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243:. On 23 April a summons was issued by that official requiring Frend's presence in the law schools on 3 May to answer the charge of having violated the laws and statutes of the university by publishing the pamphlet. After several sittings and a long defence by Frend, the vice-chancellor and heads gave their decision on 28 May that the authorship had been proved and that Frend had offended against the statute 'de concionibus.'
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276:(i. 280–309), reprints an account of the trial, and, while condemning the tone of the pamphlet, describes the proceedings as a party move and vindicates the tract from the accusation of sedition. He adds that the vice-chancellor was biased against the accused, and that the undergraduates, among whom Coleridge was conspicuous, were unanimous in his favour.
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discharged a rule which Frend had obtained for restoring him to the franchises of a resident M.A. The master and fellows of Jesus
College decided, on 3 April 1793, that in consequence of this pamphlet he should not be allowed to reside in the college until he could produce satisfactory proofs of good
36:(22 November 1757 – 21 February 1841) was an English clergyman (later Unitarian), social reformer and writer. After a high-profile university trial in Cambridge, which deprived him of his residency rights as fellow of his college, he became a leading figure in London radical circles.
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some anecdotes about his trial; and said that the promoters wished to expel him from the university, but that he had demanded a sight of the university roll, and on reference to the original document it was discovered that an informality existed which made his expulsion invalid.
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behaviour. He thereupon appealed to the visitor, but on 13 July that appeal was dismissed. In spite of all these proceedings he enjoyed the emoluments of his fellowship until his marriage, and remained, while he lived, a member of his college and of the senate of the university.
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in support of his claim for a public grant for his services in improving the transmission of letters. Frend thought that the rate of postage should be reduced to a fixed charge of one or two pennies, and drew up a statement to that effect. It reached a member of
619:, &c., 1793; (2nd ed. 1793), in which he described the evils of the then parliamentary system and of the game and poor laws, and explained the necessity for numerous reforms. The offending passages are set out in the second edition in single inverted commas.
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His trial was described by Frend himself in 'An
Account of the Proceedings in the University of Cambridge against William Frend,' 1793, and in 'A Sequel to the Account &c.', which dealt with the application to the court of king's bench in 1795.
907:
505:; he was himself the last of "the learned anti-Newtonians and a noted oppugner of all that distinguishes Algebra from Arithmetic." In Cambridge the leading intellectual dissenters formed a circle including George Dyer,
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246:
Frend was ordered to retract and confess his error, and as he declined was 'banished from the university' (30 May). An appeal against the sentence followed, and the university counsel including the barrister
380:; an attachment to Frend ended in an unsatisfactory fashion, Frend claiming that marriage was not possible on financial grounds; and she wrote autobiographically about the relationship in her first novel,
445:
A severe illness in 1826 compelled him to offer his resignation, which was accepted in 1827 when an annuity was given to him. His health subsequently recovered, and he resumed an active life. Frend and
150:, near Cambridge, where he officiated zealously until June 1787. During this period of his life the post of tutor to the Archduke Alexander of Russia was offered to him, but he declined it.
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On leaving
Cambridge he came to London. He maintained himself by teaching and writing, to supplement his continuing fellowship stipend. It was at Frend's house that
239:, and resolved that Frend should be prosecuted in the vice-chancellor's court. They deputed a committee of five to conduct the proceedings, one of the leaders being
454:
about the 1831 census. In 1840 he was attacked by paralysis. He lingered with almost total loss of speech and motion, though mentally alert. He died at his house,
292:
escaped. Milner later wrote identifying Frend and his "party" in the university as "Jacobinical", and commenting that the trial had been a turning point for them.
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An
Address to the Inhabitants of Cambridge and its Neighbourhood ... to turn from the false Worship of Three Persons to the Worship of the One True God
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173:. Frend published his 'Address to the Inhabitants of Cambridge' in favour of his new creed, and he supported vigorously a proposal introduced into
146:
At the end of 1780 he was admitted deacon in the Church of
England, and advanced to the priesthood in 1783, when he was presented to the living of
689:(1804 to 1822), "an astronomical elementary work of a new character, which had great success; the earlier numbers went through several editions".
100:, where he remained for a few weeks. During his time there he served as a volunteer at the beginning of the troubles with the American colonies.
