267:. Boldly she wrote to the author and asked to borrow it. This turned into a friendship, in which Godwin became a guide and teacher. She acted on Wollstonecraft's demand that women take charge of their lives and moved out of her mother's home to live as an independent woman in London. This was an extraordinary and unaccustomed act for a single woman in Hays's time: Hays's mother was horrified, and Hays's friends condemned her. Although Hays's family were outsiders from mainstream British culture, Hays's mother still disapproved of her daughter's social rebellion.
340:, a book in six volumes, containing the lives of 294 women from ancient figures to near contemporaries. Some scholars have argued that by this stage Hays realised that it was dangerous to praise Mary Wollstonecraft, and so omitted her from the book. Others have argued that Hays had little to lose and did not include Wollstonecraft for other reasons—her stated reason that she was too recently dead, and because she had already written and published a full obituary that should perhaps be considered part of
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income. Recognizing that he cannot afford marriage, she offers to live with him as his wife without getting married. Emma tells the Frend figure that her desire for him trumps every other consideration: reputation, status, and even chastity. In the most notorious statement in the book, Emma plays on Frend's name: ‘My friend’, she cries, ‘I would give myself to you – the gift is not worthless’. In real life and in the novel, Frend rejected Hays.
117:, attacked as an 'unsex'd female' by clergyman Robert Polwhele, and provoked controversy through her long life with her rebellious writings. When Hays's fiancé John Eccles died on the eve of their marriage, Hays expected to die of grief herself. But this apparent tragedy meant that she escaped an ordinary future as wife and mother, remaining unmarried. She seized the chance to make a career for herself in the larger world as a writer.
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In 1777 she met and fell in love with John Eccles. Their parents opposed the match, but they met secretly and exchanged many letters between 1779 and 1780. In August 1780, just after Eccles received a job which would allow him to marry Hays, Eccles died of a sudden fever. He left Hays all his papers,
286:
The novel draws on love letters to
William Frend (who was ultimately unreceptive) and includes material taken also from her more philosophical letters in which she debated with William Godwin. The heroine, Emma, falls in love with Augustus Harley, who is the son of a dear friend, but lacking an
334:(1799) is more emphatically feminist in its focus on women's secondary status and criticism of class hierarchies. Hays was considered too radical and her book did not sell well. In 1803 Hays demonstrated her continuing concern with women's lives and work, publishing
97:(1759–1843) was an autodidact intellectual who published essays, poetry, novels and several works on famous (and infamous) women. She is remembered for her early feminism, and her close relations to dissenting and radical thinkers of her time including
113:. She was born in 1759, into a family of Protestant dissenters who rejected the practices of the Church of England (the established church). Hays was described by those who disliked her as 'the baldest disciple of Wollstonecraft' by
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Readers were shocked at her inclusion of real letters she had exchanged with Godwin and Frend. Hays's disgrace was juicy gossip in the close-knit group of London publishing. In 1800 Scottish writer
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of £70 a year, as long as she did not marry without her mother's approval. Hays' early education is shaped by poetry, novels, and religious and political debates at the
Dissenting meeting house.
253:(1793) and invited Mary Wollstonecraft to comment on it before publication. Although the reviews were mixed Hays decided to leave home and to try to support herself by writing. She moved to
150:. If Wollstonecraft was neglected through the nineteenth century, Hays and her writing received even less critical evaluation or academic attention until the twentieth-century's emerging
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in 1781. Subsequent early publications in periodical include two poems in 1785, and a short story, "Hermit: an
Oriental Tale," published in 1786 and reprinted twice. It was a
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including the letters she had sent him. Hay's first book, not published in her lifetime, was based on these letters, re-copied and editorialized into a semi-autobiographical
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After a year in mourning, Hays dedicated herself to an intellectual life of writing. Her first published poem, "Invocation to a
Nightingale," appeared in the
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283:(1796) is probably her best-known. Hays's experiment with 'the idea of being free', and her romantic heartbreak over the Frend affair, were its subjects.
