Complications of pregnancy - Knowledge (XXG)

219:. It is estimated to affect 0.3–3.6% of pregnant women and is the greatest contributor to hospitalizations under 20 weeks of gestation. Most often, nausea and vomiting symptoms during pregnancy resolve in the first trimester, however, some continue to experience symptoms. Hyperemesis gravidarum is diagnosed by the following criteria: greater than 3 vomiting episodes per day, ketonuria, and weight loss of more than 3 kg or 5% of body weight. There are several non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors that predispose women to development of this condition such as female fetus, psychiatric illness history, high or low BMI pre-pregnancy, young age, African American or Asian ethnicity, type I diabetes, multiple pregnancies, and history of pregnancy affected by hyperemesis gravidarum. There are currently no known mechanisms for the cause of this condition. This complication can cause nutritional deficiency, low pregnancy weight gain, dehydration, and vitamin, electrolyte, and acid-based disturbances in the mother. It has been shown to cause low birth weight, small gestational age, preterm birth, and poor APGAR scores in the infant. Treatments for this condition focus on preventing harm to the fetus while improving symptoms and commonly include fluid replacement and consumption of small, frequent, bland meals. First-line treatments include ginger and acupuncture. Second-line treatments include vitamin B 566:) is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid by causing low thyroid hormone levels. Symptoms of hypothyroidism can include low energy, cold intolerance, muscle cramps, constipation, and memory and concentration problems. It is diagnosed by the presence of elevated levels of thyroid stimulation hormone or TSH. Patients with elevated TSH and decreased levels of free thyroxine or T4 are considered to have overt hypothyroidism. While those with elevated TSH and normal levels of free T4 are considered to have subclinical hypothyroidism. Risk factors for developing hypothyroidism during pregnancy include iodine deficiency, history of thyroid disease, visible goiter, hypothyroidism symptoms, family history of thyroid disease, history of type 1 diabetes or autoimmune conditions, and history of infertility or fetal loss. Various hormones during pregnancy affect the thyroid and increase thyroid hormone demand. For example, during pregnancy, there is increased urinary iodine excretion as well as increased thyroxine binding globulin and thyroid hormone degradation which all increase thyroid hormone demands. This condition can have a profound effect during pregnancy on the mother and fetus. The infant may be seriously affected and have a variety of birth defects. Complications in the mother and fetus can include pre-eclampsia, anemia, miscarriage, low birth weight, still birth, 29: 200:. The elevated demand is a result of increased maternal calorie intake and weight gain, and increased production of prolactin and growth hormone. Gestational diabetes increases risk for further maternal and fetal complications such as development of pre-eclampsia, need for cesarean delivery, preterm delivery, polyhydramnios, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, fetal hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and admission into the neonatal intensive care unit. The increased risk is correlated with the how well the gestational diabetes is controlled during pregnancy with poor control associated with worsened outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach is used to treat gestational diabetes and involves monitoring of blood-glucose levels, nutritional and dietary modifications, lifestyle changes such as increasing physical activity, maternal 247:

pregnancy: 25% report serious pain and 8% are severely disabled. Risk factors for complication development include multiparity, increased BMI, physically strenuous work, smoking, distress, history of back and pelvic trauma, and previous history of pelvic and lower back pain. This syndrome results from a growing uterus during pregnancy that causes increased stress on the lumbar and pelvic regions of the mother, thereby, resulting in postural changes and reduced lumbopelvic muscle strength leading to pelvic instability and pain. It is unclear whether specific hormones in pregnancy are associated with complication development. PGP can result in poor quality of life, predisposition to chronic pain syndrome, extended leave from work, and

355:, is a major risk factor for postpartum morbidity and mortality, especially in highly developed countries. A combination of pregnancy-exacerbated hypercoagulability and additional risk factors such as obesity and thrombophilias makes pregnant women vulnerable to thrombotic events T.he prophylactic measures that include the usage of low molecular weight heparin, in fact, can significantly reduce risks associated with surgery, particularly in high-risk patients. Awareness among healthcare givers and prompt response in early identification and management of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the postpartum period are both crucial for prompt response 757:. Identifying risk factors beforehand in order to take steps and make quick reactions to minimize the likelihood of unfavorable outcomes for the mother or the fetus is essential. The therapy techniques of placental rupture are based on the fetal gestation age and the status of both the mother and the baby. Instant delivery should be medically warranted for full-term babies (36 weeks or more) and in case of distress. Milder cases with immature embryos being monitored closely, any necessary intervention is done in time after careful observation. 251:. Many treatment options are available based on symptom severity. Non-invasive treatment options include activity modification, pelvic support garments, analgesia with or without short periods of bed rest, and physiotherapy to increase strength of gluteal and adductor muscles reducing stress on the lumbar spine. Invasive surgical management is considered a last-line treatment if all other treatment modalities have failed and symptoms are severe. 404:

rehoming, like sickle cell anemia. Prevention of anemia during pregnancy is complicated, and is often treated by a team effort of dietary supplementation, iron therapy, and continuous assessment of mother and fetal indices in a multidisciplinary approach. As an additional measure, emphasis is placed on the astute determination of the respective triggering points, and the application of optimal prenatal care to better maternal and fetal outcome.

6381: 8278: 7524: 869:, possibly impairing function of internal organs. Control of multiple pregnancies, such as special prenatal care and birth plans, can help in the control of placenta accreta. Moreover, early detection and response to the health problems arising from multiple pregnancies can help both the expectant parents and medical care providers deal with this particular aspect of reproductive health consciously. 537:, and African ancestry. The pathogenesis of peripartum cardiomyopathy is not yet known, however, it is suggested that multifactorial potential causes could include autoimmune processes, viral myocarditis, nutritional deficiencies, and maximal cardiovascular changes during which increase cardiac preload. Peripartum cardiomyopathy can lead to many complications such as cardiopulmonary arrest, 445:, and cytomegalovirus transmission. Avoidance actions like vaccines and strict infectious control protocols can be given priority in the policies aimed at limiting the risk of transmission among high-risk populations. In addition, it is early diagnosis and management of maternal infections are among the main methods to flatline vertical transmission and fetal aberrations. 7548: 545:, brain injury, and death. Treatment of this condition is very similar to treatment of non-gravid heart failure patients, however, safety of the fetus must be prioritized. For example, for anticoagulation due to increased risk for thromboembolism, low molecular weight heparin which is safe for use during pregnancy is used instead of warfarin which crosses the placenta. 7536: 6043:"Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): obstetrical complications and change in seizure frequency: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society" 1243:. Other investigations have revealed short-term neonatal outcomes to include small deficits in infant neurobehavioral function and growth restriction when compared to control infants. Also, prenatal methamphetamine use is believed to have long-term effects in terms of brain development, which may last for many years. 703:

is defined as fetal loss or death after 20 weeks gestation. Early stillbirth is between 20 and 27 weeks gestation, while late stillbirth is between 28 and 36 weeks gestation. A term stillbirth is when the fetus dies 37 weeks and above. This phenomenon can go beyond grief and can lead to worries about

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as well as the provision of the medical or surgical operations required. The psychological relevance of family members, relatives, and friends to the bereaved ones is also a necessity. The most effective tools that can be used to minimize the psychological implications of the mourners include autopsy

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is a heart failure caused by a decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) to <45% which occurs towards the end of pregnancy or a few months postpartum. Symptoms include shortness of breath in various positions and/or with exertion, fatigue, pedal edema, and chest tightness. Risk factors

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defined as the separation of the placenta from the uterus prior to delivery, is a major cause of third trimester vaginal bleeding and complicates about 1% of pregnancies. Symptomatic presentations are variable: Some women can entirely ignore the symptoms, while others have mild bleeding or abdominal

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Taher, Ali T.; Iolascon, Achille; Matar, Charbel F.; Bou-Fakhredin, Rayan; de Franceschi, Lucia; Cappellini, Maria Domenica; Barcellini, Wilma; Russo, Roberta; Andolfo, Immacolata; Tyan, Paul; Gulbis, Beatrice; Aydinok, Yesim; Anagnou, Nicholas P.; Bencaiova, Gabriela Amstad; Tamary, Hannah (August

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Obstetric complications are those complications that develop during pregnancy. A woman may develop an infection, syndrome or complication that is not unique to pregnancy and that may have existed before pregnancy. Pregnancy often is complicated by preexisting and concurrent conditions. Though these

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Swedish data A = Using any code for VTE regardless of confirmation. Swedish data B = Using only algorithm-confirmed VTE. Early postpartum = First 6 weeks after delivery. Late postpartum = More than 6 weeks after delivery. * = Adjusted for age and calendar year. † = Unadjusted ratio calculated based

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Cultural norms, convictions, and traditions connected to pregnancy and childbirth lead people to establish perceptions, habits, and treatment-seeking. Cultural determinants affect the assessment of prenatal care utilization, childbirth practice, dietary habits and reproductive health beliefs, which

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is a condition that occurs when the placenta fully or partially covers the cervix. Placenta previa can be further categorized into complete previa, partial previa, marginal previa, and low-lying placenta, depending on the degree to which the placenta covers the internal cervical os. Placenta previa

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to deal with the modifiable risk factors, can significantly contribute to the reduction of incidents of placental abruption. Knowing the long-term impacts on the mother and the baby after giving birth is essential. Continuous research and evidence-based approaches help in providing management that

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Anemia is a globally recognized complication of pregnancy worldwide and is a condition with a low hemoglobin amount in one of the trimesters. Such physiological modifications are more pronounced among individuals who suffer from undernutrition as well as chronic diseases associated with hemoglobin

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Placenta accreta risk factors include placenta previa, abnormally elevated second-trimester AFP and free β-hCG levels, and advanced gestational parent age, specifically over the age of 35. Furthermore, prior cesarean delivery is one of the most common risk factors for placenta accreta, due to the

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of the embryo outside the uterus. This form of complicated pregnancy, which is a non-implication of a normally fertilized egg at any spot other than the uterus, involves operation failure, which can cause life-threatening conditions. However, the underlying reasons for this are not exactly known.

