Caroline Herschel - Knowledge (XXG)

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and weary, but as the day advances she gains life, and is quite ‘fresh and funny’ at ten or eleven p.m. and sings old rhymes, nay, even dances to the great delight of all who see her." John Herschel spent long periods with his aunt during the vacations and was greatly influenced by Caroline. She saw him educated at Cambridge, make a name for himself as a mathematician, become elected to the Royal Society, join his father in research in astronomy and be awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society for his achievements. Caroline continued to assist William with his observations but her status had greatly improved from the housekeeper she had been in her young days. She was the guest of Maskelyne at the Royal Observatory in 1799 and a guest of members of the Royal Family at various times in 1816, 1817 and 1818. However, her observations were hampered by the architecture in Hanover, and she spent most of her time working on the catalogue. In 1828 the

40: 317:, which so stunted her growth that she never grew more than 4 feet 3 inches (1.30 m) tall; she also lost vision in her left eye as a result of the illness. Her family assumed that she would never marry and her mother thought better that she train to be a house servant than be educated in accordance with her father's wishes. However, her father sometimes took advantage of her mother's absence by tutoring her individually, or including her in her brother's lessons, such as violin. Caroline was briefly allowed to learn dress-making. Though she learned to do needlework from a neighbour, her efforts were stymied by long hours of household chores. To prevent her from becoming a governess and earning her independence that way, she was forbidden to learn 370: 583:, and all were discovered with her 1783 telescope. In 1791, Caroline began to use a 9-inch telescope for her comet-searching, and discovered three more comets with this instrument. Her fifth comet was discovered on 15 December 1791 and the sixth on 7 October 1795. Caroline wrote in her journal during this time "My brother wrote an account of it to Sir J. Banks, Dr. Maskelyne, and to several astronomical correspondents" for the discovery of her fifth comet. Two years later, her eighth and last comet was discovered on 6 August 1797, the only comet she discovered without optical aid. She announced this discovery by sending a letter to Banks. In 1787, she was granted an annual salary of £50 (equivalent to £8,000 in 2024) by 681: 310:) in 1743 and never recovered fully; he suffered a weak constitution, chronic pain, and asthma for the remainder of his life. The oldest of their daughters, Sophia Elizabeth Herschel (1733–1803), was sixteen years older, and the only surviving girl besides Caroline. She married violinist Johann Heinrich Griesbach (1730–1773) when Caroline was five, which resulted in the younger girl being tasked with much of the household drudgery. Caroline and the other children received a cursory education, learning to read and write and little more. Her father attempted to educate her at home but his efforts were more successful with the boys. 498: 400: 594:, which was difficult to use because it had been published as two volumes, the catalogue proper and a volume of original observations, and contained many errors. William realised that he needed a proper cross-index to properly explore these differences but was reluctant to devote time to it at the expense of his more interesting astronomical activities. He therefore recommended to Caroline that she undertake the task, which ultimately took 20 months. The resulting 830:, the same place that Herschel resided. The documents cost the museum £108,000, making it by far the institution’s most expensive acquisition. Her earned salary from King George III made her the first known professional female astronomer. The diary documents her life in the years 1755 to 1775, the years of Herschel's childhood in Hanover that included a large family which produced an ample number of musicians, and leading up to her first years living in Bath. 2415: 2233: 634:

returning daily to work with her brother. She no longer held the keys to the observatory and workroom, where she had done much of her own work. As she destroyed her journals from 1788 to 1798, her feelings about the period are not entirely known. In August 1799, Caroline was independently recognized for her work, when she spent a week in Greenwich as a guest of the royal family.

463:. William then began to search himself for nebulae, sensing that there were many discoveries to be made. Caroline was relegated to a ladder on William's 20-foot reflector, attempting impossible measurements of double stars. William quickly realized his method of searching for nebulae was inefficient and he required an assistant to keep records. Naturally, he turned to Caroline. 2460: 522: 505: 2403: 719:, which had already been discovered on 29 December 1823. Throughout the twilight of her life, Caroline remained physically active and healthy, and regularly socialized with other scientific luminaries. She spent her last years writing her memoirs and lamenting her body's limitations, which kept her from making any more original discoveries. 386:

he mistook it for a comet, his discovery proved the superiority of his new telescope. Caroline and William gave their last musical performance in 1782, when her brother accepted the private office of court astronomer to King George III; the last few months of their musical career had been a shambles and were critically panned.

