1198:
746:
972:
processes. For instance, a chloroplast membrane-associated protein, MFP1, determines the sites of granule initiation. Another protein named PTST2 binds to small glucan chains and agglomerates to recruit starch synthase 4 (SS4). Three other proteins, namely, PTST3, SS5, and MRC, are also known to be involved in the process of starch granule initiation. Furthermore, two proteins named ESV and LESV play a role in the aqueous-to-crystalline phase transition of glucan chains. Several catalytically active starch synthases, such as SS1, SS2, SS3, and GBSS, are critical for starch granule biosynthesis and play a catalytic role at each step of granule biogenesis and expansion.
1067:
1837:. Starches used have been chemically, or enzymatically depolymerized at the paper mill or by the starch industry (oxidized starch). The size/starch solutions are applied to the paper web by means of various mechanical presses (size presses). Together with surface sizing agents the surface starches impart additional strength to the paper web and additionally provide water hold out or "size" for superior printing properties. Starch is also used in paper coatings as one of the binders for the coating formulations which include a mixture of pigments, binders and thickeners.
1051:
1079:
6884:
186:
102:
1480:
1159:
40:
6836:
6860:
1394:. When starch granules are fully gelatinized and cooked, the starch becomes easily digestible and releases glucose quickly within the small intestine. When starchy foods are cooked and cooled, some of the glucose chains re-crystallize and become resistant to digestion again. Slowly digestible starch can be found in raw cereals, where digestion is slow but relatively complete within the small intestine. Widely used prepared foods containing starch are
734:
1864:. Part of the starch is gelatinized to carry the slurry of uncooked starches and prevent sedimentation. This opaque glue is called a SteinHall adhesive. The glue is applied on tips of the fluting. The fluted paper is pressed to paper called liner. This is then dried under high heat, which causes the rest of the uncooked starch in glue to swell/gelatinize. This gelatinizing makes the glue a fast and strong adhesive for corrugated board production.
6872:
1170:
1802:
1020:(DPE1), combines two maltotriose molecules. From this chain, a glucose molecule is released. Now, BAM can release another maltose molecule from the remaining chain. This cycle repeats until starch is fully degraded. If BAM comes close to the phosphorylated branching point of the glucose chain, it can no longer release maltose. In order for the phosphorylated chain to be degraded, the enzyme isoamylase (ISA) is required.
2037:
6798:
5549:
456:
6824:
1472:
6896:
6848:
444:
411:
2060:) can be used to test for starch. The colorless solution turns dark blue in the presence of starch. The strength of the resulting blue color depends on the amount of amylose present. Waxy starches with little or no amylose present will color red. Benedict's test and Fehling's test is also done to indicate the presence of starch.
1041:
1711:, food starches are typically used as thickeners and stabilizers in foods such as puddings, custards, soups, sauces, gravies, pie fillings, and salad dressings, and to make noodles and pastas. They function as thickeners, extenders, emulsion stabilizers and are exceptional binders in processed meats.
932:
Plants synthesize starch in two types of tissues. The first type is storage tissues, for example, cereal endosperm, and storage roots and stems such as cassava and potato. The second type is green tissue, for example, leaves, where many plant species synthesize transitory starch on a daily basis. In
1382:
In current diets, highly processed foods are more easily digested and release more glucose in the small intestine—less starch reaches the large intestine and more energy is absorbed by the body. It is thought that this shift in energy delivery (as a result of eating more processed foods) may be one
1722:
are not manufactured using a mold in the conventional sense. A tray is filled with native starch and leveled. A positive mold is then pressed into the starch leaving an impression of 1,000 or so jelly beans. The jelly mix is then poured into the impressions and put onto a stove to set. This method
1386:
The amylose/amylopectin ratio, molecular weight and molecular fine structure influences the physicochemical properties as well as energy release of different types of starches. In addition, cooking and food processing significantly impacts starch digestibility and energy release. Starch has been
971:
The biosynthesis and expansion of granules represent a complex molecular event that can be subdivided into four major steps, namely, granule initiation, coalescence of small granules, phase transition, and expansion. Several proteins have been characterized for their involvement in each of these
1387:
classified as rapidly digestible starch, slowly digestible starch and resistant starch, depending upon its digestion profile. Raw starch granules resist digestion by human enzymes and do not break down into glucose in the small intestine - they reach the large intestine instead and function as
1146:
and glucose syrups and fructose syrups. These massive conversions are mediated by a variety of enzymes, which break down the starch to varying extents. Here breakdown involves hydrolysis, i.e. cleavage of bonds between sugar subunits by the addition of water. Some sugars are isomerized. The
1817:
is the largest non-food application for starches globally, consuming many millions of metric tons annually. In a typical sheet of copy paper for instance, the starch content may be as high as 8%. Both chemically modified and unmodified starches are used in papermaking. In the wet part of the
1756:
in processed foods such as bread, pasta, cookies, crackers, pretzels and other low moisture foods. It is also utilized as a dietary supplement for its health benefits. Published studies have shown that resistant starch helps to improve insulin sensitivity, reduces pro-inflammatory biomarkers
852:
active. Starch, on the other hand, being insoluble and therefore osmotically inactive, can be stored much more compactly. The semicrystalline granules generally consist of concentric layers of amylose and amylopectin which can be made bioavailable upon cellular demand in the plant.
1898:. Top and bottom heavyweight sheets of paper are applied to the formulation, and the process is allowed to heat and cure to form the eventual rigid wall board. The starches act as a glue for the cured gypsum rock with the paper covering, and also provide rigidity to the board.
1379:, which are used as energy, and support the maintenance and growth of the microbes. Upon cooking, starch is transformed from an insoluble, difficult-to-digest granule into readily accessible glucose chains with very different nutritional and functional properties.
805:
store starch to prepare for the next growing season. Young plants live on this stored energy in their roots, seeds, and fruits until they can find suitable soil in which to grow. The starch is also consumed at night when photosynthesis is not occurring.
892:
have larger granules (up to 100 μm) while wheat and tapioca fall in-between. Unlike other botanical sources of starch, wheat starch has a bimodal size distribution, with both smaller and larger granules ranging from 2 to 55 μm.
1818:
papermaking process, generally called the "wet-end", the starches used are cationic and have a positive charge bound to the starch polymer. These starch derivatives associate with the anionic or negatively charged paper fibers /
2152:
1189:, also called "pyrodextrins" in this context. This break down process is known as dextrinization. (Pyro)dextrins are mainly yellow to brown in color and dextrinization is partially responsible for the browning of toasted bread.
995:
The starch that is synthesized in plant leaves during the day is transitory: it serves as an energy source at night. Enzymes catalyze release of glucose from the granules. The insoluble, highly branched starch chains require
1560:
is significantly cheaper than sugar, and is the principal sweetener used in processed foods and beverages. Fructose also has better microbiological stability. One kind of high fructose corn syrup, HFCS-55, is sweeter than
1883:, envelope adhesives, school glues and bottle labeling. Starch derivatives, such as yellow dextrins, can be modified by addition of some chemicals to form a hard glue for paper work; some of those forms use borax or
1023:
The products of starch degradation are predominantly maltose and smaller amounts of glucose. These molecules are exported from the plastid to the cytosol, maltose via the maltose transporter and glucose by the
6628:
4270:"Letter announcing decision for a health claim for high-amylose maize starch (containing type-2 resistant starch) and reduced risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Docket Number FDA-2015-Q-2352"
6633:
4515:
Cai T, Sun H, Qiao J, Zhu L, Zhang F, Zhang J, Tang Z, Wei X, Yang J, Yuan Q, Wang W, Yang X, Chu H, Wang Q, You C, Ma H, Sun Y, Li Y, Li C, Jiang H, Wang Q, Ma Y (24 September 2021).
4056:
4174:
Jelkmann M, Bonengel S, Menzel C, Markovic S, Bernkop-Schnürch A (2018). "New perspectives of starch: Synthesis and in vitro assessment of novel thiolated mucoadhesive derivatives".
2364:
1197:
4153:
2196:
2077:
364:
2021:
disintegrant, and as binder. Synthetic amylose made from cellulose has a well-controlled degree of polymerization. Therefore, it can be used as a potential drug deliver carrier.
424:
3742:
Lindeboom N, Chang PR, Tyler RT (1 Apr 2004). "Analytical, biochemical and physicochemical aspoects of starch granule size, with emphasis on small granule starches: a review".
6766:
1151:. Amylase is a key enzyme for producing dextrin. The saccharification converts dextrin into maltoses and glucose. Diverse enzymes are used in this second phase, including
888:
Within plants, starch is stored in semi-crystalline granules. Each plant species has a distinctive starch granular size: rice starch is relatively small (about 2 μm),
2339:
1609:
1089:
In addition to starchy plants consumed directly, 66 million tonnes of starch were processed industrially in 2008. By 2011, production had increased to 73 million tons.
721:
with wheat starch started in the Arabic world. Laundry starch was first described in
England in the beginning of the 15th century and was essential to make 16th century
1887:, which are mixed with the starch solution at 50–70 °C (122–158 °F) to create a very good adhesive. Sodium silicate can be added to reinforce these formula.