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Factors increasing the risk (to either the pregnant individual, the fetus/es, or both) of pregnancy complications beyond the normal level of risk may be present in the pregnant individual's medical profile either before they become pregnant or during the pregnancy. These pre-existing factors may

189:. There are many non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors that lead to the devopment of this complication. Non-modifiable risk factors include a family history of diabetes, advanced maternal age, and ethnicity. Modifiable risk factors include maternal obesity. There is an elevated demand for 436:

Pregnancy is a critical period for the expectant mom to experience additional dangers associated with infections. Moreover, a mother and baby's health is exposed to danger when she is in this condition. The prenatal physiology complexity and immunity modulation inherently increase the risk of

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pain and sometimes radiation of pain down the hips and thighs. For most pregnant individuals, PGP resolves within three months following delivery, but for some it can last for years, resulting in a reduced tolerance for weight bearing activities. PGP affects around 45% of individuals during

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Lozano, Rafael; Naghavi, Mohsen; Foreman, Kyle; Lim, Stephen; Shibuya, Kenji; Aboyans, Victor; Abraham, Jerry; Adair, Timothy; Aggarwal, Rakesh; Ahn, Stephanie Y; AlMazroa, Mohammad A; Alvarado, Miriam; Anderson, H Ross; Anderson, Laurie M; Andrews, Kathryn G (2012-12-15).

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Common complications of pregnancy include anemia, gestational diabetes, infections, gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia. Presence of these types of complications can have implications on monitoring lab work, imaging, and medical management during pregnancy.

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strange maternal feelings or postpartum treatment regarding complications of childbirth. Such parents would require more than empathy; generally, adequate medical programs should be considered for parents having such unbearable grief. Along with psychiatric help,

1354: 994:) are among those commonly seen in infection of newborns. Furthermore, vaccination, commitment to safe birth practices, and prenatal screening and treatment of infections are also strategic measures that can help reduce the risk of newborn infections. 1347: 223:+/- doxylamine, antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, and serotonin antagonists. Third-line treatments include corticosteroids, transdermal clonidine, and gabapentin. Treatments chosen are dependent on severity of symptoms and response to therapies. 1268:: Unintended pregnancies preclude preconception care and delays prenatal care. They preclude other preventive care, may disrupt life plans and on average have worse health and psychological outcomes for the mother and, if birth occurs, the child. 415:(UN) estimates, approximately half of pregnant individuals develop anemia worldwide. Anemia prevalences during pregnancy differed from 18% in developed countries to 75% in South Asia; culminating to a global rate of 38% of pregnancies worldwide. 794:

is primarily diagnosed by ultrasound, either during a routine examination or following an episode of abnormal vaginal bleeding, often in the second trimester of pregnancy. Most diagnosis of placenta previa occurs during the second-trimester.

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Risk factors: Prior abruption, smoking, trauma, cocaine use, multifetal gestation, hypertension, preeclampsia, thrombophilias, advanced maternal age, preterm premature rupture of membranes, intrauterine infections, and

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Villar J, Say L, Gulmezoglu AM, Meraldi M, Lindheimer MD, Betran AP, Piaggio G (2003). "Eclampsia and pre-eclampsia: a health problem for 2000 years.". In Critchly H, MacLean A, Poston L, Walker J (eds.).

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if the fetus is mature (36 weeks or older), or if a younger fetus or the mother is in distress. In less severe cases with immature fetuses, the situation may be monitored in hospital, with treatment if

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Missed: Vaginal bleeding occurs and some products of conception may have passed through the cervix; the cervical os is closed and ultrasound shows a nonviable fetus and remaining products of conception.

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compared to women with normal blood pressure who had no complications in pregnancy. Monitoring pregnant women's blood pressure can help prevent both complications and future cardiovascular diseases.

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factors: Generally speaking, unmarried individuals and those in lower socioeconomic groups experience an increased level of risk in pregnancy, due at least in part to lack of access to appropriate

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Stevens, Gretchen A; Finucane, Mariel M; De-Regil, Luz Maria; Paciorek, Christopher J; Flaxman, Seth R; Branca, Francesco; Peña-Rosas, Juan Pablo; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A; Ezzati, Majid (2013-07-01).

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Liu, Li; Johnson, Hope L; Cousens, Simon; Perin, Jamie; Scott, Susana; Lawn, Joy E; Rudan, Igor; Campbell, Harry; Cibulskis, Richard; Li, Mengying; Mathers, Colin; Black, Robert E (2012-06-09).

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discomfort and pain. Hence, though symptom severity variance and precipitous placental separation are not relevant, they can still cause the diagnosis and clinical management to be complicated.

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Prolonged effects of chronic stressors such as discrimination, intimate partner violence, housing issues, and poverty lead to widespread maternal health issues and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

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associated with the development of this complication include maternal age over 30 years, multi gestational pregnancy, family history of cardiomyopathy, previous diagnosis of cardiomyopathy,

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is an abnormal adherence of the placenta to the uterine wall. Specifically, placenta accreta involves abnormal adherence of the placental trophoblast to the uterine myometrium.

93:. While some complications improve or are fully resolved after pregnancy, some may lead to lasting effects, morbidity, or in the most severe cases, maternal or fetal mortality. 7837: 2172: 658:

is the loss of a pregnancy prior to 20 weeks. In the UK, miscarriage is defined as the loss of a pregnancy during the first 23 weeks. Comprehensive support, consists of the

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Thompson JF, Roberts CL, Currie M, Ellwood DA (June 2002). "Prevalence and persistence of health problems after childbirth: associations with parity and method of birth".

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Approximately 80% of pregnancy loss occurs in the first trimester, with a decrease in risk after 12 weeks gestation. Some variables, such as the mother's being older or

750: 108:(puerperium), 87% to 94% of women report at least one health problem. Long-term health problems (persisting after six months postpartum) are reported by 31% of women. 3590:

Sarkar, Monika; Brady, Carla W.; Fleckenstein, Jaquelyn; Forde, Kimberly A.; Khungar, Vandana; Molleston, Jean P.; Afshar, Yalda; Terrault, Norah A. (January 2021).

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Clinical presentation: Fetal behavioral changes like decreased movements or a loss in fetal sensation may indicate stillbirth, but the presentation can vary greatly.

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are at an increased risk for complications in the fetus and during pregnancy and childbirth. Complications for those 45 or older include increased risk of primary

4125: 574:. This complication is treated by iodine supplementation, levothyroxine which is a form of thyroid hormone replacement, and close monitoring of thyroid function. 2837:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016" 725:

Treatment: If fetal passing occurs before labor, treatment options include induced labor or cesarean section. Otherwise, stillbirths can pass with natural birth.

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Multiple pregnancies: Individuals who have had greater than five previous pregnancies face increased risks of rapid labor and excessive bleeding after delivery.

917:. For many infections, the baby is more at risk at particular stages of pregnancy. Problems related to perinatal infection are not always directly noticeable. 5217:"Barriers and facilitators of maternal healthcare utilisation in the perinatal period among women with social disadvantage: A theory-guided systematic review" 2445:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 6011: 5301: 638:

must be carried out to remove the fetus, along with the fallopian tube. If the pregnancy is very early, it may resolve on its own, or it can be treated with

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Glazener CM, Abdalla M, Stroud P, Naji S, Templeton A, Russell IT (April 1995). "Postnatal maternal morbidity: extent, causes, prevention and treatment".

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Kirk E, Bottomley C, Bourne T (1 March 2014). "Diagnosing ectopic pregnancy and current concepts in the management of pregnancy of unknown location".

2563:. Charles R. B. Beckmann, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (6th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2010. 8317: 7505: 4421:

Odendaal, Hein; Wright, Colleen; Schubert, Pawel; Boyd, Theonia K.; Roberts, Drucilla J.; Brink, Lucy; Nel, Daan; Groenewald, Coen (October 2020).

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Venös tromboembolism (VTE) – Guidelines for treatment in C counties. Bengt Wahlström, Emergency department, Uppsala Academic Hospital. January 2008

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Abalos E, Cuesta C, Grosso AL, Chou D, Say L (September 2013). "Global and regional estimates of preeclampsia and eclampsia: a systematic review".

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Risk Factors: prior cesarean delivery, pregnancy termination, intrauterine surgery, smoking, multifetal gestation, increasing parity, maternal age.

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Deep vein thrombosis, a form of venous thromboembolism, has an incidence of 0.5 to 7 per 1,000 pregnancies, and is the second most common cause of

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Some disorders and conditions can mean that pregnancy is considered high-risk (about 6-8% of pregnancies in the USA) and in extreme cases may be

3551:"Association Between Chronic Hypertension and the Risk of 12 Cardiovascular Diseases Among Parous Women: The Role of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes" 7466: 4814:

Koniak-Griffin D, Turner-Pluta C (September 2001). "Health risks and psychosocial outcomes of early childbearing: a review of the literature".

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Treatment varies due to the severity of the anaemia, and can be used by increasing iron containing foods, oral iron tablets or by the use of

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is the presence of severe and persistent vomiting, causing dehydration and weight loss. It is similar although more severe than the common

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810 women die every day from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. 94% occur in low and lower middle-income countries.

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Due to abnormal adherence of the placenta to the uterine wall, cesarean delivery is often indicated, as well as cesarean hysterectomy.

7832: 7510: 6252: 2232: 3985: 8235: 8090: 8017: 7712: 7405: 6553: 2227: 2222: 2092: 1167: 1115: 846: 260: 124: 4894:"Recurrence of pre-eclampsia and the risk of future hypertension and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 5373:"Defining venous thromboembolism and measuring its incidence using Swedish health registries: a nationwide pregnancy cohort study" 3468:"Impact of Chronic Hypertension and Antihypertensive Treatment on Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 8262: 6738: 5168:"Patterns of methamphetamine use during pregnancy: results from the Infant Development, Environment, and Lifestyle (IDEAL) Study" 2147: 1003:

related to the individual's genetics, physical or mental health, their environment and social issues, or a combination of those.

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Treatments are adapted according to their severity and the mother's state of health, from strict monitoring to cesarean section.

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Inevitable: Vaginal bleeding occurs; the cervical os is closed indicating that conception products will pass in the near future.

7883: 7621: 7107: 6930: 6704: 6363: 2510:"Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000" 2162: 1190: 1180: 1121: 371: 4210:"Advanced paternal age is associated with an increased risk of spontaneous miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 7764: 6393: 2242: 2117: 2051: 1200: 313: 4208:

du Fossé, Nadia A; van der Hoorn, Marie-Louise P; van Lith, Jan M M; le Cessie, Saskia; Lashley, Eileen E L O (2020-05-02).

3912: 2658: 2314: 2289: 7966: 7488: 7456: 7354: 5709:"Uterine Rupture in Pregnancy: Overview, Rupture of the Unscarred Uterus, Previous Uterine Myomectomy and Uterine Rupture" 2132: 1196: 459: 316:

is sometimes included in the pre-eclamptic spectrum. It occurs in approximately one in 7,000 to one in 15,000 pregnancies.

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Risks arising from previous pregnancies: Complications experienced during a previous pregnancy are more likely to recur.