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130:, and after writing admiringly to her, the two women became friends. The backlash following Wollstonecraft's death and posthumous publication of her
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367:. The last 20 years of her life were difficult, with little income and only moderate praise for her work. During this period, she published
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impacted Hays' later work, which some scholars have called more conservative. Among these later productions is the six-volume compendium
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referred to her as "a thing ugly and petticoated" (although his real complaint was her arguing theology with him). Her next novel
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Cursory remarks on an enquiry into the expediency and propriety of public or social worship: inscribed to
Gilbert Wakefield
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McInnes, Andrew. (September 2011). "Feminism in the
Footnotes: Wollstonecraft's Ghost in Mary Hays' Female Biography".
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300:, a novel that satirised Hays as a sex-hungry man-chaser, and Hays became a laughingstock throughout Britain.
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371:(1821). In 1824 Hays returned to London where she died on 20 February 1843. She is buried at
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Female
Biography; or, Memoirs of Illustrious and Celebrated Women, of All Ages and Countries
579:
401:
179:
19:
For the woman who fought in the
American War of Independence at the Battle of Monmouth, see
222:
Cursory
Remarks on An Enquiry into the Expediency and Propriety of Public or Social Worship
1041:
McInnes, Andrew. (30 November 2012). "Wollstonecraft's Legion: Feminism in Crisis, 1799".
461:
Female
Biography, or Memoirs of Illustrious and Celebrated Women of All Ages and Countries
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Female Biography: or Memoirs of Illustrious and Celebrated Women of All Ages and Countries
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and unfortunately Charles Lloyd. There is no known portrait of her in later life, but
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1150:(University of Southampton English News, Jane Austen Society of North America, 2010).
1116:
Dictionary of Literary Biography 142: Eighteenth-Century British Literary Biographers
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Hays and Godwin fell out, and she turned her attention to other writers, including
182:. Hays wrote: "All my pleasures – and every opening prospect are buried with him".
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241:, and it made a deep impression on her. Hays contacted the publisher of the book,
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245:, which led to her friendship with Wollstonecraft and involvement with London's
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Historical Dialogues for young persons (3 volumes). London: J. Johnson, 1806 .
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wrote to her enthusiastically about it. This blossomed into a brief romance.
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Walker, Gina Luria (2006). "Mary Hays in Her Times: A Brief Chronology".
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Sherman, Sandra. "The Law, Confinement, and Disruptive Excess in Hays'
171:
170:, London, on Gainsford Street. Her father died young, leaving Hays an
355:, Hays became known to more literary figures of the time, including
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Mary Hays was born in Southwark, London 4 May 1759, the daughter of
1072:
1650–1850: Ideas, Aesthetics, and Inquiries in the Early Modern Era
307:
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314:
Female Biography, or, Memoirs of Illustrious and Celebrated Women
1087:
Mothers of the Novel: 100 Good Women Writers before Jane Austen
1079:
The Rise of the Woman Novelist: From Aphra Behn to Jane Austen
224:, using the nom-de-plume Eusebia. The Cambridge mathematician
618:. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Editions. pp. 23–28.
1098:
The Sign of Angellica: Women, Writing and Fiction, 1660–1800
1118:. Ed. Steven Serafin. Detroit: Bruccoli Clark Layman, 1994.
1148:
Pride, Prejudice, Patriarchy: Jane Austen Reads Mary Hays,
1123:
Unsex'd Revolutionaries: Five Women Novelists of the 1790s
1055:
Sherman, Sandra. "The Feminization of 'Reason' in Hays's
981:
Ed. Jay Parini. NY: Gale Cengage Learning, 2016. 139–160.
859:. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Editions. p. 14.
653:. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Editions. p. 13.
413:, Astor and Tilden Foundation thanks to the work of Dr.
1103:
Ty, Eleanor. "The Imprisoned Female Body in Mary Hays"
220:'s critique of communal worship with a pamphlet called
196:
From 1782 to 1790, Hays met and exchanged letters with
1155:
Revolutionary Subjects in the English 'Jacobin' Novel
1141:
Mary Hays, (1759–1843): The Growth of a Woman's Mind.
