Maternal death - Knowledge (XXG)

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concern for registration systems is that 75% of all global births occur in countries where vital registration systems do not exist, meaning that many maternal deaths occurring during these pregnancies and deliveries may not be properly record through these methods. There are also issues with using verbal autopsies and other forms of survey in recording maternal death rates. For example, the family's willingness to participate after the loss of a loved one, misclassification of the cause of death, and under-reporting all present obstacles to the proper reporting of maternal mortality causes. Finally, an potential issue with facility-based data collection on maternal mortality is the likelihood that women who experience abortion-related complications to seek care in medical facilities. This is due to fear of social repercussions or legal activity in countries where unsafe abortion is common since it is more likely to be legally restrictive and/or more highly stigmatizing. Another concern for issues related to errors in proper reporting for accurate understanding of maternal mortality is the fact that global estimates of maternal deaths related to a specific cause present those related to abortion as a proportion of the total mortality rate. Therefore, any change, whether positive or negative, in the abortion-related mortality rate is only compared relative to other causes, and this does not allow for proper implications of whether abortions are becoming more safe or less safe with respect to the overall mortality of women.

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mother's overall health. There are nineteen total indicators used by the CDC to help identify SMM, with the most prevalent indicator being a blood transfusion. Other indicators include an acute myocardial infarction ("heart attack"), aneurysm, and kidney failure. All of this identification is done by using ICD-10 codes, which are disease identification codes found in hospital discharge data. Using these definitions that rely on these codes should be used with careful consideration since some may miss some cases, have a low predictive value, or may be difficult for different facilities to operationalize. There are certain screening criteria that may be helpful and are recommended through the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists as well as the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM). These screening criteria for SMM are for transfusions of four or more units of blood and admission of a pregnant woman or a postpartum woman to an ICU facility or unit.

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departments, the state hospital association and clinical professionals such as doctors and nurses. These PQCs can also involve community health organizations, Medicaid representatives, Maternal Mortality Review Committees and patient advocacy groups. By involving all of these major players within maternal health, the goal is to collaborate and determine opportunities to improve quality of care. Through this collaborative effort, PQCs can aim to make impacts on quality both at the direct patient care level and through larger system devices like policy. It is thought that the institution of PQCs in California was the main contributor to the maternal mortality rate decreasing by 50% in the years following. The PQC developed review guides and quality improvement initiatives aimed at the most preventable and prevalent maternal deaths: those due to bleeding and high blood pressure. Success has also been observed with PQCs in Illinois and Florida.

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have highly effective interventions. An important factor that contributes to the maternal mortality rate is access and opportunity to receive prenatal care. Women who do not receive prenatal care are between three and four times more likely to die from complications resulting from pregnancy or delivery than those who receive prenatal care. Even in high-resource countries, many women do not receive the appropriate preventative or prenatal care. For example, 25% of women in the United States do not receive the recommended number of prenatal visits. This number increases for women among traditionally marginalized populations—32% of African American women and 41% for American Indian and Alaska Native women do not receive the recommended preventative health services prior to delivery.

1067:(MDGs) in 2000. Bangladesh, for example, cut the number of deaths per live births by almost two-thirds from 1990 to 2015. A further reduction of maternal mortality is now part of the Agenda 2030 for sustainable development. The United Nations recently developed a list of goals termed the Sustainable Development Goals. Some of the specific aims of the Sustainable Development Goals are to prevent unintended pregnancies by ensuring more women have access to contraceptives, as well as providing women who become pregnant with a safe environment for delivery with respectful and skilled care. This initiative also included access to emergency services for women who developed complications during delivery. 836:

been associated with increased use of contraception and family planning services as well as antenatal care. Addressing complications at the earliest sign of a problem can improve outcomes for expecting mothers, which makes it extremely important for a pregnant woman to be knowledgeable enough to seek healthcare for potential complications. Improving the relationships between patients and the healthcare system as a whole will make it easier for a pregnant woman to feel comfortable seeking help. Good communication between patients and providers, as well as cultural competence of the providers, could also assist in increasing compliance with recommended treatments.

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provider, at just 45% and 41% respectively. Emergency obstetric care is also crucial in preventing maternal mortality by offering services like emergency cesarean sections, blood transfusions, antibiotics for infections and assisted vaginal delivery with forceps or vacuum. In addition to physical barriers that restrict access to healthcare, financial barriers also exist. Close to one out of seven women of child-bearing age have no health insurance. This lack of insurance impacts access to pregnancy prevention, treatment of complications, as well as perinatal care visits contributing to maternal mortality.

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universal health coverage. Maternal mortality is difficult to measure. Health information systems, such as the CRVS (Civil registration and Vital Statistics), in most low-income countries are weak. Therefore, these systems cannot provide accurate assessments of maternal mortality. Even estimates derived from complete system such as the CRVs, suffer misclassification, and underreporting statistics of maternal death. The WHO strategy also aims to ensure quality data collection in order to better respond to the needs of women and girls while improving the equity and quality of care provided to women.

310: 951: 852:. In 2012, this evolved at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development to become the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with a target year of 2030. The SDGs are 17 goals that call for global collaboration to tackle a wide variety of recognized problems. Goal 3 is focused on ensuring health and well-being for women of all ages. A specific target is to achieve a global maternal mortality ratio of less than 70 per 100,000 live births. So far, specific progress has been made in births attended by a skilled provider, now at 80% of births worldwide compared with 62% in 2005. 625:"We need to speak the uncomfortable truth that women—and especially Black women—are too often not listened to or taken seriously by the health care system, and therefore they are denied the dignity that they deserve. And we need to speak this truth because today, the United States is 1 of only 13 countries in the world where the rate of maternal mortality is worse than it was 25 years ago. That risk is even higher for Black women, who are three to four times more likely than white women to die from pregnancy-related causes. These numbers are simply outrageous." 1055:

studies, identified significant increases in stillbirth and maternal death during the pandemic versus before the pandemic. According to the United Nations Population Fund, UNFPA, a proportion of total COVID-19 deaths were indirect obstetric deaths where a woman's death was due to the aggravation between the disease and the state of pregnancy. Some outcomes show considerable disparity between low- and high-resource settings. This drives the urgent global need to prioritize safe, equitable, and accessible maternal care in future healthcare crises.

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to family planning services and skilled birth attendance, meaning a midwife, doctor, or trained nurse), with back-up obstetric care for emergency situations that may occur during the process of labor. This can be examined further by looking at statistics in some areas of the world where inequities in access to health care services reflect an increased number of maternal deaths. The high maternal death rates also reflect disparate access to health services between resource communities and those that are high-resource or affluent.

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Training health care professionals will be another important aspect in decreasing the rate of maternal death, "The study found that white medical students and residents often believed incorrect and sometimes 'fantastical' biological fallacies about racial differences in patients. For these assumptions, researchers blamed not individual prejudice but deeply ingrained unconscious stereotypes about people of color, as well as physicians' difficulty in empathizing with patients whose experiences differ from their own."

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casually related to undergoing a cesarean delivery. There was also an association found between neuraxial anesthesia, more commonly known as an epidural, and an increased risk for an epidural hematoma. Both of these risks could be reduced by the institution of graduated compression, whether by compression stockings or a compression device. There is also speculation that eliminating the concept of elective cesarean sections in the United States would significantly lower the maternal death rate.

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and cultural or language barriers that could inhibit a woman from receiving proper care. For women carrying a pregnancy to term, access to necessary antenatal (prior to delivery) healthcare visits is crucial to ensuring healthy outcomes. These antenatal visits allow for early recognition and treatment of complications, treatment of infections and the opportunity to educate the expecting mother on how to manage her current pregnancy and the health advantages of spacing pregnancies apart.

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Education level is a strong predictor of maternal health as it gives women the knowledge to seek care when it is needed. Public health efforts can also intervene during pregnancy to improve maternal outcomes. Areas for intervention have been identified in access to care, public knowledge, awareness about signs and symptoms of pregnancy complications, and improving relationships between healthcare professionals and expecting mothers.

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exacerbated for people of color who face systemic barriers to adequate medical care. Overall, the maternal mortality rate increased from 23.8 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2020, to 32.9 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2021. An apparent spike in this rate can be noted in 2021. For non-hispanic black women the rate of maternal deaths per 100,00 live births increased from 44.0 in 2019 to 69.9 in 2021.

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reduce maternal mortality, there is much room for improvement, particularly in low-resource regions. Over 85% of maternal deaths are in low-resource communities in Africa and Asia. In higher resource regions, there are still significant areas with room for growth, particularly as they relate to racial and ethnic disparities and inequities in maternal mortality and morbidity rates.

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who identify as non-Hispanic and black had a significant increase in death related to pregnancy. This can be seen throughout different countries. In Brazil, women who are not white were 3.5 times as likely to die because of obstetric mortality compared to white women. The maternal mortality ratio is larger in women who are from Sub-Saharan African in France.

674:. Lastly, postnatal care which is the six weeks following delivery. During this time, bleeding, sepsis and hypertensive disorders can occur, and newborns are extremely vulnerable in the immediate aftermath of birth. Therefore, follow-up visits by a health worker to assess the health of both mother and child in the postnatal period is strongly recommended. 285:

are preventable and contribute 13% to the maternal mortality rate worldwide. This number is increased to 25% in countries where other causes of maternal mortality are low, such as in Eastern European and South American countries. This makes unsafe abortion practices the leading cause of maternal death worldwide.

