birth.
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In the mid-1850s, John and most of their sons went to Kansas to fight pro-slavery factions to make the territory a
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and their children for burial at the family farm, as John had requested. Wise agreed. Some abolitionists — like
1503:
618:, with a monument and lavish funeral, that would be a catalyst for fund-raising for the anti-slavery movement.
615:
199:, to Mary and Charles Day, a farmer and blacksmith. When she was a young girl, she moved with her parents to
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705:
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Her correspondence shows that she was devoted to her husband and abolitionism. Author John Newton stated in
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35:
Mary Ann Brown (née Day), wife of John Brown, married in 1833, with Annie (left) and Sarah (right) in 1851.
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417:, in 1842. At that time, the Browns had twelve living children. They also lived in John's home town of
171:(since 1863, West Virginia), which attempted to start a campaign of liberating enslaved people in the
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The tie that bound us : the women of John Brown's family and the legacy of radical abolitionism
954:
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2138:
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1492:
Laughlin-Schultz, Bonnie (2013). "Mary Brown's 1882 Tour and the Memory of Militant Abolitionism".
644:
442:, Mary believed it important to bring an end to slavery. She saw African Americans as her equals.
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in 1849. Ruth, her stepdaughter, was taking care of the children at the time. Mary traveled to
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The Tie that Bound Us. The Women of John Brown's Family and the Legacy of Radical Abolitionism
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497:' establishment, which greatly improved her health and well-being. Unique for the times,
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and led four others to safety when the failure of the raid became apparent. He died in
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Sarah Brown in 1912, recreating the conditions of their trip to California. (Dress and
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Mary acquired five stepchildren, aged two to twelve, upon her marriage to John Brown.
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390:, on April 26, 1848. She died of consumption in her father's arms on April 30, 1849.
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1215:"Rescripting a Troubled Past: John Brown's Family and the Harpers Ferry Conspiracy"
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After Harper's Ferry : John Brown's widow-her family and the Saratoga years
461:, into a house owned by Simon Perkins, who started a wool business with John in
458:
380:
179:. The couple lived in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and in the abolitionist settlement of
2090:
1693:
885:– via House Divided, The Civil War Research Engine at Dickinson College.
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1889:
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At the age of 17, Mary Ann Day was married on June 14 or July 11, 1833, in
1240:
349:
Charles Brown was born in Hudson, Ohio, on November 3, 1837. He died in
183:. After the execution of her husband, she became a California pioneer.
473:
Gerrit Smith established a land-grant colony for African Americans at
561:. The young women returned to North Elba when the raid was imminent.
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Mary Ann Day Brown died on February 29, 1884, and was buried in the
1468:. Saratoga, California : Saratoga Historical Foundation, 1964.
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on October 16, 1859. He was accompanied by their sons Oliver and
1254:
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Wealthy Hotchkiss Brown - Kansapedia - Kansas Historical Society
911:
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894:
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1553:. New York : American Institute for Marxist Studies, 1975.
405:
For the first couple of years of marriage, the Browns lived in
575:
Mary was repeatedly tutored by abolitionist leaders (such as
383:, on September 11, 1846. She never married and died in 1916.
210:
When she was sixteen, she occasionally came to abolitionist
156:(April 15, 1816 – February 29, 1884) was the second wife of
1532:
Saratoga, CA : Saratoga Historical Foundation, 1995.
1525:. Palo Alto, California : Allies for Freedom, 2006.
628:
John Brown's body § The family moves to California
513:, which became more dangerous with the passage of the
457:
In another transition, Mary and the children moved to
848:
West Virginia Department of Arts, Culture and History
353:, of dysentery on September 11, 1843 at the age of 5.
16:
Widow of American abolitionist John Brown (1816–1884)
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1551:Mary Brown : from Harpers Ferry to California
594:, December 8, 1859. Note the boulder on the left.
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725:California Historical Landmarks in Tehama County
711:Susan Higginbotham deals with Mary in the novel
1208:
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424:Anti-slavery institutions were established by
1575:
1482:. Red Bluff, California : Hampton, 1967.
1464:Fox, Theron. Saratoga Historical Foundation.
8:
318:, on May 11, 1834. At age nine, she died in
191:Mary Ann Day was born on April 15, 1816, in
1537:John Brown's family in Red Bluff, 1864-1870
301:, on August 30, 1856, and was buried there.
1582:
1568:
1560:
1546:. Red Bluff, California : Reed, 1968.
1421:. Ithaca : Cornell University Press.