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211:; and through 1790 Frend was engaged on translating the historical books of the Old Testament. He also became close to the Baptist
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177:(i.e. the governing body of the university) on 11 December 1787 that would render this statement of belief no longer necessary.
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acknowledged an intellectual debt to Frend. Frend's
Unitarian network, as well as the group round Priestley, included
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169:, the historically defining statements of doctrines of the Church of England with respect to the controversies of the
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of the church of
England. On 4 March certain members of the senate met on the invitation of the vice-chancellor, Dr.
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was one of the college tutors. After gaining various college prizes he took the degree of B.A. in 1780, being
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became involved; it was unanimously affirmed by the delegates on 29 June, and on 26 November 1795 the
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A Letter to the Vice-chancellor of
Cambridge, by Wm. Frend, candidate for the Lucasian Professorship
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He took, in company with an old schoolfellow called
Richard Tylden, a lengthy tour in France, the
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422:. He continued in radical activities, participating around 1810 in a fundraising committee, with
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723:, a poem, with notes and illustrations on natural history and natural philosophy (anon.) (1819).
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Frend was one of the group of reformers who supported at this time the early activities of the
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from the office of tutor by an order dated 27 September 1788, and his appeal was dismissed by
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An
Address to the Members of the Church of England and to Protestant Trinitarians in General
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Is it Impossible to Free the Atmosphere of London in a very considerable degree from Smoke?
72:. His mother was buried in the cloister yard on 7 February 1763, and his father married at
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755:(vol. vi. 1807), suggested other matters to him in the same publications. Maseres in his
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Peace and Union Recommended to the Associated Bodies of Republicans and Anti-Republicans
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Thoughts on Subscription to religious tests ... in a letter to the Rev. H. W. Coulthurst
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Peace and Union recommended to the Associated Bodies of Republicans and Anti-republicans
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Tangible Arithmetic, or the Art of Numbering made Easy by means of an Arithmetical Toy
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had to "subscribe to" (state their belief in—the literal meaning is "sign below") the
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were his friends, and he maintained correspondence with supporters of radicalism.
482:. Another daughter married Arthur Philpott, whose daughter Agnes Philpott married
199:, Germany, and Switzerland. When he returned home he resumed the study of Hebrew.
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On his return home Frend expressed a wish to train for the ministry within the
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devised in 1789 a plan for a new translation of the scriptures, with Frend,
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In 1808 Frend married a daughter of the Rev. Francis Blackburne, vicar of
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312:, and in the same set is a long letter from Frend on the treatment which
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751:, edited by Francis Maseres in 1800, and one tract to the same editor's
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The proceedings attracted wide attention. One of Frend's supporters was
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540:. When it came to Godwin, Frend like others had difficulties with his
583:, and in other unitarian publications, and were answered by the Rev.
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also published accounts of the proceedings in 1793. Two letters from
215:, who died in 1790, and he corrected Robinson's posthumous volume of
97:
96:
to learn French, and then to a mercantile house (trading company) in
717:, ix. 415–32. He advocated its extinction by an annual sinking fund.
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wrote that chalked graffiti "Frend for ever" appeared; bishop-to-be
1427: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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597:
Mr. Coulthurst's blunders exposed, or a review of his several texts
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Animadversions on Bishop Pretyman's Elements of Christian Theology
520:
Frend was a Unitarian and a Whig by conviction. Reformers such as
356:. Frend was one of the orators in the mass meetings called by the
38:
635:) (pt.ii. 1799). Frend rejected the use of negative quantities.
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Frend's works dealt with many subjects. His publications were:
340:, on 27 February 1795. The company there that evening included
284:
was apprehended, while two other future establishment pillars,
729:. A few copies only for friends, but it was reproduced in the
587:, by George Townsend of Ramsgate in two tracts (1789), and by
1340:
A History of the Study of Mathematics at Cambridge University
757:
Tracts on the Resolution of Cubick and Biquadratick Equations
940:. Vol. 46. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 362.
411:. Their views, however, did not have it all their own way.
88:. His father intended him for business, and he was sent to
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Evening Amusements, or the Beauty of the Heavens Displayed
143:, he migrated there, becoming a Fellow and tutor in 1781.