4783:"The dire state of US data collection on maternal health and mortality is also distressing. Until the early 1990s, death certificates did not note if a woman was pregnant or had recently given birth when she died. It took until 2017 for all US states to add that check box to their death certificates." 681:

Maternal Death Surveillance and Response is another strategy that has been used to prevent maternal death. This is one of the interventions proposed to reduce maternal mortality where maternal deaths are continuously reviewed to learn the causes and factors that led to the death. The information from

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The Covid-19 pandemic heightened maternal mortality rates, disproportionately impacting communities of color. Multiple factors contribute to this widening disparity, notably, social factors such as implicit bias, repeated racial discrimination, and limited access to healthcare. All issues are further

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Delays in seeking care are due to the decisions made by the women who are pregnant and/or other decision-making individuals. Decision-making individuals can include a spouse and family members. Examples of reasons for delays in seeking care include lack of knowledge about when to seek care, inability

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is complication through pregnancy and childbirth. They have more pregnancies, on average, than women in developed countries, and it has been shown that 1 in 180 15-year-old girls in developing countries who become pregnant will die due to complications during pregnancy or childbirth. This is compared

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Confidential enquires for maternal deaths do not occur very often on a national level in most countries. Registration systems are usually considered the "gold-standard" method for mortality measurements. However, they have been shown to miss anywhere between 30 and 50% of all maternal deaths. Another

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reported that in the United States, carrying a pregnancy to term and delivering a baby comes with 14 times increased risk of death as compared to a legal abortion. However, in many regions of the world, abortion is not legal and can be unsafe. Maternal deaths caused by improperly performed procedures

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The greatest proportion of women with SMM are those who require a blood transfusion during delivery, mostly due to excessive bleeding. Blood transfusions given during delivery due to excessive bleeding has increased the rate of mothers with SMM. The rate of SMM has increased almost 200% between 1993

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Ethnicity plays a big role in access to healthcare. Women who are black and non-Hispanic experience pregnancy-related death at a significantly higher rate. They are three to four times as likely to succumb to maternal mortality than non-Hispanic white women. Between the years of 2007 and 2014, women

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caused by STIs. Adolescent mothers are between two and five times more likely to die than a female twenty years or older. Access to reproductive services and sex education could make a large impact, specifically on adolescents, who are generally uneducated in regards to carrying a healthy pregnancy.

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Additionally, reliable access to information, compassionate counseling and quality services for the management of any issues that arise from abortions (whether safe or unsafe) can be beneficial in reducing the number of maternal deaths. In regions where abortion is legal, abortion practices need to

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There are four primary types of data sources that are used to collect abortion-related maternal mortality rates: confidential enquiries, registration data, verbal autopsy, and facility-based data sources. A verbal autopsy is a systematic tool that is used to collect information on the cause of death

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In 2017, countries in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa account for approximately 86% of all maternal deaths worldwide. As of 2020, Sub-Saharan African countries such as South Sudan, Chad, and Nigeria had the highest maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. Since 2000, Southeast Asian countries

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Access to care during pregnancy is a significant issue in the face of maternal mortality. "Access" encompasses a wide range of potential difficulties including costs, location of healthcare services, availability of appointments, availability of trained health care workers, transportation services,

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It was estimated that in 2015, a total of 303,000 women died due to causes related to pregnancy or childbirth. The majority of these were due to severe bleeding, sepsis or infections, eclampsia, obstructed labor, and consequences from unsafe abortions. Most of these causes are either preventable or

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Between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio has decreased from 385 deaths per 100,000 live births to 216 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. Some factors that have been attributed to the decreased maternal deaths seen between this period are in part to the access that women have gained

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Lifetime risk of maternal death is a calculated prediction of a woman's risk of death after each consecutive pregnancy. The calculation pertains to women during their reproductive years. The adult lifetime risk of maternal mortality can be derived using either the maternal mortality ratio (MMR), or

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Unsafe abortion practices are defined by the WHO as procedures that are performed by someone without the appropriate training and/or ones that are performed in an environment that is not considered safe or clean. Using this definition, the WHO estimates that out of the 45 million abortions that are

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is another major cause of maternal death worldwide. In regions where abortion is legal and accessible, abortion is safe and does not contribute greatly to overall rates of maternal death. However, in regions where abortions are not legal, available, or regulated, unsafe abortion practices can cause

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There are significant maternal mortality intra-country variations, especially in nations with large equality gaps in income and education and high healthcare disparities. Women living in rural areas experience higher maternal mortality than women living in urban and sub-urban centers because those

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have become major international concerns. Maternal health aid contributions tend to be lumped together with newborn and child health, so it is difficult to assess how much aid is given directly to maternal health to help lower the rates of maternal mortality. Regardless, there has been progress in

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By increasing public knowledge and awareness through health education programs about pregnancy, including signs of complications that need addressed by a healthcare provider, this will increase the likelihood of an expecting mother to seek help when it is necessary. Higher levels of education have

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Several interventions prior to pregnancy have been recommended in efforts to reduce maternal mortality. Increasing access to reproductive healthcare services, such as family planning services and safe abortion practices, is recommended in order to prevent unintended pregnancies. Several countries,

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Many complications can be managed with procedures and/or surgery if there is access to a qualified surgeon and appropriate facilities and supplies. For example, the contents of the uterus can be cleaned if there is concern for remaining pregnancy tissue or infection. If there is concern for excess

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In 2023, a study reported that deaths among Native American women was three-and-a-half times that of white women. The report attributed the high rate in part to the fact that Native American women are cared for under a poorly funded Federal Health Care System that is so stretched that the average

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The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA; formerly known as the United Nations Fund for Population Activities) have established programs that support efforts in reducing maternal death. These efforts include education and training for midwives, supporting access to emergency services in obstetric

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publication, sociodemographic factors such as age, access to resources and income level are significant indicators of maternal outcomes. Young mothers face higher risks of complications and death during pregnancy than older mothers, especially adolescents aged 15 years or younger. Adolescents have

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Severe maternal morbidity (SMM) is an unanticipated acute or chronic health outcome after labor and delivery that detrimentally affects a woman's health. Severe Maternal Morbidity (SMM) includes any unexpected outcomes from labor or delivery that cause both short and long-term consequences to the

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Global maternal mortality and fetal outcomes have worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic. Increases in maternal deaths, stillbirths, ruptured ectopic pregnancies, and maternal depression occurred globally during this time. According to The Lancet Global Health, their search, which included over 40

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Access to birth at a facility with a skilled healthcare provider present has been associated with safer deliveries and better outcomes. The two areas bearing the largest burden of maternal mortality, Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, also had the lowest percentage of births attended by a skilled

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use and information distributed to a wider population, with access to high-quality care, can make steps towards reducing the number of unsafe abortions. For nations that allow contraceptives, programs should be instituted to allow the easier accessibility of these medications. However, this alone

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In the United States, severe maternal morbidity has increased over the last several years, impacting greater than 50,000 women in 2014 alone. There is no conclusive reason for this dramatic increase. It is thought that the overall state of health for pregnant women is impacting these rates. For

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In countries where abortion practices are not considered legal, it is necessary to look at the access that women have to high-quality family planning services, since some of the restrictive policies around abortion could impede access to these services. These policies may also affect the proper

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with backup emergency obstetric care, the global maternal mortality ratio has fallen from 385 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 216 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2015. Many countries halved their maternal death rates in the last 10 years. Although attempts have been made to

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In a retrospective study done across several countries in 2007, the cause of death and causal relationship to the mode of delivery in pregnant women was examined from the years 2000 to 2006. It was discovered that the excess maternal death rate of women who experienced a pulmonary embolism was

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related to maternal mortality. A major goal of this strategy is to identify and address the causes of maternal and reproductive morbidities and mortalities. This strategy aims to address inequalities in access to reproductive, maternal, and newborn services, as well as the quality of care with

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In the United States, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the maternal mortality rate in 2021 was 32.9 deaths per 100,000 live births. This is significantly higher than the rates in 2020 defined as 23.8 deaths per 100,000 live births and 20.1 in 2019. In 2021, the

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Maternal mortality and morbidity are leading contributors in women's health. It is estimated that 303,000 women are killed each year in childbirth and pregnancy worldwide. The global rate in 2017 is 211 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births and 45% of postpartum deaths occur within 24 hours.

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Another important preventive measure being implemented is specialized education for mothers. Doctors and medical professionals providing simple information to women, especially women in lower socioeconomic areas will decrease the miscommunication that often occurs between doctors and patients.

