468:. However, genetic analysis has revealed that all East African Highland bananas are genetically uniform, having most likely originated from a single ancestral clone (introduced to Africa within the past 2000 years) that underwent population expansion by vegetative propagation. The triploid East African Highland banana gene pool arose from a single hybridization event, which generated a genetic bottleneck during the foundation of the crop genepool. Triploid East African Highland bananas are sterile, and have been asexually vegetatively propagated for generations by successive generations of farmers since their introduction to Africa. This has likely led to the emergence of the genetically near-isogenic somatic mutants (i.e. today's East African Highland banana varieties) that have been selected by farmers and environments across East Africa.
92:
509:
2829:
1789:
1779:
1644:
107:
29:
1054:
Kitavi, Mercy; Downing, Tim; Lorenzen, Jim; Karamura, Deborah; Onyango, Margaret; Nyine, Moses; Ferguson, Morag; Spillane, Charles (2016-01-08). "The triploid East
African Highland Banana (EAHB) genepool is genetically uniform arising from a single ancestral clone that underwent population expansion
455:
during the first to sixth centuries AD, probably via trade. They are genetically distinct from the other AAA cultivars, having evolved locally in the
African Great Lakes region for over a millennium. They are found nowhere else in the world, and the African Great Lakes has been called the secondary
876:
Raschke, V., Oltersdorf, U., Elmadfa, I., Wahlqvist, M.L., Cheema, B.S.B. and Kouris-Blazos, A. 2007. Content of a novel online collection of traditional east
African food habits (1930s – 1960s): data collected by the Max-Planck-Nutrition Research Unit, Bumbuli, Tanzania. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr.
430:
Nfuuka clones are characterized by inflated, rounded, or almost rectangular fruits with intermediate-shaped tips. The bunch shape is mainly rectangular. Other characteristics are the same as the other clone sets. It is the most diverse of the five clone sets, a probable result of its tendency to
1105:
Kitavi M, Downing T, Lorenzen J, Karamura D, Onyango M, Nyine M, Ferguson M, Spillane C. The triploid East
African Highland Banana (EAHB) genepool is genetically uniform arising from a single ancestral clone that underwent population expansion by vegetative propagation. Theoretical and applied
484:
annual consumption of bananas in Uganda is the highest in the world at 0.70 kg (1.5 lb) daily per person. Including Rwanda and
Burundi, consumption is about 250 to 400 kg (550 to 880 lb) per person annually (about three to 11 bananas each day). Uganda is the second-largest
1119:
Robert
Kalyebara; Jackson M. Nkuba; Mgenzi Said Ramadhan Byabachwezi; Enoch Mutebi Kikulwe; Svetlana Edmeades (2003). "Overview of the Banana Economy in the Lake Victoria Regions of Uganda and Tanzania". In Melinda Smale; Wilberforce K. Tushemereirwe (eds.).
191:. The fruit is harvested green, carefully peeled, and then cooked and often mashed or pounded into a meal. In Uganda and Rwanda, the fruit is steam-cooked, and the mashed meal is considered a national dish in both countries.
543:
is steamed for a couple of hours; water is poured into the bottom of the cooking pot multiple times. The stalks in the bottom of the pot keep the leaf-wrapped fruits above the level of the hot water. While uncooked, the
342:
East
African Highland bananas are a subgroup that refers to about 200 individual banana cultivars (or clones). They can be subdivided into five distinct groups of clones known as clone sets:
1359:
270:
are ovate to lanceolate in shape with outer surfaces that are purple to brown and inner surfaces which are red fading to yellow towards the base. The male flowers have cream colored
248:
In Uganda, East
African Highland bananas are easily distinguishable from other banana cultivars by the numerous black (or more rarely brown or bronze) blotches on their
252:, giving them the appearance of polished metal. The outermost sheath of their pseudostems is a medium green, superimposed over the pink to purple underlying sheaths.
949:
1395:
1322:
552:
is then mashed while still wrapped in the leaves or bags and often served on a fresh banana leaf. It is typically eaten with a sauce made of vegetables, ground
2285:
456:
center of banana diversity because of this (with
Southeast Asia being the first). East African Highland bananas are considered to be especially diverse in
1825:
862:
831:
285:
The fruits are recurved and can vary in length. They are inflated with blunt tips. The pulp is white in unripe fruits and cream-colored in ripe fruits.