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pre-existing and concurrent conditions may have great impact on pregnancy, they are not included in the following list.

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resulted globally in 230,600 deaths, down from 377,000 deaths in 1990. The most common causes of maternal mortality are

7540: 4117: 8046: 6962: 6905: 6469: 5627:"Interventions for helping to turn term breech babies to head first presentation when using external cephalic version" 5029:"Consumption of Alcohol Beverages and Binge Drinking Among Pregnant Women Aged 18-44 Years - United States, 2015-2017" 4857:

Bayrampour H, Heaman M (September 2010). "Advanced maternal age and the risk of cesarean birth: a systematic review".

3592:"Reproductive Health and Liver Disease: Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases" 2197: 603: 332:. Women who have high blood pressure and had complications in their pregnancy have three times the risk of developing 1332:. Serious pre-existing disorders which can reduce a woman's physical ability to survive pregnancy include a range of 292:

can develop after 20 weeks but has no other symptoms, and later rights itself, but it can develop into pre-eclampsia.

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Low weight: Individuals whose pre-pregnancy weight is less than 45.5 kilograms (100 pounds) are more likely to have

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Complete: Vaginal bleeding occurs followed by the complete passing of conception products through the cervix.

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Brouwers L, van der Meiden-van Roest AJ, Savelkoul C, Vogelvang TE, Lely AT, Franx A, van Rijn BB (December 2018).

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or reproductive organs, some of which are listed above) and diseases acquired at any time during the woman's life.

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The following problems originate in the mother, however, they may have serious consequences for the fetus as well.

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works. Collaboration between healthcare providers and patients is the core of the outcomes of placenta abruption.

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Epidemiology: There are over 2 million stillbirths a year and there are about 6 stillbirths per 1000 births (0.6%)

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Borders N (2006). "After the afterbirth: a critical review of postpartum health relative to method of delivery".

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Abdul Sultan A, West J, Stephansson O, Grainge MJ, Tata LJ, Fleming KM, Humes D, Ludvigsson JF (November 2015).

678:. Spontaneous abortions can be further categorized into complete, inevitable, missed, and threatened abortions: 8561: 8484: 7720: 7498: 7022: 6838: 6805: 6697: 6331: 5297: 2347: 2304: 2066: 1894: 1240: 1051:: Pregnancy in individuals whose height is less than 1.5 meters (5 feet) correlates with a higher incidence of 554: 289: 1976: 3834: 8303: 8119: 8041: 7799: 7451: 7305: 7097: 6790: 2352: 2046: 2016: 1329: 931:

O - other infections (i.e. Parvovirus B19, Coxsackievirus, Chickenpox, Chlamydia, HIV, HTLV, syphilis, Zika)

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Several contributors may result in placental abruption. This includes: pre-existing maternal factors (e.g.,

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Absolute and relative incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) during pregnancy and the postpartum period

8502: 8479: 8448: 8240: 8214: 7992: 7812: 7807: 7779: 7756: 7656: 7364: 7232: 7222: 7087: 6810: 6743: 6718: 6654: 6528: 4662:"A comparison of recent guidelines in the diagnosis and management of placenta accreta spectrum disorders" 4321: 2299: 2278: 2257: 2237: 2182: 2102: 1186: 1021:: Young mothers are at an increased risk of developing certain complications, including preterm birth and 914: 722:

Risk factors: Maternal weight, age, and smoking, as well as pre-existing maternal diabetes or hypertension

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Women who have chronic hypertension before their pregnancy are at increased risk of complications such as

280:. Severe pre-eclampsia involves a BP over 160/110 (with additional signs). It affects 5–8% of pregnancies. 212: 151: 7564: 4584:

Hung TH, Shau WY, Hsieh CC, Chiu TH, Hsu JJ, Hsieh TT (April 1999). "Risk factors for placenta accreta".

3516:"Pregnancy complications increase the risk of heart attacks and stroke in women with high blood pressure" 8425: 8204: 8199: 7651: 7344: 7146: 6950: 6625: 2698: 2309: 2262: 2217: 1971: 1246: 1032: 1028: 977: 973: 675: 618: 248: 155: 120: 5104: 6269: 5216: 4661: 4422: 4093: 2021: 8566: 8512: 8209: 8078: 7973: 7794: 7769: 7359: 7310: 6630: 6620: 6548: 6543: 6518: 6503: 6498: 4758: 2611:"The Experience of Anaemia and Ingesting Oral Iron Supplementation in Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study" 2247: 2122: 2097: 2031: 1966: 1265: 1091: 985: 910: 635: 348: 174: 1118:, or an acquired disease: A disease and condition not necessarily directly caused by the pregnancy. 8594: 8535: 8466: 8399: 8245: 8189: 8083: 8012: 7997: 7978: 7827: 7641: 6863: 6820: 6785: 6692: 6672: 6316: 5136: 4179: 3138:"Pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PPP), I: Terminology, clinical presentation, and prevalence" 2319: 2187: 2152: 1996: 1904: 1374:

Absolute incidence of first VTE per 10,000 person–years during pregnancy and the postpartum period

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Threatened: Vaginal bleeding occurs; the cervical os is closed and ultrasound shows a viable fetus.

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Al Khalaf SY, O'Reilly ÉJ, Barrett PM, B Leite DF, Pawley LC, McCarthy FP, Khashan AS (May 2021).

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Mjahed K, Charra B, Hamoudi D, Noun M, Barrou L (October 2006). "Acute fatty liver of pregnancy".

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Risk factors include untreated pelvic inflammatory disease, likely due to fallopian tube scarring.

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is a fairly common mild symptom of pregnancy that generally resolves in the second trimester, but

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Wang S, An L, Cochran SD (2002). "Women". In Detels R, McEwen J, Beaglehole R, Tanaka H (eds.).

1147:(having more than one fetus in a single pregnancy): These individuals have an increased risk of 924:

refers to a set of several different infections that may be caused by transplacental infection:

8453: 8371: 8340: 8124: 8096: 8056: 8051: 7986: 7860: 7661: 7636: 7604: 7281: 7200: 7124: 7102: 6615: 6533: 6384: 6248: 6072: 5870: 5666: 5486: 5402: 5353: 5271: 5244: 5236: 5197: 5058: 5001: 4974: 4923: 4874: 4831: 4740: 4722: 4681: 4601: 4558: 4520: 4477: 4442: 4395: 4352: 4295: 4235: 4155: 4067: 4008: 3953: 3883: 3816: 3771: 3723: 3691: 3673: 3619: 3611: 3572: 3497: 3448: 3391: 3349: 3270: 3211: 3167: 3110: 3075: 3040: 3005: 2917: 2866: 2817: 2782: 2739: 2640: 2632: 2574: 2564: 2537: 2529: 2490: 2472: 2424: 2406: 2267: 2212: 1950: 1939: 1899: 1333: 1291:

An elevated level of stress during pregnancy leads to notorious pregnancy outcomes, including

1064: 1040: 1018: 957: 769:

Clinical Presentation: Varies widely from asymptomatic to vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain.

594: 201: 178: 116: 112: 105: 101: 41: 3314: 474:

due to an enlarging uterus. Pregnant individuals are more severely affected by, for example,

104:

are present in 1.6% of mothers in the US, and in 1.5% of mothers in Canada. In the immediate

8497: 8007: 7946: 7678: 6843: 6610: 6605: 6062: 6054: 5860: 5656: 5646: 5638: 5478: 5392: 5384: 5343: 5335: 5228: 5187: 5179: 5166:

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intervening and to the maternal genital tract. Because of this, blood-borne microorganisms (

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Williams PM, Fletcher S (September 2010). "Health effects of prenatal radiation exposure".

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Risk Factors, Pattern and Outcome of Third Trimester Bleeding in a Tertiary Care Hospital

4423:"Associations of maternal smoking and drinking with fetal growth and placental abruption" 154:

is a severe form of this symptom that sometimes requires medical intervention to prevent

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Naghavi, Mohsen; et al. (GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators) (September 2017).

2485: 909:

in the mother are very dangerous for the developing embryo or fetus. This can result in

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Harden CL, Hopp J, Ting TY, Pennell PB, French JA, Hauser WA, et al. (July 2009).

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Complications of pregnancy can sometimes arise from abnormally severe presentations of

6380: 4597: 3567: 3550: 3522:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 2023-11-21. 2902: 2885: 2852: 2525: 2460: 2402: 1336:(that is, conditions with which the woman herself was born, for example, those of the 8614: 8599: 8139: 8109: 7842: 7725: 7420: 7334: 7295: 7271: 7180: 7064: 6997: 6868: 6772: 6733: 6590: 6425: 5266:

The best intentions: unintended pregnancy and the well-being of children and families

5215:

Grand-Guillaume-Perrenoud, Jean Anthony; Origlia, Paola; Cignacco, Eva (2022-02-01).

4870: 4827: 4079: 3965: 3895: 3802: 3535: 2778: 2157: 2036: 1684:

Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of first VTE during pregnancy and the postpartum period

1292: 1259: 1255: 1218: 1052: 921: 902: 838: 643: 607: 567: 530: 321: 269: 182: 6325: 6321: 5013: 4843: 4570: 4489: 4020: 3403: 3223: 3122: 3036: 2884:

Say L, Chou D, Gemmill A, Tunçalp Ö, Moller AB, Daniels J, et al. (June 2014).

2751: 8581: 8576: 8548: 8376: 8353: 8134: 8068: 7249: 7244: 6985: 6885: 6830: 6558: 6437: 6432: 5642: 4364: 4307: 4264:"Maternal smoking and the risk of still birth: systematic review and meta-analysis" 1986: 1981: 1960: 1337: 1222: 1099: 1070: 1060: 1048: 854: 850: 746: 709: 639: 534: 303: 235: 4677: 4503:

Wortman AC, Alexander JM (March 2013). "Placenta accreta, increta, and percreta".

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may be indicated when there are additional risk factors for deep vein thrombosis.

8435: 8430: 8073: 7822: 7774: 7707: 7688: 7673: 7239: 7175: 7012: 6955: 6895: 6890: 6728: 6677: 6538: 6348: 5388: 3419:"Acute fatty liver of pregnancy: a clinical study of 12 episodes in 11 patients" 2509: 2444: 2386: 2026: 1909: 961: 862: 817:

presence of a uterine scar leading to abnormal decidualization of the placenta.