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Public health has a role to play in the analysis of maternal death. One important aspect in the review of maternal death and its causes are Maternal Mortality Review Committees or Boards. The goal of these review committees are to analyze each maternal death and determine its cause. After this

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The disparities in maternal health outcomes are also present among racial groups. In the United States, black women are 3-4 times more likely to die from maternal mortality than white women. Unequal access to quality medical care, socioeconomic disparities, and systemic racism by health care

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The increased rate for SMM can also be indicative of potentially increased rates for maternal mortality, since without identification and treatment of SMM, these conditions would lead to increased maternal death rates. Therefore, diagnosis of SMM can be considered a "near miss" for maternal

583:. These trends are a reflection that higher income countries have stronger healthcare infrastructure, more doctors, use more advanced medical technologies and have fewer barriers to accessing care than low income countries. In low income countries, the most common cause of maternal death is 806:

Many states within the US are taking Maternal Mortality Review Committees a step further and are collaborating with various professional organizations to improve quality of perinatal care. These teams of organizations form a "perinatal quality collaborative" (PQC) and include state health

3941: 686:(WHO) introduced the Maternal and Perinatal Death Surveillance and Response (MPDSR) with a guideline in 2013. Studies have shown that acting on recommendations from MPDSR can reduce maternal and perinatal mortality by improving quality of care in the community and health facilities. 4509:

Chmielewska, Barbara; Barratt, Imogen; Townsend, Rosemary; Kalafat, Erkan; van der Meulen, Jan; Gurol-Urganci, Ipek; O'Brien, Pat; Morris, Edward; Draycott, Tim; Thangaratinam, Shakila; Le Doare, Kirsty; Ladhani, Shamez; von Dadelszen, Peter; Magee, Laura; Khalil, Asma (June 2021).

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mortality. With this consideration, several different expert groups have urged obstetric hospitals to review SMM cases for opportunities that can lead to improved care, which in turn would lead to improvements with maternal health and a decrease in the number of maternal deaths.

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report, low-resource nations account for ninety-nine percent of maternal deaths with the majority of those deaths occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia. Globally, high and middle income countries experience lower maternal deaths than low income countries. The

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In the year 2017, 810 women died from preventable causes related to pregnancy and birth per day which totaled to approximately 295,000 maternal deaths that year alone. It was also estimated that 94% of maternal deaths occurred in low-resource countries in the same year.

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happens when there is uncontrollable bleeding from the uterus, cervix or vaginal wall after birth. This can happen when the uterus does not contract correctly after birth, there is left over placenta in the uterus, or there are cuts in the cervix or vagina from birth.

875:. In comparison to the other three countries, Rwanda has an excellent record of improving maternal death rates. Based on their investigation of these varying country case studies, the researchers conclude that improving maternal health depends on three key factors: 1046:

maternal mortality rate for non-Hispanic Black women was 69.9 deaths per 100,000 live births, which is 2.6 times higher than non-Hispanic White women. The mortality rate for women over the age of 40 was 6.8 times higher than the rate for women under the age of 25.

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to women in developed countries, where the likelihood is 1 in 4900 live births. However, in the United States, as many women of older age continue to have children, the maternal mortality rate has risen in some states, especially among women over 40 years old.

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approach to addressing maternal mortality includes gathering information on the scope of the problem, identifying key causes, and implementing interventions, both prior to pregnancy and during pregnancy, to combat those causes and prevent maternal mortality.

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analysis, the information can be combined in order to determine specific interventions that could lead to preventing future maternal deaths. These review boards are generally comprehensive in their analysis of maternal deaths, examining details that include

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happens when the baby does not properly move into the pelvis and out of the body during labor. The most common cause of obstructed labor is when the baby's head is too big or angled at a way that does not allow it to pass through the pelvis and birth canal.

1336:(49.5 per 100,000 live births) and 2014 (144.0 per 100,000 live births). This can be seen with the increased rate of blood transfusions given during delivery, which increased from 1993 (24.5 per 100,000 live births) to 2014 (122.3 per 100,000 live births). 123:(UNFPA) 2017 report, about every 2 minutes a woman dies because of complications due to child birth or pregnancy. For every woman who dies, there are about 20 to 30 women who experience injury, infection, or other birth or pregnancy related complication. 1012:

accounted for between 3 and 5 percent of maternal deaths each. These ten countries combined accounted for 60% of all the maternal deaths in 2010 according to the United Nations Population Fund report. Countries with the lowest maternal deaths were

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Pregnancy-related deaths between 2011 and 2014 in the United States have been shown to have major contributions from non-communicable diseases and conditions, and the following are some of the more common causes related to maternal death:

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Miller S, Turan JM, Dau K, Fathalla M, Mourad M, Sutherland T, et al. (2007). "Use of the non-pneumatic anti-shock garment (NASG) to reduce blood loss and time to recovery from shock for women with obstetric haemorrhage in Egypt".

750:. Additionally, postpartum infections can be treated using antibiotics. In fact, the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics both for the prevention and treatment of maternal infection is common in low-income countries. Maternal death due to 111:(ACOG), are all deaths occurring within one year of a pregnancy resolution. Identification of pregnancy associated deaths is important for deciding whether or not the pregnancy was a direct or indirect contributing cause of the death. 383:, all of which may complicate pregnancy or be aggravated by it. Risk factors associated with increased maternal death include the age of the mother, obesity before becoming pregnant, other pre-existing chronic medical conditions, and 1340:

example, complications can derive from underlying chronic medical conditions like diabetes, obesity, HIV/AIDS, and high blood pressure. These underlying conditions are also thought to lead to increased risk of maternal mortality.

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and newborn care networks, and providing essential drugs and family planning services to pregnant women or those planning to become pregnant. They also support efforts for review and response systems regarding maternal deaths.

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will not eliminate the demand for safe services, awareness on safe abortion services, health education on prenatal check ups and proper implementation of diets during pregnancy and lactation also contributes to its prevention.

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Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is the ratio of the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time-period. The MMR is used as a measure of the quality of a health care system.

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Overall, maternal mortality is an important marker of the health of the country and reflects on its health infrastructure. Lowering the amount of maternal death is an important goal of many health organizations world-wide.

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and maternal mortality rate, both abbreviated as "MMR". By 2017, the world maternal mortality rate had declined 44% since 1990; however, every day 808 women die from pregnancy or childbirth related causes. According to the

4066: 4048: 646:, assistance with birth, access to emergency obstetric care and adequate postnatal care. It is recommended that expectant mothers receive at least four antenatal visits to check and monitor the health of mother and 6356: 1111:

The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes).

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living in wealthier households, having higher education, or living in urban areas, have higher use of healthcare services than their poorer, less-educated, or rural counterparts. There are also racial and ethnic

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monthly visit lasts only from three to seven minutes. Such a short visit allows neither time for performing an adequate health assessment nor time for the patient to discuss any problems she may be experiencing.

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Indirect obstetric deaths are caused by preexisting health problem worsened by pregnancy or newly developed health problem unrelated to pregnancy . Fatalities during but unrelated to a pregnancy are termed

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providers are factors that have contributed to the high maternal mortality rates among black women. Discounting factors such as pre-existing conditions, do not impact the rate of this disparity. In 2019,

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Delays in receiving adequate and appropriate care may result from an inadequate number of trained providers, lack of appropriate supplies, and the lack of urgency or understanding of an emergency.

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can occur in different vessels in the body, including vessels in the arms, legs, and lungs. They can cause problems in the lung, as well as travel to the heart or brain, leading to complications.

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are infections of the uterus or other parts of the reproductive tract after the resolution of a pregnancy. They are usually bacterial and cause fever, increased pain, and foul-smelling discharge.

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performed each year globally, 19 million of these are considered unsafe, and 97% of these unsafe abortions occur in developing countries. Complications include hemorrhage, infection, sepsis and

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The most common causes of anemia/anaemia are poor nutrition, iron, and other micronutrient deficiencies, which are in addition to malaria, hookworm, and schistosomiasis (2005 WHO report p45).

579:(HDI) accounts for between 82 and 85 percent of the maternal mortality rates among countries. In most cases, high rates of maternal deaths occur in the same countries that have high rates of 547:

Proportion of maternal deaths among deaths of women of reproductive age (PM) is the number of maternal deaths in a given time period divided by the total deaths among women aged 15–49 years.

1670:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 515:

Delays in reaching care include factors such as limitations in transportation to a medical facility, lack of adequate medical facilities in the area, and lack in confidence in medicine.

6172: 103:, underlying conditions worsened by the pregnancy or management of these conditions. This can occur either while she is pregnant or within six weeks of resolution of the pregnancy. The 682:

the reviews is used to make recommendations for action to prevent future similar deaths. Maternal and perinatal death reviews have been in practice for a long time worldwide, and the

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Conde-Agudelo A, Belizán JM, Lammers C (February 2005). "Maternal-perinatal morbidity and mortality associated with adolescent pregnancy in Latin America: Cross-sectional study".

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definition of pregnancy-related deaths extends the period of consideration to include one year from the resolution of the pregnancy. Pregnancy associated death, as defined by the

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which aimed to address the maternal mortality disparity faced by women of color by training providers on recognizing implicit racial bias and its impact on care. Harris stated:

1359: 146:, for which there are highly effective interventions. Indirect obstetric deaths are caused by pregnancy interfering or worsening an existing condition, like a heart problem. 108: 293:

significant rates of maternal death. According to the World Health Organization in 2009, every eight minutes a woman died from complications arising from unsafe abortions.

6956: 803:. All of this information can be combined to give a detailed picture of what is causing maternal mortality and help to determine recommendations to reduce their impact. 540:

Maternal mortality rate (MMRate) is the number of maternal deaths in a population divided by the number of women of reproductive age, usually expressed per 1,000 women.