450:(as Anonymous). London: J. Johnson and J. Bell, 1798.
448:
Appeal to the men of Great Britain in behalf of women
1146:
Walker, Gina Luria. Chawton House Fellow's Lecture,
1003:(Pickering & Chatto: London, 2013), vol. 5, xiv.
493:. Ed. A.F. Wedd. London: Methuen, 1925. Posthumous.
193:tale that warned against feeling too much passion.
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444:(2 volumes). London: G.G. & J. Robinson, 1796.
425:All by Mary Hays; dates are for first editions.
369:Memoirs of Queens, Illustrious and Celebrated
1125:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993.
1109:Women, Revolution and the Novels of the 1790s
997:Chawton House Library Series: Women's Memoirs
485:Memoirs of Queens, illustrious and celebrated
481:. London: W. Simpkin & R. Marshall, 1817.
8:
1008:Jane Austen: Women, Politics, and the Novel.
979:Scribner's British Writers Supplement XXIII.
578:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
515:
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511:
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436:Letters and essays, moral, and miscellaneous
249:intellectual circle. Hays next wrote a book
1181:" by Elma Scott for Chawton House Library,
986:The idea of being free: a Mary Hays reader.
853:Walker, Gina Luria (2006). "Introduction".
647:Walker, Gina Luria (2006). "Introduction".
856:The idea of being free: A Mary Hays reader
650:The idea of being free: A Mary Hays reader
615:The idea of being free: A Mary Hays reader
27:
1208:http://www.projectcontinua.org/mary-hays/
1195:The Two Marys: Hays Writes Wollstonecraft
1190:by Eleanor Ty, Wilfrid Laurier University
1134:http://www.projectcontinua.org/mary-hays/
1015:Women, Writing, and Revolution, 1790–1827
572:Brooks, Marilyn L. (2009). "Hays, Mary".
491:The Love-Letters of Mary Hays (1779–1780)
1267:19th-century English non-fiction writers
1257:18th-century English non-fiction writers
1017:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
988:Orchard Park, NY: Broadview Press, 2006.
1173:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
984:Hays, Mary; Walker, Gina Luria (ed.).
575:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
503:
464:(6 volumes). London: R. Phillips, 1803.
454:The victim of prejudice: In two volumes
257:. She did not have enough money to buy
166:John and Elizabeth Hays. They lived in
814:Walker, Gina Luria; Hay, Mary (2002).
567:
565:
21:Mary Hays (American Revolutionary War)
1010:Chicago: University of Chicago, 1988.
146:shortly after Godwin's controversial
7:
1199:Romantic Circles Features and Events
1074:. Vol. 5. New York: AMS Press, 1998.
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260:Enquiry Concerning Political Justice
234:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
127:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
1132:(2014): Accessed: 28 August 2014, "
487:. London: T. & J. Allman, 1821.
1312:18th-century English women writers
1272:19th-century English women writers
1262:18th-century British women writers
1157:(Bucknell University Press, 2009).
432:(as Eusebia). London: Knott, 1791.
351:in 1804 thanks to the income from
14:
1307:English women non-fiction writers
1128:Walker, Gina Luria. "Mary Hays."
1029:The Women's Print History Project
1022:Taking Up the Cause: Mary Hays's
977:Chiu, Frances A. "Mary Hays." In
972:Jane Austen and the War of Ideas.
468:Harry Clinton: a tale for youth.
391:Mary Hays is memorialised in the
231:In 1792 Hays was given a copy of
1001:Memoirs of Women Writers Part II
893:The Dinner Party: Heritage Floor
548:"Mary Hays: Critical Biography"
16:English writer and intellectual
1277:Burials at Abney Park Cemetery
1252:18th-century British novelists
974:Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975.
803:. London: Methuen. p. 80.