655: 479: 442: 273: 63: 5232: 4147: 3878: 3861: 3527: 2813: 7693: 7600: 7391:

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

6637: 6577: 6508: 5339: 5183: 4717: 4516: 4280: 4004: 3387: 3153: 3071: 2202: 2071: 2011: 1924: 1087: 953: 945: 700: 542: 408: 375: 329: 239: 82: 46: 5240: 4726: 4221: 3677: 3615: 3591: 3206: 3189: 2636: 2578: 2533: 2476: 2410: 374:

as a physiological response in preparation for the potential bleeding during

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Al Khalaf S, Chappell LC, Khashan AS, McCarthy FP, O'Reilly ÉJ (July 2023).

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Summers A (July 2012). "Emergency management of hyperemesis gravidarum".

2137: 2087: 1107: 898: 894: 583: 510:, or inflammation of the breast, occurs in 20% of lactating individuals. 507: 499: 462:

to prevent an immune reaction against the fetus, as well as secondary to

286:– seizures in a pre-eclamptic patient, affect around 1.4% of pregnancies. 238:

in the area between the posterior iliac crest and gluteal fold beginning

132: 6285: 5874: 4427:

European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology

2615:

European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology

1211:. Also, it increases the odds of the baby being born prematurely by 30%. 242:

caused by instability and limitation of mobility. It is associated with

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Cluver C, Gyte GM, Sinclair M, Dowswell T, Hofmeyr GJ (February 2015).

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Davis MB, Arany Z, McNamara DM, Goland S, Elkayam U (January 2020).

3255:

European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology

2974:"Gestational Diabetes: Overview with Emphasis on Medical Management" 5432: 4943:"Risk of recurrent stillbirth: systematic review and meta-analysis" 4666:

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology

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O'Toole, F.E; Hokey, E.; McAuliffe, F.M; Walsh, J.M (2024-06-01).

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during pregnancy which leads to increased insulin production from

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Some common environmental risk factors during pregnancy include:

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Silver RM, Branch DW (April 2018). "Placenta Accreta Spectrum".

3917:

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

2695:

The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC)

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Potential severe hypertensive states of pregnancy are mainly:

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Page JM, Silver RM (April 2018). "Evaluation of stillbirth".

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Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)

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Oyelese Y, Ananth CV (October 2006). "Placental abruption".

2886:"Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis" 621:, advanced maternal age, and prior surgery or trauma to the 4699:

Kumar, Manoj; Saadaoui, Marwa; Al Khodor, Souhaila (2022).

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The implementation of preventive measures, which include

570:, impaired neurointellectual development, and if severe, 111:

In 2016, complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the

77:

are health problems that are related to, or arise during

7396:

Declaration on the elimination of violence against women

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Marufu TC, Ahankari A, Coleman T, Lewis S (March 2015).

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Sullivan SA (June 2019). "Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy".

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are direct outcomes of pregnancy and health situations.

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High weight: Obese individuals are more likely to have

944:

Babies can also become infected by their mother during

310:. Incidence is reported as 0.5–0.9% of all pregnancies. 100:

Severe complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the

5847:

Bowman JM, Chown B, Lewis M, Pollock JM (March 1978).

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Susceptibility and severity of infections in pregnancy

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Jauniaux, E.; Kingdom, J. C.; Silver, R. M. (2021).

2173:

Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy

411:

are lower in the third trimesters. According to the

142:, which usually do not significantly interfere with 8228: 8148: 8032: 7896: 7869: 7851: 7793: 7755: 7746: 7702: 7620: 7611: 7475: 7419: 7381: 7372: 7321: 7166: 7155: 7086: 7077: 6929: 6920: 6829: 6771: 6717: 6576: 6489: 6478: 6404: 6391: 6279: 5027:Denny CH, Acero CS, Naimi TS, Kim SY (April 2019). 3313:Haram K, Svendsen E, Abildgaard U (February 2009). 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 1090:. Obesity also increases the chances of developing 62: 58:

Numerous biological and environmental complications

52: 40: 21: 5263: 4505:Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 3735: 3733: 3731: 3060:Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 2967: 2965: 2963: 517:, meaning that they can affect the child as well. 8180:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder 177:is when a woman, without a previous diagnosis of 5437:National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) 4705:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 4322:"Stillbirth - Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics" 2659:"Severe Maternal Morbidity in the United States" 2604: 2602: 458:. This increased risk is caused by an increased 454:A pregnant woman is more susceptible to certain 68:Numerous biological and environmental conditions 5322:Gavin AR, Holzman C, Siefert K, Tian Y (2009). 4816:The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing 4154:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 948:. During birth, babies are exposed to maternal 4337:Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology 3740:Kourtis AP, Read JS, Jamieson DJ (June 2014). 1328:are the main focus of doctors specialising in 8311: 7580: 6364: 4094:"Ectopic pregnancy – Treatment – NHS Choices" 3866:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2724:British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1355: 1011:Some common biological risk factors include: 889:Since the embryo and fetus have little or no 582:The following problems occur in the fetus or 8: 5270:. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 3188:Walters C, West S, A Nippita T (July 2018). 81:. Complications that occur primarily during 5631:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5033:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1199:During pregnancy, causes twice the risk of 8318: 8304: 8296: 7752: 7617: 7587: 7573: 7565: 7447:International Center for Research on Women 7378: 7163: 7083: 6926: 6486: 6401: 6371: 6357: 6349: 6276: 6245:Williams manual of pregnancy complications 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 5109:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5084:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3637: 3635: 3633: 1362: 1348: 1342: 849:. Monochorionic multiples may even become 27: 18: 6066: 6006: 6004: 5864: 5660: 5650: 5396: 5347: 5191: 5052: 4968: 4958: 4917: 4734: 4716: 4289: 4279: 4229: 4061: 4051: 3913:"Thyroid Disease & Pregnancy | NIDDK" 3877: 3810: 3765: 3685: 3566: 3491: 3472:Journal of the American Heart Association 3442: 3343: 3333: 3205: 3161: 2999: 2989: 2972:Lende M, Rijhsinghani A (December 2020). 2911: 2901: 2860: 2802:Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 2626: 2484: 2418: 1086:, potentially increasing difficulties in 674:, possess a higher likelihood of causing 3984:Taylor PN, Lazarus JH (September 2019). 1185:Alcohol: Use during pregnancy can cause 602:This phenomenon is often accompanied by 5529:"Pregnancy Loss: Condition Information" 5298:"Family Planning - Healthy People 2020" 5131: 5129: 4793:"Risk factors present before pregnancy" 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 3835:"What infections can affect pregnancy?" 3242:. London: RCOG Press. pp. 189–207. 2374: 1868: 901:and cause (perinatal) infection. Often 363:in developed countries after bleeding. 6188: 6173: 6161: 6149: 6137: 6125: 6113: 6101: 6089: 5995: 5983: 5971: 5959: 5947: 5935: 5923: 5911: 5899: 5887: 5834: 5822: 5795: 5783: 5771: 5756: 5744: 5732: 5695: 5683: 5612: 5600: 5588: 5576: 5564: 5552: 5515: 5503: 5456: 5419: 3907: 3905: 3194:Australian Journal of General Practice 2584: 2380: 2378: 2363:Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition 1343: 7818:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 7785:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 5433:"Chromosome Abnormalities Fact Sheet" 4536: 4534: 4257: 4255: 3995:. Pregnancy and Endocrine Disorders. 3979: 3977: 3975: 3376:Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 3183: 3181: 2688:"Severe Maternal Morbidity in Canada" 2553: 2551: 2315:Pregnancy-related peripheral neuritis 2290:Abnormality of maternal pelvic organs 2178:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 572:congenital iodine deficiency syndrome 140:symptoms and discomforts of pregnancy 7: 7884:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability 7535: 7429:Office of Research on Women's Health 5853:Canadian Medical Association Journal 2128:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability 617:: Unknown, but risk factors include 384:: Prophylactic treatment, e.g. with 372:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability 7547: 7467:Society for Women's Health Research 7401:International Day of the Girl Child 4765:. US National Library of Medicine. 4543:The New England Journal of Medicine 3746:The New England Journal of Medicine 1041:Caesarean delivery (i.e. C-section) 865:. In very rare cases, there may be 490:. The evidence is more limited for 7833:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy 7511:Birth control in the United States 4474:10.1097/01.AOG.0000207559.15715.98 4392:10.1097/01.aog.0000239439.04364.9a 3938:Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 3289:"High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy" 2736:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb09132.x 2233:Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome 204:, and medication such as insulin. 125:hypertensive diseases of pregnancy 14: 8091:Pain management during childbirth 8018:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome 7406:Commission on the Status of Women 6416:External female genitalia (vulva) 6247:. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 5172:Maternal and Child Health Journal 5141:North Dakota Department of Health 4797:Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 3568:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.20628 3190:"Pelvic girdle pain in pregnancy" 2228:Gestational trophoblastic disease 2223:Twin to Twin transfusion syndrome 2093:Gestational trophoblastic disease 1233:Prenatal methamphetamine exposure 1116:Pre-existing disease in pregnancy 847:twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome 606:(pelvic inflammatory disease) or 261:Hypertensive disease of pregnancy 8277: 8276: 8263:Sexual activity during pregnancy 7546: 7534: 7523: 7522: 6739:Assisted reproductive technology 6379: 5105:"Substance Use During Pregnancy" 4871:10.1111/j.1523-536X.2010.00409.x 4828:10.1097/00005237-200109000-00002 4803:from the original on 2013-06-01. 4769:from the original on 2013-08-13. 3711:Oxford Textbook of Public Health 3363:from the original on 2011-11-12. 2779:10.1046/j.1523-536X.2002.00167.x 2148:Vertically transmitted infection 1884:List of complications (complete) 879:Vertically transmitted infection 6705:Breastfeeding and mental health 5304:from the original on 2010-12-28 5115:from the original on 2013-10-29 4190:from the original on 2017-02-15 4128:from the original on 2016-11-14 3037:10.7748/en2012.07.20.4.24.c9206 2669:from the original on 2015-06-29 2163:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder 1191:fetal alcohol spectrum disorder 7765:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy 5643:10.1002/14651858.CD000184.pub4 5262:Eisenberg L, Brown SH (1995). 4759:"Health problems in pregnancy" 3095:Nutrition in Clinical Practice 2295:Postpartum acute renal failure 2243:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy 2118:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy 2052:Premature rupture of membranes 1201:premature rupture of membranes 1122:Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy 464:maternal physiological changes 314:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy 1: 7967:Prelabor rupture of membranes 7355:Social determinants of health 4678:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.06.007 4598:10.1016/S0029-7844(98)00460-8 3986:"Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy" 3791:Social Science & Medicine 2903:10.1016/s2214-109x(14)70227-x 2853:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32152-9 2526:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60560-1 2461:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61728-0 2403:10.1016/s2214-109x(13)70001-9 2133:Immune tolerance in pregnancy 1836: Early postpartum 1626: Early postpartum 968:), organisms associated with 460:immune tolerance in pregnancy 87:obstetric labor complications 8531:Obstetric labor complication 8246:Systemic lupus erythematosus 7897:Maternal care related to the 7879:Gestational thrombocytopenia 7350:Gender disparities in health 6688:Mother-to-child transmission 6272:, World Health Organization. 6059:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b2f8 6012:"Public Education Pamphlets" 4439:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.07.018 4349:10.1097/GCO.0000000000000441 3950:10.1097/GRF.0000000000000432 3803:10.1016/0277-9536(91)90024-7 3670:10.1097/HS9.0000000000000446 3322:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 3267:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.05.005 2628:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.03.005 2358:Thyroid disease in pregnancy 2284:Pruritic urticarial papaules 2168:Thyroid disease in pregnancy 1853: Late postpartum 1655: Late postpartum 1132:Thyroid disease in pregnancy 970:sexually transmitted disease 873:Mother-to-child transmission 660:consultation of the genomics 578:Fetal and placental problems 386:low molecular weight heparin 272:– gestational hypertension, 8047:Cephalopelvic disproportion 6963:Pelvic inflammatory disease 6906:Hormone replacement therapy 6470:Reproductive system disease 5389:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008864 4799:. Merck Sharp & Dohme. 4637:"Placenta Accreta Spectrum" 2198:Cephalopelvic disproportion 1930:Abnormal labor and delivery 8642: 8621:Health issues in pregnancy 8526:Complications of pregnancy 8158:Breastfeeding difficulties 7957:Constriction ring syndrome 7931:Braxton Hicks contractions 7457:Black Women's Health Study 6524:Complications of pregnancy 5233:10.1016/j.midw.2021.103237 4146:Dugas C, Slane VH (2022). 3879:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.11.014 3528:10.3310/nihrevidence_60660 2814:10.1016/j.jmwh.2005.10.014 2007:Fetal-to-mother hemorrhage 1227:attention deficit disorder 882: 876: 859:umbilical cord compression 827: 552: 447: 429: 396: 258: 144:activities of daily living 75:Complications of pregnancy 22:Complications of pregnancy 8590: 8572:Connective tissue disease 8557: 8544: 8521: 8493: 8475: 8462: 8444: 8421: 8408: 8395: 8367: 8349: 8331: 8271: 8195:Peripartum cardiomyopathy 8185:Pubic symphysis diastasis 7518: 7434:Women's Health Initiative 7287:Major depressive disorder 7115:Intimate partner violence 6976:Female genital mutilation 6971: 6663: 5471:Human Reproduction Update 5340:10.1016/j.whi.2009.05.004 5184:10.1007/s10995-009-0491-0 4994:American Family Physician 4718:10.3389/fcimb.2022.873253 4619:Anuselvi, M. (May 2022). 4586:Obstetrics and Gynecology 4517:10.1016/j.ogc.2012.12.002 4462:Obstetrics and Gynecology 4380:Obstetrics and Gynecology 4281:10.1186/s12889-015-1552-5 4214:Human Reproduction Update 4118:"Pregnancy complications" 4040:Canadian Family Physician 4036:"[Not Available]" 4034:Lemire F (October 2021). 4005:10.1016/j.ecl.2019.05.010 3742:"Pregnancy and infection" 3388:10.1007/s00404-006-0203-6 3154:10.1007/s00586-003-0615-y 3072:10.1016/j.ogc.2008.04.002 2943:"Pregnancy complications" 2890:The Lancet. Global Health 2560:Obstetrics and gynecology 2305:Haemorrhoids in pregnancy 2143:Peripartum cardiomyopathy 1869: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1724: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1683: 1589: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1373: 1215:Prenatal cocaine exposure 845:, with resultant risk of 762:pre-conception counseling 672:chromosomal abnormalities 526:Peripartum cardiomyopathy 521:Peripartum cardiomyopathy 35: 26: 8562:Musculoskeletal disorder 8485:Gastrointestinal disease 7721:Gestational hypertension 7023:Gynaecological disorders 6839:Culture and menstruation 6806:Contraceptive prevalence 6698:Compulsory sterilization 3207:10.31128/AJGP-01-18-4467 2391:The Lancet Global Health 2348:List of obstetric topics 2067:Fetal growth restriction 1977:Septic pelvic thrombosis 1895:Chromosome abnormalities 1783: Trimester 3 1766: Trimester 2 1749: Trimester 1 1540: Trimester 3 1511: Trimester 2 1482: Trimester 1 1241:congenital abnormalities 1023:low infant birth weight. 568:congestive heart failure 555:Thyroid disease in women 515:vertically transmissible 466:including a decrease in 290:Gestational hypertension 8120:Umbilical cord prolapse 8042:Amniotic fluid embolism 7800:dermatoses of pregnancy 7306:Urinary tract infection 7098:Abuse during childbirth 4910:10.1111/1471-0528.15394 3484:10.1161/JAHA.120.018494 2353:Dermatoses of pregnancy 2047:Low birth-weight infant 2017:Amniotic fluid embolism 1330:maternal-fetal medicine 915:developmental disorders 857:, resulting in risk of 276:(>300 mg), and 8503:Female genital disease 8480:Maxillofacial disorder 8449:Cardiovascular disease 8236:Concomitant conditions 8215:Postpartum thyroiditis 7993:Circumvallate placenta 7813:Impetigo herpetiformis 7808:Gestational pemphigoid 7780:Hyperemesis gravidarum 7713:hypertensive disorders 7223:Cardiovascular disease 6811:Contraceptive security 6744:In vitro fertilization 6655:Postpartum confinement 6529:Hyperemesis gravidarum 5713:reference.medscape.com 5086:. 