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including India, Brazil, and Mexico, have seen some success in efforts to promote the use of reproductive healthcare services. Other interventions include high quality

2955: 554:, reproductive age mortality studies (RAMOS) and verbal autopsies. The most common household survey method, recommended by the WHO as time- and cost-effective, is the 4907:

Campbell KH, Savitz D, Werner EF, Pettker CM, Goffman D, Chazotte C, Lipkind HS (September 2013). "Maternal morbidity and risk of death at delivery hospitalization".

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have seen a significant decrease in maternal mortality of almost 60%. Sub-Saharan Africa also saw an almost 40% decrease in maternal mortality between 2000 and 2017.

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is a low-technology pressure device that decreases blood loss, restores vital signs and helps buy time in delay of women receiving adequate emergency care during

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happen when the body does not regulate blood pressure correctly. In pregnancy, this is due to changes at the level of the blood vessels, likely because of the

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Dahl, Alicia A.; Yada, Farida N.; Butts, Shanika Jerger; Tolley, Annalise; Hirsch, Sophie; Lalgondar, Priyanka; Wilson, Kala S.; Shade, Lindsay (2023-08-25).

2569:"Influence of family members on utilization of maternal health care services among teen and adult pregnant women in Kathmandu, Nepal: a cross sectional study" 5147: 3698: 3897:

Roth, Louise Marie; Henley, Megan M. (2012). "Unequal Motherhood: Racial-Ethnic and Socioeconomic Disparities in Cesarean Sections in the United States".

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UNFPA estimated that 303,000 women died of pregnancy or childbirth related causes in 2015. The WHO divides causes of maternal deaths into two categories:

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Lee KS, Park SC, Khoshnood B, Hsieh HL, Mittendorf R (September 1997). "Human development index as a predictor of infant and maternal mortality rates".

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Barnes-Josiah, Debora; Myntti, Cynthia; Augustin, Antoine (1998-04-15). "The "three delays" as a framework for examining maternal mortality in Haiti".

2157:

World Health Organization, Unsafe Abortion: Global and Regional Estimates of the Incidence of Unsafe Abortion and Associated Mortality in 2000, 4th ed.

4030: 521:

The three delays model illustrates that there are a multitude of complex factors, both socioeconomic and cultural, that can result in maternal death.

6282: 4242: 1922: 533:(MMR), maternal mortality rate, lifetime risk of maternal death and proportion of maternal deaths among deaths of women of reproductive years (PM). 2945:

Venös tromboembolism (VTE) - Guidelines for treatment in C counties. Bengt Wahlström, Emergency department, Uppsala Academic Hospital. January 2008

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The three delays model describes three critical factors that inhibit women from receiving appropriate maternal health care. These factors include:

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is legal and accessible, it is widely regarded as safer than carrying a pregnancy to term and delivery. In fact, a study published in the journal

6205: 959:

Whereas in 2020, the global rate was 223 deaths per 100,000 live births. Ninety-nine percent of maternal deaths occur in low-resource countries.

6243: 6594: 6561: 5017: 4972: 3303: 4166: 3641:"Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 1369: 420:, and small-for-gestational-age infants, all of which can lead to maternal death. The leading cause of death for girls at the age of 15 in 3427: 889:

In terms of aid policy, proportionally, aid given to improve maternal mortality rates has shrunken as other public health issues, such as

281: 3717: 138:

Direct obstetric deaths are causes of death due to complications of pregnancy, birth or termination. For example, these could range from

6177: 1540: 228: 198: 6609: 6287: 3596:

Main EK (June 2018). "Reducing Maternal Mortality and Severe Maternal Morbidity Through State-based Quality Improvement Initiatives".

7087: 7012: 6867: 6794: 6489: 6182: 5330: 4998: 4592: 2840: 2684: 1192: 478: 180:

Direct obstetric deaths are due to complications of pregnancy, birth, termination or complications arising from their management.

7039: 5515: 4479: 4454: 4429: 4404: 3149: 1252: 981: 723: 587:, followed by hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. This is contrast to high income countries, for which the most common cause is 848:

The biggest global policy initiative for maternal health came from the United Nations' Millennium Declaration which created the

6660: 6398: 5884: 5707: 5481: 5140: 5120: 2819: 3984: 3567: 6541: 5170: 4107: 1465: 856: 816: 722:

Technologies have been designed for resource poor settings that have been effective in reducing maternal deaths as well. The

571: 339: 120: 114:

There are two main measures used when talking about the rates of maternal mortality in a community or country. These are the

4754: 309: 4882: 4857: 4839: 3176:"Listen to the Whispers before They Become Screams: Addressing Black Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in the United States" 3037:"Listen to the Whispers before They Become Screams: Addressing Black Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in the United States" 6743: 6265: 6233: 6131: 4167:"A woman dies every two minutes due to pregnancy or childbirth: UN agencies - PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization" 3309: 1374: 950: 335: 819:(STI) prevention and treatment. By addressing STIs, this not only reduces perinatal infections, but can also help reduce 58:

A mother dies and is taken by angels as her new child is taken away, a grave from 1863 in Striesener Friedhof in Dresden.

7097: 7027: 6810: 6655: 6210: 6126: 5464: 2134: 1833: 1064: 849: 6317: 2135:"WHO | Unsafe abortion: global and regional estimates of incidence of unsafe abortion and associated mortality in 2003" 6823: 5739: 5682: 5246: 4228: 2063:"Fertility regulation and reproductive health in the Millennium Development Goals: the search for a perfect indicator" 1001: 746:

Some maternal deaths can be prevented through medication use. Injectable oxytocin can be used to prevent death due to

4093:(OWID). Page has detailed definition of maternal mortality ratio. Also the various ways it is measured. Data source: 5008:

Drife, James Owen; Lewis, Gwyneth; Neilson, James P; Knight, Marian; Cooper, Griselda; Cantwell, Roch (2023-01-31).

6934: 6733: 6707: 6443: 6389: 6305: 6270: 6260: 5300: 5182: 5133: 436:, the travel distance to the nearest clinic to receive proper care, number of prior births, barriers to accessing 405: 96: 4243:"Maternal mortality: The urgency of a systemic and multisectoral approach in mitigating maternal deaths in Africa" 6971: 6961: 6879: 6779: 6063: 5933: 5891: 5752: 4955: 4111: 4094: 3478:

Shah, Monjri; Wright, Jason D. (April 2009). "Surgical intervention in the management of postpartum hemorrhage".

3235:"Contextualizing the experiences of Black pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: 'It's been a lonely ride'" 1063:

Significant progress has been made since the United Nations made the reduction of maternal mortality part of the

683: 432:

adversely affects maternal health which can lead to increases in maternal death. Additionally, lack of access to

92: 6497: 6275: 5799: 5615: 5582: 5474: 5077: 1172: 1102: 530: 236: 115: 4097:, "Global Health Observatory". Table tab has data. Click map tab, and then the download tab to get latest map. 3295:

Maternal death surveillance and response: technical guidance. Information for action to prevent maternal death

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Wang, Siwen; Rexrode, Kathryn M.; Florio, Andrea A.; Rich-Edwards, Janet W.; Chavarro, Jorge E. (2023-01-27).

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Countries and local governments have taken political steps in reducing maternal deaths. Researchers at the

654:

who have the skills to manage normal deliveries and recognize the onset of complications. Third, emergency

7017: 6991: 6769: 6589: 6584: 6556: 6533: 6433: 6141: 6009: 5999: 5864: 5587: 5520: 5495: 5431: 5305: 1611: 1182: 800: 584: 450: 380: 6341: 4959: 4567: 428:

Structural support and family support influences maternal outcomes. Furthermore, social disadvantage and

6981: 6976: 6428: 6121: 5923: 5727: 5402: 1451: 1222: 1202: 1152: 1026: 1018: 1014: 246: 202: 183:

The causes of maternal death vary by region and level of access. According to a study published in the

4655: 4263: 4086: 3095: 2269:

Bongaarts J, Westoff CF (September 2000). "The potential role of contraception in reducing abortion".

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reviewing all maternal health-related policies frequently to ensure that they are internally coherent;

6986: 6855: 6750: 6571: 6546: 6136: 6087: 5407: 5397: 5325: 5320: 5295: 5280: 5275: 4778: 1384: 1162: 1022: 727: 3331: 189:

which covered the period from 1990 to 2013, the most common causes of maternal death world-wide are

74: 7102: 7022: 6966: 6860: 6789: 6774: 6755: 6604: 6418: 5640: 5597: 5562: 5469: 5449: 5066: 4883:"Severe Maternal Morbidity Indicators and Corresponding ICD Codes during Delivery Hospitalizations" 1892: 1389: 747: 221: 190: 139: 7107: 6996: 6951: 6926: 6891: 6738: 6728: 6423: 6238: 5967: 5821: 5592: 5577: 4932: 4736: 4623: 4049:"Development assistance for health by health focus area (Global), 1990-2009, interactive treemap" 3922: 3773: 3621: 3407: 3131: 2753: 2720:

Thaddeus, Sereen; Maine, Deborah (1994-04-01). "Too far to walk: Maternal mortality in context".