2432:
255:
Their leaves are also darker green and dull, a difference more apparent when comparing them side by side with other banana cultivars from a distance.
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1658:
2495:
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757:
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producer of bananas in the world. It is, however, one of the smallest exporters, with the crops being used mostly for domestic consumption.
1708:
476:
East
African Highland bananas are one of the most important staple food crops in the African Great Lakes region, particularly for Uganda,
415:
clones are characterized by slender fruits with bottle-necked tips. Other characteristics are the same as the preceding three clone sets.
1388:
829:
processing businesses and their support environment workshop, Manila, Philippines 10-13 Oct. 2005. INIBAP , accessed 2011 June 14 from:
808:
Karamura, D., Mgenzi, B., Karamura, E. and Sharrock, S. 2004. Exploiting indigenous knowledge for the management and maintenance of
738:
Tufariello, Maria; Mita, Giovanni; Bleve, Gianluca (2016-10-26), "Biotechnology can Improve a Traditional Product as Table Olives",
1214:
2338:
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clones are soft-textured and savory. They mature quickly, but their fruits are smaller and have lesser overall yields per bunch.
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more frequently. They bear heavy compacted bunches and are thus more often exploited commercially than other clone sets.
1326:
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2353:
2348:
2313:
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1744:
1123:
An Economic Assessment of Banana Genetic Improvement and Innovation in the Lake Victoria Region of Uganda and Tanzania
1033:
496:) is synonymous for the word "food" in Uganda. Also, a portion of the East African Highland bananas locally known as
2868:
2858:
2271:
1792:
1734:
1368:
2853:
1811:
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1713:
667:
294:
878:
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are not mashed. Until the early 1980s, this was the most common meal in Bukoba and would be eaten all year.
213:
The medium-sized green fruits, which are of a specific group of banana, the East African Highland bananas (
2814:
2690:
2675:
2393:
1916:
1663:
657:
2783:
2685:
2625:
1718:
1860:
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are peeled using a knife, wrapped in the plant's leaves (or plastic bags), and set in a cooking pot (
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2610:
2535:
2485:
1578:
993:
188:
91:
2730:
2665:
2580:
2515:
1945:
1926:
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1148:
Lois Englberger; Ian Darnton-Hill; Terry Coyne; Maureen H. Fitzgerald; Geoffrey C. Marks (2003).
1088:
772:
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642:
305:
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709:
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1080:
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1005:
856:
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Mgenzi, S.R.B., Mshaghuley, I.M., Staver, C. and Nkuba, J.M. 2005. A study on the analysis of
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652:
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263:
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diversity in the Great Lakes region of East Africa. African Crop Science Journal 12(1):75-83.
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2104:
1782:
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1458:
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919:(119). Bioversity International & Food and Agriculture Organization: 1–6. Archived from
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637:
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2715:
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2500:
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processing businesses and their support environment in Tanzania. A paper presented to the
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508:
279:
218:
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1992:
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1848:
1698:
1613:
1608:
1558:
1493:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1453:
1237:
1150:"Carotenoid-rich bananas: A potential food source for alleviating vitamin A deficiency"
710:"Banana and plantain — an overview with emphasis on the Pacific island cultivars"
452:
335:
150:
53:
45:
1188:
619:. This method eliminates the need for preparing a separate sauce. In this recipe, the
210:
and other Great Lakes countries. They are also known as the Mutika/Lujugira subgroup.
2847:
2465:
1623:
1568:
1548:
1533:
1488:
572:
557:
259:
237:
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2239:
1957:
1703:
1673:
1543:
1518:
1498:
1463:
1433:
1233:
1184:
1092:
316:
367:
means 'beer', and clones belonging to this clone set are usually used for making
2160:
2153:
1678:
1503:
1483:
1443:
1438:
1423:
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area of Kenya and Uganda, and in the West and Kilimanjaro regions of Tanzania.
1950:
1921:
1688:
1553:
1448:
1068:
319:
249:
1076:
1009:
920:
488:
East African Highland bananas are so important as food crops, the local name
236:
Cooking bananas have long been and still are a common staple crop around the
1603:
195:
106:
1176:
1084:
879:
http://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/Volume16/vol16.1/Finished/Raschke.pdf
1275:
708:
Randy C. Ploetz; Angela Kay Kepler; Jeff Daniells; Scot C. Nelson (2007).