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wanted in the execution of the various astronomical contrivances." William became known for his work on high performance telescopes, and Caroline found herself supporting his efforts. Caroline spent many hours polishing mirrors and mounting telescopes in order to maximize the amount of light captured. She learned to copy

328:, to have a trial period as a singer for musician brother William's church performances. Caroline eventually left Hanover on 16 August 1772 after her brothers intervened with their recalcitrant mother. On the journey to England, she was first introduced to astronomy by way of the constellations and opticians' shops. 440:'s variability, Caroline was asked to "sweep" the sky, meticulously moving through the sky in strips to search for interesting objects. She was unhappy with this task at the beginning of her work, longing for the culture of Bath and feeling isolated and lonely, but gradually developed a love for the work. 385:

She became a significant astronomer in her own right as a result of her collaboration with him. The Herschels moved to a new house in March 1781 after their millinery business failed, and Caroline was guarding the leftover stock on 13 March, the night that William discovered the planet Uranus. Though

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When William became increasingly interested in astronomy, transforming himself from a musician to an astronomer, Caroline again supported his efforts. She said somewhat bitterly, in her Memoir, "I did nothing for my brother but what a well-trained puppy dog would have done, that is to say, I did what

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On 28 August 1782, Caroline initiated her first record book. She inscribed the first three opening pages: "This is what I call the Bills & Rec.ds of my Comets", "Comets and Letters", and "Books of Observations". This, along with two subsequent books, currently belong to the Herschel trove at the

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In the 1770s, as William became more interested in astronomy, he started to build his own telescopes from lenses he had ground, unhappy with the quality of lenses he was able to purchase. Caroline would feed him and read to him as he worked, despite her desire to burnish her career as a professional

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Caroline did not blend into the local society and made few friends, but was finally able to indulge her desire to learn, and took regular singing, English, and arithmetic lessons from her brother, and dance lessons from a local teacher. She also learned to play the harpsichord, and eventually became

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Caroline Herschel died peacefully in Hanover on 9 January 1848. She is buried at 35 Marienstrasse in Hanover at the cemetery of the Gartengemeinde, next to her parents and with a lock of William's hair. Her tombstone inscription reads, "The eyes of her who is glorified here below turned to the

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in his work. Her nephew thought highly of her, in fact he was quoted in 1832 as saying “She runs about the town with me and skips up her two flights of stairs as wonderfully fresh at least as some folks I could name who are not a fourth of her age… In the morning till eleven or twelve she is dull

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to search for nebulae. Initially, William attempted to both observe and record objects, but this too was inefficient and he again turned to Caroline. She sat by a window inside, William shouted his observations, and Caroline recorded. This was not a simple clerical task, however, because she would

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in April 1778, where she was the first soloist. She declined to sing for any conductor but William, and after that performance, her career as a singer began to decline. Caroline was subsequently replaced as a performer by distinguished soloists from outside the area because William wished to spend

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is more sympathetic to Caroline's position, noting that the change was in many respects negative for Caroline. With the arrival of William's wife, Caroline lost her managerial and social responsibilities in the household and accompanying status. She also moved from the house to external lodgings,

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William's interest in astronomy started as a hobby to pass time at night. At breakfast the next day he would give an impromptu lecture on what he had learned the night before. Caroline became as interested as William, stating that she was "much hindered in my practice by my help being continually

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where William would be on hand to entertain royal guests. He presumed that Caroline would become his assistant, a role she did not initially accept. She was unhappy with the accommodations they had taken; the house they rented for three years had a leaky ceiling and Caroline described it as "the

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and the Royal Astronomical Society. The gold medal from the Astronomical Society was awarded to her in 1828 "for her recent reduction, to January, 1800, of the Nebulæ discovered by her illustrious brother, which may be considered as the completion of a series of exertions probably unparalleled

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indicated she and her brother continued working well during this period. When her brother and his family were away from home, she often returned there to take care of it for them. In later life, she and Lady Herschel exchanged affectionate letters, and she became deeply attached to her nephew,

