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339:...was no longer amused in the gardens, but wandered about the country. When the tide was out I spent hours on the sands, looking at the star-fish and sea-urchins, or watching the children digging for sand-eels, cockles, and the spouting razor-fish. I made collections of shells, such as were cast ashore, some so small that they appeared like white specks in patches of black sand. There was a small pier on the sands for shipping limestone brought from the coal mines inland. I was astonished to see the surface of these blocks of stone covered with beautiful impressions of what seemed to be leaves; how they got there I could not imagine, but I picked up the broken bits, and even large pieces, and brought them to my repository.
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1072:. Subsequently, the book focuses on terrestrial topics, such as the most basic features of land and water, and formations such as mountains, volcanoes, oceans, rivers and lakes. Somerville goes on to discuss the elements that govern temperature, such as light, electricity, storms, the aurora and magnetism. Eventually the book turns to vegetation, birds and mammals, and their geographical distribution in the Arctic, Europe, Asia, Africa, America and the Antarctic. Somerville ends the book with a discussion of "the distribution, condition, and future prospects of the human race". She emphasises the reciprocal dependencies in physical geography and the relationship between human beings and nature. In line with
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347:, as well as with "domestic duties." Such duties "occupied a great part of my time; besides, I had to shew my sampler, working the alphabet from A to Z, as well as the ten numbers, on canvas". Her aunt Janet came to live with the family and reportedly said to her mother "I wonder you let Mary waste her time in reading, she never shews more than if she were a man." Somerville was then sent to the village school to learn plain
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401:. From my earliest years my mind revolved against oppression and tyranny, and I resented the injustice of the world in denying all those privileges of education to my sex which were so lavishly bestowed on men." At the time, slaves still worked to harvest sugar in the West Indies and in protest Somerville and her oldest brother Sam would refuse to take sugar in their tea.
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975:(1842) she wrote, "If after the lapse of years the tables formed from a combination of numerous observations should be still inadequate to represent the motions of Uranus, the discrepancies may reveal the existence, nay, even the mass and orbit of a body placed for ever beyond the sphere of vision". Predictions were fulfilled in 1846 with the discovery of
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1139:. In her autobiography Somerville wrote that "British laws are adverse to women". She detailed the obstacles she had faced in obtaining an education as a young girl, though she did not speculate on the nature of the problem. During her lifetime agitation had grown for women's access to higher education. In 1875 astronomer
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In we perceive the operation of a force which is mixed up with everything that exists in the heavens or on earth; which pervades every atom, rules the motions of animate and inanimate beings, and is as sensible in the descent of a rain-drop as in the falls of
Niagara; in the weight of the air, as in
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From her second marriage she had three daughters and one son: Margaret
Farquhar Somerville (1813–1823; died in childhood), Thomas Somerville (1814–1815; died in infancy), Martha Charters Somerville (1815–1879) and Mary Charlotte Somerville (1817–1875). Her two surviving daughters spent most of their
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In
Somerville's time the value of scientific publications depended on the currency of the information, therefore frequent editions had to be produced. Her subsequent books reflect the time that she could be free in her domestic life as her children became more independent. They also reflect the need
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and scientist. They lived in London, but it was not a happy time for
Somerville. Her husband did not think much of women's intellectual capacity. Indeed, Greig "possessed in full the prejudice against learned women which was common at that time." Instead, Somerville took lessons in French, which was
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At age 13 her mother sent her to writing school in
Edinburgh, where she improved her writing skills and studied arithmetic. Back in Burntisland she taught herself sufficient Latin to read the books in the home library. While visiting her aunt in Jedburgh she met her uncle, Dr. Thomas Somerville. She
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She continued in the traditional role of a daughter in a well-connected family, attending social events and maintaining a sweet and polite manner, which led to her nickname as "the Rose of
Jedburgh" among Edinburgh socialites. Meanwhile, a young tutor came to stay with the family in Burntisland to
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took 10 years to write. Published in 1869, she soon had doubts about devoting herself to popularising science, instead of concentrating on mathematics alone. Of the book she said: "In writing this book I made a great mistake, and repent it - Mathematics are the natural bent of my mind. If I had
1039:, the patriarch of physical geography", and she took an extended view of geography that included the Earth, its animal, "vegetable inhabitants", as well as "the past and present condition of man, the origin, manners, and languages of existing nations, and the monuments of those that have been".
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to earn money, as the
Somervilles suffered through a number of financial crises that peaked in 1835. She publicly and plausibly maintained that she wrote only for pleasure. Privately she paid considerable attention to the profitability of her books. Through personal connections she could secure
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wrote to
Somerville, "I feel myself greatly honoured by receiving such a mark of regard from one who has done more to remove the light estimation in which the capacity of women is too often held than all that has been accomplished by the whole Sisterhood of Poetical Damsels & novel-writing
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Somerville was the second of four surviving children (three of her siblings had died in infancy). She was particularly close to her oldest brother Sam. The family lived in genteel poverty as her father's naval pay remained meagre, despite his rise through the ranks. Her mother supplemented the
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owns a letter from
Babbage to Somerville inviting her to view his 'Calculating Engine'. Somerville frequently visited Babbage while he was "making his Calculating-machines". Somerville and Lovelace maintained a close friendship and when Lovelace encountered difficulties with a mathematical
351:, where she found herself annoyed that her "turn for reading was so much disapproved of, and thought it unjust that women should have been given a desire for knowledge if it were wrong to acquire it." Several times each week the village school master came to teach Mary at home. In her
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declared in her obituary that "Whatever difficulty we might experience in the middle of the nineteenth century in choosing a king of science, there could be no question whatever as to the queen of science". One of the earliest uses of the word scientist was in a review by
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In her autobiography
Somerville recollects that on her father's return from sea he said to his wife, "This kind of life will never do, Mary must at least know how to write and keep accounts". Ten-year-old Mary was then sent to an expensive boarding school in
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devoted myself exclusively to that study, I might probably have written something useful, as a new era had begun in that science." Regardless, the book was another success. It gave an up-to-date description of the latest discoveries revealed through the
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revolving at a distance of 3,000,000,000 miles from the Sun. "The mass of Neptune, the size and position of his orbit in space, and his periodic time, were determined from his disturbing action on Uranus before the planet itself had been seen."
1182:, Oxford. The collection includes papers relating to her writing and published work, and correspondence with family members, scientists and writers, as well as other figures in public life. Also included is substantial correspondence with the
946:, and he remained her publisher throughout her long career. Murray later commented that despite having made little profit he was very pleased to have had the honour of publishing the works of such an extraordinary person. Her second book,
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From 1833 onwards Somerville and her husband spent most of their time in Italy. Somerville maintained correspondence with a large number of leading scientists and remained engaged in current debates on facts and theories.