76:, on 25 September 1764, Jane Kirby. Frend was educated at
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Tracts on the Resolution of Affected Algebraick Equations
231:, in which he denounced abuses and condemned much of the
667:, (1801), which was provoked by the controversy between
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A Second Address to the Members of the Church of England
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University Rebel, the Life of William Frend (1757–1841)
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in a volume issued at Perth (1792). Frend responded in
474:. They had seven children, and their eldest daughter,
450:, another actuary, were consulted by the statistician
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Scarcity of Bread: a plan for reducing its high price
665:
The Effect of Paper Money on the Price of Provisions
647:(1799), advocating a graduated system of income-tax.
759:, published supplements to his appendix to Frend's
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Six Tracts in Vindication of the Worship of One God
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743:, "written some years before but never published".
605:An Account of some late Proceedings of the Society
599:. For these pamphlets Frend was expelled from the
571:(St. Ives, 1788). The second edition was entitled
815:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
556:'s cabinet, but nothing came of it at that time.
80:until 1771; among his companions were his cousin
693:Patriotism: an Essay dedicated to the Volunteers
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64:, the second son of George Frend, a tradesmen,
1446:. Vol. 20. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
999:. Vol. 32. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
893:. Vol. 20. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
470:in Yorkshire, and granddaughter of Archdeacon
1401:"Archival material relating to William Frend"
414:In 1806 he took part in the formation of the
157:, in which he had been ordained, to become a
8:
1294:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1261:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1228:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1180:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1147:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1114:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
957:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
747:Frend, besides contributing two articles to
1141:Davies, Damian Walford. "Williams, David".
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741:Letters on a hitherto Undescribed Country
601:Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
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517:, as well as Frend and Robert Robinson.
1291:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1258:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1225:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1177:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1144:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1111:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
954:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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711:The National Debt in its True Colours
631:(1796) (with a very long appendix by
227:In 1793 Frend wrote a tract entitled
7:
1174:Davis, Michael T. "Brown, Timothy".
161:. At that time, candidates for the
60:He was born on 22 November 1757 at
680:The Gentleman's Monthly Miscellany
364:, Matthew Brown, Richard Hodgson,
25:
1288:Ruston, Alan. "Hibbert, Robert".
1108:Brooks, Marilyn L. "Hays, Mary".
951:Hole, Robert. "Kipling, Thomas".
462:Associations, influence and views
43:William Frend, 1793 engraving by
1443:Dictionary of National Biography
1422:
1255:Mercer, M. J. "Gifford, James".
996:Dictionary of National Biography
937:Dictionary of National Biography
890:Dictionary of National Biography
739:(1832). A fragment of a volume,
478:, married in the autumn of 1837
1222:Roe, Nicholas. "Dyer, George".
1066:Parr, Works, vol.viii., pp.30–2
547:He was frequently consulted by
458:, London, on 21 February 1841.
418:, to which he was appointed as
112:, and on the recommendation of
18:William Frend (social reformer)
1082:(2001, abridged), pp. 105–106.
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135:. Having gained the notice of
1:
1480:19th-century Unitarian clergy
1057:Parr, Works, vol.i., pp.447–8
737:A Plan of Universal Education
123:, on 18 December 1775, where
1308:UK public library membership
1275:UK public library membership
1242:UK public library membership
1194:UK public library membership
1161:UK public library membership
1128:UK public library membership
971:UK public library membership
657:replied in a preface to his
395:. There he worked alongside
358:London Corresponding Society
308:on this trial are in Parr's
1377:. London: Victor Gollancz.
912:A Cambridge Alumni Database
908:"Frend, William (FRNT775W)"
793:Francis Blackburne (priest)
705:A Letter on the Slave Trade
617:Peace and Union recommended
416:Rock Life Assurance Company
121:Christ's College, Cambridge
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1345:Cambridge University Press
1322:William Wordsworth: A Life
1027:. Vol. 1 – via
914:. University of Cambridge.
659:Four Discourses on Baptism
579:. These were reprinted in
489:Among Frend's pupils were
376:. Also of this circle was
931:"Priestley, Joseph"
713:(1817). Reprinted in the
575:, and it was followed by
268:, then an undergraduate.
217:Ecclesiastical Researches
1490:British social reformers
1046:Coleridge: Early Visions
585:Henry William Coulthurst
382:Memoirs of Emma Courtney
114:Archbishop of Canterbury
1098:Vol. II (1983), p. 459.