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Throughout her writings, she repeatedly made it clear that she desired to earn an independent wage and be able to support herself. When the crown began paying her for her assistance to her brother in 1787, she became the first woman—at a time when even men rarely received wages for scientific

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in 1795. Five of her comets were published in Philosophical Transactions. A packet of paper bearing the superscription, "This is what I call the Bills and Receipts of my Comets" contains some data connected with the discovery of each of these objects. William was summoned to Windsor Castle to

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and a list of the errata in that publication. Because Flamsteed's catalogue was organized by constellation, it was less useful to the Herschels, so Caroline created her own catalogue organized by north polar distance. The following morning, Caroline would go over her notes and write up formal

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William's marriage likely led to Caroline becoming more independent of her brother and more a figure in her own right. Caroline made many discoveries independently of William and continued to work solo on many of the astronomical projects which contributed to her rise to fame.

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When William married a rich widow, Mary Pitt (née Baldwin) in 1788, the union caused tension in the brother-sister relationship. Caroline has been referred to as a bitter, jealous woman who worshipped her brother and resented those who invaded their domestic lives.

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was published by the Royal Society in 1798 and contained an index of every observation of every star made by Flamsteed, a list of errata, and a list of more than 560 stars that had not been included. In 1825, Caroline donated the works of Flamsteed to the

521: 481:'s catalogue to identify the star William used as a reference point for the nebulae. In 1798 Caroline presented to the Royal Society an index to John Flamsteed’s observations, together with a catalog of 560 stars omitted from the 578:

to announce the discovery of her second comet. In December 1788, Maskelyne wrote back congratulating her. The third comet was discovered on 7 January 1790, and the fourth one on 17 April 1790. She announced both of these to Sir

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But it was not til the last two months of the same year before I felt the least encouragement for spending the starlight nights on a grass-plot covered with dew or hoar frost without a human being near enough to be within

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ruins of a place". She was also aghast at the prices in the city and the fact that their domestic servant was imprisoned for theft at the time of her arrival. While William worked on a catalogue of 3,000 stars, studied

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demonstrate Caroline's comet to the royal family. William recorded this phenomenon, himself, terming it "My Sister's Comet." Caroline Herschel is often credited as the first woman to discover a comet; however,

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in 1996. Upon William's death, her nephew, John Herschel, took over observing at Slough. Caroline had given him his first introduction into astronomy, when she showed him the constellations in Flamsteed's

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In Bath, she took on the responsibilities of running William's household, and began learning to sing. William had established himself as an organist and music teacher at 19 New King Street, Bath (now the

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After her brother died in 1822, Caroline was grief-stricken and moved back to Hanover, Germany, continuing her astronomical studies to verify and confirm William's findings and producing a catalogue of

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for her work as William's assistant. Caroline's appointment made her the first woman in England honoured with an official government position, and the first woman to be paid for her work in astronomy.

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She was the first woman to receive a salary as a scientist and the first woman in England to hold a government position. She was also the first woman to publish scientific findings in the

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In the summer of 1783, William finished building a comet-searching telescope for Caroline, which she began to use immediately. Beginning in October 1783, the Herschels used a 20-foot

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Caroline Lucretia Herschel was born in the town of Hanover Germany on 16 March 1750. She was the eighth child and fourth daughter of Isaak Herschel (1707–1767), a self-taught

2248: 555:, the first on 1 August 1786 while her brother was away and she was using his telescope. She had unquestioned priority as discoverer of five of the comets and rediscovered 2500: 1647: 658: 302:. Isaak became a bandmaster in the Hanoverian Foot Guards, whom he first joined in 1731, and was away with his regiment for substantial periods. He became ill after the 2161: 917: 604: 2560: 2550: 1765: 616:

enterprises—to receive a salary for services to science. Her pension was £50 a year, and it was the first money that Caroline had ever earned in her own right.

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Catalogue of Stars, Taken from Mr. Flamsteed's Observations Contained in the Second Volume of the Historia Coelestis, and Not Inserted in the British Catalogue

703: 259: 136: 2253: 815:, which celebrates historical women who have made extraordinary contributions, features a place setting for Caroline Herschel. Google honoured her with a 369: 2575: 2545: 2187: 2570: 2555: 736:

either in magnitude or importance in the annals of astronomical labour." She completed this work after her brother's death and her move to Hanover.