2313:
4352:"Effects of resistant starch supplementation on oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
3481:
964:. The ADP-glucose is almost certainly added to the non-reducing end of the amylose polymer, as the UDP-glucose is added to the non-reducing end of glycogen during
745:
2069:
4597:
3353:
6684:
3929:
3381:
3671:
717:. Rice starch as surface treatment of paper has been used in paper production in China since 700 CE. In the mid eighth century production of paper that was
1127:
The starch industry extracts and refines starches from crops by wet grinding, washing, sieving and drying. Today, the main commercial refined starches are
1139:. To a lesser extent, sources of refined starch are sweet potato, sago and mung bean. To this day, starch is extracted from more than 50 types of plants.
4301:"Effects of resistant starch interventions on circulating inflammatory biomarkers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
4132:
4108:
3453:
3877:
6500:
4813:
2661:
945:
1765:
and improves markers of colonic function. It has been suggested that resistant starch contributes to the health benefits of intact whole grains.
1695:
INS 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403 and 1405 are in the EU food ingredients without an E-number. Typical modified starches for technical applications are
4493:
1521:
These starch sugars are by far the most common starch based food ingredient and are used as sweeteners in many drinks and foods. They include:
315:
1100:
produced about 11 million tonnes in 2011, with around 40% being used for industrial applications and 60% for food uses, most of the latter as
3629:
2655:
2389:
2219:
2177:
4052:
3033:
Liu C, Pfister B, Osman R, Ritter M, Heutinck A, Sharma M, Eicke S, Fischer-Stettler M, Seung D, Bompard C, Abt MR, Zeeman SC (2023-05-26).
1371:
Before processed foods, people consumed large amounts of uncooked and unprocessed starch-containing plants, which contained high amounts of
2124:
2076:) for starch exposure in the workplace as 15 mg/m total exposure and 5 mg/m respiratory exposure over an eight-hour workday. The
577:, which can be used as a thickening, stiffening or gluing agent. The principal non-food, industrial use of starch is as an adhesive in the
3600:
2362:
2336:
39:
4149:
2929:
Vandromme C, Spriet C, Dauvillée D, Courseaux A, Putaux JL, Wychowski A, Krzewinski F, Facon M, D'Hulst C, Wattebled F (January 2019).
1176:
starch under transmitted light microscopy. A characteristic of rice starch is that granules have an angular outline and tend to clump.
1016:
is the main product released. If the glucose chain consists of three or fewer molecules, BAM cannot release maltose. A second enzyme,
3194:
979:
introduces α-1,6-glycosidic bonds between the glucose chains, creating the branched amylopectin. The starch debranching enzyme (DBE)
6926:
6690:
3594:
2138:
1740:
is starch that escapes digestion in the small intestine of healthy individuals. High-amylose starch from wheat or corn has a higher
1147:
processes have been described as occurring in two phases: liquefaction and saccharification. The liquefaction converts starch into
1104:. In 2017 EU production was 11 million ton of which 9,4 million ton was consumed in the EU and of which 54% were starch sweeteners.
4576:
4277:
2606:
Zeeman SC, Kossmann J, Smith AM (June 2, 2010). "Starch: Its
Metabolism, Evolution, and Biotechnological Modification in Plants".
785:. Most green plants store any extra glucose in the form of starch, which is packed into semicrystalline granules called starch or
5585:
4708:"Infinite Polyiodide Chains in the Pyrroloperylene-Iodine Complex: Insights into the Starch-Iodine and Perylene-Iodine Complexes"
3769:
Englyst HN, Kingman S, Cummings JH (October 1992). "Classification and measurement of nutritionally important starch fractions".
3425:
1676:
3721:
1115:, 6.2 million tons was glucose syrups, and 2.5 million tons were starch products. The rest of the starch was used for producing
6888:
6024:
4626:
1588:
4082:
6505:
1605:
1430:
1008:(PWD) phosphorylates the glucose molecule at the C-3 position. After the second phosphorylation, the first degrading enzyme,
4436:"Whole Grains, Legumes, and the Subsequent Meal Effect: Implications for Blood Glucose Control and the Role of Fermentation"
1004:(GWD) installs a phosphate at the C-6 position of glucose, close to the chain's 1,6-alpha branching bonds. A second enzyme,
3829:
Englyst H, Kingman S, Cummings J (Oct 1992). "Classification and measurement of nutritionally important starch fractions".
2693:"Coalescence and directed anisotropic growth of starch granule initials in subdomains of Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplasts"
2304:
5955:
3035:"LIKE EARLY STARVATION 1 and EARLY STARVATION 1 promote and stabilize amylopectin phase transition in starch biosynthesis"
1651:
1005:
6814:
1833:
In the dry end of the papermaking process, the paper web is rewetted with a starch based solution. The process is called
431:
6674:
6261:
5776:
4755:
3477:
143:
4379:
3405:
497:
for energy storage. Worldwide, it is the most common carbohydrate in human diets, and is contained in large amounts in
6756:
6510:
4806:
3478:"Starch Europe, Updated position on the EU-US Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, visited on march 3 2019"
2571:
Blennow A, Engelsen SB (10 Feb 2010). "Helix-breaking news: fighting crystalline starch energy deposits in the cell".
1762:
1667:
1383:
of the contributing factors to the development of metabolic disorders of modern life, including obesity and diabetes.
1071:
164:
3249:
Weise SE, Weber AP, Sharkey TD (2004). "Maltose is the major form of carbon exported from the chloroplast at night".
2514:"Genetic dissection of floridean starch synthesis in the cytosol of the model dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii"
1025:
6490:
4601:
3349:
2081:
2073:
1066:
375:
3899:
2978:"STARCH SYNTHASE5, a Noncanonical Starch Synthase-Like Protein, Promotes Starch Granule Initiation in Arabidopsis"
2931:"PII1: a protein involved in starch initiation that determines granule number and size in Arabidopsis chloroplast"
2644:
Rosicka-Kaczmarek J, Kwasniewska-Karolak I, Nebesny E, Komisarczyk A (2018). "The
Functionality of Wheat Starch".
2512:
Dauvillée D, Deschamps P, Ral JP, Plancke C, Putaux JL, Devassine J, Durand-Terrasson A, Devin A, Ball SG (2009).
1050:
6640:
3511:
3377:
1967:
1017:
109:
1890:
A related large non-food starch application is in the construction industry, where starch is used in the gypsum
6778:
6623:
5673:
4873:
4785:
1894:
manufacturing process. Chemically modified or unmodified starches are added to the stucco containing primarily
1557:
1293:
1108:
351:
4129:
4104:
2413:. Vol. 5. Book and Paper Group of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works.
3446:
2244:
Revedin A, Aranguren B, Becattini R, Longo L, Marconi E, Lippi MM, Skakun N, Sinitsyn A, et al. (2010).
5366:
2358:
2331:
1782:
1376:
976:
913:
693:
2406:
1078:
1032:
can then be used in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in the mitochondria, to generate ATP at night.
539:. Depending on the plant, starch generally contains 20 to 25% amylose and 75 to 80% amylopectin by weight.
97:
6921:
6608:
6532:
5552:
5360:
4799:
3857:
1826:
agents help to give the necessary strength properties to the paper web formed in the papermaking process (
1001:
949:
916:, resulting in a more stable paste. A maize cultivar with a relatively high proportion of amylose starch,
6773:
5354:
3952:"Dietary advanced glycation end products: digestion, metabolism and modulation of gut microbial ecology"
1388:
961:
941:
301:
4219:"Effects of resistant starch interventions on metabolic biomarkers in pre-diabetes and diabetes adults"
2874:"Two Plastidial Coiled-Coil Proteins Are Essential for Normal Starch Granule Initiation in Arabidopsis"
2645:
1158:
2084:(REL) of 10 mg/m total exposure and 5 mg/m respiratory exposure over an eight-hour workday.
6495:
6347:
6019:
5578:
5493:
4660:
4528:
4485:
3258:
3046:
2704:
2525:
2257:
2165:
Starch has variable density depending on botanical origin, prior treatment, and method of measurement
2010:
production plants use the dry milling process to ferment corn or other feedstock directly to ethanol.
1948:, which is used to lubricate the drill head and suspend the grinding residue in petroleum extraction.
1309:
337:
3534:
2815:
Seung D, Boudet J, Monroe J, Schreier TB, David LC, Abt M, Lu KJ, Zanella M, Zeeman SC (July 2017).
1479:
1437:. Recent evidence suggests that the intestinal fermentation of dietary AGEs may be associated with
626:
term for starch, "amylon" (ἄμυλον), which means "not milled", is also related. It provides the root
604:(strength, starch) is related and refers to the main historical applications, its uses in textiles:
6931:
6665:
6210:
4706:
Madhu S, Evans HA, Doan-Nguyen VV, Labram JG, Wu G, Chabinyc ML, Seshadri R, Wudl F (4 July 2016).
1922:
1841:
has improved smoothness, hardness, whiteness and gloss and thus improves printing characteristics.
1509:
1449:
and other inflammatory diseases. This may be due to the impact of AGEs on intestinal permeability.
1112:
937:
605:
525:
181:
53:
26:
3302:"Identification, purification, and molecular cloning of a putative plastidic glucose translocator"
2681:
Nelson, D. (2013) Lehninger
Principles of Biochemistry, 6th ed., W.H. Freeman and Company (p. 819)
6936:
6603:
6468:
6337:
6246:
5938:
5724:
5620:
4554:
4199:
3663:
3565:
3282:
2817:"Homologs of PROTEIN TARGETING TO STARCH Control Starch Granule Initiation in Arabidopsis Leaves"
2494:
1971:
1872:
1613:
1438:
909:
630:, which is used as a prefix for several carbon compounds related to or derived from starch (e.g.