2294: 2028: 1958: 1647: 1520: 1379: 605: 550:

Approaches to measuring maternal mortality include civil registration system, household surveys,

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Upadhyay, Priti; Liabsuetrakul, Tippawan; Shrestha, Amir Babu; Pradhan, Neelam (December 2014).

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Molina RL, Pace LE (November 2017). "A Renewed Focus on Maternal Health in the United States".

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Vilda, Dovile; Wallace, Maeve; Dyer, Lauren; Harville, Emily; Theall, Katherine (2019-12-01).

3822: 3765: 3670: 3613: 3549: 3495: 3442: 3399: 3299: 3274: 3256: 3215: 3197: 3123: 3115: 3076: 3058: 3017: 2928: 2796: 2788: 2745: 2737: 2659: 2608: 2590: 2549: 2487: 2439: 2401: 2383: 2335: 2286: 2251: 2193: 2092: 2010: 1992: 1950: 1942: 1874: 1815: 1797: 1699: 1639: 1631: 1512: 1354: 1090: 1076: 820: 796: 712: 671: 555: 384: 206: 143: 63: 3724: 2883:"The Sisterhood Method for Estimating Maternal Mortality: Guidance notes for potential users" 1537: 1495:

Atrash, H. K.; Rowley, D.; Hogue, C. J. (February 1992). "Maternal and perinatal mortality".

6784: 6723: 6455: 5620: 5387: 5382: 4916: 4806: 4773: 4720: 4607: 4539: 4523: 4376: 4360: 4319: 4303: 4138: 3906: 3869: 3853: 3812: 3804: 3757: 3660: 3652: 3605: 3539: 3487: 3391: 3264: 3246: 3205: 3187: 3107: 3066: 3048: 3007: 2999: 2920: 2780: 2729: 2649: 2639: 2598: 2580: 2541: 2477: 2431: 2391: 2375: 2325: 2278: 2241: 2231: 2183: 2082: 2074: 2000: 1934: 1866: 1805: 1787: 1689: 1681: 1623: 1504: 1364: 580: 429: 417: 252: 6939: 6906: 6695: 6680: 6460: 6116: 5972: 5836: 5794: 5655: 5630: 5554: 5444: 5426: 5372: 5256: 2882: 2848: 2692: 1544: 678:

be safe in order to effectively reduce the number of maternal deaths related to abortion.

433: 271: 154: 150: 4631: 4067:"Progress in maternal and child mortality by country, age, and year (Global), 1990-2011" 3926: 3269: 3234: 2823: 933:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

6944: 6840: 6700: 6689: 6629: 6507: 6159: 5986: 5962: 5906: 5784: 5779: 5769: 5757: 5635: 5419: 5290: 5236: 4858:"Severe Maternal Morbidity in the United States | Pregnancy | Reproductive Health |CDC" 4679: 4544: 4381: 4348: 4324: 4291: 4143: 4126: 4031:"Delivering maternal health: why is Rwanda doing better than Malawi, Niger and Uganda?" 3874: 3841: 3817: 3792: 3700:

Strategies to reduce pregnancy-related deaths: from identification and review to action

3665: 3640: 3210: 3175: 3071: 3036: 3012: 2987: 2685:"WHO | Applying the lessons of maternal mortality reduction to global emergency health" 2654: 2627: 2603: 2568: 2515: 2396: 2363: 2330: 2313: 2246: 2219: 2188: 2171: 2087: 2062: 2005: 1980: 1810: 1775: 1724: 1694: 1669: 1093:

in maternal health outcomes which increases maternal mortality in marginalized groups.

466: 331: 298: 5157: 5071: 4611: 4527: 3656: 3111: 2924: 2784: 2628:"Social determinants of maternal self-rated health in South Western Sydney, Australia" 1923:"The Comparative Safety of Legal Induced Abortion and Childbirth in the United States" 1870: 1685: 7076: 6916: 6886: 6619: 6502: 6197: 6111: 6072: 6048: 5957: 5841: 5774: 5645: 5549: 5510: 5367: 5202: 3777: 3135: 2733: 2282: 1508: 812: 792: 783: 759: 716: 650:. Second, skilled birth attendance with emergency backup such as doctors, nurses and 643: 642:, there are four essential elements for prevention of maternal death. These include, 614: 437: 343: 240: 91:

is defined in slightly different ways by several different health organizations. The

4936: 4740: 3808: 3411: 3356: 3174:

Njoku, Anuli; Evans, Marian; Nimo-Sefah, Lillian; Bailey, Jonell (3 February 2023).

2757: 2298: 1962: 1651: 1524: 6911: 6845: 6026: 6021: 5762: 5662: 5607: 5335: 5214: 5209: 4627: 3976: 3842:"Income inequality and racial disparities in pregnancy-related mortality in the US" 3625: 3575: 1282: 775: 667: 413: 401: 4695:"Levels and trends in the use of maternal health services in developing countries" 4364: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3491: 3465:

WHO Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment of Maternal Peripartum Infections

3096:"Maternal Mortality in the United States: Trends and Opportunities for Prevention" 3003: 5106: 5082: 4920: 4307: 3609: 1938: 6850: 6599: 6551: 6484: 6465: 6450: 6016: 5952: 5789: 5732: 5672: 5667: 5505: 5454: 5315: 5125: 4694: 4511: 3857: 3460: 1232: 1212: 1009: 980:(14% or 40,000) accounted for roughly one third of the maternal deaths in 2010. 754:

can also be prevented through the use of medications such as magnesium sulfate.

4811: 4794: 3251: 3192: 3053: 3035:

Njoku, Anuli; Evans, Marian; Nimo-Sefah, Lillian; Bailey, Jonell (2023-02-03).

2545: 2482: 2465: 885:

any local solutions to problems discovered should be promoted, not discouraged.

17: 6470: 6377: 6168:

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

5414: 5354: 5285: 5101: 4793:

Clark SL, Belfort MA, Dildy GA, Herbst MA, Meyers JA, Hankins GD (July 2008).

4724: 3395: 2236: 1627: 1123: 1005: 659: 588: 486: 409: 185: 68: 4755:"Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births) | Data" 4535: 4372: 4315: 4005: 3918: 3910: 3865: 3544: 3527: 3260: 3201: 3119: 3062: 2792: 2741: 2594: 2387: 2379: 2078: 1996: 1946: 1801: 1635: 6514: 6373: 5804: 5677: 5537: 5527: 5362: 5340: 5267: 3761: 3748:

Lu MC (September 2018). "Reducing Maternal Mortality in the United States".

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Akhter S, Begum MR, Kabir Z, Rashid M, Laila TR, Zabeen F (September 2003).

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collection of information for monitoring maternal health around the world.

2932: 2800: 2749: 1878: 1792: 1516: 6408: 6187: 6004: 5918: 5896: 5816: 5717: 5625: 5532: 5459: 5377: 5197: 3793:"The effects of women's education on maternal health: Evidence from Peru" 2435: 997: 985: 651: 512:

to afford health care, and women needing permission from family members.

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The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a global goal to end

977: 898: 731: 708: 368: 3942:"Why America's Black Mothers and Babies Are in a Life-or-Death Crisis" 2986:

Small, Maria J.; Allen, Terrence K.; Brown, Haywood L. (August 2017).

2362:

Nair, Manisha; Nelson-Piercy, Catherine; Knight, Marian (March 2017).

859:

studied maternal health systems in four apparently similar countries:

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Khan KS, Wojdyla D, Say L, Gülmezoglu AM, Van Look PF (April 2006).

2220:"Measuring abortion-related mortality: challenges and opportunities" 440:

medical care and poor infrastructure all increase maternal deaths.

6676: 6647: 6480: 5241: 5192: 1302: 1292: 1272: 1142: 1132: 989: 973: 949: 868: 769: 647: 639: 4292:"Reducing Disparities in Severe Maternal Morbidity and Mortality" 1668:

GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators (January 2015).

5911: 5121:

The World Health Report 2005 – Make Every Mother and Child Count

1122:

Maternal Mortality Ratio (2017) by Country All data is from the

894: 707:

The decline in maternal deaths has been due largely to improved

6345: 5129: 4593:"WHO analysis of causes of maternal death: a systematic review" 5722: 913: 890: 778:

launched free healthcare for pregnant and breastfeeding women.

396: 330:

The prevention and reduction of maternity death is one of the

4051:. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Archived from 2218:

Gerdts C, Tunçalp O, Johnston H, Ganatra B (September 2015).

882:

enforcing standards on providers of maternal health services;

738:

have also been effective in stopping post-partum hemorrhage.

658:

care to address the major causes of maternal death which are

6615:

Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)

3697:

Berg C, Danel I, Atrash H, Zane S, Bartlett L, eds. (2001).

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World Health Organization and partner organizations (2013).

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Eiland, Elosha; Nzerue, Chike; Faulkner, Marquetta (2012).

3639:

GBD 2015 Maternal Mortality Collaborators (October 2016).

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Raymond, Elizabeth G.; Grimes, David A. (February 2012).

762:) can be placed if there is concern for excess bleeding. 6173:

Declaration on the elimination of violence against women

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Maternal Care Access and Reducing Emergencies (CARE) Act

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Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium

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Ozimek, John A.; Kilpatrick, Sarah J. (2018-06-01).