867:
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863:
748:While it seems most like the visit was by
238:, who was a widower previously married to
29:
18:
1885:B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing
838:
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832:
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807:"Mary Ann Day Brown, Widow of John Brown"
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428:in the early 1830s with the founding of
421:, where he had lived from 1805 to 1821.
2054:Remarks After the Hanging of John Brown
1539:M.A. Dissertation. Chico State College.
1475:. Red Bluff, California: Goodwin, 1968.
790:
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121: 1833; died 1859)
1996:John Brown Museum (Osawatomie, Kansas)
1963:Harpers Ferry National Historical Park
955:"The Wives and Children of John Brown"
602:, the governor of Virginia, to return
2027:John Brown's Provisional Constitution
1986:John Brown Farm, Tannery & Museum
1958:Burning of Winchester Medical College
949:
947:
945:
878:. New York: Vintage Books. p. 49
379:Sarah Brown (the second) was born in
7:
875:John Brown, Marriage to Mary Ann Day
386:Ellen Brown (the first) was born in
261:, on July 25, 1821. He attended the
2331:Family of John Brown (abolitionist)
1981:John Brown Farm State Historic Site
1453:. Boston, Massachusetts. p. 2.
752:, it may also have been his father
413:(later renamed Kent, Ohio), and to
1591:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
978:Kansas Historical Society (2016).
545:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
14:
2311:People from Red Bluff, California
2195:Origins of the American Civil War
2085:Abolitionism in the United States
1415:Laughlin-Schultz, Bonnie (2013).
1004:, Historical Marker Project, 2022
2326:People from Saratoga, California
2306:People from North Elba, New York
1443:Tilton, Theodore (25 Nov 1859).
936:Pennsylvania Center for the Book
2301:People from Granville, New York
2270:Winchester and Potomac Railroad
1544:The Widow Brown after Red Bluff
118:
2040:The Last Moments of John Brown
1991:John Brown House (Akron, Ohio)
549:John planned and executed the
1:
2047:A Plea for Captain John Brown
1350:. Onslow Press. p. 392.
610:— wanted him to be buried in
436:American Anti-Slavery Society
409:. In May 1835, they moved to
232:Crawford County, Pennsylvania
205:Crawford County, Pennsylvania
96:conductor, California pioneer
1910:Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
805:Weber, Sandra (2016-03-26).
531:Mary refused to come to the
305:
2321:Underground Railroad people
2033:The Last Days of John Brown
1953:Battle Hymn of the Republic
1895:Charles Town, West Virginia
1880:Allstadt House and Ordinary
1445:"Interview with Mrs. Brown"
1220:Journal of American History
1213:McGlone, Robert E. (1989).
872:Reynolds, David S. (2005).
197:Washington County, New York
2347:
1702:Thomas Wentworth Higginson
1473:Mrs. Mary Anne (Day) Brown
1001:Boyhood home of John Brown
959:U.S. National Park Service
625:
542:
515:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
487:Northampton, Massachusetts
463:Springfield, Massachusetts
407:New Richmond, Pennsylvania
388:Springfield, Massachusetts
316:New Richmond, Pennsylvania
216:New Richmond, Pennsylvania
2316:John Brown (abolitionist)
1968:Heyward Shepherd monument
1717:Franklin Benjamin Sanborn
1639:John Anthony Copeland Jr.
1346:(2021). "Author's note".
28:
2022:John Brown's last speech
1504:Cornell University Press
616:Cambridge, Massachusetts
314:Sarah Brown was born in
811:The Adirondack Almanack
730:Home of Mrs. John Brown
706:Oswald Garrison Villard
657:Rohnerville, California
169:Harpers Ferry, Virginia
2068:Virginia v. John Brown
1774:John E.P. Daingerfield
1674:Francis Jackson Meriam
1607:Osborne Perry Anderson
1053:, pp. 3, 4–6, 30.
754:Richard Henry Dana Sr.
750:Richard Henry Dana Jr.
595:
570:Charles Town, Virginia
483:Richard Henry Dana Jr.
440:Second Great Awakening
426:William Lloyd Garrison
273:. He died May 3, 1895.
150:
2215:Pottawatomie massacre
1727:George Luther Stearns
1371:Laughlin-Schultz 2013
1331:Laughlin-Schultz 2013
1319:Laughlin-Schultz 2013
1307:Laughlin-Schultz 2013
1295:Laughlin-Schultz 2013
1283:Laughlin-Schultz 2013
1271:Laughlin-Schultz 2013
1259:Laughlin-Schultz 2013
1200:, pp. 40–48, 56.