594:
1539:
in the US, viscous solutions used as sweeteners and thickeners in many kinds of processed foods.
2477:
Bailey E, Long W (Jan 14, 1916 – Jan 13, 1917). "On the occurrence of starch in green fruits".
2424:
6941:
6761:
5610:
5605:
4729:
4688:
4546:
4467:
4371:
4332:
4250:
4191:
4034:
3983:
3921:
3838:
3778:
3713:
3625:
3590:
3584:
3557:
3331:
3274:
3217:
3172:
3137:
3119:
3080:
3062:
3015:
2997:
2958:
2950:
2911:
2893:
2854:
2836:
2797:
2779:
2738:
2720:
2651:
2623:
2588:
2553:
2385:
2285:
2215:
2144:
2134:
2018:
1553:
1528:, a lightly hydrolyzed (DE 10–20) starch product used as a bland-tasting filler and thickener.
1426:
1425:
During cooking with high heat, sugars released from starch can react with amino acids via the
1097:
733:
387:
3213:
1565:
because it is made with more fructose, while the sweetness of HFCS-42 is on par with sucrose.
789:. Toward the end of the growing season, starch accumulates in twigs of trees near the buds.
6835:
6547:
6453:
6448:
6402:
6295:
6280:
6241:
6166:
6007:
5931:
5828:
5770:
4946:
4719:
4678:
4668:
4572:
4536:
4457:
4447:
4414:
4363:
4322:
4312:
4240:
4230:
4183:
4024:
4014:
3973:
3963:
3911:
3869:
3809:
3751:
3705:
3655:
3644:"Changes of starch during thermal processing of foods: current status and future directions"
3549:
3321:
3313:
3266:
3209:
3164:
3127:
3111:
3070:
3054:
3005:
2989:
2942:
2930:
2901:
2885:
2844:
2828:
2787:
2769:
2728:
2712:
2615:
2580:
2543:
2533:
2486:
2459:
2425:"History of starching fabric, Laundry starch: from medieval luxury to Victorian mass market"
2275:
2265:
2130:
2098:
2057:
1938:
1849:
1737:
1732:
1372:
1163:
1059:
921:
834:
710:
294:
203:
6871:
4647:
You C, Chen H, Myung S, Sathitsuksanoh N, Ma H, Zhang XZ, Li J, Zhang YH (April 15, 2013).
1433:(AGEs), contributing aromas, flavors and texture to foods. One example of a dietary AGE is
152:
6916:
6801:
6783:
6645:
6474:
6424:
6412:
6392:
6374:
6310:
6137:
6105:
6066:
6039:
5868:
5863:
5754:
5690:
5571:
5395:
5341:
5321:
5212:
4136:
4053:"Beverage daily: 'Sugar is much, much bigger': Rocketing HFCS prices don't spook Coke CEO"
3409:
3225:
2976:
Abt MR, Pfister B, Sharma M, Eicke S, Bürgy L, Neale I, Seung D, Zeeman SC (August 2020).
2619:
2368:
2354:
2343:
2326:
2103:
1989:
1956:
1708:
1696:
1556:, until a substantial fraction of the glucose has been converted to fructose. In the U.S.
1515:
1442:
1341:
1305:
1169:
997:
957:
953:
877:
861:
857:
722:
698:
486:
63:
1744:
temperature than other types of starch, and retains its resistant starch content through
524:
Pure starch is a white, tasteless and odorless powder that is insoluble in cold water or
393:
4664:
4622:
4532:
4367:
3709:
3262:
3075:
3050:
3034:
2792:
2757:
2756:
Sharma M, Abt MR, Eicke S, Ilse TE, Liu C, Lucas MS, Pfister B, Zeeman SC (2024-01-16).
2708:
2529:
2261:
1801:
1111:
produced about 27.5 million tons of starch in 2017, of which about 8.2 million tons was
6828:
6695:
6660:
6613:
6595:
6559:
6315:
6142:
6120:
6086:
6061:
6044:
6034:
6029:
5911:
5729:
5714:
5668:
5663:
5382:
5179:
4936:
4913:
4893:
4683:
4648:
4462:
4435:
4327:
4300:
4269:
4245:
4218:
4078:
4029:
4002:
3978:
3951:
3132:
3099:
3010:
2977:
2906:
2873:
2849:
2816:
2733:
2692:
2548:
2513:
2280:
2245:
1952:
1945:
1919:
1908:
1749:
1741:
1233:
1093:
933:
both tissue types, starch is synthesized in a plastids (amyloplasts and chloroplasts).
905:
896:
Some cultivated plant varieties have pure amylopectin starch without amylose, known as
860:. Amylopectin is highly branched but also derived from glucose interconnected by α-1,6-
826:
762:
758:
738:
665:
623:
582:
570:. In addition, sugars produced from processed starch are used in many processed foods.
490:
402:
185:
101:
3873:
3553:
3421:
3326:
3301:
2691:
Bürgy L, Eicke S, Kopp C, Jenny C, Lu KJ, Escrig S, Meibom A, Zeeman SC (2021-11-26).
2040:
Granules of wheat starch, stained with iodine, photographed through a light microscope
2036:
6910:
6852:
6731:
6479:
6397:
6369:
6332:
6300:
6236:
6156:
6056:
5858:
5841:
5764:
5744:
5685:
5680:
5628:
5488:
5405:
5293:
5184:
4558:
4419:
4402:
3667:
1758:
1753:
1568:
1532:
1391:
1337:
1273:
1136:
1101:
1044:
889:
873:
770:
684:
283:
90:
4203:
3693:
3569:
3286:
1822:
and inorganic fillers. Cationic starches together with other retention and internal
968:. The small glucan chain, further agglomerate to form initials of starch granules.
6864:
6726:
6716:
6618:
6342:
6327:
5836:
5803:
5372:
5253:
5235:
4883:
4823:
4299:
Vahdat M, Hosseini SA, Khalatbari
Mohseni G, Heshmati J, Rahimlou M (15 Apr 2020).
1999:
1861:
1838:
1827:
1774:
1525:
1321:
1209:
1143:
1009:
965:
631:
551:
543:, the energy reserve of animals, is a more highly branched version of amylopectin.
478:
4187:
3535:"Properties and applications of starch-converting enzymes of the α-amylase family"
3533:
Van Der Maarel MJ, Van Der Veen B, Uitdehaag JC, Leemhuis H, Dijkhuizen L (2002).
2584:
856:
Amylose consists of long chains derived from glucose molecules connected by α-1,4-
455:
1852:
adhesives are the next largest application of non-food starches globally. Starch
1244:). Many other starchy foods are grown, some only in specific climates, including
6900:
6876:
6840:
6542:
6527:
6522:
6458:
6320:
6100:
6071:
5970:
5965:
5813:
5653:
5648:
5633:
5530:
5518:
5390:
5301:
5049:
5044:
4984:
2031:
2003:
1814:
1790:
1688:
1657:
1281:
1213:
1083:
830:
822:
818:
639:
578:
536:
498:
460:
4317:
4003:"The role of AGE-RAGE signaling as a modulator of gut permeability in diabetes"
3659:
2716:
2518:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1375:. Microbes within the large intestine ferment or consume the starch, producing
6571:
6564:
6554:
6537:
6220:
6215:
6151:
5943:
5790:
5749:
5643:
5306:
5248:
5243:
5116:
5069:
4779:
4747:
3270:
3115:
2192:
2045:
2007:
1985:
1891:
1715:
1576:
1536:
1491:
1471:
1434:
1349:
1265:
1128:
1055:
980:
917:
786:
766:
713:
sauces. Persians and
Indians used it to make dishes similar to gothumai wheat
702:
677:
574:
255:
74:
22:
4235:
3643:
3123:
3066:
3001:
2954:
2897:
2840:
2783:
2724:
2463:
2148:
6679:
6576:
6305:
6110:
6091:
6002:
5926:
5798:
5739:
5719:
5658:
5464:
5460:
5415:
5329:
5311:
5278:
5263:
5084:
5007:
4969:
4673:
4541:
4516:
4351:
3916:
3402:
2774:
2538:
2270:
2014:
1876:
1819:
1642:
1545:(DE 100), commercial glucose, prepared by the complete hydrolysis of starch.
1357:
1277:
1269:
1253:
1249:
1152:
901:
842:
814:
782:
706:
475:
4733:
4724:
4707:
4692:
4550:
4471:
4375:
4336:
4254:
4195:
4038:
3987:
3925:
3755:
3717:
3561:
3335:
3278:
3221:
3176:
3141:
3084:
3058:
3019:
2962:
2915:
2858:
2801:
2742:
2627:
2592:
2557:
2289:
1856:
are mostly based on unmodified native starches, plus some additive such as
1162:
Corn starch, 800x magnified, under polarized light, showing characteristic
765:. The glucose is used to generate the chemical energy required for general
4452:
3842:
3782:
1699:, hydroxyethyl starch, carboxymethylated starches and thiolated starches.
585:, can be applied to certain textile goods before ironing to stiffen them.