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Infographic - History of Maternal Mortality in India

7005: 6925: 6809: 6673: 6646: 6628: 6570: 6532: 6523: 6479: 6397: 6388: 6252: 6196: 6158: 6149: 6098: 5943: 5932: 5863: 5854: 5706: 5697: 5606: 5548: 5494: 5353: 5266: 5255: 5181: 5168: 5092: 5036: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 1538:

Maternal Mortality Ratio vs Maternal Mortality Rate

1360:

Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths in the UK

902:reducing maternal mortality rates internationally. 109:

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

62: 40: 35: 4033:(Briefing Paper). Overseas Development Institute. 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 6957:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder 4285: 4283: 2172:"Unsafe abortion: unnecessary maternal mortality" 954:Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births. 4991:Maternal Mortality - Lessons Learnt from Autopsy 4840:"Severe Maternal Morbidity in the United States" 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 1612:"Maternal Mortality in the Twenty-First Century" 711:, better fluid management and quicker access to 617:. As a senator, in 2019 Harris reintroduced the 507:Delay in receiving adequate and appropriate care 1916: 1914: 1912: 453:(15.2%.), non-cardiovascular diseases (14.7%), 5010:Why Mothers Died and How their Lives are Saved 2417: 2415: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2165: 2163: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1497:Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology 318:from laypeople and not medical professionals. 6357: 5141: 4989:Jashnani, Kusum D., ed. 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World Health Organization. 2015. 2331:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010206 444:Causes of maternal death in the US 25: 6868:Pain management during childbirth 6795:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome 6183:Commission on the Status of Women 5193:External female genitalia (vulva) 4713:Maternal and Child Health Journal 4290:Howell, Elizabeth A (June 2018). 4037:from the original on Jun 3, 2023. 3112:10.1146/annurev-med-042921-123851 2067:American Journal of Public Health 1616:Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics 193:(15%), complications from unsafe 7054: 7053: 7040:Sexual activity during pregnancy 6323: 6311: 6300: 6299: 5516:Assisted reproductive technology 5156: 2318:American Journal of Epidemiology 2283:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2000.00193.x 1585:. United Nations Population Fund 1509:10.1097/00001703-199202000-00009 1466:"Pregnancy-Related Deaths | CDC" 982:Democratic Republic of the Congo 918: 795:factors, public transportation, 724:non-pneumatic anti-shock garment 5482:Breastfeeding and mental health 3987:from the original on 2018-11-25 3977:"Sustainable Development Goals" 3809:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.004 3532:Indian Journal of Public Health 149:As women have gained access to 6542:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy 5012:. Cambridge University Press. 4572:United Nations Population Fund 857:Overseas Development Institute 817:sexually transmitted infection 572:United Nations Population Fund 121:United Nations Population Fund 1: 6744:Prelabor rupture of membranes 6132:Social determinants of health 4612:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68397-9 4528:10.1016/s2214-109x(21)00079-6 4365:10.1053/j.semperi.2017.04.009 3797:Social Science & Medicine 3657:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31470-2 3492:10.1053/j.semperi.2008.12.006 3004:10.1053/j.semperi.2017.04.009 2925:10.1016/S0022-3476(97)80070-4 2785:10.1016/S0277-9536(97)10018-1 2773:Social Science & Medicine 2722:Social Science & Medicine 1871:10.1016/S0306-3356(21)00535-5 1686:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 1375:Maternal mortality in fiction 336:Sustainable Development Goals 7023:Systemic lupus erythematosus 6674:Maternal care related to the 6656:Gestational thrombocytopenia 6127:Gender disparities in health 5465:Mother-to-child transmission 4921:10.1097/aog.0b013e3182a06f4e 4308:10.1097/GRF.0000000000000349 4114:. November 2015. p. 16. 3610:10.1097/grf.0000000000000361 2734:10.1016/0277-9536(94)90226-7 2518:. World Health Organisation. 2111:"Preventing unsafe abortion" 1939:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31823fe923 1065:Millennium Development Goals 850:Millennium Development Goals 6824:Cephalopelvic disproportion 5740:Pelvic inflammatory disease 5683:Hormone replacement therapy 5247:Reproductive system disease 3949:The New York Times Magazine 3858:10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100477 2892:. World Health Organization 2170:Haddad LB, Nour NM (2009). 1927:Obstetrics & Gynecology 1002:United Republic of Tanzania 613:interviewed Vice President 282:Obstetrics & Gynecology 209:(6%). Other causes include 7124: 6935:Breastfeeding difficulties 6734:Constriction ring syndrome 6708:Braxton Hicks contractions 6234:Black Women's Health Study 5301:Complications of pregnancy 4812:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.03.007 3336:Maternal Health Task Force 3252:10.1186/s12978-023-01670-4 3193:10.3390/healthcare11030438 3054:10.3390/healthcare11030438 2546:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.10.593 2483:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.07.050 2271:Studies in Family Planning 1979:Berer, Marge (June 2017). 1100: 1084:Variation within countries 966: 406:operative vaginal delivery 269: 135:indirect obstetric deaths. 7048: 6972:Peripartum cardiomyopathy 6962:Pubic symphysis diastasis 6295: 6211:Women's Health Initiative 6064:Major depressive disorder 5892:Intimate partner violence 5753:Female genital mutilation 5748: 5440: 4956:World Health Organization 4909:Obstetrics and Gynecology 4112:World Health Organization 4095:World Health Organization 3396:10.1080/17441690601012536 3100:Annual Review of Medicine 2913:The Journal of Pediatrics 2496:Cited in CDC 2017 report. 2237:10.1186/s12978-015-0064-1 1729:World Health Organization 1628:10.1016/j.ogc.2018.01.004 1327:Severe maternal morbidity 927:This section needs to be 684:World Health Organization 475:cerebrovascular accidents 351:Indirect obstetric deaths 217:Descriptions by condition 93:World Health Organization 57: 48: 7088:Medical aspects of death 6498:Gestational hypertension 5800:Gynaecological disorders 5616:Culture and menstruation 5583:Contraceptive prevalence 5475:Compulsory sterilization 4516:The Lancet Global Health 4353:Seminars in Perinatology 4087:Maternal mortality ratio 3927:10.1525/sp.2012.59.2.207 3911:10.1525/sp.2012.59.2.207 3545:10.4103/0019-557x.104231 3480:Seminars in Perinatology 2992:Seminars in Perinatology 2380:10.1177/1753495X16689444 2079:10.2105/AJPH.2005.068056 1454:. CDC. 25 November 2020. 1103:Maternal mortality ratio 531:maternal mortality ratio 367:Indirect causes include 237:gestational hypertension 116:maternal mortality ratio 6897:Umbilical cord prolapse 6819:Amniotic fluid embolism 6577:dermatoses of pregnancy 6083:Urinary tract infection 5875:Abuse during childbirth 4725:10.1023/A:1022537516969 3846:SSM - Population Health 3791:Weitzman A (May 2017). 3762:10.1001/jama.2018.11652 2586:10.1186/1742-4755-11-92 1985:Health and Human Rights 801:substance use disorders 611:Christine Michel Carter 577:Human Development Index 483:amniotic fluid embolism 451:cardiovascular diseases 171:Direct obstetric deaths 129:direct obstetric deaths 7013:Concomitant conditions 6992:Postpartum thyroiditis 6770:Circumvallate placenta 6590:Impetigo herpetiformis 6585:Gestational pemphigoid 6557:Hyperemesis gravidarum 6490:hypertensive disorders 6000:Cardiovascular disease 5588:Contraceptive security 5521:In vitro fertilization 5432:Postpartum confinement 5306:Hyperemesis gravidarum 2645:10.1186/1756-0500-7-51 955: 779: 627: 585:obstetrical hemorrhage 570:According to the 2010 504:Delay in reaching care 489:complications (0.3%). 381:cardiovascular disease 314: 6982:Postpartum infections 6977:Postpartum depression 6122:Healthcare inequality 5924:Gender discrimination 5728:Human papilloma virus 5403:Vesicovaginal fistula 4680:"WHO Maternal Health" 2029:"Legality and Safety" 1933:(2 Part 1): 215–219. 1071:Prevention strategies 1059:Progression of policy 963:Prevalence by country 953: 773: 623: 601:Black maternal health 501:Delay in seeking care 312: 247:Postpartum infections 203:postpartum infections 6987:Postpartum psychosis 6856:Obstetrical bleeding 6751:Obstetrical bleeding 6572:Integumentary system 6547:Gestational diabetes 6526:related to pregnancy 6524:Other, predominantly 6229:Nurses' Health Study 6137:Reproductive justice 6088:Urinary incontinence 5708:Sexually transmitted 5563:Intrauterine devices 5408:Rectovaginal fistula 5398:Obstetrical fistulae 5326:Gestational diabetes 5321:Obstetrical bleeding 5296:Adolescent pregnancy 5281:Gravidity and parity 5276:Unintended pregnancy 4656:"Maternal mortality" 4264:"Maternal mortality" 4231:on October 30, 2011. 3651:(10053): 1775–1812. 3384:Global Public Health 2826:on October 14, 2013. 2516:"Maternal mortality" 2436:10.1056/NEJMp1709473 2033:Guttmacher Institute 1780:Journal of Pregnancy 1385:Obstetric transition 976:(19% or 56,000) and 728:obstetric hemorrhage 703:Medical technologies 422:developing countries 395:According to a 2004 7098:Medical terminology 6967:Postpartum bleeding 6790:Placental abruption 6775:Monochorionic twins 6605:Prurigo gestationis 6142:Women's empowerment 6010:Alzheimer's disease 5641:Cloth menstrual pad 5598:Fertility awareness 5568:Oral contraceptives 5450:Perinatal mortality 4799:Am J Obstet Gynecol 4606:(9516): 1066–1074. 3312:on October 13, 2014 3239:Reproductive Health 2573:Reproductive Health 2224:Reproductive Health 1793:10.1155/2012/586578 1776:"Preeclampsia 2012" 1390:Perinatal mortality 748:postpartum bleeding 666:, unsafe abortion, 222:Postpartum bleeding 191:postpartum bleeding 6997:Puerperal mastitis 6952:Breast engorgement 6739:Monoamniotic twins 6729:Chorionic hematoma 6239:Cartwright Inquiry 6150:Politics, research 5968:Endometrial cancer 5822:Sexual intercourse 5593:Planned parenthood 5578:Male contraceptive 5093:External resources 4225:The World Factbook 4173:. 23 February 2023 3572:reviewtoaction.org 3568:"Review to Action" 2632:BMC Research Notes 2368:Obstetric Medicine 1543:2017-02-02 at the 1380:Maternal near miss 956: 780: 713:blood transfusions 709:aseptic techniques 493:Three delays model 471:pulmonary embolism 315: 89:maternal mortality 44:Maternal mortality 7070: 7069: 7028:Thyroid disorders 7018:Diabetes mellitus 6902:Uterine inversion 6834:Shoulder dystocia 6829:Obstructed labour 6805: 6804: 6669: 6668: 6638:Chorea gravidarum 6414:Ectopic pregnancy 6339: 6338: 6219: 6218: 6044: 6043: 5995: 5994: 5978:Papanicolaou test 5934:Non-communicable 5902:Sexual harassment 5880:Domestic violence 5850: 5849: 5693: 5692: 5490: 5489: 5393:Retained placenta 5311:Ectopic pregnancy 5116: 5115: 5019:978-1-009-21880-1 4974:978-92-4-150722-6 4091:Our World in Data 3756:(12): 1237–1238. 3305:978-92-4-150608-3 2962:. 19 January 2019 2851:on August 5, 2011 2430:(18): 1705–1707. 