1198:Laughlin-Schultz 2013
1186:Laughlin-Schultz 2013
1174:Laughlin-Schultz 2013
1162:Laughlin-Schultz 2013
1150:Laughlin-Schultz 2013
1138:Laughlin-Schultz 2013
1126:Laughlin-Schultz 2013
1114:Laughlin-Schultz 2013
1102:Laughlin-Schultz 2013
1087:Laughlin-Schultz 2013
1075:Laughlin-Schultz 2013
1063:Laughlin-Schultz 2013
1051:Laughlin-Schultz 2013
1039:Laughlin-Schultz 2013
1027:Laughlin-Schultz 2013
1015:Laughlin-Schultz 2013
916:Laughlin-Schultz 2013
899:Laughlin-Schultz 2013
653:Red Bluff, California
612:Mount Auburn Cemetery
586:John Brown's burial,
585:
551:raid on Harpers Ferry
290:, on January 8, 1889.
263:Grand River Institute
226:Marriage and children
144:
2200:Battle of Osawatomie
2145:Fire on the Mountain
2097:Battle of Black Jack
1937:Winchester, Virginia
1932:Sandy Hook, Maryland
1905:Harpers Ferry Armory
1684:Aaron Dwight Stevens
1669:Lewis Sheridan Leary
1599:John Brown's raiders
1041:, pp. 4, 11–12.
844:"Mary Ann Day Brown"
684:Saratoga, California
641:The New York Tribune
592:North Elba, New York
559:John Brown's raiders
511:Underground Railroad
475:North Elba, New York
411:Franklin Mills, Ohio
288:Pasadena, California
181:North Elba, New York
177:Underground Railroad
94:Underground Railroad
83:Saratoga, California
2240:Henry David Thoreau
2139:Ralph Waldo Emerson
2102:Battle of the Spurs
1754:Owen Brown (father)
1707:Samuel Gridley Howe
1549:Rosenberg, Daniel.
1384:Higginbotham, Susan
1344:Higginbotham, Susan
1273:, p. 4, 54–59.
645:Soda Springs, Idaho
371:Shively, California
306:Mary's own children
81:Madronia Cemetery,
59:Granville, New York
2167:Haitian Revolution
2157:The Good Lord Bird
2151:Wm. Lloyd Garrison
2134:Frederick Douglass
2107:James Madison Bell
1748:Mary Ann Day Brown
1478:Hampton, Kathlin.
1388:John Brown's Women
1348:John Brown's Women
1176:, pp. 3, 4–6.
988:on 19 August 2016.
713:John Brown's Women
700:Captain John Brown
634:American Civil War
604:his remains to her
596:
539:Harpers Ferry raid
499:Frederick Douglass
434:newspaper and the
299:Osawatomie, Kansas
154:Mary Ann Day Brown
151:
23:Mary Ann Day Brown
2278:
2277:
2205:Quindaro Townsite
2177:Elijah P. Lovejoy
2129:George DeBaptiste
2124:John Stuart Curry
2015:John Brown's Body
2007:John Brown's Body
2001:John Brown's body
1922:John Brown's Fort
1915:Historic District
1900:Gibson-Todd House
1844:George H. Steuart
1794:Stonewall Jackson
1784:George Henry Hoyt
1743:John Wilkes Booth
1736:Other individuals
1679:Dangerfield Newby
1535:Phay, Wilbert L.
1428:978-0-8014-5161-4
1164:, pp. 40–45.
1152:, pp. 33–34.
1140:, pp. 31–32.
1128:, pp. 17–18.
1116:, pp. 26–27.
1077:, pp. 16–17.
1065:, pp. 21–22.
680:Madronia Cemetery
588:Brown family farm
469:North Elba colony
218:, to work on the
139:
138:
69:February 29, 1884
2338:
2190:James Montgomery
1854:Lewis Washington
1839:Lysander Spooner
1834:Heyward Shepherd
1814:Wendell Phillips
1629:Owen Brown (son)
1584:
1577:
1570:
1561:
1528:Nalty, Damon G.
1517:
1500:Ithaca, New York
1471:Goodwin, Karen.
1454:
1432:
1402:
1401:
1390:. Onslow Press.
1380:
1374:
1373:, p. 28–29.
1368:
1362:
1361:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1245:
1244:
1227:(4): 1179–1200.
1210:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1017:, p. 4, 18.