2007. Archived from 5045:10.15585/mmwr.mm6816a1 4222:10.1093/humupd/dmaa010 3142:European Spine Journal 2991:10.3390/ijerph17249573 2591:: CS1 maint: others ( 2258:Postpartum thyroiditis 2238:Hyperemesis gravidarum 2183:Gestational pemphigoid 2103:Hyperemesis gravidarum 1874:on the data provided. 1726:Reference (i.e., 1.00) 1279:may increase risks of 1187:fetal alcohol syndrome 665:bereavement counseling 345:Venous thromboembolism 340:Venous thromboembolism 334:cardiovascular disease 213:Hyperemesis gravidarum 208:Hyperemesis gravidarum 158:from severe vomiting. 156:electrolyte imbalances 152:hyperemesis gravidarum 8426:Neurological disorder 8205:Postpartum infections 8200:Postpartum depression 7345:Healthcare inequality 7147:Gender discrimination 6951:Human papilloma virus 6626:Vesicovaginal fistula 6217:"ICD-10 Version:2016" 5483:10.1093/humupd/dmt047 5328:Women's Health Issues 4555:10.1056/NEJMcp1709324 3758:10.1056/NEJMra1213566 3335:10.1186/1471-2393-9-8 2263:Postpartum depression 2218:Uterine incarceration 1972:Postpartum depression 1915:Nonmedelian disorders 1326:High-risk pregnancies 1015:Age of either parent 883:Further information: 877:Further information: 776:Treatment: Immediate 676:multiple miscarriages 448:Further information: 249:psychosocial distress 121:postpartum infections 8567:Soft tissue disorder 8513:Male genital disease 8326:Major Disease groups 8210:Postpartum psychosis 8079:Obstetrical bleeding 7974:Obstetrical bleeding 7795:Integumentary system 7770:Gestational diabetes 7749:related to pregnancy 7747:Other, predominantly 7452:Nurses' Health Study 7360:Reproductive justice 7311:Urinary incontinence 6931:Sexually transmitted 6786:Intrauterine devices 6631:Rectovaginal fistula 6621:Obstetrical fistulae 6549:Gestational diabetes 6544:Obstetrical bleeding 6519:Adolescent pregnancy 6504:Gravidity and parity 6499:Unintended pregnancy 4216:. pp. 650–669. 4122:www.womenshealth.gov 4053:10.46747/cfp.6710791 3435:10.1136/gut.35.1.101 2847:(10100): 1151–1210. 2300:Postpartum nephritis 2279:Herpes gestationitis 2248:Gestational diabetes 2123:Deep vein thrombosis 2098:Gestational diabetes 1967:Postpartum infection 1910:Spontaneous abortion 1845:14.61 (12.10–17.67) 1842:15.62 (14.00–17.45) 1839:19.27 (16.53–20.21) 1806:27.97 (22.24–35.17) 1587:142.8 (102.0–199.8) 1575:154.6 (128.8–185.6) 1273:pharmaceutical drugs 1266:Unintended pregnancy 1168:environmental toxins 1092:gestational diabetes 998:General risk factors 986:genito-urinary tract 911:spontaneous abortion 824:Multiple pregnancies 751:multiple pregnancies 562:(commonly caused by 513:Some infections are 349:deep vein thrombosis 175:Gestational diabetes 170:Gestational diabetes 8595:Congenital disorder 8536:Postpartum disorder 8467:Respiratory disease 8400:Hematologic disease 8190:Postpartum bleeding 8013:Placental abruption 7998:Monochorionic twins 7828:Prurigo gestationis 7365:Women's empowerment 7233:Alzheimer's disease 6864:Cloth menstrual pad 6821:Fertility awareness 6791:Oral contraceptives 6673:Perinatal mortality 3066:(3): 401–17, viii. 2520:(9832): 2151–2161. 2455:(9859): 2095–2128. 2320:Obstetrical tetanus 2188:Prurigo gestationis 2153:Postpartum bleeding 1997:Placental abruption 1905:Mendelian disorders 1822:10.21 (9.27–11.25) 1809:44.5 (31.68–62.54) 1581:106.1 (85.1–132.3) 1370: 1316:High-risk pregnancy 1205:placental abruption 1149:mislocated placenta 1096:high blood pressure 937:C - Cytomegalovirus 905:that produce minor 853:, sharing the same 841:, sharing the same 755:in-utero infections 753:or the presence of 735:Placental abruption 730:Placental abruption 564:Hashimoto's disease 468:respiratory volumes 399:Anemia in pregnancy 255:High blood pressure 91:puerperal disorders 8382:Metabolic disorder 8220:Puerperal mastitis 8175:Breast engorgement 7962:Monoamniotic twins 7952:Chorionic hematoma 7462:Cartwright Inquiry 7373:Politics, research 7191:Endometrial cancer 7045:Sexual intercourse 6816:Planned parenthood 6801:Male contraceptive 6270:Maternal mortality 5986:, p. 260-273. 2325:Unicornuate uterus 2310:Obstetric embolism 2253:Hemoglobinopathies 2108:Pelvic girdle pain 2057:Incompetent cervix 2042:Neonatal infection 1828:8.54 (7.16–10.19) 1803:37.5 (30.9–44.45) 1722:Outside pregnancy 1424:Outside pregnancy 1334:congenital defects 1217:: Associated with 1181:recreational drugs 1173:Ionizing radiation 1145:Multiple gestation 1127:Lupus in pregnancy 1104:postterm pregnancy 1077:underweight babies 1057:underweight babies 1019:Adolescent parents 885:Neonatal infection 492:coccidioidomycosis 450:Neonatal infection 353:pulmonary embolism 308:low platelet count 240:peri or postpartum 234:(PGP) disorder is 232:Pelvic girdle pain 227:Pelvic girdle pain 123:including sepsis, 8608: 8607: 8454:Lymphatic disease 8372:Endocrine disease 8341:Parasitic disease 8293: 8292: 8251:Thyroid disorders 8241:Diabetes mellitus 8125:Uterine inversion 8057:Shoulder dystocia 8052:Obstructed labour 8028: 8027: 7892: 7891: 7861:Chorea gravidarum 7637:Ectopic pregnancy 7562: 7561: 7442: 7441: 7267: 7266: 7218: 7217: 7201:Papanicolaou test 7157:Non-communicable 7125:Sexual harassment 7103:Domestic violence 7073: 7072: 6916: 6915: 6713: 6712: 6616:Retained placenta 6534:Ectopic pregnancy 6346: 6345: 6243:Leveno K (2013). 5533:www.nichd.nih.gov 5277:978-0-309-05230-6 4960:10.1136/bmj.h3080 4904:(13): 1642–1654. 4549:(16): 1529–1536. 4268:BMC Public Health 3752:(23): 2211–2218. 3608:10.1002/hep.31559 3107:10.1002/ncp.10205 2570:978-0-7817-8807-6 2268:Hyperpigmentation 2213:Obstetric fistula 1951:Cesarean delivery 1940:Shoulder dystocia 1900:Ectopic pregnancy 1881: 1880: 1865:0.89 (0.53–1.39) 1862:2.29 (1.44–3.65) 1859:1.69 (1.26–2.25) 1856:2.06 (1.60–2.64) 1848:8.44 (7.27–9.75) 1831:4.85 (4.21–5.57) 1825:8.72 (7.83–9.70) 1795:5.48 (4.89–6.12) 1792:5.69 (4.66–6.95) 1789:5.12 (4.53–5.80) 1786:7.14 (6.43–7.94) 1778:1.58 (1.24–1.99) 1775:1.82 (1.27–2.62) 1772:3.01 (2.56–3.53) 1769:4.31 (3.78–4.93) 1761:1.12 (0.86–1.45) 1758:1.46 (0.96–2.20) 1755:3.04 (2.58–3.56) 1752:3.42 (2.95–3.98) 1744:2.95 (2.68–3.25) 1741:3.10 (2.63–3.66) 1738:3.80 (3.44–4.19) 1735:5.08 (4.66–5.54) 1650:30.4 (26.4–35.0) 1644:46.8 (39.1–56.1) 1638:59.3 (54.1–65.0) 1632:75.4 (69.6–81.8) 1621:17.5 (15.3–20.0) 1615:27.4 (23.1–32.4) 1609:33.1 (30.4–36.1) 1603:42.3 (39.2–45.7) 1564:19.7 (17.7–21.9) 1558:18.2 (15.0–22.1) 1552:19.4 (17.4–21.6) 1546:29.2 (26.8–31.9) 1517:17.4 (15.4–19.6) 1488:13.6 (11.8–15.5) 1465:14.2 (13.2–15.3) 1459:20.5 (19.2–21.8) 1084:very large babies 1065:shoulder dystocia 958:placental barrier 928:T - Toxoplasmosis 595:Ectopic pregnancy 590:Ectopic pregnancy 202:weight management 162:Maternal problems 117:maternal bleeding 106:postpartum period 72: 71: 16:Medical condition 8633: 8498:Urologic disease 8320: 8313: 8306: 8297: 8280: 8279: 8115:Postmature birth 8103:Placenta accreta 8008:Placenta praevia 8003:Placenta accreta 7947:Chorioamnionitis 7757:Digestive system 7753: 7679:Fetal resorption 7667:Rudimentary horn 7624:abortive outcome 7618: 7589: 7582: 7575: 7566: 7550: 7549: 7538: 7537: 7526: 7525: 7379: 7164: 7084: 7078:Non-reproductive 6927: 6844:Feminine hygiene 6611:Cesarian section 6606:Obstructed labor 6487: 6402: 6383: 6373: 6366: 6359: 6350: 6277: 6258: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6213: 6192: 6186: 6177: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6147: 6141: 6135: 6129: 6123: 6117: 6111: 6105: 6099: 6093: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6070: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6018:. Archived from 6008: 5999: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5975: 5969: 5963: 5957: 5951: 5945: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5909: 5903: 5897: 5891: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5868: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5769: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5664: 5654: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5525: 5519: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5400: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5351: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5269: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5195: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5143:. Archived from 5133: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5081: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5056: 5024: 5018: 5017: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4972: 4962: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4921: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4788: 4771: 4770: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4738: 4720: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4647: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4538: 4529: 4528: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4386:(4): 1005–1016. 4375: 4369: 4368: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4293: 4283: 4259: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4246: 4233: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4195: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4133: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4065: 4055: 4031: 4025: 4024: 3990: 3981: 3970: 3969: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3923: 3909: 3900: 3899: 3881: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3814: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3769: 3737: 3726: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3689: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3628: 3627: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3570: 3561:(7): 1427–1438. 3546: 3540: 3539: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3495: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3446: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3347: 3337: 3319: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3209: 3185: 3176: 3175: 3165: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3003: 2993: 2969: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2954: 2947:womenshealth.gov 2939: 2926: 2925: 2915: 2905: 2896:(6): e323–e333. 2881: 2875: 2874: 2864: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2709: 2703: 2697:. Archived from 2692: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2674: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2630: 2606: 2597: 2596: 2590: 2582: 2555: 2546: 2545: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2488: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2422: 2382: 2022:Delayed delivery 1935:Chorioamnionitis 1800:Around delivery 1569:Around delivery 1523:11.2 (9.7–13.0) 1494:11.3 (9.7–13.1) 1477:10.7 (9.7–11.6) 1371: 1364: 1357: 1350: 1281:preterm delivery 1277:anti-depressants 1106:and requiring a 811:Placenta accreta 806:Placenta accreta 543:thromboembolisms 347:, consisting of 300:Hemolytic anemia 217:morning sickness 183:high blood sugar 148:morning sickness 129:obstructed labor 31: 19: 8641: 8640: 8636: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8631: 8630: 8611: 8610: 8609: 8604: 8586: 8553: 8540: 8517: 8489: 8471: 8458: 8440: 8417: 8413:Mental disorder 8404: 8391: 8387:Immune disorder 8363: 8345: 8327: 8324: 8294: 8289: 8267: 8224: 8168:Cracked nipples 8163:Low milk supply 8144: 8130:Uterine rupture 8024: 7919:Oligohydramnios 7904:amniotic cavity 7898: 7888: 7865: 7847: 7798: 7789: 7748: 7742: 7711: 7698: 7684:Molar pregnancy 7623: 7607: 7593: 7563: 7558: 7514: 7499:Family planning 7477: 7471: 7438: 7415: 7374: 7368: 7340:Gender equality 7323: 7317: 7263: 7214: 7196:Cervical cancer 7158: 7151: 7089: 7079: 7069: 7060:Sex differences 7018:Forced marriage 6967: 6932: 6922: 6912: 6854:Menstrual cycle 6825: 6778:Family planning 6776: 6767: 6720: 6709: 6668:Maternal deaths 6659: 6650:Postpartum care 6596:Multiple births 6572: 6481: 6474: 6407: 6398: 6395: 6387: 6377: 6347: 6342: 6341: 6288: 6266: 6261: 6255: 6242: 6238: 6236:Further reading 6233: 6232: 6222: 6220: 6215: 6214: 6195: 6187: 6180: 6172: 6168: 6160: 6156: 6148: 6144: 6136: 6132: 6124: 6120: 6112: 6108: 6100: 6096: 6088: 6084: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6025: 6023: 6010: 6009: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5982: 5978: 5970: 5966: 5958: 5954: 5946: 5942: 5934: 5930: 5922: 5918: 5910: 5906: 5898: 5894: 5886: 5882: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5833: 5829: 5821: 5802: 5794: 5790: 5782: 5778: 5770: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5717: 5715: 5707: 5706: 5702: 5694: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5637:(2): CD000184. 5624: 5623: 5619: 5611: 5607: 5599: 5595: 5587: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5537: 5535: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5514: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5441: 5439: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5383:(11): e008864. 5370: 5369: 5365: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5307: 5305: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5150: 5148: 5135: 5134: 5127: 5118: 5116: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5079: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5039:(16): 365–368. 