6721:
6711:
6655:
6650:
6417:
6290:
6266:
6183:
5853:
5638:
5481:
5442:
5427:
5400:
5349:
5283:
5156:
5151:
5136:
5121:
5037:
5032:
4852:
4847:
4791:
4019:
3317:
2993:
2889:
2832:
2093:
1963:
1884:
1880:
1781:
and hydrogen.y. The chemical pathway of 11 core reactions was drafted by
1719:
1601:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1549:
1542:
1446:
1419:
1415:
1365:
1333:
1285:
865:
778:
540:
4486:"World-first artificial synthesis of starch from CO2 outperforms nature"
3900:"Effect of diet-derived advanced glycation end products on inflammation"
2450:
Zobel H (1988). "Molecules to granules: a comprehensive starch review".
1915:
of clothes. It was widely used in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries.
6847:
5906:
5901:
5818:
5808:
5523:
5503:
5471:
5446:
5436:
5432:
5410:
5273:
5268:
5258:
5168:
5131:
5126:
5104:
5089:
5079:
4996:
4974:
4958:
3968:
3503:
2758:"MFP1 defines the subchloroplast location of starch granule initiation"
2498:
1996:
1930:
1912:
1621:
1562:
1503:
1399:
1317:
1241:
1186:
1148:
1132:
1116:
1040:
1029:
1013:
987:
of these enzymes exist, leading to a highly complex synthesis process.
984:
864:
The same type of linkage is found in the animal reserve polysaccharide
849:
838:
810:
798:
754:
688:
669:
651:
635:
612:
567:
555:
532:
518:
482:
448:
273:
110:
6895:
3814:
3797:
3350:"Starch Europe, AAF position on competitiveness, visited march 3 2019"
3168:
2946:
718:
6251:
6205:
6171:
6125:
6115:
6076:
6014:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5594:
5508:
5498:
5475:
5452:
5420:
5207:
5202:
5146:
5109:
5094:
5074:
5061:
5022:
5017:
5012:
4925:
4878:
4868:
4842:
4837:
2053:
1978:
1934:
1895:
1834:
1823:
1745:
1499:
1453:
1407:
1403:
1353:
1297:
1261:
1257:
1237:
1217:
869:
774:
673:
563:
506:
2490:
1830:), and to provide strength to the final paper sheet (dry strength).
1502:, or a combination of the two. The resulting fragments are known as
627:
443:
401:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
3694:"The Human Gut Microbiome: Ecology and Recent Evolutionary Changes"
1789:
to starch at a rate that is ~8.5-fold higher than starch synthesis
546:
In industry, starch is often converted into sugars, for example by
6583:
6517:
6439:
6407:
6364:
6256:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6176:
6161:
6130:
6051:
5709:
5700:
5099:
4902:
2639:
2637:
2035:
1977:
For body powder, powdered corn starch is used as a substitute for
1857:
1800:
1484:
1478:
1470:
1457:
1411:
1395:
1289:
1245:
1229:
1225:
1196:
1168:
1157:
1077:
1065:
1049:
1039:
802:
790:
744:
732:
714:
661:
656:
616:
529:
510:
502:
494:
454:
442:
127:
1752:
and other food processing techniques. It is used as an insoluble
920:, is cultivated for the use of its gel strength and for use as a
769:
as well as a precursor to myriad organic building blocks such as
6434:
6429:
6081:
5921:
5896:
5891:
5875:
5846:
5734:
2407:"A Brief Review of the History of Sizing and Resizing Practices"
1970:
used to separate printed sheets of paper to avoid wet ink being
1926:
1853:
1495:
1345:
1329:
1313:
1221:
1201:
1173:
794:
608:
559:
547:
514:
5567:
4795:
4517:"Cell-free chemoenzymatic starch synthesis from carbon dioxide"
4217:
Rashed AA, Saparuddin F, Rathi DN, Nasir NN, Lokman EF (2022).
2872:
Seung D, Schreier TB, Bürgy L, Eicke S, Zeeman SC (July 2018).
1723:
greatly reduces the number of molds that must be manufactured.
6354:
5916:
1944:
In oil exploration, starch is used to adjust the viscosity of
1361:
1325:
1301:
668:
in Europe dating back to 30,000 years ago. Starch grains from
597:
root with the meanings "strong, stiff, strengthen, stiffen".
2650:. Duxford, United Kingdom: Woodhead Publishing. p. 331.
848:
Especially when hydrated, glucose takes up much space and is
573:
Mixing most starches in warm water produces a paste, such as
3858:"Applications of the Maillard reaction in the food industry"
2246:"Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing"
1000:
in order to be accessible for degrading enzymes. The enzyme
169:
1988:, synthetic polymers that are biodegradable. An example is
1552:
syrup, made by treating dextrose solutions with the enzyme
1185:
If starch is subjected to dry heat, it breaks down to form
1028:(pGlcT). These two sugars are used for sucrose synthesis.
3300:
Weber A, Servaites JC, Geiger DR, et al. (May 2000).
2013:
In the pharmaceutical industry, starch is also used as an
1981:
powder, and similarly in other health and beauty products.
1966:
industry, food grade starch is used in the manufacture of
1777:
process has been demonstrated to synthesize starch from CO
956:
available in plastids then adds the ADP-glucose via α-1,4-
5563:
3642:
Liu J, Huang S, Chao C, Yu J, Copeland L, Wang S (2022).
2123:
Whistler RL, BeMiller JN, Paschall EF (2 December 2012).
1012:(BAM) attacks the glucose chain at its non-reducing end.
4150:"Database on Food Additives EU, visited December 6 2020"
3155:
528:. It consists of two types of molecules: the linear and
4748:"CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Starch"
4649:"Enzymatic transformation of nonfood biomass to starch"
1216:. The major sources of starch intake worldwide are the
868:. By contrast, many structural polysaccharides such as
419:
3586:
Introduction to
Polymer Chemistry: A Biobased Approach
3447:"CRA, Industry overview 2017, visited on march 3 2019"
1506:. The extent of conversion is typically quantified by
809:
Green algae and land-plants store their starch in the
6812:
4139:. CODEX ALIMENTARIUS published in FNP 52 Add 9 (2001)
2197:
National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2078:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
691:. The extraction of starch is first described in the
4623:"American coalition for ethanol, Ethanol facilities"
3622:
Starch in food: Structure, function and applications
1142:
Crude starch is processed on an industrial scale to
924:(a starch that resists digestion) in food products.
749:
Starch in endosperm in embryonic phase of maize seed
6740:
6704:
6594:
6467:
6383:
6279:
6229:
5954:
5884:
5827:
5789:
5763:
5699:
5619:
5381:
5338:
5320:
5292:
5234:
5227:
5195:
5167:
5060:
4995:
4957:
4924:
4901:
4892:
4861:
4830:
1460:, preventing gelatinization and improving texture.
960:to a growing chain of glucose residues, liberating
2303:
4350:Lu J, Ma B, Qiu X, Sun Z, Xiong K (30 Dec 2021).
336:4.1788 kilocalories per gram (17.484 kJ/g) (
21:For the Urhobo cuisine dish known as starch, see
1995:Glucose from starch can be further fermented to
4653:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3422:"Starch Europe, Industry, visited march 3 2019"
2762:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2250:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
936:The biochemical pathway involves conversion of
62:
833:store a similar type of polysaccharide called
683:Pure extracted wheat starch paste was used in
16:Glucose polymer used as energy store in plants
5579:
4807:
3378:"NNFCC Renewable Chemicals Factsheet: Starch"
2479:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
2070:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1937:based yarns. Modified starch is also used as
1867:Starch is used in the manufacture of various
8:
6685:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
4780:CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
4007:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2234:New Shorter Oxford Dictionary, Oxford, 1993
1514:(DE), which is roughly the fraction of the
1212:in the human diet and is contained in many
948:. This step requires energy in the form of
5786:
5586:
5572:
5564:
5231:
4898:
4814:
4800:
4792:
3589:. DEStech Publications, Inc. p. 138.
880:, which are more resistant to hydrolysis.
184:
100:
31:
4723:
4682:
4672:
4540:
4461:
4451:
4418:
4326:
4316:
4244:
4234:
4028:
4018:
3977:
3967:
3915:
3813:
3325:
3131:
3074:
3009:
2905:
2848:
2791:
2773:
2732:
2547:
2537:
2279:
2269:
1591:, are sweeteners made by reducing sugars.
781:, and structural polysaccharides such as
151:
6629:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
4001:Snelson M, Lucut E, Coughlan MT (2022).
3898:Kellow NJ, Coughlan MT (November 2015).
3401:International Starch Institute Denmark,
3372:
3370:
3214:10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144257
3188:
3186:
2191:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
983:removes some of these branches. Several
6819:
4712:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
4403:"Health properties of resistant starch"
3950:Snelson M, Coughlan MT (Jan 22, 2019).
3648:Trends in Food Science & Technology
2115:
1456:can be impaired by sugar competing for
946:glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase
672:were found on grind stones in caves in
180:
4575:. US Department of Agriculture. 2000.
4573:"Stuck on Starch: A new wood adhesive"
3831:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3771:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3193:Smith AM, Zeeman SC, Smith SM (2005).