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discovered a comet in the early 1700s, but is often overlooked because at the time, the discovery was attributed to her husband,

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Olson, Roberta J. M.; Pasachoff, Jay M. (2012). "The Comets of Caroline Herschel (1750–1848), Sleuth of the Skies at Slough".

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so that her nephew, John Herschel, could re-examine them systematically. The list was eventually enlarged and renamed the

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In 1797 William's observations had shown that there were a great many discrepancies in the star catalogue published by

1886: 1832:"Caroline Lucretia Herschel Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Caroline Lucretia Herschel" 1718: 1714: 1369:"Caroline Lucretia Herschel Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Caroline Lucretia Herschel" 630: 141: 2600: 740: 699: 665: 445: 263: 1437:

Ashworth, Wilhelm. "Untitled Review." The British Society for the History of Science Vol. 37 No. 3, 2004: 350–351.

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Nysewander, Melissa. Caroline Herschel. Biographies of Women Mathematicians, Atlanta: Agnes Scott College, 1998.

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an integral part in William's musical performances at small gatherings. She became the principal singer at his

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starry heavens." With her brother, she discovered over 2,400 astronomical objects over twenty years.

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Caroline Herschel at 78, one year after winning the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1828

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Toward the end of Caroline's life, she arranged 2,500 nebulae and star clusters into zones of similar

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In 2023, the 57 densely handwritten pages of her diary were put on display in the music room of the

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The Georgian Star: How William and Caroline Herschel Revolutionized Our Understanding of the Cosmos

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under William's name. This listed around 500 new nebulae and clusters to the already known 2,000.

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concerts, and acquired such a reputation as a vocalist that she was offered an engagement for the

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Catalogue of Stars, Taken from Mr. Flamsteed's Observations Contained in the Second Volume of the

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Caroline Herschel giving tea to her brother William polishing a telescope mirror, 1896 Lithograph

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The Age of Wonder: The Romantic Generation and the Discovery of the Beauty and Terror of Science

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he commanded me." Ultimately, though, she became interested in astronomy and enjoyed her work.

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Following her father's death, her brothers William and Alexander proposed that she join them in

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that was not included in the Messier catalogue. That same night, she independently discovered

340:. William was busy with his musical career and became fairly busy organising public concerts. 75: 2162:"Diaries of the UK's first female professional astronomer acquired by Bath's Herschel Museum" 2314: 1977: 1673: 1622: 1573: 1543: 1410: 1299: 1130: 973: 811: 805:'s 1968 poem "Planetarium" celebrates Caroline Herschel's life and scientific achievements. 572: 460: 248: 177: 125: 1028: 744: 575: 565: 318: 267: 412:

catalogues and other publications that William had borrowed. She also learned to record,

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presented her with a Gold Medal for Science on the occasion of her 96th birthday (1846).

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Caroline was asked to move from the high culture of Bath to the relative backwater of

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Caroline added her final entry to her observing book on 31 January 1824 about the

2486: 2386: 2362: 2032: 1785: 1204: 1170: 520: 932:"Caroline Herschel | Biography, Discoveries, & Facts | Britannica" 561: 556: 530: 456: 429: 1786:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 1303: 776:(discovered 1888) was named after Caroline's second given name, and the crater 2423: 2145: 2108: 1134: 707: 543: 349: 240: 1991: 1448:"Letter from Caroline Herschel (Upton) to Margaret Maskelyne (at Greenwich)" 1024: 912: 159: 1982: 1965: 1627: 1547: 977: 754:

In 1846, at the age of 96, she was awarded a Gold Medal for Science by the

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or more advanced needlework than what she could pick up from neighbours.

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The Quiet Revolution of Caroline Herschel: The Lost Heroine of Astronomy

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On 26 February 1783, Caroline made her first discovery: she had found a

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Fernie, J. Donald (November–December 2007), "The Inimitable Caroline",

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William and Caroline Herschel:Pioneers in Late 18th-Century Astronomy

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Warner, Deborah. "Review, Untitled." Chicago Journal, 2004: p. 505.

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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

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In 1802, the Royal Society published Caroline's catalogue in its

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Herschel, Caroline Lucretia (1876). Herschel, Mrs. John (ed.).