2389:
2374:
1633:
1588:
1563:
994:"Scientific basis for Banana Cultivar Proportions on-farm in East Africa"
600:
536:
477:
432:
207:
181:
158:
1373:
2145:
2114:
1754:
1749:
1618:
1598:
1583:
1508:
992:
G. Nantale; E.K. Kakudidi; D.A. Karamura; E. Karamura; G. Soka (2008).
612:
532:
461:
331:
170:
96:
39:
2399:
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1538:
1528:
1418:
1404:
673:
632:
616:
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553:
465:
457:
448:
439:
Over 500 local names are known for cultivars from the EAHB subgroup.
275:
222:
199:
184:
178:
166:
146:
138:
130:
100:
72:
62:
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1803:
371:. Their pulp is bitter and astringent with sticky brown excretions.
2410:
906:"A classification of the clones of East African Highland bananas (
748:
507:
271:
267:
226:
203:
105:
90:
28:
589:
561:
548:
is white and fairly hard; cooking turns it soft and yellow. The
2414:
2267:
2213:
1845:
1807:
1377:
1129:. International Food Policy Research Institute. pp. 25–36
1213:
R. Birabwa; P.J.A. van Asten; I.N. Alou; G. Taulya (2010).
795:
Karamura, D. and Mgenzi, B. 2004. On-farm conservation of
584:
is commonly cooked as a combination of peeled bananas and
812:
biodiversity on-farm. African Crop Science Journal 12(1).
447:
East African Highland bananas were introduced early into
570:
are also used to make a popular breakfast dish called
535:) atop the banana stalks. The pot is then placed on a
963:(2). Bioversity International: 28–32. Archived from
950:"Genetic diversity of East African Highland bananas"
2802:
2739:
2448:
2367:
2301:
2230:
2185:
2169:
2097:
2081:
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1966:
1902:
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1411:
78:
68:
52:
38:
21:
948:A.K. Tugume; G.W. Lubega; P.R. Rubaihayo (2002).
1369:Musapedia, page on East African highland bananas
717:Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry
61:(AAA-EA) or the Mutika/Lujugira subgroup of the
904:Deborah Karamura; Barbara Pickersgill (1999).
520:, meat or groundnuts steamed in banana leaves.
2426:
2279:
1819:
1389:
1264:"Uganda prepares to plant transgenic bananas"
1163:(4). The United Nations University: 303–318.
592:, though offal or goat meat are also common.
8:
877:16(1):140-151 . Accessed 2011 June 14 from:
293:East African Highland bananas are triploid (
297:) cultivars. Their official designation is
2433:
2419:
2411:
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2272:
2264:
2227:
2210:
1873:
1842:
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1004:(1). African Crop Science Society: 41–49.
987:
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27:
18:
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1114:
1112:
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703:
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33:A bunch of East African Highland bananas
693:
1034:"Banana cultivar checklist on ProMusa"
861:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
854:
1028:
1026:
7:
1709:List of banana and plantain diseases
1352:The Congo Cookbook (African Recipes)
1106:genetics. 2016 Mar 1;129(3):547-61.
500:is used to produce juice and beer.
1262:Linda Nordling (October 1, 2010).
917:Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter
14:
1357:Photo of Green Bunches of Matooke
611:) are cooked with meat or smoked
363:clone set contains 14 cultivars.
2828:
2827:
2511:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1788:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1760:Taiwan Banana Research Institute
1740:Banana Research Station, Kannara
1642:
1057:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
187:cultivars, originating from the
773:"Tanzania Statistical Abstract"
315:. Their paternal parent is the
1234:10.17660/actahortic.2010.879.9
512:Ugandan traditional meal with
480:, Kenya, Burundi, and Rwanda.
266:covered with coarse hair. The
1:
2879:Flora of East Tropical Africa
2874:Crops originating from Africa
1935:East African Highland bananas
719:. Traditional Tree Initiative
125:in Buganda (Central Uganda),
83:
22:East African Highland bananas
2740:Ethnic and regional cuisines
1055:by vegetative propagation".