2337:The paste used in preparation of paper
2305:"Porridge was eaten 100,000 years ago"
581:process. A similar paste, clothing or
382:TWA 15 mg/m (total) TWA 5 mg/m (resp)
359:410 °C (770 °F; 683 K)
91:
4382:from the original on 27 February 2022
4280:from the original on 20 December 2016
2620:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112301
2178:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
7:
4496:from the original on 18 October 2021
3798:"Health effects of resistant starch"
3104:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
3100:"Formation of starch in plant cells"
2214:(3rd ed.). Wiley. p. 604.
2181:, 49th edition, 1968-1969, p. D-188.
1684:1450 Starch sodium octenyl succinate
1681:1443 Hydroxypropyl distarch glycerol
4440:Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism
4274:U.S. Food & Drug Administration
3710:10.1146/annurev-micro-090110-102830
4111:from the original on July 11, 2011
3796:Lockyer S, Nugent A (5 Jan 2017).
3514:from the original on 3 August 2017
3098:Pfister B, Zeeman SC (July 2016).
2384:. DoverPublications. p. 194.
1984:Starch is used to produce various
1452:Starch gelatinization during cake
1135:, arrowroot, and wheat, rice, and
1070:West Philadelphia Starch works at
709:creams, to powder the hair and to
14:
6634:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
2212:Introduction to organic chemistry
1951:Starch is also used to make some
1518:in starch that have been broken.
1204:starch extraction from palm stems
6894:
6882:
6870:
6858:
6846:
6834:
6822:
6797:
6796:
5548:
5547:
4420:10.1111/j.1467-3010.2005.00481.x
3692:Walter J, Ley R (October 2011).
3620:Anne-Charlotte Eliasson (2004).
2316:from the original on 2022-01-11.
2155:from the original on 14 May 2022
2126:Starch: Chemistry and Technology
2072:(OSHA) has set the legal limit (
1933:. Starch is mainly used to size
1677:Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate
680:dating up to 100,000 years ago.
409:
38:
4758:from the original on 2015-09-24
4629:from the original on 2011-06-25
4579:from the original on 2010-04-13
4368:10.6133/apjcn.202112_30(4).0008
4156:from the original on 2021-08-17
4085:from the original on 2010-09-23
4059:from the original on 2013-03-30
3932:from the original on 2022-02-27
3880:from the original on 2022-02-27
3724:from the original on 2020-10-21
3674:from the original on 2022-05-14
3603:from the original on 2022-05-14
3484:from the original on 2019-03-06
3459:from the original on 2019-03-06
3428:from the original on 2019-03-06
3384:from the original on 2021-03-13
3356:from the original on 2019-03-06
2664:from the original on 2022-02-27
2411:The Book and Paper Group Annual
1925:are used to reduce breaking of
1918:Textile chemicals from starch:
1600:The modified food starches are
1589:hydrogenated starch hydrolysate
1431:advanced glycation end-products
975:In addition to above proteins,
405:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
4600:. Russell-Webb. Archived from
3202:Annual Review of Plant Biology
2608:Annual Review of Plant Biology
1606:European Food Safety Authority
1494:into simpler carbohydrates by
1026:plastidic glucose translocator
977:starch branching enzymes (BEs)
1:
4188:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.05.028
4103:White JS (December 2, 2008).
3874:10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00078-8
3698:Annual Review of Microbiology
3554:10.1016/S0168-1656(01)00407-2
2585:10.1016/j.tplants.2010.01.009
1992:based on glucose from starch.
1652:Phosphated distarch phosphate
1638:1405 Starches, enzyme-treated
1006:phosphoglucan, water dikinase
912:. Waxy starches undergo less
884:Structure of starch particles
593:The word "starch" is from a
369:(US health exposure limits):
6675:History of plant systematics
6262:Thorns, spines, and prickles
4276:. United States Government.
1783:computational pathway design
1629:1402 Alkaline-treated starch
1082:Faultless Starch Company at
1871:or glues for book-binding,
1763:tumor necrosis factor alpha
1668:Acetylated distarch adipate
1483:Niagara corn starch advert
1475:Karo corn syrup advert 1917
1072:Philadelphia (Pennsylvania)
1018:disproportionating enzyme-1
6960:
6491:Alternation of generations
4318:10.1186/s12937-020-00548-6
4079:"Sweetners – Introduction"
3660:10.1016/j.tifs.2021.12.011
2717:10.1038/s41467-021-27151-5
2082:Recommended exposure limit
2074:Permissible exposure limit
2029:
1879:production, tube winding,
1730:
1208:Starch is the most common
944:-glucose using the enzyme
737:Potato starch granules in
664:have been identified from
660:(cattails, bullrushes) as
493:is produced by most green
25:. For the video game, see
20:
6792:
6641:Cultivated plant taxonomy
6604:Biological classification
5601:
5543:
4788:, information for workers
4782:, information for workers
3271:10.1007/s00425-003-1128-y
3116:10.1007/s00018-016-2250-x
2361:, Book XIII, Chapter 17,
2335:, Book XIII, Chapter 26,
2210:Brown WH, Poon T (2005).
1968:anti-set-off spray powder
1672:1440 Hydroxypropyl starch
705:. Romans used it also in
399:
363:
344:
308:
196:
46:
37:
6927:Edible thickening agents
6889:Central African Republic
6501:Evolutionary development
4874:Cyclohexane conformation
4236:10.3389/fnut.2021.793414
3542:Journal of Biotechnology
3403:Starch production volume
2464:10.1002/star.19880400203
1626:1401 Acid-treated starch
1610:INS coded Food Additives
1558:high-fructose corn syrup
1535:(DE 30–70), also called
6152:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
5367:Isomaltooligosaccharide
4674:10.1073/pnas.1302420110
4542:10.1126/science.abh4049
4105:"HFCS: How Sweet It Is"
3856:Ames JM (August 1998).
3624:. Woodhead Publishing.
2775:10.1073/pnas.2309666121
2573:Trends in Plant Science
2539:10.1073/pnas.0907424106
2359:Natural History (Pliny)
2332:Natural History (Pliny)
2271:10.1073/pnas.1006993107
1647:1412 Distarch phosphate
1377:short-chain fatty acids
1119:(1.6 billion gallons).
650:Starch grains from the
481:consisting of numerous
6767:by author abbreviation
6691:Plant taxonomy systems
6609:Botanical nomenclature
5361:Galactooligosaccharide
4725:10.1002/anie.201601585
4223:Frontiers in Nutrition
3756:10.1002/star.200300218
3059:10.1126/sciadv.adg7448
2041:
1806:
1714:Gummed sweets such as
1487:
1476:
1205:
1177:
1166:
1086:
1075:
1063:
1047:
1002:glucan, water dikinase
750:
742:
729:Energy store of plants
558:in the manufacture of
550:. These sugars may be
464:
452:
260:Variable
6774:Botanical expeditions
5355:Fructooligosaccharide
4492:. 28 September 2021.
3917:10.1093/nutrit/nuv030
3583:PhD JE (2013-11-18).
2697:Nature Communications
2429:Old & Interesting
2039:
1804:
1797:Non-food applications
1482:
1474:
1200:
1172:
1161:
1123:Industrial processing
1081:
1069:
1053:
1043:
748:
736:
458:
446:
302:starch gelatinization
6506:Evolutionary history
6496:Double fertilization
6348:Cellular respiration
4356:Asia Pac J Clin Nutr
4081:. Elmhurst College.
4020:10.3390/ijms23031766
3837:(Suppl. 2): S33-50.
3318:10.1105/tpc.12.5.787
3195:"Starch Degradation"
2994:10.1105/tpc.19.00946
2890:10.1105/tpc.18.00219
2833:10.1105/tpc.17.00222
2052:) (formed by mixing
2006:process. Today most
2002:using the so-called
1703:Use as food additive
1635:1404 Oxidized starch
1632:1403 Bleached starch
1344:, and many kinds of
1310:polynesian arrowroot
1155:and other amylases.
862:glycosidic linkages.
338:Higher heating value
5725:Non-vascular plants
4665:2013PNAS..110.7182Y
4533:2021Sci...373.1523C
4527:(6562): 1523–1527.
4453:10.1155/2012/829238
4434:Higgins JA (2012).
3777:(Suppl 2): S33-50.
3504:"Arrowroot recipes"
3502:Hemsley + Hemsley.
3263:2004Plant.218..474W
3051:2023SciA....9G7448L
2709:2021NatCo..12.6944B
2530:2009PNAS..10621126D
2524:(50): 21126–21130.
2262:2010PNAS..10718815R
1873:wallpaper adhesives
1707:As an additive for
1663:1420 Starch acetate
1510:dextrose equivalent
1113:high fructose syrup
938:glucose 1-phosphate
900:. The most used is
687:, possibly to glue
295:Solubility in water
34:
27:Starch (video game)
6230:Surface structures
6025:Flower development
4786:Facts about starch
4407:Nutrition Bulletin
4401:Nugent AP (2005).
4135:2018-03-29 at the
4077:Ophardt, Charles.
3969:10.3390/nu11020215
3802:Nutrition Bulletin
3408:2021-03-13 at the
2768:(3): e2309666121.
2405:Garlick K (1986).