1012:
1006:
1005:
996:
990:
989:
984:. Archived from
975:
969:
968:
966:
965:
951:
940:
939:
928:
919:
913:
902:
896:
887:
886:
884:
883:
869:
858:
857:
855:
854:
840:
821:
820:
818:
817:
802:
756:
746:
649:California Trail
608:Wendell Phillips
577:Wendell Phillips
346:on May 10, 1919.
344:Portland, Oregon
267:Austinburg, Ohio
165:leader of a raid
122:
120:
72:
54:
52:
33:
19:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2229:Seven Angry Men
2210:Allan Pinkerton
2112:Bleeding Kansas
2073:
1941:
1868:
1849:J. E. B. Stuart
1759:John Brown, Jr.
1731:
1712:Theodore Parker
1688:
1664:John Henry Kagi
1644:Barclay Coppock
1593:
1588:
1557:
1514:
1491:
1480:Mrs. John Brown
1461:
1459:Further reading
1442:
1439:
1429:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1248:
1233:10.2307/1908635
1212:
1211:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1100:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1009:
998:
997:
993:
977:
976:
972:
963:
961:
953:
952:
943:
930:
929:
922:
914:
905:
897:
890:
881:
879:
871:
870:
861:
852:
850:
842:
841:
824:
815:
813:
804:
803:
770:
765:
760:
759:
747:
743:
738:
721:
692:
676:
651:and arrived at
630:
624:
547:
541:
471:
452:Richfield, Ohio
415:Richfield, Ohio
403:
322:, of dysentery.
320:Richfield, Ohio
308:
255:John Brown, Jr.
248:
228:
189:
124:
116:
112:
109:
70:
61:
56:
50:
48:
47:
46:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2344:
2342:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2283:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2245:Harriet Tubman
2242:
2237:
2235:Storer College
2232:
2225:
2221:Santa Fe Trail
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2153:
2148:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2061:Tragic Prelude
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2011:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1829:George Sennott
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1809:Richard Parker
1806:
1804:James M. Mason
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1769:Samuel Chilton
1766:
1764:James Buchanan
1761:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1659:Albert Hazlett
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1518:
1512:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1375:
1363:
1356:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1246:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1106:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1043:
1031:
1019:
1007:
991:
970:
941:
920:
903:
888:
859:
822:
767:
766:
764:
761:
758:
757:
740:
739:
737:
734:
733:
732:
727:
720:
717:
691:
688:
675:
672:
626:Main article:
623:
620:
543:Main article:
540:
537:
470:
467:
402:
399:
398:
397:
394:
391:
384:
377:
374:
366:
363:
360:
354:
351:Richmond, Ohio
347:
333:
330:Franklin, Ohio
323:
307:
304:
303:
302:
295:
291:
277:
274:
257:, was born in
247:
244:
227:
224:
220:spinning wheel
188:
185:
149:are replicas.)
137:
136:
132:13, including
130:
126:
125:
114:
110:
105:
104:
102:
98:
97:
92:Abolitionist,
90:
86:
85:
79:
75:
74:
73:(aged 67)
67:
63:
62:
57:
55:April 15, 1816
44:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2343:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2255:Denmark Vesey
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2183:Marching Song
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2118:Cloudsplitter
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1864:Henry A. Wise
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1824:James Redpath
1822:
1820:
1819:Richard Realf
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1799:Robert E. Lee
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1789:Andrew Hunter
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1779:Israel Greene
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1654:Shields Green
1652:
1650:
1649:Edwin Coppock
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1542:Reed, Karen.
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1520:Libby, Jean.
1519:
1515:
1513:9780801451614
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1450:The Liberator
1446:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1399:
1397:9781737474906
1393:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1357:9781737474906
1353:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1285:, p. 63.
1284:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1188:, p. 17.
1187:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1104:, p. 25.
1103:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1089:, p. 23.
1088:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1032:
1029:, p. 18.
1028:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1003:
1002:
995:
992:
987:
983:
982:
974:
971:
960:
956:
950:
948:
946:
942:
937:
933:
927:
925:
921:
918:, p. 22.
917:
912:
910:
908:
904:
901:, p. 12.
900:
895:
893:
889:
877:
876:
868:
866:
864:
860:
849:
845:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
823:
812:
808:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
769:
762:
755:
751:
745:
742:
735:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
718:
716:
714:
709:
707:
703:
701:
696:
689:
687:
685:
681:
673:
671:
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
629:
621:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:Henry A. Wise
593:
589:
584:
580:
578:
573:
571:
566:
565:in the raid.