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Herschel, Caroline Lucretia (1876). Herschel, Mrs. John (ed.).

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Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society

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The Comet Sweeper: Caroline Herschel's Astronomical Ambition

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The Comet Sweeper: Caroline Herschel's Astronomical Ambition

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The mind has no sex?: women in the origins of modern science

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At the age of ten Caroline was struck with a severe case of

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1847 lithograph of Caroline Herschel around 97 years of age

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Discoverers of the Universe: William and Caroline Herschel

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Women in Science: Antiquity through the Nineteenth Century

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or "Caroline", COSPAR 2020-079B) was launched into space.

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Herschel, William (2013). Dreyer, John Louis Emil (ed.).

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A telescope that William Herschel made for Caroline 1795

19:"C. Herschel" redirects here. For the lunar crater, see 2033:"Planetary Names: Crater, craters: C. Herschel on Moon" 1393: 1391: 1389: 706:

for this work—no woman would be awarded it again until

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observations, which she called "minding the heavens."

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Hoskin, Michael (2008). "Carolyn Lucretia Herschel".

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The Art Newspaper - International art news and events

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Caroline Herschel, Caroline Herschel's 266th Birthday

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Searching the Stars: The Story of Caroline Herschel

892:"Caroline Herschel - Biography, Facts and Pictures" 743:elected her an honorary member in 1835, along with 201: 198: 183: 180: 155: 132: 121: 113: 105: 82: 49: 30: 2272: 1016: 262:(1828), and to be named an honorary Member of the 2510:and her work, including letters from her, in the 2501:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 1970:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 1648:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 1607:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 659:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 2581:German emigrants to the Kingdom of Great Britain 1292:Hoskin, Michael. "Herschel, Caroline Lucretia". 2011:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 788. 465: 361:less time in rehearsals to focus on astronomy. 239:; 16 March 1750 – 9 January 1848) was a German 2508:Digitised papers relating to Caroline Herschel 2297:Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel 2135:. Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved on 6 August 2015. 1752:Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel 1090:Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel 251:, with whom she worked throughout her career. 2321:. Brimscombe Port Stroud: The History Press. 1683:The Scientific Papers of Sir William Herschel 1603:"Obituary of Miss Caroline Lucretia Herschel" 1567: 1565: 1486:The Scientific Papers of Sir William Herschel 1470: 1468: 8: 2497:Obituary of Miss Caroline Lucretia Herschel. 1298:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 964:Brock, Claire (2004). "Public Experiments". 959: 957: 955: 918:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 260:Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society 137:Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society 2309:. Vol. 3. Scribners. pp. 286–287. 