1583:"Maternal health" 1311: 1310: 1127: 1077:preventable death 948: 947: 821:ectopic pregnancy 797:chronic illnesses 556:sisterhood method 385:cesarean delivery 82: 81: 30:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 7115: 7057: 7056: 6892:Postmature birth 6880:Placenta accreta 6785:Placenta praevia 6780:Placenta accreta 6724:Chorioamnionitis 6534:Digestive system 6530: 6456:Fetal resorption 6444:Rudimentary horn 6401:abortive outcome 6395: 6366: 6359: 6352: 6343: 6327: 6326: 6315: 6314: 6303: 6302: 6156: 5941: 5861: 5855:Non-reproductive 5704: 5621:Feminine hygiene 5388:Cesarian section 5383:Obstructed labor 5264: 5179: 5160: 5150: 5143: 5136: 5127: 5034: 5023: 5004: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4966: 4941: 4940: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4894: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4869: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4836: 4825: 4824: 4814: 4790: 4784: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4636: 4630:. Archived from 4597: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4578: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4547: 4522:(6): e759–e772. 4506: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4384: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4327: 4287: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4274: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4247: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4207: 4198:. Archived from 4188: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4178: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4146: 4125:Nour NM (2008). 4122: 4116: 4115: 4104: 4098: 4084: 4075: 4074: 4069:. Archived from 4063: 4057: 4056: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3992: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3957: 3951:. Archived from 3946: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3877: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3820: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3735: 3729: 3722: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3694: 3679: 3678: 3668: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3583: 3574:. Archived from 3564: 3558: 3557: 3547: 3523: 3504: 3503: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3432: 3423: 3417: 3415: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3343: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3308:. Archived from 3289: 3283: 3282: 3272: 3254: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3213: 3195: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3161: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3074: 3056: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3015: 2983: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2887: 2879: 2873: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2856: 2847:. Archived from 2837: 2828: 2827: 2816: 2805: 2804: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2728:(8): 1091–1110. 2717: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2700: 2691:. Archived from 2681: 2668: 2667: 2657: 2647: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2606: 2588: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2529: 2520: 2519: 2512: 2497: 2495: 2485: 2461: 2448: 2447: 2419: 2410: 2409: 2399: 2359: 2353: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2333: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2249: 2239: 2215: 2202: 2201: 2191: 2167: 2158: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2145: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2121: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2090: 2058: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2039: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2008: 1976: 1967: 1966: 1918: 1907: 1906: 1904: 1903: 1897:Cleveland Clinic 1889: 1883: 1882: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1845: 1844: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1813: 1795: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1762: 1761: 1755:www.uptodate.com 1747: 1741: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1721: 1708: 1707: 1697: 1680:(9963): 117–71. 1665: 1656: 1655: 1607: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1590: 1579: 1548: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1492: 1481: 1480: 1478: 1477: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1448: 1439: 1438: 1436: 1435: 1421: 1365:Infant mortality 1121: 1115: 1050:COVID-19 effects 943: 940: 934: 922: 921: 914: 734:used as uterine 672:obstructed labor 581:infant mortality 430:social isolation 418:preterm delivery 253:Obstructed labor 207:obstructed labor 144:obstructed labor 78: 77: 53: 33: 21: 7123: 7122: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7113: 7112: 7073: 7072: 7071: 7066: 7044: 7001: 6945:Cracked nipples 6940:Low milk supply 6921: 6907:Uterine rupture 6801: 6696:Oligohydramnios 6681:amniotic cavity 6675: 6665: 6642: 6624: 6575: 6566: 6525: 6519: 6488: 6475: 6461:Molar pregnancy 6400: 6384: 6370: 6340: 6335: 6291: 6276:Family planning 6254: 6248: 6215: 6192: 6151: 6145: 6117:Gender equality 6100: 6094: 6040: 5991: 5973:Cervical cancer 5935: 5928: 5866: 5856: 5846: 5837:Sex differences 5795:Forced marriage 5744: 5709: 5699: 5689: 5631:Menstrual cycle 5602: 5555:Family planning 5553: 5544: 5497: 5486: 5445:Maternal deaths 5436: 5427:Postpartum care 5373:Multiple births 5349: 5258: 5251: 5184: 5175: 5172: 5164: 5154: 5117: 5112: 5111: 5088: 5087: 5045: 5031: 5026: 5020: 5007: 5001: 4988: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4964: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4944: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4892: 4890: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4867: 4865: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4838: 4837: 4828: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4772: 4768: 4759: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4748: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4697: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4664: 4662: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4595: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4576: 4574: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4508: 4507: 4498: 4489: 4487: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4464: 4462: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4439: 4437: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4414: 4412: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4289: 4288: 4281: 4272: 4270: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4245: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4205: 4203: 4202:on May 23, 2017 4190: 4189: 4185: 4176: 4174: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4085: 4078: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4014: 4012: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3990: 3988: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3944: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3899:Social Problems 3896: 3895: 3891: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3720: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3696: 3695: 3682: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3581: 3579: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3525: 3524: 3507: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3430: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3365: 3363: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3341: 3339: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3315: 3313: 3306: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3159: 3157: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3034: 3033: 3029: 2985: 2984: 2975: 2965: 2963: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2895: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2863: 2854: 2852: 2839: 2838: 2831: 2818: 2817: 2808: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2719: 2718: 2707: 2698: 2696: 2695:on June 6, 2015 2683: 2682: 2671: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2531: 2530: 2523: 2514: 2513: 2500: 2463: 2462: 2451: 2421: 2420: 2413: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2217: 2216: 2205: 2169: 2168: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2143: 2141: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2119: 2117: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2060: 2059: 2046: 2037: 2035: 2027: 2026: 2022: 1978: 1977: 1970: 1920: 1919: 1910: 1901: 1899: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1842: 1840: 1838:Sepsis Alliance 1832: 1831: 1827: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1759: 1757: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1734: 1732: 1723: 1722: 1711: 1667: 1666: 1659: 1609: 1608: 1597: 1588: 1586: 1581: 1580: 1551: 1545:Wayback Machine 1536: 1532: 1494: 1493: 1484: 1475: 1473: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1450: 1449: 1442: 1433: 1431: 1423: 1422: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1350: 1329: 1324: 1109: 1099: 1086: 1073: 1061: 1052: 1039: 971: 965: 944: 938: 935: 932: 923: 919: 912: 846: 768: 744: 705: 692: 636: 589:thromboembolism 564: 527: 495: 446: 393: 353: 338:, specifically 328: 307: 274: 272:Unsafe abortion 268: 266:Unsafe abortion 219: 178: 173: 168: 155:birth attendant 151:family planning 140:severe bleeding 72: 31: 28: 23: 22: 18:Maternal deaths 15: 12: 11: 5: 7121: 7119: 7111: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7083:Maternal death 7075: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7064: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7042: 7037: 7035:Maternal death 7032: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7009: 7007: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6931: 6929: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6883: 6882: 6870: 6865: 6864: 6863: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6841:Fetal distress 6838: 6837: 6836: 6826: 6821: 6815: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6798: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6710: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6701:Polyhydramnios 6698: 6690:amniotic fluid 6685: 6683: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6663: 6658: 6652: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6634: 6632: 6630:Nervous system 6626: 6625: 6623: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6581: 6579: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6538: 6536: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6508:HELLP syndrome 6500: 6494: 6492: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6411: 6405: 6403: 6399:Pregnancy with 6392: 6386: 6385: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6346: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6321: 6309: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6279: 6278: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6256: 6253:Women's health 6250: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6213: 6208: 6202: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6164: 6162: 6160:United Nations 6153: 6152:& advocacy 6147: 6146: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6102: 6099:Sociocultural 6096: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6056: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6033: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6002: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5987:Ovarian cancer 5984: 5983: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5970: 5963:Uterine cancer 5960: 5955: 5949: 5947: 