562:
560:
556:
552:
546:
538:
536:
534:
529:
525:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
502:
500:
496:
495:David Ruggles
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
468:
466:
464:
460:
455:
453:
447:
443:
441:
437:
433:
432:
431:The Liberator
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
400:
395:
392:
389:
385:
382:
378:
375:
372:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
348:
345:
341:
337:
334:
331:
327:
324:
321:
317:
313:
312:
311:
300:
296:
292:
289:
285:
281:
278:
275:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
253:
252:
251:
245:
243:
241:
237:
233:
225:
223:
221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
186:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
159:
155:
148:
147:covered wagon
143:
135:
131:
127:
108:
103:
99:
95:
91:
89:Occupation(s)
87:
84:
80:
78:Resting place
76:
68:
64:
60:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
2265:Walt Whitman
2260:Wakarusa War
2227:
2220:
2182:
2156:
2143:
2116:
2089:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2014:
2006:
1973:
1927:Kennedy Farm
1859:Walt Whitman
1747:
1722:Gerrit Smith
1634:Watson Brown
1624:Oliver Brown
1556:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1521:
1494:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1448:
1417:
1409:Bibliography
1387:
1378:
1366:
1347:
1338:
1333:, p. 6.
1326:
1321:, p. 3.
1314:
1309:, p. 4.
1302:
1297:, p. 5.
1290:
1278:
1266:
1261:, p. 1.
1224:
1218:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1121:
1109:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1022:
1010:
1000:
994:
986:the original
980:
973:
962:. Retrieved
958:
935:
932:"John Brown"
880:. Retrieved
874:
851:. Retrieved
847:
814:. Retrieved
810:
744:
712:
710:
704:
699:
697:
693:
677:
665:
640:
638:
631:
597:
574:
567:
563:
548:
533:Kennedy Farm
530:
526:
519:
503:
472:
456:
448:
444:
429:
423:
419:Hudson, Ohio
404:
357:Oliver Brown
340:Hudson, Ohio
338:was born in
336:Salmon Brown
328:was born in
326:Watson Brown
309:
284:Kennedy Farm
259:Hudson, Ohio
249:
246:Stepchildren
240:Dianthe Lusk
229:
214:'s house in
209:
190:
158:abolitionist
153:
152:
134:Watson Brown
71:(1884-02-29)
45:Mary Ann Day
2296:1884 deaths
2291:1816 births
2172:Victor Hugo
2162:miniseries)
1976:(biography)
659:, and then
479:Adirondacks
465:, by 1845.
459:Akron, Ohio
381:Akron, Ohio
2285:Categories
2250:Nat Turner
2091:La Amistad
1974:John Brown
1946:Afterwards
1694:Secret Six
1612:John Brown
964:2022-04-07
882:2022-04-07
853:2022-04-07
816:2022-04-07
763:References
632:After the
622:California
522:free state
507:Lyman Epps
491:water cure
280:Owen Brown
236:John Brown
212:John Brown
187:Early life
161:John Brown
107:John Brown
51:1816-04-15
1890:Beall-Air
1873:Locations
1437:Interview
477:, in the
271:Civil War
201:Meadville
193:Granville
1386:(2021).
1241:19908635
719:See also
668:John Jr.
661:Saratoga
489:, for a
129:Children
2159:(book,
2078:Related
123:
115:
111:
2223:(film)
2185:(play)
2017:(song)
2009:(poem)
1750:(wife)
1523:Valley
1510:
1425:
1394:
1354:
1239:
690:Legacy
555:Watson
101:Spouse
1237:JSTOR
736:Notes
674:Death
294:1904.
234:, to
173:South
117:(
113:
1617:body
1508:ISBN
1423:ISBN
1392:ISBN
1352:ISBN
401:Ohio
66:Died
41:Born
1229:doi
682:in
663:.
614:in
493:at
265:in
207:.
203:in
195:in
167:on
2287::
1506:.
1502::
1498:.
1447:.
1249:^
1235:.
1225:75
1223:.
1217:.
1205:^
1094:^
957:.
944:^
934:.
923:^
906:^
891:^
862:^
846:.
825:^
809:.
771:^
715:.
590:,
242:.
163:,
119:m.
1583:e
1576:t
1569:v
1516:.
1431:.
1400:.
1360:.
1243:.
1231::
967:.
938:.
856:.
819:.
373:.
53:)
49:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