5026: 5025: 5021: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4790: 4789: 4774: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4698: 4697: 4693: 4659: 4658: 4654: 4645: 4643: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4540: 4539: 4532: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4261: 4260: 4253: 4244: 4242: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4193: 4191: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4164: 4162: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4131: 4129: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4102: 4100: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4033: 4032: 4028: 3988: 3983: 3982: 3973: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3921: 3919: 3911: 3910: 3903: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3841:. 27 April 2021 3833: 3832: 3828: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3739: 3738: 3729: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3631: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3317: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3293:medlineplus.gov 3287: 3286: 3282: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3187: 3186: 3179: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3025:Emergency Nurse 3022: 3021: 3017: 2971: 2970: 2961: 2952: 2950: 2941: 2940: 2929: 2913:1854/LU-5796925 2883: 2882: 2878: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2672: 2670: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2608: 2607: 2600: 2583: 2571: 2557: 2556: 2549: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2384: 2383: 2376: 2371: 2344: 2339: 2208:Molar pregnancy 2002:Placenta previa 1956:Uterine rupture 1945:Breech delivery 1920:Oligohydramnios 1886: 1814: 1727: 1694:Swedish data B 1691:Swedish data A 1673:7.3 (4.6–11.6) 1661:8.5 (7.0–10.9) 1592: 1471:9.9 (8.5–11.6) 1384:Swedish data B 1381:Swedish data A 1368: 1322:contraindicated 1318: 1237:premature birth 1219:premature birth 1209:placenta previa 1160: 1102:, experiencing 1027:Older parents: 1009: 1000: 891:immune function 887: 881: 875: 867:conjoined twins 835:Multiple births 832: 826: 808: 791:Placenta previa 788: 786:Placenta previa 732: 698: 653: 636:keyhole surgery 634:In most cases, 623:fallopian tubes 592: 580: 557: 551: 539:pulmonary edema 523: 452: 434: 428: 420:parenteral iron 401: 395: 342: 326:low birthweight 322:premature birth 263: 257: 244:pubic symphysis 229: 222: 210: 172: 164: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8639: 8637: 8629: 8628: 8626:Women's health 8623: 8613: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8603: 8602: 8597: 8591: 8588: 8587: 8585: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8558: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8551: 8545: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8522: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8515: 8510: 8508:Breast disease 8505: 8500: 8494: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8476: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8469: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8456: 8451: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8439: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8415: 8409: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8402: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8368: 8365: 8364: 8362: 8361: 8356: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8343: 8338: 8332: 8329: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8322: 8315: 8308: 8300: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8287: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8265: 8260: 8258:Maternal death 8255: 8254: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8232: 8230: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8171: 8170: 8165: 8154: 8152: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8106: 8105: 8093: 8088: 8087: 8086: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8064:Fetal distress 8061: 8060: 8059: 8049: 8044: 8038: 8036: 8030: 8029: 8026: 8025: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7983: 7982: 7981: 7971: 7970: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7933: 7928: 7927: 7926: 7924:Polyhydramnios 7921: 7913:amniotic fluid 7908: 7906: 7894: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7886: 7881: 7875: 7873: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7863: 7857: 7855: 7853:Nervous system 7849: 7848: 7846: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7804: 7802: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7761: 7759: 7750: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7740: 7735: 7734: 7733: 7731:HELLP syndrome 7723: 7717: 7715: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7670: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7634: 7628: 7626: 7622:Pregnancy with 7615: 7609: 7608: 7594: 7592: 7591: 7584: 7577: 7569: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7556: 7544: 7532: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7502: 7501: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7479: 7476:Women's health 7473: 7472: 7470: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7431: 7425: 7423: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7387: 7385: 7383:United Nations 7376: 7375:& advocacy 7370: 7369: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7325: 7322:Sociocultural 7319: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7289: 7279: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7261: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7252: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7225: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7212: 7210:Ovarian cancer 7207: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7193: 7186:Uterine cancer 7183: 7178: 7172: 7170: 7161: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7130:Sexual assault 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7111: 7110: 7100: 7094: 7092: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7031: 7030: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7008:Child marriage 7005: 7003:Breast ironing 7000: 6995: 6993:Breast binding 6990: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6981:Clitoridectomy 6972: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6960: 6959: 6958: 6948: 6943: 6937: 6935: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6910: 6909: 6908: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6859:Menstrual aids 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6835: 6833: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6782: 6780: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6758: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6725: 6723: 6715: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6707: 6702: 6701: 6700: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6643:Husband stitch 6635: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6582: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6561: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6521: 6516: 6514:Antenatal care 6511: 6506: 6501: 6495: 6493: 6484: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6460:Fallopian tube 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6412: 6410: 6406:Reproductive 6399: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6385:Women's health 6378: 6376: 6375: 6368: 6361: 6353: 6344: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6328: 6309: 6289: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6280:Classification 6274: 6273: 6265: 6264:External links 6262: 6260: 6259: 6254:978-0071765626 6253: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6193: 6191:, p. 439. 6178: 6176:, p. 435. 6166: 6164:, p. 425. 6154: 6152:, p. 410. 6142: 6140:, p. 382. 6130: 6128:, p. 363. 6118: 6116:, p. 349. 6106: 6104:, p. 335. 6094: 6092:, p. 278. 6082: 6053:(2): 126–132. 6033: 6022:on 6 July 2018 6000: 5998:, p. 274. 5988: 5976: 5974:, p. 252. 5964: 5962:, p. 250. 5952: 5950:, p. 247. 5940: 5938:, p. 241. 5928: 5926:, p. 236. 5916: 5914:, p. 232. 5904: 5902:, p. 225. 5892: 5890:, p. 223. 5880: 5859:(6): 623–627. 5839: 5837:, p. 218. 5827: 5800: 5798:, p. 188. 5788: 5786:, p. 180. 5776: 5774:, p. 171. 5761: 5759:, p. 169. 5749: 5747:, p. 161. 5737: 5735:, p. 154. 5725: 5700: 5698:, p. 152. 5688: 5686:, p. 147. 5676: 5652:10019.1/104301 5617: 5615:, p. 131. 5605: 5603:, p. 130. 5593: 5591:, p. 114. 5581: 5569: 5557: 5545: 5520: 5508: 5496: 5477:(2): 250–261. 5461: 5449: 5424: 5412: 5363: 5334:(5): 325–334. 5314: 5289: 5276: 5254: 5207: 5178:(4): 519–527. 5158: 5125: 5096: 5093:on 2011-09-11. 5068: 5019: 5000:(5): 488–493. 4984: 4933: 4884: 4865:(3): 219–226. 4849: 4806: 4772: 4750: 4691: 4652: 4628: 4611: 4592:(4): 545–550. 4576: 4530: 4511:(1): 137–154. 4495: 4468:(4): 927–941. 4452: 4413: 4370: 4343:(2): 130–135. 4327: 4313: 4251: 4200: 4171: 4138: 4109: 4085: 4026: 3999:(3): 547–556. 3971: 3944:(2): 308–319. 3928: 3901: 3872:(2): 207–221. 3852: 3826: 3797:(6): 701–705. 3781: 3727: 3716: 3701: 3643: 3629: 3602:(1): 318–365. 3582: 3541: 3507: 3478:(9): e018494. 3458: 3429:(1): 101–106. 3409: 3382:(6): 349–353. 3366: 3305: 3280: 3245: 3229: 3200:(7): 439–443. 3177: 3148:(7): 575–589. 3128: 3101:(2): 226–241. 3085: 3050: 3015: 2959: 2927: 2876: 2827: 2808:(4): 242–248. 2792: 2757: 2730:(4): 282–287. 2714: 2679: 2650: 2598: 2569: 2547: 2500: 2434: 2397:(1): e16–e25. 2373: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2337: 2335:Arcuate uterus 2332: 2330:Maternal death 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2281: 2276: 2275:growth changes 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2113:HELLP syndrome 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2079: 2077:Twin pregnancy 2074: 2069: 2064: 2062:Posterm infant 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1963:after delivery 1958: 1953: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1717:IRR (95% CI)† 1715: 1714:IRR (95% CI)† 1712: 1711:IRR* (95% CI) 1709: 1708:IRR* (95% CI) 1706: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1679:3.2 (1.9–5.0) 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1667:6.4 (4.9–8.5) 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1535:5.7 (4.6–7.2) 1533: 1530: 1529:5.8 (4.1–8.3) 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1506:4.1 (3.2–5.2) 1504: 1501: 1500:4.6 (3.1–7.0) 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1448:3.6 (3.4–3.7) 1446: 1443: 1442:3.2 (3.0–3.3) 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1430:4.2 (4.0–4.4) 1428: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1419:Rate (95% CI) 1417: 1414: 1413:Rate (95% CI) 1411: 1408: 1407:Rate (95% CI) 1405: 1402: 1401:Rate (95% CI) 1399: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1367: 1366: 1359: 1352: 1344: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1284: 1269: 1263: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1244: 1230: 1212: 1194: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1142: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1080: 1068: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1025: 1008: 1005: 999: 996: 980:), and normal 942: 941: 938: 935: 932: 929: 903:microorganisms 897:can cross the 874: 871: 830:Multiple birth 828:Main article: 825: 822: 807: 804: 803: 802: 787: 784: 783: 782: 774: 770: 731: 728: 727: 726: 723: 720: 717: 697: 694: 693: 692: 689: 686: 683: 652: 649: 648: 647: 629: 626: 591: 588: 579: 576: 560:Hypothyroidism 553:Main article: 550: 549:Hypothyroidism 547: 522: 519: 484:herpes simplex 472:urinary stasis 430:Main article: 427: 424: 413:United Nations 397:Main article: 394: 391: 390: 389: 379: 361:maternal death 341: 338: 318: 317: 311: 296:HELLP syndrome 293: 287: 281: 259:Main article: 256: 253: 228: 225: 220: 209: 206: 185:levels during 171: 168: 163: 160: 70: 69: 66: 60: 59: 56: 50: 49: 44: 38: 37: 33: 32: 24: 23: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8638: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8601: 8600:Fetal disease 8598: 8596: 8593: 8592: 8589: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8559: 8556: 8550: 8547: 8546: 8543: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8523: 8520: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8492: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8477: 8474: 8468: 8465: 8464: 8461: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8443: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8423: 8420: 8414: 8411: 8410: 8407: 8401: 8398: 8397: 8394: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8369: 8366: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8351: 8348: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8330: 8321: 8316: 8314: 8309: 8307: 8302: 8301: 8298: 8286: 8285: 8281: 8274: 8273: 8270: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8238: 8237: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8227: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8160: 8159: 8156: 8155: 8153: 8151: 8147: 8141: 8140:Uterine atony 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8110:Preterm birth 8108: 8104: 8101: 8100: 8099: 8098: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8035: 8031: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7989: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7975: 7972: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7943: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7916: 7915: 7914: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7901: 7895: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7872: 7868: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7850: 7844: 7843:Stretch marks 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7796: 7792: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7754: 7751: 7745: 7739: 7736: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7727: 7726:Pre-eclampsia 7724: 7722: 