5938: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5907:Sexual assault 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5877: 5871: 5869: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5785:Child marriage 5782: 5780:Breast ironing 5777: 5772: 5770:Breast binding 5767: 5766: 5765: 5760: 5758:Clitoridectomy 5749: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5725: 5720: 5714: 5712: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5636:Menstrual aids 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5612: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5559: 5557: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5502: 5500: 5492: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5420:Husband stitch 5412: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5359: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5338: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5298: 5293: 5291:Antenatal care 5288: 5283: 5278: 5272: 5270: 5261: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5237:Fallopian tube 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5189: 5187: 5183:Reproductive 5176: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5162:Women's health 5155: 5153: 5152: 5145: 5138: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5114: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5107:Maternal death 5097: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5074: 5059: 5046: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5037:Classification 5030: 5029:External links 5027: 5025: 5024: 5018: 5005: 4999: 4986: 4973: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4899: 4874: 4849: 4826: 4785: 4766: 4746: 4703: 4685: 4671: 4647: 4583: 4559: 4496: 4471: 4446: 4421: 4396: 4359:(5): 318–322. 4339: 4302:(2): 387–399. 4279: 4255: 4234: 4212: 4183: 4158: 4117: 4099: 4076: 4073:on 2014-03-17. 4058: 4055:on 2014-03-17. 4040: 4021: 3997: 3968: 3932: 3905:(2): 207–227. 3889: 3832: 3783: 3740: 3709: 3680: 3631: 3604:(2): 319–331. 3588: 3559: 3538:(3): 196–203. 3505: 3486:(2): 109–115. 3470: 3452: 3418: 3373: 3348: 3323: 3304: 3284: 3225: 3166: 3141: 3106:(1): 199–216. 3086: 3027: 2998:(5): 318–322. 2973: 2947: 2938: 2903: 2874: 2861: 2829: 2806: 2779:(8): 981–993. 2763: 2705: 2669: 2618: 2559: 2521: 2498: 2449: 2411: 2354: 2345: 2304: 2277:(3): 193–202. 2261: 2203: 2159: 2150: 2126: 2102: 2044: 2020: 1968: 1908: 1884: 1865:(3): 625–640. 1849: 1825: 1766: 1742: 1709: 1657: 1622:(2): 175–186. 1595: 1549: 1530: 1482: 1457: 1440: 1406: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1139: 1138: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1119: 1098: 1095: 1085: 1082: 1072: 1069: 1060: 1057: 1051: 1048: 1038: 1035: 964: 961: 946: 945: 939:September 2019 926: 924: 917: 911: 908: 887: 886: 883: 880: 845: 842: 774:In April 2010 767: 764: 743: 740: 704: 701: 691: 688: 670:disorders and 635: 632: 563: 560: 526: 523: 509: 508: 505: 502: 494: 491: 467:cardiomyopathy 445: 442: 392: 389: 352: 349: 332:United Nations 327: 324: 306: 303: 299:genital trauma 270:Main article: 267: 264: 218: 215: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 85:Maternal death 80: 79: 66: 60: 59: 55: 54: 46: 45: 42: 38: 37: 36:Maternal death 29: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7120: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7063: 7062: 7058: 7051: 7050: 7047: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7004: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6936: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6924: 6918: 6917:Uterine atony 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6887:Preterm birth 6885: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6875: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6808: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6678: 6672: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6627: 6621: 6620:Stretch marks 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6573: 6569: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6522: 6516: 6513: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6503:Pre-eclampsia 6501: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6372:Pathology of 6367: 6362: 6360: 6355: 6353: 6348: 6347: 6344: 6332: 6331: 6322: 6320: 6319: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6298: 6297: 6294: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6198:United States 6195: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6157: 6154: 6148: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6112:Disadvantaged 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6097: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6073:Urinary tract 6071: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6049:Mental health 6047: 6046: 6037: 6034: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5988: 5985: 5979: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5958:Breast cancer 5956: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5867:against women 5862: 5859: 5853: 5843: 5842:Sex education 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5775:Breast health 5773: 5771: 5768: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5747: 5741: 5738: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5705: 5702: 5696: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5646:Menstrual cup 5644: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5551: 5550:Contraception 5547: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5511:Childlessness 5509: 5508: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5496:Reproductive 5493: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5470:Sterilization 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5368:Preterm birth 5366: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5204: 5203:Clitoral hood 5201: 5200: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5171:Reproductive 5167: 5163: 5159: 5151: 5146: 5144: 5139: 5137: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5108: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5095: 5091: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5047: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5028: 5021: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5002: 5000:9789811934209 4996: 4992: 4987: 4976: 4970: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4915:(3): 627–33. 4914: 4910: 4903: 4900: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4875: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4850: 4846:. 2017-11-27. 4845: 4841: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4786: 4782: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4767: 4756: 4750: 4747: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4707: 4704: 4696: 4689: 4686: 4681: 4675: 4672: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4648: 4637:on 2017-10-31 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4584: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4460: 4456: 4450: 4447: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4422: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4256: 4251: 4244: 4238: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4213: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4184: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4121: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4022: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3969: 3958:on 2021-07-01 3954: 3950: 3943: 3936: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3741: 3730:on 2021-06-11 3726: 3719: 3713: 3710: 3702: 3701: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3592: 3589: 3578:on 2018-11-21 3577: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3422: 3419: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3390:(2): 110–24. 3389: 3385: 3377: 3374: 3362: 3358: 3352: 3349: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3288: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3229: 3226: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3170: 3167: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3090: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3031: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2961: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2904: 2891: 2884: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2767: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2476:(3): B17–22. 2475: 2471: 2467: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2358: 2355: 2349: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2308: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2265: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2151: 2140: 2136: 2130: 2127: 2116: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2034: 2030: 2024: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1898: 1894: 1888: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1853: 1850: 1839: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1770: 1767: 1756: 1752: 1746: 1743: 1730: 1726: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1584: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1534: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1471: 1467: 1461: 1458: 1453: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1430: 1426: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1401: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1326: 1322:Related terms 1321: 1319: 1315: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1070: 1068: 1066: 1058: 1056: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 970: 962: 960: 952: 942: 930: 925: 916: 915: 909: 907: 903: 900: 896: 892: 884: 881: 878: 877: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 853: 851: 843: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 822: 818: 814: 813:sex education 808: 804: 802: 798: 794: 793:mental health 788: 785: 784:public health 777: 772: 766:Public health 765: 763: 761: 760:Bakri Balloon 755: 753: 749: 741: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 720: 718: 717:prenatal care 715:, and better 714: 710: 702: 700: 696: 690:Prenatal care 689: 687: 685: 679: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 644:prenatal care 641: 638:According to 633: 631: 626: 622: 620: 616: 615:Kamala Harris 612: 608: 607: 603:advocate and 602: 596: 592: 590: 586: 582: 578: 573: 568: 561: 559: 557: 553: 548: 545: 541: 538: 534: 532: 524: 522: 519: 516: 513: 506: 503: 500: 499: 498: 492: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 443: 441: 439: 435: 431: 426: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 398: 390: 388: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 365: 363: 359: 350: 348: 345: 344:contraceptive 341: 337: 333: 325: 323: 319: 311: 304: 302: 300: 294: 291: 286: 283: 279: 273: 265: 263: 261: 257: 254: 250: 248: 244: 242: 241:pre-eclampsia 238: 234: 230: 226: 223: 216: 214: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 187: 181: 175: 170: 165: 163: 159: 156: 152: 147: 145: 141: 137: 136: 131: 130: 124: 122: 117: 112: 110: 106: 102: 98: 97:complications 94: 90: 86: 76: 70: 67: 65: 61: 56: 52: 47: 43: 39: 34: 19: 7059: 7052: 7034: 6912:Vasa praevia 6872: 6846:Locked twins 6762: 6712: 6688: 6434:Interstitial 6328: 6316: 6304: 6027:Hip fracture 6022:Osteoporosis 5763:Infibulation 5663:Dysmenorrhea 5656:Sanitary pad 5608:Menstruation 5336:Preeclampsia 5331:Hypertension 5215:Labia majora 5210:Labia minora 5100: 5076: 5061: 5049: 5009: 4993:. 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