2367:2021-02-06 at the
2342:2022-05-14 at the
2080:(NIOSH) has set a
2042:
1807:
1660:distarch phosphate
1614:Codex Alimentarius
1488:
1477:
1439:insulin resistance
1206:
1178:
1167:
1087:
1076:
1064:
1048:
966:glycogen synthesis
910:waxy potato starch
878:β-glycosidic bonds
858:glycosidic linkage
829:and the parasitic
751:
743:
465:
453:
432:Infobox references
32:
6810:
6809:
6449:Herbaceous plants
6275:
6274:
5561:
5560:
5539:
5538:
5223:
5222:
4718:(28): 8032–8035.
4659:(18): 7182–7187.
4311:(1): Article 33.
4305:Nutrition Journal
4130:Modified Starches
3904:Nutrition Reviews
3815:10.1111/nbu.12244
3630:978-0-8493-2555-7
3169:10.1021/bm000133c
3157:Biomacromolecules
3110:(14): 2781–2807.
2947:10.1111/nph.15356
2657:978-0-08-100868-3
2391:978-0-486-23619-3
2380:Hunter D (1947).
2221:978-0-471-44451-0
1697:cationic starches
1612:according to the
1596:Modified starches
1554:glucose isomerase
1427:Maillard reaction
872:, cellulose, and
535:and the branched
459:Structure of the
447:Structure of the
440:Chemical compound
438:
437:
388:Safety data sheet
165:CompTox Dashboard
6949:
6899:
6898:
6887:
6886:
6885:
6875:
6874:
6863:
6862:
6861:
6851:
6850:
6839:
6838:
6827:
6826:
6825:
6818:
6800:
6799:
6779:Individual trees
6454:Secondary growth
6425:Succulent plants
6413:Prostrate shrubs
6296:Apical dominance
6281:Plant physiology
6242:Epicuticular wax
5787:
5780:
5771:Plant morphology
5588:
5581:
5574:
5565:
5551:
5550:
5342:oligosaccharides
5322:Tetrasaccharides
5232:
4947:Dihydroxyacetone
4899:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4793:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4727:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4686:
4676:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4544:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4465:
4455:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4330:
4320:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4248:
4238:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4146:
4140:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4055:. 30 July 2012.
4049:
4043:
4042:
4032:
4022:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3981:
3971:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3919:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3639:
3633:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3539:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3458:
3451:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3418:
3412:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3374:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3329:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3230:
3224:. Archived from
3199:
3190:
3181:
3180:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3135:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3078:
3045:(21): eadg7448.
3039:Science Advances
3030:
3024:
3023:
3013:
2988:(8): 2543–2565.
2973:
2967:
2966:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2909:
2884:(7): 1523–1542.
2869:
2863:
2862:
2852:
2827:(7): 1657–1677.
2812:
2806:
2805:
2795:
2777:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2736:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2551:
2541:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2377:
2371:
2352:
2346:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2273:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2188:
2182:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2131:Elsevier Science
2120:
2099:Resistant starch
2058:potassium iodide
1939:textile printing
1850:Corrugated board
1769:Synthetic starch
1738:Resistant starch
1733:Resistant starch
1727:Resistant starch
1641:1410 Monostarch
1516:glycosidic bonds
1373:resistant starch
1164:extinction cross
1062:), built in 1792
1060:Northern Ireland
954:starch synthases
922:resistant starch
835:floridean starch
615:, and starching
487:glycosidic bonds
485:units joined by
422:
416:
413:
412:
332:
309:Thermochemistry
249:
248:
247:
237:
236:
228:
227:
219:
218:
204:Chemical formula
189:
188:
173:
171:
155:
112:
104:
93:
66:
42:
35:
6959:
6958:
6952:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6907:
6906:
6905:
6893:
6883:
6881:
6869:
6859:
6857:
6845:
6833:
6823:
6821:
6813:
6811:
6806:
6788:
6757:Botanical terms
6750:
6736:
6700:
6646:Citrus taxonomy
6624:Author citation
6590:
6484:
6463:
6385:
6379:
6375:Turgor pressure
6283:
6271:
6225:
6040:Floral symmetry
5958:
5950:
5880:
5869:Vascular bundle
5864:Vascular tissue
5823:
5783:
5774:
5773:
5759:
5730:Vascular plants
5695:
5691:Plant pathology
5615:
5597:
5592:
5562:
5557:
5535:
5396:Oat beta-glucan
5383:Polysaccharides
5377:
5340:
5334:
5316:
5288:
5219:
5213:Neuraminic acid
5191:
5163:
5056:
4991:
4953:
4920:
4894:Monosaccharides
4888:
4857:
4826:
4820:
4776:
4771:
4770:
4761:
4759:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4632:
4630:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4607:
4605:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4582:
4580:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4499:
4497:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4385:
4383:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4283:
4281:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4159:
4157:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4137:Wayback Machine
4128:
4124:
4114:
4112:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4088:
4086:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4062:
4060:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3935:
3933:
3910:(11): 737–759.
3897:
3896:
3892:
3883:
3881:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3727:
3725:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3677:
3675:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3619:
3615:
3606:
3604:
3597:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3517:
3515:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3487:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3431:
3429:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3410:Wayback Machine
3400:
3396:
3387:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3368:
3359:
3357:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3184:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3032:
3031:
3027:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2935:New Phytologist
2928:
2927:
2923:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2667:
2665:
2658:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2491:10.2307/3624346
2476:
2475:
2471:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2369:Wayback Machine
2355:Pliny the Elder
2353:
2349:
2344:Wayback Machine
2327:Pliny the Elder
2325:
2321:
2312:. 18 Dec 2009.
2302:
2301:
2297:
2256:(44): 18815–9.
2243:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2171:
2158:
2156:
2141:
2133:. p. 219.
2122:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2104:Starch analysis
2090:
2068:In the US, the
2066:
2051:
2034:
2028:
1990:polylactic acid
1953:packing peanuts
1911:is used in the
1904:
1847:
1812:
1805:Starch adhesive
1799:
1788:
1785:and converts CO
1780:
1771:
1735:
1729:
1709:food processing
1705:
1691:oxidized starch
1598:
1469:
1463:
1443:atherosclerosis
1338:water chestnuts
1234:root vegetables
1195:
1183:
1137:potato starches
1125:
1098:starch industry
1054:Starch mill at
1038:
1036:Starch industry
998:phosphorylation
993:
958:glycosidic bond
930:
890:potato starches
886:
827:dinoflagellates
753:Plants produce
731:
699:Pliny the Elder
694:Natural History
666:grinding stones
648:
591:
441:
434:
429:
428:
427: ?)
418:
414:
410:
406:
379:
356:
353:
333:
330:
324:
320:
317:
316:Std enthalpy of
300:insoluble (see
297:
246:
241:
240:
239:
235:
232:
231:
230:
226:
223:
222:
221:
217:
214:
213:
212:
210:
206:
192:
174:
167:
158:
138:
122:
85:
69:
56:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6957:
6956:
6953:
6945:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6909:
6908:
6904:
6903:
6891:
6879:
6867:
6855:
6843:
6831:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6793:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6770:
6769:
6759:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6748:
6747:Related topics
6745:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6708:
6706:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6698:
6696:Taxonomic rank
6693:
6688:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6671:
6670:
6669:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6648:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6614:Botanical name
6606:
6600:
6598:
6596:Plant taxonomy
6592:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6586:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6572:Megasporangium
6569:
6568:
6567:
6560:Microsporangia
6552:
6551:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6477:
6471:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6442:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6421:
6420:
6415:
6405:
6400:
6398:Cushion plants
6389:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6335:
6333:Plant hormones
6330:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6316:Photosynthesis
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6287:
6285:
6277:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6233:
6231:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6154:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6146:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6128:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6089:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6049:
6048:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6035:Floral formula
6032:
6030:Floral diagram
6027:
6022:
6012:
6011:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5999:
5998:
5993:
5983:
5973:
5968:
5962:
5960:
5959:(incl. Flower)
5952:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5919:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5861:
5859:Storage organs
5856:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5839:
5833:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5795:
5793:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5745:Spermatophytes
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5715:Archaeplastida
5712:
5706:
5704:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5669:Phytogeography
5666:
5664:Phytochemistry
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5625:
5623:
5621:Subdisciplines
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5608:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5568:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5494:Levan beta 2→6
5491:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5468:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5439:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5387:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5364:
5358:
5352:
5346:
5344:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5326:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5298:
5296:
5294:Trisaccharides
5290:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5240:
5238:
5229:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5205:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5180:Mannoheptulose
5173:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5066:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5001:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4963:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4937:Glyceraldehyde
4930:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4914:Glycolaldehyde
4907:
4905:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4783:
4775:
4774:External links
4772:
4769:
4768:
4739:
4698:
4639:
4614:
4598:"Spray Powder"
4589:
4564:
4507:
4477:
4426:
4393:
4362:(4): 614–623.
4342:
4291:
4260:
4209:
4182:(1–2): 70–77.
4166:
4141:
4122:
4095:
4069:
4044:
3993:
3942:
3890:
3868:(4): 431–439.
3862:Food Chemistry
3848:
3821:
3788:
3761:
3750:(3–4): 89–99.
3734:
3704:(1): 422–429.
3684:
3634:
3613:
3595:
3575:
3548:(2): 137–155.
3525:
3494:
3469:
3438:
3413:
3394:
3366:
3341:
3312:(5): 787–802.
3292:
3241:
3182:
3147:
3090:
3025:
2982:The Plant Cell
2968:
2941:(1): 356–370.