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gathered her courage to tell him that she had been learning Latin. Dr. Somerville assured her that in earlier times many women had become elegant scholars. He then proceeded to enable her to improve her Latin by reading
1331:, in a public competition run by the Royal Bank of Scotland to decide whose face should appear on the bank's new £10 notes, to be issued in 2017. Later that month RBS announced that she had won the public vote, held on
738:. She wrote, "I shall never forget the charm of this little society, especially the supper-parties at Abbotsford, when Scott was in the highest glee, telling amusing tales, ancient legends, ghost and witch stories."
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educate her younger brother Henry. The tutor, Mr. Craw, was a Greek and Latin scholar, and Somerville asked him to purchase elementary books on algebra and geometry for her. He presented Somerville with Euclid's
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Somerville was passionate about astronomy and believed it to be the most extensive example of the connection of the physical sciences in that it combined the sciences of number and quantity, of rest and motion.
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sold more copies than any of her other books and earned Humboldt's admiration. After receiving a copy of the book he wrote to her: "You alone could provide your literature with an original cosmological work".
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912:, thus many of the 750 copies printed were bought in Cambridge. Reviews were favourable and Somerville received letters of congratulation from "many men of science". She was elected honorary member of the
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While living in Chelsea the Somervilles travelled through Europe on a number of occasions, leaving their children with their German governess. Among their travel companions was the jurist and politician
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under the pseudonym 'A Lady'. Two of her solutions demonstrated her early adoption of differential calculus—her contribution to the circulation and visibility of calculus in early 19th-century Britain.
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Somerville conducted experiments to explore the relationship between light and magnetism. Her first paper, "The magnetic properties of the violet rays of the solar spectrum", was published in the
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781:. Before leaving London the Somervilles contacted the people they wanted to meet, which included numerous celebrated intellectuals. The Somervilles also received frequent visitors; writer
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726:(1771–1860), inspector of the Army Medical Board, with whom she had four children. He encouraged and aided her in the study of the physical sciences. In 1817 her husband was elected to
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881:. Somerville produced not just a translation, but also an expanded version of the first two volumes. She wrote a standalone exposition of the mathematics behind the workings of the
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Winters were usually spent in Edinburgh. In the winter of 1796 Somerville made her first appearance at a ball under the care of Lady Burchan. Her first dancing partner was the
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Somerville notes that the boys learned Latin at the village school, while "it was thought sufficient for the girls to be able to read the Bible; very few even learnt writing."
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837:, Somerville conducted experiments on the blackening effect of sunlight, the reaction used in early experiments in photography. She later developed her technique by using an
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was launched in 1835 at Liverpool. She traded with India for Taylor, Potter & Co., of Liverpool, and disappeared with the loss of all aboard in late 1852 or early 1853.
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1373:, the Russian ambassador in London who had appointed Samuel Greig as his Consul General. Woronzow married Agnes Graham but all their children died at birth or in infancy.
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in 1826. Although her conclusions were faulty, the topic was of popular interest at the time and the paper brought her to notice in scientific circles. Using a sample of
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853:, wrote in 1829 that Mary Somerville was "certainly the most extraordinary woman in Europe – a mathematician of the very first rank with all the gentleness of a woman".
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had been published. Somerville said that studying Laplace's work gave her the confidence to persevere in her mathematical studies. She extended her studies to
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and together they moved in the leading social circles of the day. Somerville was well known to scientists, as well as to leading writers and artists. Painter
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Somerville expressed the opinion that mathematical science was at a low ebb in Britain, due to a reverence for Newton that prevented scientists from adopting
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703:. On the Continent astronomical and mechanical science had reached a high degree of perfection. In her opinion this deadlock was not broken until 1816, when
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513:, he was commissioner of the Russian navy and Russian consul for Britain. They married and had two children, one of whom, Woronzow Greig, would become a
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to gain a foundation in perspective, astronomy and mechanical science, Somerville spotted an opportunity. She thought the book would help her understand
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organized a massive petition to Parliament to give women the right to vote, he made sure that the first signature on the petition would be Somerville's.
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She was elected to the American Geographical and Statistical Society in 1857 and the Italian Geographical Society in 1870, and was made a member of the
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was won by the British. Her father was knighted and made Colonel of Marines. Her eldest brother died at the age of 21 in Calcutta while serving in the
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265:, is named after her, reflecting the virtues of liberalism and academic success that the college wished to embody. She is featured on the front of the
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1101:, the second covered plant life, while the third explored animal life. The book included 180 illustrations, which caused her publisher great expense.
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The Somerville Club was founded in 1878 in London, by 1887 it was re-established as the New Somerville Club, and it disappeared by 1908.
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household's income by growing vegetables, maintaining an orchard and keeping cows for milk. Her mother taught her to read the Bible and
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with her. While staying with another uncle, William Charters, in Edinburgh, Somerville was sent to a dancing school, where she learned
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thinking, Somerville asserts the superiority of human beings, but maintains the interdependencies and interconnectedness of creation.
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considered more appropriate. When her husband died in 1807 she was still nursing their youngest child and she returned to Scotland.
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Her inheritance from Greig gave her the freedom to pursue intellectual interests. By that time she had studied plane and spherical
255:. However, the word was not used to describe Somerville herself; she was known and celebrated as a mathematician or a philosopher.
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starts with describing the overall structure of planet Earth, along with a brief allusion to the location of the Earth within the
885:, of which she said "I translated Laplace's work from algebra into common language". It was published in 1831, under the title of
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was published, consisting of reminiscences written during her old age. Over 10,000 pages are in the Somerville Collection of the
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in 1834. The British Crown granted her a civil pension of £200 a year in recognition of her eminence in science and literature.
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456:. Somerville would rise early to play the piano, painted during the day, and stayed up late to study Euclid and algebra. When
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and geometry. She spent the summer learning to play the piano. In addition to the piano she learned Greek so she could read
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Constructing a Bridge: An Exploration of Engineering Culture, Design, and Research in Nineteenth-century France and America
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was published in 1848 and was the first English textbook on the subject. It remained in use until the early 20th century.
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While staying with her family in Scotland, Somerville became acquainted with several leading intellectual lights, such as
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501:'s military service. The family had hoped he would make a sufficient fortune in a few years to enable him to return home.
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problem, for which she was awarded a silver medal in 1811. Somerville published five solutions in Volumes 3 and 4 of the
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in Dunnikeir, whose daughter, a bold horsewoman who impressed Somerville, became a Greek and Latin scholar and married
335:, where she learned the first principles of writing, rudimentary French and English grammar. Upon returning home, she:
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1957:. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 11 & 12. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 2014. p. 522.
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At Burntisland, where she stayed the summer with her uncle and aunt, Somerville had access to elementary books on
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catechisms. When her household chores were done Mary was free to roam among the birds and flowers in the garden.