479:Family annals, or, The sisters
409:. Her letters are held at the
316:(first American edition, 1807)
297:Memoirs of Modern Philosophers
1:
1143:Hampshire, UK: Ashgate, 2006.
1052:. New York: Routledge, 1993.
801:The Love-Letters of Mary Hays
405:, near the place setting for
206:dissenting academy in Hackney
1183:Biographies of Women Writers
961:Resources in other libraries
937:Resources in other libraries
816:"Mary Hays's "Love Letters""
762:"Mary Hays's "Love Letters""
723:"Mary Hays's "Love Letters""
684:"Mary Hays's "Love Letters""
592:UK public library membership
550:. Wilfrid Laurier University
200:, a minister who campaigned
1317:18th-century English people
1302:Writers of the Romantic era
1223:Works by or about Mary Hays
1197:" by Gina Luria Walker for
1038:, v.8(3): pp. 273–285.
991:"Introduction," Mary Hays,
760:Walker, Gina Luria (2002).
721:Walker, Gina Luria (2002).
682:Walker, Gina Luria (2002).
520:Walker, Gina Luria (2014).
456:. London: J. Johnson, 1799.
1333:
1114:Ty, Eleanor. "Mary Hays".
1090:. New York: Pandora, 1986.
1081:. Oxford: Blackwell, 1986.
18:
1111:. Ed. Linda Lang-Peralta.
999:, ed. Gina Luria Walker,
956:Resources in your library
932:Resources in your library
470:London: J. Johnson, 1804.
115:The Anti Jacobin Magazine
1292:English feminist writers
799:A. F. Wedd, ed. (1925).
442:Memoirs of Emma Courtney
280:Memoirs of Emma Courtney
187:Lady's Poetical Magazine
1282:English women novelists
1105:The Victim of Prejudice
1100:. London: Virago, 1989.
1068:The Victim of Prejudice
1057:The Victim of Prejudice
411:New York Public Library
331:The Victim of Prejudice
326:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
216:In 1791 she replied to
202:against the slave trade
120:Hays was influenced by
1169:Hays, Mary (1759–1843)
1050:Romanticism and Gender
584:10.1093/ref:odnb/37525
438:. London: Knott, 1793.
317:
85:compiling and editing
1297:People from Southwark
1179:Mary Hays (1760–1824)
1061:The Centennial Review
820:Keats-Shelley Journal
766:Keats-Shelley Journal
727:Keats-Shelley Journal
688:Keats-Shelley Journal
311:
1287:Feminism and history
1139:Walker, Gina Luria.
1063:41.1 (1997): 143–72.
1006:Johnson, Claudia L.
144:The Annual Necrology
1153:Wallace, Miriam L.
407:Mary Wollstonecraft
373:Abney Park Cemetery
239:Mary Wollstonecraft
208:in the late 1780s.
204:. She attended the
164:Rational Dissenters
122:Mary Wollstonecraft
103:Mary Wollstonecraft
1214:Works by Mary Hays
524:. Project Continua
318:
292:Elizabeth Hamilton
251:Letters and Essays
212:Success in writing
1218:Project Gutenberg
1188:Mary Hays Website
970:Butler, Marilyn.
918:Library resources
895:. Brooklyn Museum
590:(Subscription or
415:Gina Luria Walker
218:Gilbert Wakefield
152:feminist movement
92:
91:
1324:
1227:Internet Archive
1204:Project Continua
1130:Project Continua
1048:Mellor, Anne K.
1045:: pp. 1–17.
1031:, 19 March 2021.
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1094:Todd, Janet
889:"Mary Hays"
522:"Mary Hays"
304:Later years
191:picturesque
158:Early years
66:Nationality
1236:Categories
772:: 94–115.
594:required.)
383:, London.
349:Camberwell
347:Moving to
294:published
41:4 May 1759
923:Mary Hays
832:0453-4387
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528:28 August
361:Mary Lamb
168:Southwark
95:Mary Hays
32:Mary Hays
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498:Notes
901:2013
871:OCLC
861:ISBN
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