990:"Le Blanc, Simon"
753:Scriptores Logarithmici
534:James Gifford the elder
266:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
153:In 1787 Frend left the
1500:Clergy from Canterbury
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884:"Frend, William"
721:Memoirs of a Goldfinch
645:Principles of Taxation
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1022:A Budget of Paradoxes
761:Principles of Algebra
733:(1819, vol. xv. 61-5)
629:Principles of Algebra
499:John Singleton Copley
286:John Singleton Copley
260:Accounts of the trial
253:Court of King's Bench
180:Frend was removed by
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1405:UK National Archives
1209:4 March 2016 at the
779:Notes and references
491:Edward Daniel Clarke
440:Gwyllym Lloyd Wardle
321:Henry Crabb Robinson
167:Thirty-nine Articles
1016:De Morgan, Augustus
827:1842MNRAS...5..144.
360:in late 1795, with
314:Thomas Fyshe Palmer
223:Trial and aftermath
171:English Reformation
1475:English Unitarians
1080:Wordsworth: A Life
669:Sir Francis Baring
480:Augustus De Morgan
472:Francis Blackburne
409:John Hurford Stone
334:William Wordsworth
278:Augustus De Morgan
209:Theophilus Lindsey
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1358:978-1-108-00207-3
1335:Rouse Ball, W. W.
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977:
972:
964:
960:
956:
955:
947:
944:
939:
938:
932:
927:
921:
918:
913:
909:
903:
901:
897:
892:
891:
885:
880:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
840:
828:
824:
821:: 144. 1842.
820:
816:
812:
806:
803:
794:
788:
785:
778:
774:
771:
770:
766:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
742:
738:
735:
732:
728:
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722:
719:
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712:
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688:
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677:
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637:
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624:
621:
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612:
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582:
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567:
566:
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559:
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555:
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545:
543:
539:
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531:
530:Francis Place
527:
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492:
487:
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477:
473:
469:
461:
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453:
449:
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441:
438:, to support
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:Timothy Brown
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:Literary Fund
385:
383:
379:
375:
374:John Thelwall
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:John Tweddell
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
327:
325:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:John Beverley
293:
291:
290:William Rough
287:
283:
282:Herbert Marsh
279:
275:
274:Reminiscences
271:
270:Henry Gunning
267:
259:
257:
254:
250:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
222:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
197:Low Countries
193:
191:
190:Bishop of Ely
187:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
151:
149:
144:
142:
141:Jesus College
138:
137:Lynford Caryl
134:
133:Smith's Prize
130:
126:
125:William Paley
122:
118:
115:
111:
103:
101:
99:
95:
94:Pas-de-Calais
91:
87:
83:
82:Herbert Marsh
79:
75:
74:the cathedral
71:
67:
63:
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50:
46:
41:
37:
35:
32:
31:William Frend
19:
1441:
1421:
1372:
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1316:
1289:
1283:
1256:
1250:
1223:
1217:
1202:
1175:
1169:
1142:
1136:
1109:
1103:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1021:
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920:
911:
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818:
814:
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495:Ada Lovelace
488:
465:
452:John Rickman
448:Joshua Milne
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405:James Martin
386:
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370:John Richter
331:
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245:
237:Isaac Milner
228:
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139:, Master of
131:and winning
107:
104:At Cambridge
68:, and twice
59:
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1465:1841 deaths
1460:1757 births
1418:Attribution
1092:John Ehrman
985:Lee, Sidney
926:Lee, Sidney
791:the son of
731:Pamphleteer
715:Pamphleteer
673:Walter Boyd
554:Robert Peel
549:John Palmer
511:Robert Hall
484:John Seeley
362:John Ashley
342:George Dyer
306:Samuel Parr
186:the visitor
119:he entered
1454:Categories
1347:. p.
1310:required.)
1277:required.)
1244:required.)
1196:required.)
1163:required.)
1130:required.)
1029:Wikisource
973:required.)
830:Retrieved
773:Penny Post
391:set up by
350:James Losh
328:Later life
117:John Moore
90:Saint-Omer
62:Canterbury
56:Early life
1337:(2009) .
595:, and in
378:Mary Hays
272:, in his
159:Unitarian
148:Madingley
70:its mayor
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767:See also
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188:, the
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560:Works
310:Works
1379:ISBN
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671:and
536:and
524:and
513:and
336:met
288:and
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