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Catalogue of correspondence and papers of Mary Somerville and of the Somerville and related families, c.1700–1972
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and was published in two volumes and three parts. In the first part Somerville explained the latest thinking on
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Personal Recollections, from Early Life to Old Age, of Mary Somerville: With Selections from Her Correspondence
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was told by a college president that he "would hire a woman scientist if she was as good as Mary Somerville".
299:, was related to several prominent Scottish houses through her mother, Margaret Charters. She was born at the
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published a translation of the lectures of Sylvestre Lacroix, then a state-of-the-art calculus textbook.
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During bad weather Somerville occupied herself with reading the books in her father's library, including
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In 1804 Somerville met her first husband, Lieutenant Samuel Greig. Her distant cousin, a son of Admiral
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in their original versions. On her return to Edinburgh she was allowed to attend the academy of painter
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ran to 10 editions, more than 9,000 copies and was its publisher's most successful science book until
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1958:
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is a small lunar crater in the eastern part of the Moon. It lies to the east of the prominent crater
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873:. Laplace had, in five exhaustive volumes, summed up the current state of gravitational mathematics.
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992:. It was translated into German and Italian and went through various editions in the United States.
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In the autumn of 1797 her father was caught up in a mutiny while serving as flag-captain under
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Mary Somerville is featured in miniature in The English Bijou Almanack, 1837, with poetry by
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Somerville Square in Burntisland is named after her family and marks the site of their home.
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calculation, she would walk to Somerville's house and discuss the matter over a cup of tea.
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3440:. Digitised 2007, original in Harvard University. Reprinted by AMS Press (January 1996),
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Somerville began solving mathematical problems posed in the mathematical journal of the
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Somerville 140, 1879–2019, A Celebration of Somerville College, Oxford, in 140 Objects
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The Routledge Research Companion to Nineteenth-Century British Literature and Science
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From her first marriage she had a son, Woronzow Greig (1805–1865), named after Count
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610:. At the age of 33 she bought herself a library of scientific books. These included
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2266:"Mary Somerville's early contributions to the circulation of differential calculus"
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Seduced by Logic: Émilie Du Châtelet, Mary Somerville and the Newtonian Revolution
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2806:. J. Murray, digitised 2006, original held by University of Michigan. pp. vi.
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provided maps illustrating the "most important questions" of physical geography.
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Fara, Patricia (September 2008). "Mary Somerville: a scientist and her ship".
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The English Cemetery, Naples. Statue of Mary Somerville is in the background.
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In 1868, four years before her death at 91, she was the first person to sign
460:, a family friend, invited her to visit his family, Somerville saw her first
428:, which had opened for ladies. When Nasmyth advised another student to study
397:, but she was a Liberal, made so by the "unjust and exaggerated abuse of the
218:; 26 December 1780 – 29 November 1872) was a Scottish scientist, writer, and
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1335:. The banknotes, bearing her image, were issued in the second half of 2017.
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In February 2016 Somerville was shortlisted, along with Scottish physicist
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knew that Somerville and her husband's family were neighbors of the writer
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was financially successful and brought her the Victoria Gold Medal of the
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was set as a textbook for undergraduates at the University of Cambridge.
761:. With Somerville, Lovelace attended scientific gatherings where she met
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555:, encouraged her studies and through him she began a correspondence with
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1714:. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 11 & 12. New York:
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3266:"Royal Bank of Scotland announces shortlist to appear on new £10 note"
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Women in early British and Irish astronomy : stars and satellites
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Personal recollections, from early life to old age, of Mary Somerville
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Wallace suggested that she study the writings of French mathematician
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369:. Mary spent the winters in Edinburgh and attended Nasmyth's academy.
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1673:"Mary Somerville, mathematician and astronomer of underused talents"
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She was among those who discussed a hypothetical planet perturbing
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sold 15,000 copies and established her reputation in elite science.
2086:"Woronzow Greig (1805–1865), F.R.S., and his scientific interests"
1461:– ship launched at Liverpool in 1835 and named for Mary Somerville
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In 1823 the Somervilles' youngest daughter died after an illness.
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International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950
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was acclaimed as the greatest intellectual achievement since the
757:, Baroness Wentworth, and was mathematics tutor to her daughter,
3089:. Presbyterian and Methodist Schools Association. Archived from
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1170:
In the year following Somerville's death, her autobiographical
3518:"Mary Fairfax Somerville", Biographies of Women Mathematicians
1898:
1896:
179:
3650:
Glasgow and West of Scotland Association for Women's Suffrage
3455:, Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
1402:"A Preliminary Dissertation on the Mechanisms of the Heavens"
1388:"On the magnetizing power of the more refrangible solar rays"
1320:. It is one of a handful of lunar craters named after women.
390:
later became a celebrated geologist and Somerville's friend.
222:. She studied mathematics and astronomy, and in 1835 she and
2973:, vol. 2, London and New York: Mansell, pp. 109–11
2773:
2771:
291:
Vice-Admiral William Fairfax; Mary's father, painted in 1798
3453:
Mary Somerville: Science, Illumination, and the Female Mind
3025:
Giancarlo Alisio, Il Cimitero degli Inglesi, Naples, 1993,
2710:
Mary Somerville: Science, Illumination, and the Female Mind
2682:"Full text of "On the connection of the physical sciences""
2247:
2245:
2167:
2165:
3334:"Astronomer Mary Somerville features on new RBS £10 note"
3315:"Scientist Mary Somerville to appear on Scottish £10 note"
3175:
The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866–1928
1353:, COSPAR 2022–033) was launched into space as part of the
1035:. Somerville followed, as she said, "the noble example of
3139:
Mary Somerville and the Cultivation of Science, 1815–1840
1479:"Mary Somerville | Biography, Writings, & Facts"
226:
were elected as the first female Honorary Members of the
185:
173:
741:
In 1819 Somerville's husband was appointed physician to
2380:
Baraniuk, Chris (1 July 2017). "The queen of science".
1206:, was named after Somerville, as are Somerville House,
566:
and eventually made a name for herself after solving a
3240:"Planetary Names: Crater, craters: Somerville on Moon"
841:
and vegetable dyes, producing an early version of the
273:
launched in 2017 along with a quotation from her work
4723:
3288:"Historical figures shortlisted for new RBS £10 note"
2942:
The Ascent of Mary Somerville in 19th Century Society
2905:
The Ascent of Mary Somerville in 19th Century Society
2486:
The Ascent of Mary Somerville in 19th Century Society
2412:
The Ascent of Mary Somerville in 19th Century Society
1349:
On 1 April 2022, a satellite named after Somerville (
922:
Société de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève
197:
170:
3573:, held at the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford
3204:
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (5771) Somerville
889:
and it immediately made her famous. Until the 1880s
188:
182:
4503:
4470:
4445:
4394:
4033:
3705:
3698:
3632:
176:
167:
133:
115:
105:
83:
57:
34:
2823:
1707:
1158:on 29 November 1872, and was buried there in the
559:, with whom she discussed mathematical problems.
