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applies to passengers due to similar public safety concerns. Although it was acknowledged that passengers present less risk in terms of traffic accidents, more people in a vehicle increases risk to the officer in the event of violence. Furthermore, even though there appears to be less probable cause
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Hughes observed two passengers turning to look at him, ducking down, and reappearing. As he approached the car, the driver got out and gave him a valid
Connecticut driver's license. Hughes noticed Wilson, the front seat passenger, acting nervous and sweating. He then ordered Wilson out of the car
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complemented Steven's dissent by opining under the
American justice system, an officer needs to relay a satisfactory explanation under rational judgement of the circumstances during a seizure (even in situations where officer safety is at risk). He also postulates that a seizure of a passenger
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itself rested on the probable cause to detain a driver. Finally, Stevens believes that as long as there is no reasonable suspicion against them, a passenger should be able to decide whether to stay in a vehicle instead of having to risk exposure to bad weather or prying eyes.
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wrote a dissent that
Justice Kennedy joined. He argued that the majority decision relied on scant evidence and misleading statistics to justify the intrusion of a potentially innocent person's liberty. Additionally, the spirit of
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while the driver was looking for the car's rental papers. As Wilson got out, a quantity of crack cocaine dropped on the ground. Hughes finally arrested Wilson for cocaine possession.
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David Hughes observed a car speeding at 64 miles per hour in a 55 miles per hour zone. Instead of a license plate, the car had a torn piece of paper from
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behind ordering a passenger out than a driver, the only major change in circumstances is the person being outside the car.
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during a traffic stop is not a trivial matter as the average traffic stop can take upward of at least half an hour.
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hanging from the rear. The car did not stop for Hughes' lights and sirens for 1.5 miles.
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Rehnquist, joined by O'Connor, Scalia, Thomas, Breyer, Ginsburg, Souter
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