998:African Crop Science Journal
194:Matoke bananas are a staple
175:East African Highland banana
1745:International Banana Museum
1297:"The king of all breakfast"
1157:Food and Nutrition Bulletin
79:Cultivar group members
2920:
1735:Banana Framework Agreement
1169:10.1177/156482650302400401
217:AAA-EA), are known in the
2823:
2226:
2209:
1872:
1841:
1773:
1640:
1069:10.1007/s00122-015-2647-1
173:and by the cultivar name
26:
2810:List of African cuisines
2496:Central African Republic
1714:List of banana cultivars
740:Products from Olive Tree
556:, or some type of meat (
516:steamed and served with
117:, locally also known as
443:Origin and distribution
274:with yellow lobes. The
110:Matoke seller in Uganda
2815:List of African dishes
2394:Standard Fruit Company
1664:Banana equivalent dose
668:Banana cultivar groups
658:List of African dishes
521:
111:
103:
2661:São Tomé and Príncipe
2646:Republic of the Congo
1719:List of banana dishes
1405:Bananas and plantains
1276:10.1038/news.2010.509
1219:spp.) for Christmas?"
539:or wood fire and the
511:
330:) of the wild banana
109:
94:
2536:Eswatini (Swaziland)
2379:United Fruit Company
278:are pink, while the
2193:Kluai Lep Chang Kut
1858:, and their hybrid
1579:Minatamis na saging
472:Economic importance
189:African Great Lakes
1765:World Banana Forum
1362:2017-01-02 at the
1329:on 29 January 2015
970:on August 12, 2011
910:) found in Uganda"
643:Cuisine of Burundi
522:
492:(or more commonly
112:
104:
2869:Burundian cuisine
2859:Banana production
2841:
2840:
2526:Equatorial Guinea
2449:National cuisines
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2407:
2295:Banana production
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2256:
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2201:
2200:
2044:African plantains
1801:
1800:
1684:Banana plantation
1243:on March 10, 2014
926:on March 20, 2012
759:978-953-51-2724-6
653:Cuisine of Uganda
648:Cuisine of Rwanda
314:
303:
177:, are a group of
95:Matoke market in
89:
88:
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2854:Banana cultivars
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2110:Bluggoe Subgroup
1874:
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1835:Banana cultivars
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1814:
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1791:
1790:
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1780:
1669:Banana, Kiribati
1659:Banana, DR Congo
1646:
1459:Banana cream pie
1398:
1391:
1384:
1375:
1339:
1338:
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1334:
1325:. Archived from
1319:
1313:
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1293:
1287:
1286:
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1236:. Archived from
1228:(879): 113–122.
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1194:on July 26, 2011
1193:
1187:. Archived from
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837:. Archived from
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638:Cooking plantain
504:Food preparation
312:
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157:in northwestern
129:in southwestern
31:
19:
2919:
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2914:
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2910:
2909:
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2904:Ugandan cuisine
2899:Rwandan cuisine
2894:Plantain dishes
2889:National dishes
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2843:
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2442:African cuisine
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2385:Del Monte Foods
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1917:Dwarf Cavendish
1898:
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1594:Nilagang saging
1407:
1402:
1364:Wayback Machine
1348:
1343:
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1303:. April 1, 2012
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832:"Archived copy"
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681:Musa balbisiana
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219:Bantu languages
34:
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16:Banana cultivar
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1652:Related topics
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1215:"Got Matooke (
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299:Musa acuminata
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151:Eastern Uganda
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844:on 2011-08-24
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2686:South Africa
2676:Sierra Leone
2656:Saint Helena
2476:Burkina Faso
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2001:Green French
1991:
1978:
1973:
1958:Flhorban 920
1940:
1933:
1909:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1704:Green banana
1674:Banana paper
1573:
1544:Flying Jacob
1519:Banoffee pie
1499:Banana split
1464:Banana flour
1444:Banana chips
1434:Banana bread
1331:. Retrieved
1327:the original
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1300:
1291:
1279:. Retrieved
1267:
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1245:. Retrieved
1238:the original
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1196:. Retrieved
1189:the original
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1013:. Retrieved
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972:. Retrieved
965:the original
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921:the original
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846:. Retrieved
839:the original
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780:. Retrieved
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721:. Retrieved
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324:M. acuminata
323:
317:blood banana
309:
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282:are orange.