307:, the home of her maternal aunt and the Rev. Dr.
3013:
2965:Oughton, M. (1978), Freeman, T. W; Oughton, M.;
2890:
2878:
2866:
2854:
2762:
2750:
2738:
1308:discovered on 21 September 1987 by E. Bowell at
745:and the family moved into a government house at
3645:Edinburgh National Society for Women's Suffrage
3555:"Archival material relating to Mary Somerville"
2817:
2815:
2813:
1677:Journal of the British Astronomical Association
1218:, Australia. One of the Committee Rooms of the
1050:, published 1869. This is an illustration of a
930:
337:
3655:Northern Men's Federation for Women's Suffrage
2614:Baillie, Joanna (2010). McLean, Thomas (ed.).
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
4890:Members of the American Philosophical Society
4580:
3610:
2706:Neeley, Kathryn A.; Somerville, Mary (2001).
2441:. Mathematics Institute, University of Oxford
2375:
2373:
2371:
871:Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
295:Somerville, the daughter of Vice-Admiral Sir
8:
2547:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2219:
2217:
2215:
1546:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1312:in Flagstaff, Arizona, and named after her.
4550:Scotland's Suffrage History Education Packs
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
4587:
4573:
4565:
3702:
3617:
3603:
3595:
3563:
2927:
2789:
2777:
2668:
2656:
2644:
2508:
2471:
2459:
2394:
2362:
2350:
2251:
2171:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2071:
2059:
2047:
2035:
2023:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1975:
1938:
1926:
1902:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1775:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1409:On the Connection of the Physical Sciences
276:On the Connection of the Physical Sciences
42:
31:
4935:19th-century British women mathematicians
3268:. Royal Bank of Scotland. 1 February 2016
2601:
2305:
1949:
1947:
1914:
1763:
1598:
1046:One of the 180 illustrations in the book
962:On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences
949:On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences
722:. In 1812 she married another cousin, Dr
253:On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences
2581:. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 81, 83.
1702:
1700:
1698:
955:
804:
792:
21:Mary Somerville (broadcasting executive)
4730:
2971:Geographers: biobibliographical studies
2714:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
2544:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2202:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
1543:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1470:
1222:in Edinburgh has been named after her.
4920:19th-century Scottish women scientists
3137:Patterson, Elizabeth Chambers (1983).
2969:(eds.), "Mary Somerville, 1780–1872",
2093:Notes and Records of the Royal Society
1635:"Royal Bank of Scotland – £10 Polymer"
1621:
408:Commemorative medal of Mary Somerville
2984:Arianrhod, Robyn (29 November 2012).
2530:. London. 2 December 1872. p. 8.
2519:
2517:
2264:Stenhouse, Brigitte (December 2019).
1575:"Mary Somerville's vision of science"
551:, professor of natural philosophy at
205:
7:
4915:19th-century Scottish mathematicians
3394:
942:as the publisher of her first book,
464:. She also spent some time with the
4930:19th-century Scottish women writers
3549:Astronomical Society of the Pacific
3244:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
2224:John Holmes; Sharon Ruston (2017).
1498:"Mary Somerville: Queen of Science"
1009:Geographical Distribution of Plants
682:Application of Analysis to Geometry
319:, Fife, where her mother was from.
4458:Violet Graham, Duchess of Montrose
3685:Women's Social and Political Union
3670:Stornoway Women's Suffrage Society
3246:. International Astronomical Union
2986:"What sort of science do we want?"
1210:, where she lived for a time, and
1193:Her shell collection was given to
1086:Molecular and Microscopic Science,
904:Authors." The book was praised by
859:asked Somerville to translate the
813:, Somerville discusses the law of
785:would visit them when in England.
23:. For the American librarian, see
14:
3665:Shetland Women's Suffrage Society
3660:Orcadian Women's Suffrage Society
3586:Works by or about Mary Somerville
2617:Further Letters of Joanna Baillie
1425:Molecular and Microscopic Science
1048:Molecular and Microscopic Science
918:Bristol Philosophical Institution
819:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
636:Analytical Geometry and Astronomy
4910:19th-century British astronomers
4865:19th-century British translators
4817:
4805:
4793:
4781:
4769:
4757:
4745:
4733:
4712:
4656:
3313:Davies, Rob (10 February 2016).
2323:. MIT Press. 1997. p. 110.
2084:Appleby, J.H (22 January 1999).
1573:Secord, James (1 January 2018).
999:In the revised third edition of
827:Proceedings of the Royal Society
163:
3473:10.1016/j.endeavour.2008.05.003
2822:Catharine M. C. Haines (2001).
2197:"Mary Fairfax Greig Somerville"
470:Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin
4535:WSPU Holloway Prisoners Banner
3216:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_5435
3014:Neeley & Somerville (2001)
2940:Elisabetta Strickland (2016).
2903:Elisabetta Strickland (2016).
2891:Neeley & Somerville (2001)
2879:Neeley & Somerville (2001)
2867:Neeley & Somerville (2001)
2855:Neeley & Somerville (2001)
2763:Neeley & Somerville (2001)
2751:Neeley & Somerville (2001)
2739:Neeley & Somerville (2001)
2622:Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press
2484:Elisabetta Strickland (2016).
2410:Elisabetta Strickland (2016).
1955:Somerville, Mary Fairfax Greig
1710:Somerville, Mary Fairfax Greig
1496:Boreham, Ruth (8 March 2017).
1106:American Philosophical Society
652:Theory of Analytical Functions
16:Scottish scientist (1780–1872)
1:
4925:19th-century Scottish writers
4905:Scottish expatriates in Italy
4546:Scotland's Suffragette Trumps
3353:"Celebrating Mary Somerville"
1264:, was named after her by Sir
1214:, a high school for girls in
1135:'s unsuccessful petition for
887:The Mechanism of the Heavens,
753:. Somerville was a friend of
363:View of the City of Edinburgh
315:). Her childhood home was at
4654:Somerville College Boat Club
4530:The Suffragette Handkerchief
3690:Workers' Suffrage Federation
3626:Women's suffrage in Scotland
3173:Crawford, Elizabeth (2003).
3141:. Springer. pp. 57–58.
2944:. Springer. pp. 65–66.
2561:UK public library membership
2488:. Springer. pp. 16–17.
2436:"Somerville and Mathematics"
1745:. Burntisland Heritage Trust
1560:UK public library membership
1527:The Morning Post from London
1523:"Mrs. Somerville (Obituary)"
1451:Timeline of women in science
1446:People on Scottish banknotes
789:Science practice and writing
251:of Somerville's second book
4664:Choir of Somerville College
4622:Baroness Royall of Blaisdon
4362:Elizabeth and Agnes Thomson
3995:Charlotte Carmichael Stopes
3640:Actresses' Franchise League
3494:Vanderbilt University Press
3432:Somerville, Martha (1874).