2921:
2878:The Plant Cell
2864:
2821:The Plant Cell
2807:
2748:
2683:
2674:
2656:
2647:Starch in Food
2633:
2614:(1): 209–234.
2598:
2563:
2504:
2469:
2442:
2431:. 21 July 2010
2416:
2397:
2390:
2372:
2347:
2319:
2295:
2236:
2227:
2220:
2202:
2183:
2169:
2139:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2065:
2062:
2049:
2044:A solution of
2030:Main article:
2027:
2026:Chemical tests
2024:
2023:
2022:
2011:
1993:
1982:
1975:
1960:
1949:
1946:drilling fluid
1942:
1916:
1909:laundry starch
1903:
1900:
1846:
1843:
1835:surface sizing
1811:
1808:
1798:
1795:
1786:
1778:
1775:chemoenzymatic
1770:
1767:
1742:gelatinization
1731:Main article:
1728:
1725:
1704:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1569:Sugar alcohols
1566:
1546:
1540:
1533:glucose syrups
1529:
1490:Starch can be
1468:
1465:
1322:sweet potatoes
1194:
1191:
1182:
1181:Dextrinization
1179:
1124:
1121:
1102:glucose syrups
1037:
1034:
992:
989:
952:. A number of
929:
926:
914:retrogradation
906:glutinous rice
885:
882:
876:are linked by
763:photosynthesis
759:carbon dioxide
730:
727:
723:ruffed collars
647:
644:
600:Modern German
590:
587:
583:laundry starch
491:polysaccharide
439:
436:
435:
430:
408:
407:
403:standard state
400:
397:
396:
391:
384:
383:
380:
374:
371:
370:
361:
360:
357:
350:
347:
346:
342:
341:
334:
328:
322:
314:
311:
310:
306:
305:
298:
293:
290:
289:
286:
280:
279:
276:
270:
269:
266:
262:
261:
258:
252:
251:
242:
233:
224:
215:
207:
202:
199:
198:
194:
193:
191:
190:
177:
175:
163:
160:
159:
157:
156:
148:
146:
140:
139:
137:
136:
132:
130:
124:
123:
121:
120:
116:
114:
106:
105:
95:
87:
86:
84:
83:
79:
77:
71:
70:
68:
67:
59:
57:
52:
49:
48:
44:
43:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6955:
6954:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6922:Carbohydrates
6920:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6890:
6880:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6866:
6856:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6830:
6820:
6816:
6803:
6795:
6794:
6791:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6768:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6739:
6733:
6732:Phytochemical
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6703:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6639:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6597:
6593:
6585:
6582:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6570:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6558:
6557:
6556:
6553:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6466:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6382:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6370:Transpiration
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6228:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6182:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6157:Inflorescence
6155:
6153:
6150:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6053:
6050:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6013:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5883:
5877:
5874:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5842:Ground tissue
5840:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5826:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5785:
5778:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5765:Plant anatomy
5762:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5698:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5686:Plant ecology
5684:
5682:
5681:Plant anatomy
5679:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5629:Archaeobotany
5627:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5618:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5600:
5596:
5589:
5584:
5582:
5577:
5575:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5554:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5532:
5529:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5489:Hemicellulose
5487:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5371:
5368:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5337:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5236:Disaccharides
5233:
5230:
5226:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5194:
5186:
5185:Sedoheptulose
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5176:Ketoheptoses
5175:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5143:Deoxy sugars
5142:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5029:Ketopentoses
5028:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5004:Aldopentoses
5003:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4966:Aldotetroses
4965:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4824:carbohydrates
4817:
4812:
4810:
4805:
4803:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4743:
4740:
4735:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4702:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4643:
4640:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4615:
4604:on 2007-08-09
4603:
4599:
4593:
4590:
4578:
4574:
4568:
4565:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4508:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4430:
4427:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4397:
4394:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4295:
4292:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4268:Balentine D.
4264:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4213:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4167:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4126:
4123:
4110:
4106:
4099:
4096:
4084:
4080:
4073:
4070:
4058:
4054:
4048:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3943:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3891:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3822:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3792:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3744:Starch-Stärke
3738:
3735:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3685:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3602:
3598:
3596:9781605950303
3592:
3588:
3587:
3579:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3526:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3495:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3455:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3257:(3): 474–82.
3256:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3231:on 2015-04-12
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3163:(2): 335–41.
3162:
3158:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2579:(4): 236–40.
2578:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2452:Starch/Starke
2446:
2443:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2310:The Telegraph
2306:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2140:9780323139502
2136:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2116:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2038:
2033:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:sizing agents
1921:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1803:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1759:interleukin 6
1755:
1754:dietary fiber
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1604:according to
1603:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1473:
1467:Starch sugars
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:dietary fiber
1390:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1073:
1068:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1045:Glucose syrup
1042:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
990:
988:
986:
982:
978:
973:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
934:
927:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
904:, others are
903:
899:
898:waxy starches
894:
891:
883:
881:
879:
875:
874:peptidoglycan
871:
867:
863:
859:
854:
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
771:nucleic acids
768:
764:
761:and water by
760:
756:
747:
741:of the potato
740:
735:
728:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
701:around 77–79
700:
696:
695:
690:
686:
685:Ancient Egypt
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:
653:
645:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
607:
603:
598:
596:
588:
586:
584:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
538:
534:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
477:
473:
469:
462:
457:
450:
445:
433:
426:
421:
404:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
385:
381:
378:(Permissible)
377:
373:
372:
368:
367:
362:
358:
355:
349:
348:
343:
339:
335:
327:
319:
313:
312:
307:
303:
299:
296:
292:
291:
287:
285:
284:Melting point
282:
281:
277:
275:
272:
271:
268:White powder
267:
264:
263:
259:
257:
254:
253:
245:
208:
205:
201:
200:
195:
187:
183:
182:DTXSID0049789
179:
178:
176:
166:
162:
161:
154:
150:
149:
147:
145:
142:
141:
134:
133:
131:
129:
126:
125:
118:
117:
115:
113:
108:
107:
103:
99:
96:
94:
92:ECHA InfoCard
89:
88:
81:
80:
78:
76:
73:
72:
65:
61:
60:
58:
55:
51:
50:
45:
41:
36:
28:
24:
19:
6727:Horticulture
6717:Floriculture
6619:Correct name
6469:Reproduction
6459:Woody plants
6384:Plant growth
6359:
6343:Gas Exchange
6328:Phytomelanin
6206:Plant embryo
5956:Reproductive
5804:Phragmoplast
5513:
5470:
5459:
5441:
5373:Maltodextrin
5254:Isomaltulose
5045:Deoxy sugars
4981:Ketotetrose
4884:Mutarotation
4760:. Retrieved
4751:
4742:
4715:
4711:
4701:
4656:
4652:
4642:
4631:. Retrieved
4617:
4606:. Retrieved
4602:the original
4592:
4581:. Retrieved
4567:
4524:
4520:
4510:
4498:. Retrieved
4489:
4480:
4443:
4439:
4429:
4410:
4406:
4396:
4384:. Retrieved
4359:
4355:
4345:
4308:
4304:
4294:
4282:. Retrieved
4273:
4263:
4226:
4222:
4212:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4158:. Retrieved
4144:
4125:
4113:. Retrieved
4098:
4087:. Retrieved
4072:
4061:. Retrieved
4047:
4010:
4006:
3996:
3959:
3955:
3945:
3934:. Retrieved
3907:
3903:
3893:
3882:. Retrieved
3865:
3861:
3851:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3808:(1): 10–41.
3805:
3801:
3791:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3726:. Retrieved
3701:
3697:
3687:
3676:. Retrieved
3651:
3647:
3637:
3621:
3616:
3605:. Retrieved
3585:
3578:
3545:
3541:
3528:
3516:. Retrieved
3507:
3497:
3486:. Retrieved
3472:
3461:. Retrieved
3441:
3430:. Retrieved
3416:
3397:
3386:. Retrieved
3358:. Retrieved
3344:
3309:
3305:
3295:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3233:. Retrieved
3226:the original
3205:
3201:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3107:
3103:
3093:
3042:
3038:
3028:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2677:
2666:. Retrieved
2646:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2458:(2): 44–50.
2455:
2451:
2445:
2433:. Retrieved
2428:
2419:
2410:
2400:
2381:
2375:
2350:
2330:
2322:
2309:
2298:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2230:
2211:
2205:
2186:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2157:. Retrieved
2125:
2118:
2067:
2043:
2000:corn ethanol
1957:drop ceiling
1907:Clothing or
1889:
1881:gummed paper
1868:
1866:
1862:caustic soda
1848:
1839:Coated paper
1832:
1828:wet strength
1813:
1773:A cell-free
1772:
1736:
1713:
1706:
1694:
1599:
1526:Maltodextrin
1520:
1508:
1507:
1489:
1462:
1451:
1424:
1385:
1381:
1370:
1214:staple foods
1210:carbohydrate
1207:
1184:
1144:maltodextrin
1141:
1126:
1106:
1091:
1088:
1022:
1010:beta-amylase
994:
974:
970:
935:
931:
928:Biosynthesis
897:
895:
887:
855:
847:
823:cryptomonads
819:glaucophytes
808:
752:
692:
682:
655:
649:
632:amyl alcohol
621:
601:
599:
592:
572:
545:
523:
499:staple foods
479:carbohydrate
471:
467:
466:
365:
352:Autoignition
325:
243:
128:RTECS number
47:Identifiers
18:
6543:Pollen tube
6538:Pollinators
6528:Pollination
6523:Germination
6338:Respiration
6321:Chlorophyll
6167:Pedicellate
6101:Gametophyte
6020:Aestivation
5971:Antheridium
5966:Archegonium
5814:Plasmodesma
5791:Plant cells
5654:Paleobotany
5649:Ethnobotany
5634:Astrobotany
5531:Xanthan gum
5519:Amylopectin
5391:Beta-glucan
5302:Maltotriose
5117:Ketohexoses
5070:Aldohexoses
5050:Deoxyribose
4985:Erythrulose
4943:Ketotriose
4933:Aldotriose
4386:27 February
4284:19 December
4176:Int J Pharm
4115:October 23,
4013:(3): 1766.