1856:Fernie, Donald. "The Inimitable Caroline". 1719:"The Royal Society's lost women scientists" 1597: 1595: 1578:. Princeton University Press. pp. 1–. 270:). She was named an honorary member of the 1764:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 38: 27: 2487:Caroline Herschel's Deepsky Objects, SEDS 2188:"Giving Caroline Herschel her voice back" 1981: 1782:inflation figures are based on data from 1626: 1529: 1417:. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 84. 1129:. SpringerBriefs in Astronomy. Springer. 1007: 1005: 1003: 600:and Not Inserted in the British Catalogue 432:, and attempted to discover the cause of 1397: 1348: 1346: 1093:. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street. 1082: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1068: 972:(58). Oxford University Press: 306–312. 2440:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive 2008:The Collected Letters of Joanna Baillie 1966:"List of Officers for the ensuing year" 1295:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1169:Ogilvie, Marilyn B. (8 November 2011). 883: 856: 819:on her 266th birthday (16 March 2016). 459:(NGC 205), the second companion of the 2492:About the Herschel Museum of Astronomy 2307:New Dictionary of Scientific Biography 1952: 1757: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1277: 551:During 1786–1797 she discovered eight 541: 336:). He was also the choirmaster of the 258:of the Royal Society, to be awarded a 2561:19th-century British women scientists 2551:18th-century British women scientists 1745: 1743: 1741: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1275: 1273: 1271: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1120: 234: 16:German-British astronomer (1750–1848) 7: 2476:Caroline Lucretia Herschel biography 2150:. 15 March 2016 – via YouTube. 1118: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1052: 1050: 1048: 14: 2521:Catalogue of Stars (London, 1798) 2482:Caroline Herschel Biography, SEDS 2576:19th-century British astronomers 2546:18th-century British astronomers 2458: 2413: 2401: 2300:(2 ed.). New York: Harpers. 2231: 1643:"Obituary of John Francis Encke" 1203:Brock, Claire (1 January 2007). 542:Problems playing this file? See 518: 496: 352:festival after a performance of 176: 2571:18th-century German astronomers 2556:19th-century German astronomers 1929:"Caroline Herschel - Biography" 638:Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond 395:First discoveries and catalogue 142:Prussian Gold Medal for Science 2216:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. 2005:Bailey Slagle, Judith (1999). 308:War of the Austrian Succession 1: 1903:"Caroline Herschel Biography" 731:Herschel was honoured by the 2504:, Vol. 8, p. 64 (1847). 2392:Resources in other libraries 2368:Resources in other libraries 2084:"Caroline's Rose (NGC 7789)" 1312:UK public library membership 840:Timeline of women in science 512:Read by Availle for LibriVox 334:Herschel Museum of Astronomy 2457:(public domain audiobooks) 2249:Herschel, Caroline Lucretia 1812:Herschel, Caroline (1798). 1750:Herschel, Caroline (1876). 1057:Schiebinger, Londa (1989). 507:"An Account of a New Comet" 423:in 1782, a small town near 236:[kaʁoˈliːnəˈhɛʁʃl̩] 117:Discovery of several comets 2627: 2611:Women planetary scientists 2466:Works by Caroline Herschel 2451:Works by Caroline Herschel 2037:planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov 1976:(9): 64. 8 February 1828. 867:, "Rec.ds" probably means 741:Royal Astronomical Society 700:Royal Astronomical Society 605:Royal Academy of Göttingen 571:She wrote a letter to the 446:Royal Astronomical Society 264:Royal Astronomical Society 256:Philosophical Transactions 172:Caroline Lucretia Herschel 54:Caroline Lucretia Herschel 18: 2516:Cambridge Digital Library 2387:Resources in your library 2363:Resources in your library 1452:Cambridge Digital Library 1135:10.1007/978-94-007-6875-8 791:(Caroline's Cluster) and 702:presented her with their 611:Relationship with William 509:by Caroline Herschel 1787 165: 148: 37: 2445:University of St Andrews 2212:Holmes, Richard (2009). 