3417:. Oxford University Press.
19:For the BBC executive, see
4951:
4885:Royal Astronomical Society
4674:Somerville College Library
4597:Somerville College, Oxford
4138:Margaret Milne Farquharson
3448:. Written by her daughter.
3208:Springer Berlin Heidelberg
3202:Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007).
2802:Martha Somerville (1851).
1743:"Mary Somerville's Family"
1204:Somerville College, Oxford
1195:Somerville College, Oxford
1121:Somerville College Library
1033:Royal Geographical Society
896:After receiving a copy of
620:Sylvestre François Lacroix
564:Military College at Marlow
493:. Despite the mutiny, the
393:Somerville's father was a
228:Royal Astronomical Society
18:
4710:
4679:Somerville College Chapel
4604:
4554:Protests and Suffragettes
3785:Elizabeth Finlayson Gauld
3147:10.1007/978-94-009-6839-4
3016:, pp. 118 & 215.
2893:, pp. 132 & 230.
2228:. Routledge. p. 59.
152:
126:
41:
4845:Scottish science writers
4238:Priscilla Bright McLaren
3577:Works by Mary Somerville
3488:Batson, Judy G. (2008).
3043:"Mary Somerville Papers"
2907:. Springer. p. 65.
2414:. Springer. p. 16.
2285:10.1016/j.hm.2019.12.001
2207:University of St Andrews
1395:Mechanism of the Heavens
1293:Letitia Elizabeth Landon
1013:Alexander Keith Johnston
971:. In the 6th edition of
933:the periods of the moon.
811:Mechanism of the Heavens
799:Mechanism of the Heavens
666:Isoperimetrical Problems
283:Early life and education
110:English Cemetery, Naples
4895:People from Burntisland
4446:Anti-suffrage activists
4088:Dorothea Chalmers Smith
3965:Mary Anderson Snodgrass
3935:Elizabeth Margaret Pace
3371:"Aleph-1 Constellation"
3162:(subscription required)
2994:Oxford University Press
1716:Charles Scribner's Sons
1483:Encyclopedia Britannica
1377:lives caring for Mary.
1359:satellite constellation
910:University of Cambridge
612:Louis-Benjamin Francœur
572:Mathematical Repository
553:University of Edinburgh
537:. Somerville also read
311:(1741–1830) (author of
240:When she died in 1872,
4417:Ishbel Hamilton-Gordon
4333:Maud Arncliffe Sennett
4148:Margaret Skirving Gibb
3980:Catherine Helen Spence
3930:Elizabeth Pease Nichol
3680:Women's Freedom League
3541:5 (May 1860), 568–571.
2553:10.1093/ref:odnb/26024
2105:10.1098/rsnr.1999.0065
1552:10.1093/ref:odnb/29200
1342:celebrated her with a
1288:
1172:Personal Recollections
1151:
1124:
1062:
1020:
964:
935:
822:
802:
755:Anne Isabella Milbanke
697:Personal Recollections
409:
370:
353:Personal Recollections
341:
297:William George Fairfax
292:
267:Royal Bank of Scotland
4412:Margaret Neill Fraser
4386:Henria Leech Williams
4298:Isabella Bream Pearce
4143:Ellison Scotland Gibb
4118:Marion Wallace Dunlop
4073:Jane Esdon Brailsford
3830:Thomas Martin Lindsay
3715:Wilhelmina Hay Abbott
3118:. Scottish Parliament
2830:. ABC-CLIO. pp.
2541:"Somerville , Mary".
2279:: S0315086019300771.
1671:Mary T Brück (1996).
1286:
1256:), a small island in
1149:
1119:
1045:
998:
986:The Origin of Species
959:
808:
796:
648:Joseph-Louis Lagrange
644:Treatise on Mechanics
616:Elements of Mechanics
407:
361:
313:My Own Life and Times
290:
4900:People from Jedburgh
4870:Scottish translators
4860:Scottish suffragists
4840:Scottish astronomers
4453:Lady Griselda Cheape
4372:Mona Chalmers Watson
4218:Agnes Syme Macdonald
4068:Catherine Hogg Blair
3950:Marion Kirkland Reid
3775:John McAusland Denny
3770:Margaret C. Davidson
3559:UK National Archives
3467:(3). England: 83–5.
3071:. Scala. p. 26.
2273:Historia Mathematica
2193:Robertson, Edmund F.
1639:www.scotbanks.org.uk
1540:"Whewell, William".
1338:On 2 February 2020,
1266:William Edward Parry
1197:by her descendants.
867:Pierre-Simon Laplace
843:optical spectrometer
779:Sir James Mackintosh
640:Siméon Denis Poisson
580:Pierre-Simon Laplace
505:Marriage and studies
495:Battle of Camperdown
263:University of Oxford
4520:Hunger Strike Medal
4228:Margaret Macfarlane
4223:Florence Macfarlane
4063:Edith Marian Begbie
3940:Emily Rosaline Orme
3895:Mary Murdoch (Hull)
3880:Isabella Fyvie Mayo
3522:Agnes Scott College
3451:Neeley, Kathryn A.
3438:. Roberts Brothers.
3093:on 16 February 2008
3047:www.bodley.ox.ac.uk
2524:"Mrs. Somerville".
2191:O'Connor, John J.;
1963:2014bea..book.2030M
1689:1996JBAA..106..201B
1591:2018PhT....71a..46S
1327:and civil engineer
1325:James Clerk Maxwell
1240: /
1225:Somerville Island (
1220:Scottish Parliament
1154:Somerville died at
1052:Haliomma echinaster
914:Royal Irish Academy
908:, Professor of the
674:Figure of the Earth
661:Elements of Algebra
261:, a college of the
4689:Somerville College
4338:Margaret Skinnider
4163:Mary Pollock Grant
4103:Annie Walker Craig
3850:Chrystal MacMillan
3810:Christina Jamieson
3675:United Suffragists
3359:. 2 February 2020.
3083:"Somerville House"
2804:Physical Geography
1529:. 2 December 1872.
1417:Physical Geography
1310:Lowell Observatory
1289:
1180:Somerville College
1152:
1125:
1078:Physical Geography
1066:Physical Geography
1063:
1029:Physical Geography
1025:Physical Geography
1021:
1017:The Physical Atlas
1001:Physical Geography
965:
849:, inventor of the
823:
803:
767:Somerville College
724:William Somerville
632:Jean-Baptiste Biot
499:East India Company
410:
371:
293:
259:Somerville College
25:Mary R. Somerville
4880:Women astronomers
4721:
4720:
4562:
4561:
4466:
4465:
4407:Helen Cruickshank
4345:and her daughter
4343:Georgiana Solomon
4303:Caroline Phillips
4258:Jessie C. Methven
4203:Alice Stewart Ker
4098:Catherine Corbett
4048:Mary Sophia Allen
3581:Project Gutenberg
3503:978-0-8265-1610-7
3397:, pp. 83–85.