3654:: 320–337.
2703:(1): 6944.
2485:: 153–155.
2382:Papermaking
2032:Iodine test
2004:wet milling
1986:bioplastics
1955:, and some
1815:Papermaking
1810:Papermaking
1716:jelly beans
1537:corn syrups
1282:cuckoo-pint
1084:Kansas City
991:Degradation
850:osmotically
831:apicomplexa
787:amyloplasts
640:amylopectin
579:papermaking
554:to produce
537:amylopectin
461:amylopectin
354:temperature
288:decomposes
265:Appearance
197:Properties
98:100.029.696
6932:Excipients
6911:Categories
6565:Microspore
6555:Sporangium
6533:Artificial
6221:Sporophyte
6216:Sporophyll
6211:Receptacle
6106:Gynandrium
5976:Androecium
5885:Vegetative
5755:Angiosperm
5750:Gymnosperm
5644:Dendrology
5307:Melezitose
5249:Isomaltose
5244:Cellobiose
4910:Aldodiose
4762:2015-11-21
4633:2011-06-02
4608:2007-07-05
4583:2011-01-14
4500:18 October
4446:: 829238.
4229:: 793414.
4160:2020-12-06
4089:2010-10-23
4063:2013-03-23
3962:(2): 215.
3936:2022-02-27
3884:2022-02-27
3728:2020-10-13
3678:2022-02-27
3607:2022-01-03
3488:2019-03-03
3463:2019-03-03
3432:2019-03-03
3388:2011-05-25
3360:2019-03-03
3306:Plant Cell
3235:2014-02-13
2668:2022-02-27
2110:References
2008:bioethanol
1941:thickener.
1913:laundering
1892:wall board
1877:paper sack
1689:Acetylated
1658:Acetylated
1577:erythritol
1571:, such as
1498:, various
1492:hydrolyzed
1435:acrylamide
1429:, forming
1358:mung beans
1348:, such as
1266:breadfruit
1232:) and the
1129:cornstarch
1056:Ballydugan
981:isoamylase
918:amylomaize
902:waxy maize
813:, whereas
767:metabolism
678:Mozambique
575:wheatpaste
521:(manioc).
318:combustion
256:Molar mass
153:24SC3U704I
75:ChemSpider
54:CAS Number
23:Usi (food)
6937:Nutrition
6762:Botanists
6680:Herbarium
6577:Megaspore
6475:Evolution
6418:Subshrubs
6386:and habit
6311:Nutrition
6306:Cellulose
6301:Bulk flow
6284:Materials
6247:Epidermis
6111:Gynoecium
6092:Endosperm
6087:Dispersal
6003:Staminode
5939:Sessility
5927:Cataphyll
5847:Mesophyll
5799:Cell wall
5740:Lycophyte
5720:Bryophyte
5674:Geobotany
5659:Phycology
5461:Galactose
5416:Cellulose
5406:Sizofiran
5330:Stachyose
5312:Raffinose
5279:Trehalose
5264:Lactulose
5085:Galactose
5008:Arabinose
4970:Erythrose
4822:Types of
4559:237615280
4490:New Atlas
4413:: 27–54.
3956:Nutrients
3668:245211899
3518:13 August
3208:: 73–98.
3124:1420-682X
3067:2375-2548
3002:1040-4651
2955:0028-646X
2898:1040-4651
2841:1040-4651
2784:0027-8424
2725:2041-1723
2149:819646427
2046:triiodide
2015:excipient
1869:adhesives
1845:Adhesives
1820:cellulose
1750:extrusion
1720:wine gums
1643:phosphate
1389:prebiotic
1366:chickpeas
1334:chestnuts
1278:colocasia
1270:buckwheat
1254:arracacha
1250:arrowroot
1153:pullanase
843:periplast
837:in their
815:red algae
783:cellulose
589:Etymology
552:fermented
476:polymeric
394:ICSC 1553
278:Variable
135:GM5090000
119:232-679-6
111:EC Number
64:9005-25-8
6942:Printing
6802:Category
6722:Forestry
6712:Agronomy
6705:Practice
6656:Cultivar
6651:Cultigen
6511:timeline
6403:Rosettes
6291:Aleurone
6267:Trichome
6184:Perianth
5996:Filament
5854:Meristem
5777:glossary
5639:Bryology
5553:Category
5482:Glycogen
5465:Galactan
5443:Fructose
5428:Chitosan
5401:Lentinan
5350:Acarbose
5284:Turanose
5228:Multiple
5169:Heptoses
5157:Rhamnose
5152:Fuculose
5137:Tagatose
5122:Fructose
5038:Xylulose
5033:Ribulose
4997:Pentoses
4959:Tetroses
4862:Geometry
4853:Pyranose
4848:Furanose
4756:Archived
4734:27239781
4693:23589840
4627:Archived
4577:Archived
4551:34554807
4494:Archived
4472:22132324
4380:Archived
4376:34967190
4337:32293469
4278:Archived
4255:35096939
4204:44071363
4196:29758345
4154:Archived
4133:Archived
4109:Archived
4083:Archived
4057:Archived
4039:35163688
3988:30678161
3930:Archived
3926:26377870
3878:Archived
3722:Archived
3718:21682646
3672:Archived
3601:Archived
3570:32090939
3562:11796168
3512:Archived
3508:BBC Food
3482:Archived
3454:Archived
3426:Archived
3406:Archived
3382:Archived
3354:Archived
3336:10810150
3287:21921851
3279:14566561
3222:15862090
3177:11749190
3142:27166931
3085:37235646
3076:10219597
3020:32471861
2963:30055112
2916:29866647
2859:28684429
2802:38190535
2793:10801857
2743:34836943
2662:Archived
2628:20192737
2593:20149714
2558:19940244
2435:30 March
2365:Archived
2340:Archived
2314:Archived
2290:20956317
2199:(NIOSH).
2153:Archived
2094:Destarch
2088:See also
1964:printing
1885:soda ash
1791:in maize
1585:mannitol
1581:sorbitol
1573:maltitol
1550:fructose
1543:Dextrose
1531:Various
1504:dextrins
1447:diabetes
1420:tortilla
1416:porridge
1400:pancakes
1286:katakuri
1238:potatoes
1187:dextrins
1149:dextrins
985:isoforms
866:glycogen
811:plastids
799:rhizomes
779:proteins
707:cosmetic
652:rhizomes
595:Germanic
541:Glycogen
513:(corn),
507:potatoes
501:such as
463:molecule
451:molecule
345:Hazards
6829:Ecology
6815:Portals
6480:Ecology
6237:Cuticle
6067:Capsule
6057:Anatomy
6008:Tapetum
5932:Petiole
5907:Rhizome
5902:Rhizoid
5829:Tissues
5819:Vacuole
5809:Plastid
5611:Outline
5606:History
5524:Amylose
5472:Glucose
5447:Fructan
5437:Dextran
5433:Dextrin
5411:Zymosan
5274:Sucrose
5269:Maltose
5259:Lactose
5208:Nonoses
5203:Octoses
5196:Above 7
5132:Sorbose
5127:Psicose
5105:Mannose
5090:Glucose
5080:Altrose
5062:Hexoses
4975:Threose
4926:Trioses
4831:General
4752:CDC.gov
4684:3645547
4661:Bibcode
4529:Bibcode
4521:Science
4463:3205742
4328:7158011
4246:8790517
4030:8836043
3979:6413015
3843:1330528
3783:1330528
3259:Bibcode
3133:4919380
3047:Bibcode
3011:7401018
2907:6096604
2850:5559754
2734:8626487
2705:Bibcode
2549:2795531
2526:Bibcode
2499:3624346
2281:2973873
2258:Bibcode
2193:"#0567"
1997:biofuel
1972:set off
1962:In the
1931:weaving
1929:during
1748:, mild
1622:Dextrin
1602:E coded
1563:sucrose
1500:enzymes
1408:noodles
1404:cereals
1354:lentils
1318:sorghum
1294:malanga
1258:bananas
1242:cassava
1218:cereals
1133:tapioca
1117:ethanol
1092:In the
1030:Sucrose
1014:Maltose
839:cytosol
755:glucose
711:thicken
689:papyrus
670:sorghum
646:History
636:amylose
613:weaving
568:biofuel
556:ethanol
548:malting
533:amylose
530:helical
526:alcohol
519:cassava
489:. This
483:glucose
449:amylose
425:what is
423: (
274:Density
250:
33:Starch
6917:Starch
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