2113:www.poetryfoundation.org 1572:Hoskin, Michael (2011). 1125:Hoskin, Michael (2014). 966:History Workshop Journal 863:According to astronomer 784:is named after her. The 2591:Scientists from Hanover 2254:Encyclopædia Britannica 1784:Clark, Gregory (2017). 1678:Dreyer, John Louis Emil 1230:Roberts, Jacob (2017). 1013:Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey 365:Transition to astronomy 2271:Brock, Claire (2007). 2039:. IAU. 18 October 2010 1548:10.46472/CC.01216.0213 1304:10.1093/ref:odnb/13100 1232:"A Giant of Astronomy" 865:John Louis Emil Dreyer 764:Alexander von Humboldt 685: 470: 404: 374: 2566:Discoverers of comets 762:, conveyed to her by 693:to assist her nephew 683: 676:Later life and legacy 670:New General Catalogue 653:New General Catalogue 402: 372: 245:35P/Herschel–Rigollet 72:Electorate of Hanover 2606:Planetary scientists 2431:Robertson, Edmund F. 2410:at Wikimedia Commons 2376:By Caroline Herschel 1983:10.1093/mnras/1.9.64 1836:www.encyclopedia.com 1717:(21 November 2010). 1680:(5 September 2013). 1628:10.1093/mnras/8.4.57 978:10.1093/hwj/58.1.306 598:Historia Coelestis, 474:reflecting telescope 99:German Confederation 21:C. Herschel (crater) 2435:"Caroline Herschel" 2429:O'Connor, John J.; 2195:The Herschel Museum 2088:Sky & Telescope 1661:1865MNRAS..26....1. 1619:1848MNRAS...8...57. 1540:2012arXiv1212.0809O 751:in Dublin in 1838. 749:Royal Irish Academy 717:Great Comet of 1823 390:Astronomical career 304:Battle of Dettingen 272:Royal Irish Academy 2512:Board of Longitude 2418:Works by or about 2279:. Icon Books Ltd. 1909:. 4 September 2012 1858:American Scientist 1780:Retail Price Index 1613:(4): 64–66. 1847. 1518:Culture and Cosmos 1357:, pp. 486–488 1355:American Scientist 686: 405: 375: 95:Kingdom of Hanover 2601:Women astronomers 2420:Caroline Herschel 2408:Caroline Herschel 2406:Media related to 2349:Caroline Herschel 2344:Library resources 2328:978-0-7509-8067-8 2315:Winterburn, Emily 2286:978-1-84046-720-8 2223:978-1-4000-3187-0 1883:The Age of Wonder 1674:Herschel, William 1655:: 129–134. 1865. 1585:978-1-4008-3812-7 1424:978-0-393-33709-9 1411:Lemonick, Michael 1310:(Subscription or 1175:. History Press. 1144:978-94-007-6874-1 1038:978-0-262-65038-0 934:. 5 January 2024. 894:. 25 October 2022 626:The Age of Wonder 523: 513: 483:British Catalogue 169: 168: 150:Scientific career 76:Holy Roman Empire 32:Caroline Herschel 2618: 2462: 2461: 2447: 2417: 2405: 2332: 2310: 2301: 2290: 2278: 2258: 2237: 2235: 2234: 2227: 2199: 2198: 2192: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1985: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1899: 1890: 1880: 1874: 1873: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1763: 1755: 1747: 1736: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1670: 1664: 1663: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1599: 1590: 1589: 1569: 1560: 1559: 1533: 1513: 1500: 1499: 1481: 1475: 1472: 1463: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1444: 1438: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1407: 1401: 1395: 1384: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1373:encyclopedia.com 1365: 1359: 1358: 1350: 1341: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1307: 1289: 1252: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1227: 1221: 1220: 1200: 1187: 1186: 1166: 1149: 1148: 1122: 1095: 1094: 1084: 1063: 1062: 1054: 1043: 1042: 1022: 1009: 998: 997: 961: 950: 947: 936: 935: 928: 922: 910: 904: 903: 901: 899: 888: 872: 861: 826:of Astronomy in 812:The Dinner Party 809:'s 1969 artwork 573:Astronomer Royal 529:Audio 00:05:00 ( 525: 524: 511: 500: 461:Andromeda Galaxy 249:William Herschel 238: 233: 226: 222: 217: 216: 213: 212: 209: 206: 203: 200: 195: 194: 191: 188: 185: 182: 126:William Herschel 89: 63: 61: 42: 28: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2586:Herschel family 2526: 2525: 2459: 2428: 2398: 2397: 2396: 2373: 2372: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2340: 2335: 2329: 2313: 2304: 2293: 2287: 2270: 2266: 2264:Further reading 2261: 2247:, ed. 