3342:, 11 August 2017.
3294:. 31 January 2016
3225:978-3-540-00238-3
3188:978-1-135-43402-1
3156:978-94-009-6841-7
3113:"Committee Rooms"
2928:Somerville (1874)
2790:Somerville (1874)
2778:Somerville (1874)
2669:Somerville (1874)
2657:Somerville (1874)
2645:Somerville (1874)
2631:978-0-8386-4149-1
2588:978-90-481-2473-2
2559:(Subscription or
2509:Somerville (1874)
2472:Somerville (1874)
2460:Somerville (1874)
2395:Somerville (1874)
2363:Somerville (1874)
2351:Somerville (1874)
2330:978-0-262-11217-8
2252:Somerville (1874)
2172:Somerville (1874)
2157:Somerville (1874)
2145:Somerville (1874)
2133:Somerville (1874)
2072:Somerville (1874)
2060:Somerville (1874)
2048:Somerville (1874)
2036:Somerville (1874)
2024:Somerville (1874)
2012:Somerville (1874)
2000:Somerville (1874)
1988:Somerville (1874)
1976:Somerville (1874)
1939:Somerville (1874)
1929:, pp. 47–48.
1927:Somerville (1874)
1905:, pp. 44–46.
1903:Somerville (1874)
1890:, pp. 43–44.
1888:Somerville (1874)
1876:Somerville (1874)
1864:Somerville (1874)
1852:Somerville (1874)
1840:Somerville (1874)
1828:Somerville (1874)
1816:Somerville (1874)
1804:Somerville (1874)
1792:Somerville (1874)
1776:Somerville (1874)
1718:. 1981. pp.
1600:10.1063/PT.3.3817
1558:(Subscription or
1459: (1834 ship)
1314:Somerville crater
1287:Somerville Crater
1244:74.733°N 96.167°W
1084:Her fourth book,
875:Mécanique Céleste
862:Mécanique Céleste
815:universal gravity
728:the Royal Society
628:Calculus Treatise
430:Euclid's Elements
426:Alexander Nasmyth
367:Alexander Nasmyth
309:Thomas Somerville
224:Caroline Herschel
156:
155:
128:Scientific career
4942:
4822:
4821:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4786:
4785:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4762:
4761:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4729:
4716:
4660:
4642:Honorary Fellows
4598:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4566:
4541:Justice for Ever
4525:The Suffrage Oak
4514:Holloway Jingles
4504:Art, culture and
4153:Marion Gilchrist
3990:Louisa Stevenson
3885:Frances Melville
3845:Louisa Macdonald
3725:Mary Anne Baikie
3703:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3596:
3590:Internet Archive
3567:
3562:
3538:Atlantic Monthly
3531:, an article by
3507:
3484:
3439:
3428:
3411:Arianrhod, Robyn
3398:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3349:
3343:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3039:
3033:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2829:
2819:
2808:
2807:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2713:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2611:
2605:
2602:Arianrhod (2012)
2599:
2593:
2592:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2556:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2440:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2407:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2377:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2315:
2309:
2306:Arianrhod (2012)
2303:
2297:
2296:
2270:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2221:
2210:
2209:
2188:
2175:
2169:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2090:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1951:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1915:Arianrhod (2012)
1912:
1906:
1900:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1773:
1767:
1764:Arianrhod (2012)
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1739:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1704:
1693:
1692:
1668:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1645:on 18 April 2019
1641:. Archived from
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1555:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1475:
1371:Semyon Vorontsov
1301:(1987 ST1) is a
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1212:Somerville House
1176:Bodleian Library
1160:English Cemetery
1133:John Stuart Mill
743:Chelsea Hospital
454:John Bonnycastle
243:The Morning Post
235:John Stuart Mill
213:
200:
195:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
99:Kingdom of Italy
90:
87:29 November 1872
72:26 December 1780
71:
69:
46:
32:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4816:
4806:
4804:
4794:
4792:
4780:
4770:
4768:
4756:
4746:
4744:
4734:
4732:
4724:
4722:
4717:
4708:
4612:Mary Somerville
4600:
4596:
4593:
4563:
4558:
4505:
4499:
4472:
4471:Historians and
4462:
4441:
4390:
4288:Adela Pankhurst
4248:Margaret McPhun
4208:Isabella Leitch
4083:Isabella Carrie
4058:Janet Barrowman
4029:
4010:Muriel Thompson
3985:Flora Stevenson
3975:Mary Somerville
3865:Lavinia Malcolm
3750:Jane Clapperton
3694:
3628:
3623:
3553:
3528:Mary Somerville
3514:
3504:
3487:
3458:
3431:
3425:
3409:
3406:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3379:
3377:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3332:
3328:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3210:. p. 488.
3201:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3181:. p. 128.
3172:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3157:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3094:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3024:
3020:
3012:
3008:
2998:
2996:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2821:
2820:
2811:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2788:
2784:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2624:. p. 144.
2620:. Madison, NJ:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2523:
2522:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2378:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2223:
2222:
2213:
2190:
2189:
2178:
2170:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1727:
1706:
1705:
1696:
1670:
1669:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1502:Dangerous Women
1495:
1494:
1490:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1457:Mary Somerville
1442:
1383:
1367:
1299:5771 Somerville
1277:Mary Somerville
1249:74.733; -96.167
1248:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1168:
1137:female suffrage
1114:
1056:bioluminiescent
835:Michael Faraday
791:
783:Maria Edgeworth
763:Charles Babbage
732:J. M. W. Turner
705:Charles Babbage
686:François Callet
670:Alexis Clairaut
557:William Wallace
507:
285:
249:William Whewell
198:
166:
162:
159:Mary Somerville
148:
141:Science writing
101:
92:
88:
79:
73:
67:
65:
64:
63:
53:
50:Thomas Phillips
37:
36:Mary Somerville
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4948:
4946:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4875:Fairfax family
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4814:
4802:
4790:
4778:
4766:
4754:
4742:
4719:
4718:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4569:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4552:, produced by
4543:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4509:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4495:Sarah Pedersen
4492:
4490:Diane Atkinson
4487:
4482:
4476:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4437:Helen Matthews
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4381:Annot Robinson
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4357:Jessie Stephen
4354:
4349:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4323:Arabella Scott
4320:
4315:
4313:Annot Robinson
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4293:Frances Parker
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4268:Ethel Moorhead
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4243:Frances McPhun
4240:
4235:
4233:Jenny McCallum
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4213:Mary Macarthur
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4158:Frances Graves
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4123:Flora Drummond
4120:
4115:
4110:
4108:Helen Crawfurd
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4053:Helen Archdale
4050:
4045:
4039:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3970:Jessie M. Soga
3967:
3962:
3960:Frances Simson
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3925:Grace Paterson
3922:
3920:Jessie Newbery
3917:
3915:Margaret Mylne
3912:
3907:
3905:Frances Murray
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3835:Louisa Lumsden
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3805:Margaret Irwin
3802:
3797:
3795:Mary Henderson
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3765:Mary Crudelius
3762:
3760:Muriel Craigie
3757:
3755:Jessie Craigen
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3583:
3574:
3568:
3551:
3542:
3533:Maria Mitchell
3524:
3513:
3512:External links
3510:
3509:
3508:
3502:
3485:
3456:
3449:
3429:
3423:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3387:
3362:
3344:
3326:
3305:
3279:
3257:
3231:
3224:
3194:
3187:
3165:
3155:
3129:
3104:
3074:
3059:
3034:
3018:
3006:
2976:
2957:
2950:
2932:
2930:, p. 338.