7719: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7595:Pathology of 7590: 7585: 7583: 7578: 7576: 7571: 7570: 7567: 7555: 7554: 7545: 7543: 7542: 7533: 7531: 7530: 7521: 7520: 7517: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7474: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7426: 7424: 7422: 7421:United States 7418: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7377: 7371: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7335:Disadvantaged 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7320: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7297: 7296:Urinary tract 7294: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7273: 7272:Mental health 7270: 7269: 7260: 7257: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7238: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7211: 7208: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7181:Breast cancer 7179: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7154: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7090:against women 7085: 7082: 7076: 7066: 7065:Sex education 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6998:Breast health 6996: 6994: 6991: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6970: 6964: 6961: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6928: 6925: 6919: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6869:Menstrual cup 6867: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6828: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6774: 6773:Contraception 6770: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6734:Childlessness 6732: 6731: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6719:Reproductive 6716: 6706: 6703: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6693:Sterilization 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6662: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6591:Preterm birth 6589: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6575: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6477: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6427: 6426:Clitoral hood 6424: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6403: 6400: 6397: 6394:Reproductive 6390: 6386: 6382: 6374: 6369: 6367: 6362: 6360: 6355: 6354: 6351: 6338: 6334: 6333: 6329: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6290: 6287: 6282: 6278: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6263: 6256: 6250: 6246: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6218: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6185: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6170: 6167: 6163: 6158: 6155: 6151: 6146: 6143: 6139: 6134: 6131: 6127: 6122: 6119: 6115: 6110: 6107: 6103: 6098: 6095: 6091: 6086: 6083: 6078: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6037: 6034: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5992: 5989: 5985: 5980: 5977: 5973: 5968: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5944: 5941: 5937: 5932: 5929: 5925: 5920: 5917: 5913: 5908: 5905: 5901: 5896: 5893: 5889: 5884: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5843: 5840: 5836: 5831: 5828: 5824: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5780: 5777: 5773: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5741: 5738: 5734: 5729: 5726: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5701: 5697: 5692: 5689: 5685: 5680: 5677: 5672: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5618: 5614: 5609: 5606: 5602: 5597: 5594: 5590: 5585: 5582: 5579:, p. 91. 5578: 5573: 5570: 5567:, p. 88. 5566: 5561: 5558: 5555:, p. 50. 5554: 5549: 5546: 5534: 5530: 5524: 5521: 5517: 5512: 5509: 5506:, p. 47. 5505: 5500: 5497: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5465: 5462: 5459:, p. 13. 5458: 5453: 5450: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5425: 5422:, p. 38. 5421: 5416: 5413: 5408: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5318: 5315: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5290: 5279: 5273: 5268: 5267: 5258: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5211: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5162: 5159: 5147:on 2011-09-10 5146: 5142: 5138: 5132: 5130: 5126: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5100: 5097: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5072: 5069: 5064: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4885: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4853: 4850: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4751: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4692: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4656: 4653: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4629: 4624: 4623: 4615: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4580: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4417: 4414: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4331: 4328: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4201: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4180:"Miscarriage" 4175: 4172: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4148:"Miscarriage" 4142: 4139: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4110: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3932: 3929: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3853: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3812:2027.42/29639 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3720: 3717: 3712: 3705: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3647: 3644: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3545: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3520:NIHR Evidence 3517: 3511: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3370: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3309: 3306: 3294: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3246: 3241: 3240:Pre-eclampsia 3233: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3054: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3019: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2948: 2944: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2796: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2715: 2704:on 2016-03-09 2700: 2696: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2504: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2438: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2158:Perineal tear 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2037:Preterm birth 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1890: 1883: 1877: 1872: 1852: 1851: 1835: 1834: 1818: 1817: 1799: 1798: 1782: 1781: 1765: 1764: 1748: 1747: 1731: 1730: 1721: 1720: 1704: 1703: 1697:English data 1688: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1387:English data 1378: 1377: 1372: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1346: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1315: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1297: 1294: 1293:preterm birth 1290: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1260:prenatal care 1257: 1256:socioeconomic 1253: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1223:birth defects 1220: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1158:Environmental 1157: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1053:preterm birth 1050: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1006: 1004: 997: 995: 993: 992: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 939: 936: 933: 930: 927: 926: 925: 923: 922:TORCH complex 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 886: 880: 872: 870: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 839:monochorionic 836: 831: 823: 821: 818: 814: 812: 805: 800: 799: 798: 795: 792: 785: 779: 775: 771: 768: 767: 766: 763: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 739: 736: 729: 724: 721: 718: 715: 714: 713: 711: 707: 702: 695: 690: 687: 684: 681: 680: 679: 677: 673: 668: 666: 661: 657: 650: 645: 644:abortifacient 641: 637: 633: 630: 627: 624: 620: 616: 613: 612: 611: 609: 608:salpingectomy 605: 600: 596: 589: 587: 585: 577: 575: 573: 569: 565: 561: 556: 548: 546: 544: 540: 536: 532: 531:pre-eclampsia 527: 520: 518: 516: 511: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 451: 446: 444: 440: 433: 425: 423: 421: 416: 414: 410: 405: 400: 392: 387: 383: 380: 377: 373: 369: 366: 365: 364: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 339: 337: 335: 331: 327: 323: 315: 312: 309: 305: 304:liver enzymes 301: 297: 294: 291: 288: 285: 282: 279: 275: 271: 270:Pre-eclampsia 268: 267: 266: 262: 254: 252: 250: 245: 241: 237: 233: 226: 224: 218: 214: 207: 205: 203: 199: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 169: 167: 161: 159: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 136: 134: 131:, and unsafe 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 109: 107: 103: 98: 94: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 67: 65: 61: 57: 55: 54:Complications 51: 48: 45: 43: 39: 34: 30: 25: 20: 8582:Chondropathy 8577:Bone disease 8549:Skin disease 8525: 8377:Malnutrition 8354:Benign tumor 8282: 8275: 8135:Vasa praevia 8095: 8069:Locked twins 7985: 7935: 7911: 7657:Interstitial 7612: 7551: 7539: 7527: 7250:Hip fracture 7245:Osteoporosis 6986:Infibulation 6886:Dysmenorrhea 6879:Sanitary pad 6831:Menstruation 6559:Preeclampsia 6554:Hypertension 6523: 6438:Labia majora 6433:Labia minora 6330: 6311: 6292: 6244: 6221:. Retrieved 6169: 6157: 6145: 6133: 6121: 6109: 6097: 6085: 6050: 6046: 6036: 6024:. Retrieved 6020:the original 6015: 5991: 5979: 5967: 5955: 5943: 5931: 5919: 5907: 5895: 5883: 5856: 5852: 5842: 5830: 5791: 5779: 5752: 5740: 5728: 5716:. Retrieved 5712: 5703: 5691: 5679: 5634: 5630: 5620: 5608: 5596: 5584: 5572: 5560: 5548: 5536:. Retrieved 5532: 5523: 5518:, p. 2. 5511: 5499: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5452: 5440:. Retrieved 5436: 5427: 5415: 5380: 5376: 5366: 5331: 5327: 5317: 5306:. Retrieved 5292: 5281:. Retrieved 5265: 5257: 5224: 5220: 5210: 5175: 5171: 5161: 5149:. Retrieved 5145:the original 5140: 5117:. Retrieved 5108: 5099: 5088:the original 5083: 5071: 5036: 5032: 5022: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4950: 4946: 4936: 4901: 4897: 4887: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4796: 4763:Medline Plus 4762: 4753: 4708: 4704: 4694: 4669: 4665: 4655: 4644:. Retrieved 4641:www.acog.org 4640: 4631: 4621: 4614: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4546: 4542: 4508: 4504: 4498: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4430: 4426: 4416: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4316: 4271: 4267: 4243:. Retrieved 4213: 4203: 4192:. Retrieved 4183: 4174: 4163:. Retrieved 4151: 4141: 4130:. Retrieved 4121: 4112: 4101:. Retrieved 4097: 4088: 4043: 4039: 4029: 3996: 3992: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3920:. Retrieved 3916: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3843:. Retrieved 3838: 3829: 3794: 3790: 3784: 3749: 3745: 3719: 3710: 3704: 3661: 3657: 3646: 3599: 3595: 3585: 3558: 3555:Hypertension 3554: 3544: 3519: 3510: 3475: 3471: 3461: 3426: 3422: 3412: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3325: 3321: 3308: 3298:28 September 3296:. Retrieved 3292: 3283: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3239: 3232: 3197: 3193: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3098: 3094: 3088: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3031:(4): 24–28. 3028: 3024: 3018: 2984:(24): 9573. 2981: 2977: 2951:. 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Retrieved 2662: 2653: 2618: 2614: 2559: 2517: 2513: 2503: 2452: 2448: 2437: 2394: 2390: 2286:of pregnancy 2032:Incontinence 1987:Preeclampsia 1982:Hypertension 1961:Hysterectomy 1887: 1875: 1870: 1705:Time period 1700:Danish data 1395:Time period 1390:Danish data 1319: 1271:Exposure to 1235:: Can cause 1197:Tobacco use: 1179:Exposure to 1166:Exposure to 1161: 1100:preeclampsia 1010: 1001: 990: 956:without the 943: 919: 888: 863:entanglement 855:amniotic sac 851:monoamniotic 833: 819: 815: 809: 796: 789: 759: 747:hypertension 740: 733: 710:peer support 699: 669: 654: 640:methotrexate 631: 614: 610:(surgery). 599:implantation 593: 581: 558: 535:hypertension 524: 512: 453: 435: 417: 406: 402: 381: 367: 356: 343: 319: 264: 230: 211: 173: 165: 137: 110: 99: 95: 74: 73: 64:Risk factors 8436:Ear disease 8431:Eye disease 8074:Nuchal cord 7823:Linea nigra 7775:Hepatitis E 7708:proteinuria 7689:Miscarriage 7674:Embryo loss 7652:Heterotopic 7553:WikiProject 7240:Bone health 7176:Lung cancer 7013:Dyspareunia 6956:HPV vaccine 6896:Amenorrhoea 6891:Menorrhagia 6729:Infertility 6678:Stillbirths 6539:Miscarriage 6189:Leveno 2013 6174:Leveno 2013 6162:Leveno 2013 6150:Leveno 2013 6138:Leveno 2013 6126:Leveno 2013 6114:Leveno 2013 6102:Leveno 2013 6090:Leveno 2013 5996:Leveno 2013 5984:Leveno 2013 5972:Leveno 2013 5960:Leveno 2013 5948:Leveno 2013 5936:Leveno 2013 5924:Leveno 2013 5912:Leveno 2013 5900:Leveno 2013 5888:Leveno 2013 5835:Leveno 2013 5823:Leveno 2013 5796:Leveno 2013 5784:Leveno 2013 5772:Leveno 2013 5757:Leveno 2013 5745:Leveno 2013 5733:Leveno 2013 5696:Leveno 2013 5684:Leveno 2013 5613:Leveno 2013 5601:Leveno 2013 5589:Leveno 2013 5577:Leveno 2013 5565:Leveno 2013 5553:Leveno 2013 5516:Leveno 2013 5504:Leveno 2013 5457:Leveno 2013 5420:Leveno 2013 4822:(2): 1–17. 4672:: 102–116. 4046:(10): 791. 3664:(4): e446. 2621:: 111–119. 2469:10292/13775 2027:Fetal death 1819:Postpartum 1732:Antepartum 1597:Postpartum 1453:Antepartum 1254:Social and 1029:As they age 962:hepatitis B 954:body fluids 934:R - 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