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Retrieved 886: 868: 859: 821: 810: 807:Judy Chicago 801: 774:281 Lucretia 768: 753: 738: 730: 721: 712: 687: 663: 656: 647: 636: 624: 623:In his book 622: 618: 614: 599: 595: 589: 581:Joseph Banks 570: 550: 482: 477:have to use 471: 466: 450: 442: 430:double stars 418: 410:astronomical 406: 384: 380: 376: 357: 342: 330: 323: 312: 285: 274:(1838). The 266:(1835, with 255: 253: 171: 170: 149: 88:(1848-01-09) 25: 2541:1848 deaths 2536:1750 births 2514:archive in 1953:Holmes 2009 1889:pp. 182–196 1864:: 486–488. 1027:. pp. 778:C. Herschel 641:astronomer 562:Maria Kirch 557:Comet Encke 457:Messier 110 448:in London. 106:Nationality 2530:Categories 2470:Faded Page 2424:Wikisource 2172:15 October 2059:"NGC 2360" 1524:(1–2): 9. 1330:www.mpg.de 1314:required.) 913:"Herschel" 846:References 708:Vera Rubin 704:Gold Medal 585:George III 544:media help 350:Birmingham 282:Early life 241:astronomer 60:1750-03-16 1992:0035-8711 1907:Space.com 1760:cite book 1754:. London. 1556:117934098 1531:1212.0809 1242:(3): 6–11 1025:MIT Press 994:201783390 879:Citations 851:Footnotes 531:full text 382:singer. 160:Astronomy 128:(brother) 122:Relatives 93:Hanover, 2472:(Canada) 2455:LibriVox 2317:(2017). 2118:30 April 1913:23 April 1870:27859053 1841:11 April 1457:16 March 1413:(2009). 1378:24 April 1209:. Icon. 1015:(1986). 986:25472768 834:See also 797:ÑuSat 10 793:NGC 7789 789:NGC 2360 771:asteroid 346:oratorio 306:(in the 2242:: 2205:Sources 2093:23 June 2068:23 June 2043:19 June 1699:12 July 1657:Bibcode 1615:Bibcode 1536:Bibcode 869:Records 780:on the 760:Prussia 727:Honours 691:nebulae 436:'s and 421:Datchet 358:Messiah 300:Dresden 298:, near 232:German: 223:-shəl, 68:Hanover 2346:about 2325: 2283: 2236: 2220: 2063:sim-id 2015: 1990: 1868: 1690: 1582: 1554: 1492: 1421: 1308: 1246:16 May 1213: 1179: 1141: 1035: 992: 984: 713:Atlas. 553:comets 490:Comets 453:nebula 414:reduce 354:Handel 319:French 315:typhus 296:Saxony 288:oboist 156:Fields 144:(1846) 139:(1828) 133:Awards 109:German 2191:(PDF) 1866:JSTOR 1797:7 May 1552:S2CID 1526:arXiv 1029:97–98 990:S2CID 982:JSTOR 468:call. 438:Algol 292:Pirna 227:-shəl 2323:ISBN 2281:ISBN 2218:ISBN 2174:2023 2120:2016 2095:2020 2070:2020 2045:2016 2013:ISBN 1988:ISSN 1940:2023 1915:2016 1862:2007 1843:2016 1799:2024 1766:link 1732:2022 1701:2016 1688:ISBN 1580:ISBN 1490:ISBN 1459:2016 1419:ISBN 1380:2016 1337:2023 1248:2018 1211:ISBN 1177:ISBN 1139:ISBN 1033:ISBN 900:2023 828:Bath 782:Moon 769:The 756:King 739:The 434:Mira 225:HAIR 83:Died 50:Born 2468:at 2453:at 2422:at 2251:". 1978:doi 1885:by 1778:UK 1623:doi 1544:doi 1300:doi 1131:doi 974:doi 758:of 356:'s 294:in 221:HUR 205:ɛər 187:ɜːr 2532:: 2443:, 2437:, 2433:, 2193:. 2164:. 2111:. 2086:. 2061:. 2035:. 1986:. 1972:. 1968:. 1931:. 1905:. 1894:^ 1860:. 1834:. 1816:. 1788:. 1762:}} 1758:{{ 1740:^ 1721:. 1676:; 1653:26 1651:. 1645:. 1621:. 1609:. 1605:. 1594:^ 1564:^ 1550:. 1542:. 1534:. 1522:16 1520:. 1504:^ 1467:^ 1450:. 1388:^ 1371:. 1345:^ 1328:. 1256:^ 1238:. 1234:. 1191:^ 1153:^ 1137:. 1099:^ 1067:^ 1047:^ 1031:. 1023:. 1002:^ 988:. 980:. 970:58 968:. 954:^ 940:^ 915:. 645:. 629:, 607:. 568:. 230:, 211:əl 193:əl 97:, 74:, 70:, 2331:. 2289:. 2226:. 2197:. 2176:. 2122:. 2097:. 2072:. 2047:. 2021:. 1994:. 1980:: 1974:1 1942:. 1917:. 1872:. 1845:. 1820:. 1801:. 1768:) 1734:. 1703:. 1659:: 1631:. 1625:: 1617:: 1611:8 1588:. 1558:. 1546:: 1538:: 1528:: 1498:. 1461:. 1427:. 1400:. 1382:. 1339:. 1306:. 1302:: 1250:. 1240:3 1219:. 1185:. 1147:. 1133:: 1041:. 996:. 976:: 921:. 902:. 871:. 546:. 533:) 214:/ 208:ʃ 202:h 199:ˈ 196:, 190:ʃ 184:h 181:ˈ 178:/ 174:( 62:) 58:( 23:.

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