2920:
2913:
2895:
2883:
2881:, p. 137.
2871:
2869:, p. 134.
2859:
2857:, p. 133.
2847:
2840:
2809:
2794:
2792:, p. 203.
2782:
2780:, p. 290.
2767:
2755:
2743:
2731:
2724:
2698:
2673:
2671:, p. 177.
2661:
2659:, p. 176.
2649:
2647:, p. 173.
2637:
2630:
2606:
2594:
2587:
2566:
2533:
2513:
2501:
2494:
2476:
2474:, p. 153.
2464:
2462:, p. 141.
2452:
2427:
2420:
2399:
2387:
2384:(3132): 40–41.
2367:
2355:
2343:
2329:
2310:
2308:, p. 173.
2298:
2256:
2241:
2234:
2211:
2176:
2161:
2149:
2137:
2125:
2076:
2064:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2016:
2004:
1992:
1980:
1968:
1943:
1931:
1919:
1917:, p. 165.
1907:
1892:
1880:
1868:
1856:
1844:
1832:
1820:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1768:
1766:, p. 163.
1756:
1725:
1694:
1656:
1626:
1614:
1565:
1532:
1514:
1488:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1453:
1448:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1428:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1379:
1366:
1363:
1329:Thomas Telford
1167:
1164:
1141:Maria Mitchell
1113:
1110:
1037:Baron Humboldt
1005:Physical Atlas
990:Charles Darwin
960:Cover page of
906:George Peacock
901:Joanna Baillie
847:David Brewster
831:silver nitrate
809:Page 157 from
797:Title page to
790:
787:
747:Hanover Square
720:Henry Brougham
713:George Peacock
656:Leonhard Euler
531:James Ferguson
527:conic sections
506:
503:
484:Admiral Duncan
466:Oswalds family
438:John Robertson
284:
281:
154:
153:
150:
149:
147:
146:
143:
137:
135:
131:
130:
124:
123:
120:Patron's Medal
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
93:
91:(aged 91)
85:
81:
80:
74:
61:
59:
55:
54:
47:
39:
38:
35:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4947:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4813:
4803:
4801:
4791:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4777:
4767:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4753:
4743:
4741:
4731:
4727:
4715:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4599:
4590:
4585:
4583:
4578:
4576:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4506:commemoration
4502:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4469:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4432:Agnes McLaren
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4422:Frances Ivens
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4367:Bessie Watson
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4352:Barbara Steel
4350:
4348:
4347:Daisy Solomon
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4318:Amy Sanderson
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4308:Mary Phillips
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4263:Maggie Moffat
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4188:Agnes Husband
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4178:Florence Haig
4176:
4174:
4173:Marion Grieve
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4133:Maude Edwards
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
4000:Annie S. Swan
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3910:Sylvia Murray
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3900:Eunice Murray
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3890:Graham Moffat
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3875:Lilly Maxwell
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3855:Alice McLaren
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3820:Harriet Leisk
3818:
3816:
3815:Jessie Keppie
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:Organisations
3631:
3627:
3620:
3615:
3613:
3608:
3606:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3560:
3556:
3552:
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2967:Pinchemel, P.
2961:
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2951:9783319491936
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2382:New Scientist
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2099:(1): 95–106.
2098:
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2025:
2020:
2017:
2014:, p. 56.
2013:
2008:
2005:
2002:, p. 55.
2001:
1996:
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1990:, p. 45.
1989:
1984:
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1978:, p. 53.
1977:
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1941:, p. 49.
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1579:Physics Today
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1485:. 3 May 2024.
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857:Lord Brougham
854:
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839:optical prism
836:
833:supplied by
832:
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709:John Herschel
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678:Gaspard Monge
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549:John Playfair
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477:Earl of Minto
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399:Liberal party
396:
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388:Charles Lyell
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104:
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45:
40:
33:
30:
26:
22:
4812:Solar System
4611:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4512:
4485:Elspeth King
4480:Leah Leneman
4377:Helen Wilkie
4328:Muriel Scott
4283:Helen Ogston
4278:Flora Murray
4253:Mary Maloney
4193:Maud Joachim
4183:Edith Hudson
4128:Louise Eates
4113:Agnes Dollan
4035:Suffragettes
4020:Eliza Wigham
4015:Isabella Tod
4005:Jane Taylour
3974:
3955:Jessie Saxby
3870:Flora Masson
3825:Anna Lindsay
3800:Elsie Inglis
3780:Helen Fraser
3745:Edward Caird
3735:Nannie Brown
3545:Bibliography
3536:
3527:
3489:
3464:
3460:
3452:
3434:
3414:
3390:
3378:. Retrieved
3365:
3356:
3347:
3339:The Scotsman
3337:
3329:
3320:The Guardian
3318:
3308:
3296:. Retrieved
3291:
3282:
3270:. Retrieved
3260:
3248:. Retrieved
3243:
3234:
3203:
3197:
3174:
3168:
3138:
3132:
3120:. Retrieved
3107:
3095:. Retrieved
3091:the original
3086:
3077:
3068:
3067:Emerson, L.
3062:
3050:. Retrieved
3046:
3037:
3021:
3009:
2997:. Retrieved
2989:
2979:
2970:
2960:
2941:
2935:
2923:
2904:
2898:
2886:
2874:
2862:
2850:
2825:
2803:
2797:
2785:
2758:
2746:
2734:
2709:
2701:
2689:. Retrieved
2685:
2676:
2664:
2652:
2640:
2616:
2609:
2604:, p. 3.
2597:
2578:
2569:
2542:
2536:
2525:
2504:
2485:
2479:
2467:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2430:
2411:
2390:
2381:
2358:
2346:
2334:. Retrieved
2319:
2313:
2301:
2276:
2272:
2259:
2225:
2200:
2152:
2140:
2135:, p. 3.