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247:
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225:and Western
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126:
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58:
44:
2691:South Sudan
2571:Ivory Coast
2339:Ivory Coast
2161:Thai banana
2010:Pink French
1946:Gros Michel
1927:Masak Hijau
1889:Lady Finger
1865:paradisiaca
1679:Banana peel
1504:Banana wine
1484:Banana leaf
1439:Banana cake
1429:Banana boat
1424:Banana beer
1333:19 February
1307:19 February
369:banana beer
310:Musa brieyi
250:pseudostems
244:Description
137:in western
2848:Categories
2671:Seychelles
2626:Mozambique
2611:Mauritania
2596:Madagascar
2491:Cape Verde
2392:(formerly
2377:(formerly
2368:by company
2302:by country
2089:Ney Poovan
2057:Rhino Horn
1922:Grand Nain
1793:Production
1689:Bananadine
1554:Ginanggang
1514:Bánh chuối
1449:Banana cue
1226:Acta Hort.
848:2011-06-14
782:2017-03-28
742:, InTech,
688:References
617:groundnuts
482:Per capita
395:Nakabululu
386:Nakabululu
320:subspecies
304:(AAA-EA).
2762:Ethiopian
2616:Mauritius
2344:Nicaragua
2220:Callimusa
2142:Benedetta
2105:Blue Java
2074:Kalamagol
2026:Prata-anã
1951:Red Dacca
1911:Cavendish
1604:Pinasugbo
1077:1432-2242
1010:1021-9730
424:clone set
406:clone set
388:clone set
380:clone set
378:Nakitembe
264:peduncles
196:food crop
127:ekitookye
63:AAA group
2884:Musaceae
2833:Category
2794:Zanzibar
2779:Maghrebi
2772:Sephardi
2731:Zimbabwe
2701:Tanzania
2541:Ethiopia
2516:Djibouti
2486:Cameroon
2471:Botswana
2390:Dole plc
2375:Chiquita
2329:Honduras
2319:Colombia
2245:Utin Iap
2218:section
2125:Pelipita
2037:Latundan
1894:Señorita
1783:Category
1634:Tostones
1589:Nagasari
1360:Archived
1323:"Katogo"
1281:July 12,
1247:July 12,
1198:July 12,
1177:14870618
1133:July 12,
1085:26743524
1015:June 16,
974:June 16,
957:Infomusa
930:June 16,
857:cite web
663:Plantain
627:See also
609:ebitooke
601:Tanzania
537:charcoal
478:Tanzania
413:Musakala
404:Musakala
308:include
306:Synonyms
289:Taxonomy
280:stigmata
208:Tanzania
182:triploid
159:Tanzania
155:ebitooke
143:kamatore
135:ekitooke
123:amatooke
2864:Bananas
2767:Mizrahi
2711:Tunisia
2681:Somalia
2666:Senegal
2641:Nigeria
2631:Namibia
2621:Morocco
2586:Liberia
2581:Lesotho
2531:Eritrea
2506:Comoros
2481:Burundi
2456:Algeria
2334:Iceland
2324:Ecuador
2177:Tiparot
2146:Cardava
2132:Pilipia
2129:Pelipia
2115:Bluggoe
2007:Nendran
1986:Popoulu
1983:Maqueño
1974:Iholena
1884:Lakatan
1755:ProMusa
1750:MusaNet
1619:Tacacho
1599:Nilupak
1584:Mofongo
1509:Banania
1185:6726153
1093:6144293
723:June 5,
613:catfish
586:peanuts
533:sufuria
529:Swahili
518:luwombo
494:matooke
462:Burundi
332:species
328:zebrina
313:De Wild
276:anthers
179:starchy
171:Burundi
163:igitoki
119:matooke
97:Kampala
40:Species
2757:Jewish
2752:Berber
2726:Zambia
2716:Uganda
2651:Rwanda
2601:Malawi
2561:Guinea
2551:Gambia
2461:Angola
2400:Fyffes
2354:Taiwan
2349:Panama
2314:Brazil
2309:Belize
2150:Dippig
2049:Others
1998:French
1694:BanLec
1574:Matoke
1569:Maruya
1539:Chifle
1529:Cayeye
1419:Alloco
1268:Nature
1183:
1175:
1091:
1083:
1075:
1039:28 May
1008:
756:
674:Ensete
633:Banana
621:matoke
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