2128:
2116:. Retrieved
2096:
2092:
2079:
2067:
2055:
2043:
2031:
2019:
2007:
1995:
1983:
1971:
1954:
1934:
1922:
1910:
1883:
1871:
1859:
1847:
1835:
1823:
1811:
1799:
1787:
1771:
1759:
1747:. Retrieved
1709:
1680:
1676:
1647:. Retrieved
1643:the original
1638:
1629:
1617:
1585:(1): 46–52.
1582:
1578:
1568:
1541:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1505:. Retrieved
1501:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1456:
1431:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1394:
1381:Bibliography
1375:
1368:
1348:
1337:
1322:
1297:
1290:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1224:
1202:
1199:
1192:
1171:
1169:
1153:
1130:
1126:
1103:
1085:
1083:
1077:
1070:Solar System
1065:
1064:
1051:
1047:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1016:
1008:
1004:
1000:
985:
981:
972:
966:
961:
947:
943:
936:
931:
926:
897:
895:
890:
886:
883:Solar System
878:
874:
860:
855:
851:kaleidoscope
826:
824:
810:
798:
775:
772:
759:Ada Lovelace
740:
736:Walter Scott
717:
696:
694:
689:
681:
673:
665:
659:
651:
643:
635:
627:
623:
615:
583:
577:
571:
561:
542:
539:Isaac Newton
534:
523:trigonometry
520:
511:Samuel Greig
508:
489:
481:
474:
458:Lord Balmuto
449:
445:
442:
433:
411:
392:
372:
362:
352:
342:
338:
329:
321:
312:
294:
274:
257:
252:
241:
239:
232:
215:
210:
158:
157:
127:
89:(1872-11-29)
62:Mary Fairfax
48:Painting by
29:
4855:1872 deaths
4850:1780 births
4800:Outer space
4764:Mathematics
4402:Rachel Cook
4198:Mabel Jones
4093:Lila Clunas
4043:Janie Allan
4025:Jane Wigham
3840:Ann Macbeth
3790:Edith Hacon
3740:Mary Burton
3720:Jane Arthur
3707:Suffragists
3699:Campaigners
3395:Fara (2008)
3250:26 November
3122:26 November
3052:17 February
2999:29 November
2691:17 February
2686:archive.org
2575:Brück, Mary
2445:17 February
1749:26 November
1622:Batson 2008
1274:The vessel
1247: /
1208:Burntisland
1059:radiolarian
940:John Murray
690:Logarithmus
604:electricity
568:diophantine
434:Navigations
382:and how to
345:Shakespeare
333:Musselburgh
317:Burntisland
214:, formerly
145:Mathematics
4834:Categories
4704:Principals
4685:Categories
4647:Principals
4548:cards and
4427:Jennie Lee
4273:Anna Munro
4168:Laura Grey
4078:Lucy Burns
3860:Sarah Mair
3490:Her Oxford
3404:References
3375:Satellogic
2563:required.)
1778:, p.
1683:(4): 201.
1562:required.)
1355:Satellogic
1190:families.
1091:microscope
920:, and the
600:microscopy
462:laboratory
349:needlework
78:, Scotland
68:1780-12-26
4776:Astronomy
4740:Biography
4670:Buildings
4618:Principal
4608:Named for
4539:War Song
3730:Mary Bell
3547:from the
3461:Endeavour
3179:Routledge
2527:The Times
2293:214472568
2118:19 August
2113:146173965
1649:19 August
1609:0031-9228
1318:Langrenus
1303:main-belt
1268:in 1819.
1099:molecules
1074:Victorian
1023:Her book
982:Connexion
973:Connexion
944:Mechanism
898:Mechanism
891:Mechanism
879:Principia
608:magnetism
596:geography
592:chemistry
588:astronomy
584:Principia
544:Principia
535:Astronomy
515:barrister
490:Venerable
488:HMS
422:Herodotus
325:Calvinist
4752:Scotland
3945:Jane Rae
3481:18597849
3413:(2012).
3380:16 March
3298:17 April
3292:BBC News
3272:13 March
3097:16 March
2577:(2009).
2336:26 April
1440:See also
1365:Children
1357:Aleph-1
1351:ÑuSat 26
1333:Facebook
1306:asteroid
1216:Brisbane
1188:Lovelace
1123:, Oxford
1015:'s 1848
869:for the
701:calculus
446:Elements
418:Xenophon
305:Jedburgh
271:£10 note
269:polymer
220:polymath
76:Jedburgh
4824:Science
4726:Portals
4699:Fellows
4637:Fellows
4473:writers
3588:at the
3087:Schools
2990:OUPblog
1959:Bibcode
1685:Bibcode
1587:Bibcode
1507:12 July
1262:Nunavut
1235:96°10′W
1232:74°44′N
977:Neptune
751:Chelsea
695:In her
624:Algebra
450:Algebra
414:algebra
384:curtsey
380:manners
211:Fairfax
201:-ər-vil
4694:Alumni
4632:Alumni
4395:Others
3500:
3479:
3444:
3421:
3357:Google
3222:
3185:
3153:
3029:
2948:
2911:
2838:
2722:
2628:
2585:
2557:
2492:
2418:
2327:
2291:
2232:
2111:
1607:
1556:
1430:1874
1340:Google
1166:Legacy
1156:Naples
969:Uranus
916:, the
845:. Sir
801:(1831)
684:, and
376:Virgil
209:
134:Fields
122:(1869)
116:Awards
95:Naples
52:, 1834
4788:Stars
4628:Lists
3116:(PDF)
2439:(PDF)
2289:S2CID
2269:(PDF)
2109:S2CID
2089:(PDF)
1722:–522.
1466:Notes
1422:1869
1414:1848
1406:1834
1400:1832
1392:1831
1386:1826
1184:Byron
1112:Death
1095:atoms
1011:from
301:manse
233:When
216:Greig
3498:ISBN
3477:PMID
3442:ISBN
3419:ISBN
3382:2023
3300:2023
3274:2016
3252:2018
3220:ISBN
3183:ISBN
3151:ISBN
3124:2018
3099:2008
3054:2016
3027:ISBN
3001:2012
2946:ISBN
2909:ISBN
2836:ISBN
2720:ISBN
2693:2016
2626:ISBN
2583:ISBN
2490:ISBN
2447:2016
2416:ISBN
2338:2013
2325:ISBN
2230:ISBN
2120:2007
1751:2018
1651:2019
1605:ISSN
1509:2018
1186:and
1178:and
1097:and
1054:, a
817:and
711:and
664:and
626:and
606:and
529:and
448:and
420:and
395:Tory
84:Died
58:Born
4379:or
3579:at
3469:doi
3212:doi
3143:doi
2832:293
2716:124
2549:doi
2281:doi
2101:doi
1720:521
1681:206
1595:doi
1548:doi
988:by
865:of
688:'s
680:'s
672:'s
658:'s
650:'s
642:'s
634:'s
614:'s
541:'s
533:'s
486:on
452:by
436:by
365:by
303:of
207:née
199:SUM
4836::
3557:.
3535:,
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