301:
103:
146:
251:. Here the segregation of her two alleles, one dominant for the ability to produce eumelanin, one recessive for orange, was crucial for the colour of the kittens. With the young males it is decisive which of the two X-Chromosomes they received from the mother, because the Y-Chromosome does not contain a corresponding allele from the father. In the young females it is also decisive which X-Chromosome they got from the mother, because they each have an allele for orange from the father and only homozygotes become orange.
643:. Typically in individuals, the number of repeated units is relatively low. With each successive generation, there is a chance that the number of repeats will expand. As this occurs, progeny can progress to premutation and ultimately affected status. Individuals with a number of repeats that falls in the premutation range have a good chance of having affected children. Those who progress to affected status will exhibit symptoms of their particular disease. Prominent trinucleotide repeat disorders include
244:
31:
226:
43:
206:. An individual usually has only two copies of each gene, but many different alleles are often found within a population. A rabbit's coat color is determined by a single gene that has at least four different alleles. They display a pattern of a dominance-hierarchy that can produce four coat colors. In the genes for the
491:. Wild-type flies normally fully recover after being anesthetized with carbon dioxide. Certain lines of flies have been identified that die off after exposure to the compound. This carbon dioxide sensitivity is passed down from mothers to their progeny. This sensitivity is due to infection with σ (Sigma) virus, a
453:
may infect host cells and continue to reside in the cytoplasm of these cells. If the presence of these particles results in an altered phenotype, then this phenotype may be subsequently transmitted to progeny. Because this phenotype is dependent only on the presence of the invader in the host cell's
161:
in the phenotype. For example, in certain varieties of chicken, the allele for black feathers is co-dominant with the allele for white feathers. Heterozygous chickens have a colour described as "erminette", speckled with black and white feathers appearing separately. Many human genes, including one
481:
The L and M viruses are not capable of exiting their host cell through conventional means. They can only transfer from cell to cell when their host undergoes mating. All progeny of a mating involving a doubly infected yeast cell will also be infected with the L and M viruses. Therefore, the killer
263:
is the homozygosity with the allele "e e" on the
Extension-locus making it impossible to produce any other pigment than pheomelanin. Although the allele "e" is a recessive allele on the extension-locus itself, the presence of two copies leverages the dominance of other coat colour genes. Domestic
477:
that is secreted from the host cell. It kills susceptible cells growing in close proximity to the host. The M viral RNA also renders the host cell immune to the lethal effects of the toxin. For a cell to be susceptible it must therefore be either uninfected or harbour only the L virus.
614:. This process occurs randomly for all of the cells in the organism's body. Because a given female's two X chromosomes will almost certainly differ in their specific pattern of alleles, this will result in differing cell phenotypes depending on which chromosome is silenced.
591:
mutations occur in the egg or sperm cells and can be passed on to offspring. Mutations that occur early on in development will affect a greater number of cells and can result in an individual that can be identified as a mosaic strictly based on phenotype.
304:
Example of a pedigree for a genetic trait inherited by mitochondrial DNA in animals and humans. Offspring of the males with the trait don't inherit the trait. Offspring of the females with the trait always inherit the trait (independently from their own
543:
encoded by this gene helps to regulate body size. Mice that possess two functional copies of this gene are larger than those with two mutant copies. The size of mice that are heterozygous at this locus depends on the parent from which the wild-type
527:
marked before transmission, altering their levels of expression. These imprints are created before gamete formation and are erased during the creation of germ line cells. Therefore, a new pattern of imprinting can be made with each generation.
651:. In the case of Fragile X syndrome it is thought that the symptoms result from the increased methylation and accompanying reduced expression of the fragile X intellectual disability gene in individuals with a sufficient number of repeats.
360:
relationship with their eukaryotic hosts. Although the transfer of a number of genes from these organelles to the nucleus prevents them from living independently, each still possesses genetic material in the form of double stranded DNA.
571:. Higher gene expression is found at unmethylated sites. In this mode of inheritance, phenotype is determined not only by the specific allele transmitted to the offspring, but also by the sex of the parent that transmitted it.
162:
for a protein that controls cholesterol levels in the blood, show co-dominance too. People with the heterozygous form of this gene produce two different forms of the protein, each with a different effect on cholesterol levels.
522:
Genomic imprinting represents yet another example of non-Mendelian inheritance. Just as in conventional inheritance, genes for a given trait are passed down to progeny from both parents. However, these genes are
202:. Mendel consciously chose pairs of genetic traits, represented by two alleles for his inheritance experiments. In nature, such genes often exist in several different forms and are therefore said to have
319:
Correns observed that leaf colour was dependent only on the genotype of the maternal parent. Based on these data, he determined that the trait was transmitted through a character present in the
1492:
454:
cytoplasm, inheritance will be determined only by the infected status of the maternal parent. This will result in a uniparental transmission of the trait, just as in extranuclear inheritance.
1595:
368:
DNA that is responsible for the phenomenon of extranuclear inheritance. Both chloroplasts and mitochondria are present in the cytoplasm of maternal gametes only. Paternal gametes (
567:
of paternal and maternal alleles. This results in differing expression between alleles from the two parents. Sites with significant methylation are associated with low levels of
235:) there is a recessive allele for orange coat on the X-Chromosome. In a male the Y-Chromosome cannot compensate this, so a tomcat with that allele is born orange. This allele is
94:
Incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and polygenic traits follow Mendel's laws, display
Mendelian inheritance, and are explained as extensions of Mendel's laws.
433:, by which a piece of DNA sequence information is transferred from one DNA helix (which remains unchanged) to another DNA helix, whose sequence is altered. This may occur as a
399:
means "many genes" are necessary for the organism to develop the trait. For example, at least three genes are involved in making the reddish-brown pigment in the eyes of
83:
expected for the population of offspring. There are several situations in which the proportions of phenotypes observed in the progeny do not match the predicted values.
825:
1370:
356:
theory, mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living organisms that were each taken up by a eukaryotic cell. Over time, mitochondria and chloroplasts formed a
1774:
1588:
1471:
1429:
276:
sometimes show specific non-Mendelian inheritance patterns. Individuals can develop a recessive trait in the phenotype dependent on their sex—for example,
583:
that occur in different tissues and at different periods of development. If a mutation happens in the non-gamete forming tissues, it is characterized as
1912:
1387:
1581:
441:
into the other. This phenomenon can be detected through the offspring non-Mendelian ratios, and is frequently observed, e.g., in fungal crosses.
312:(also known as cytoplasmic inheritance) is a form of non-Mendelian inheritance also first discovered by Carl Correns in 1908. While working with
579:
Individuals who possess cells with genetic differences from the other cells in their body are termed mosaics. These differences can result from
1424:
797:
415:
113:, the principle of dominance discovered by Mendel does not apply. Nevertheless, the principle of uniformity works, as all offspring in the F
1800:
1633:
1363:
785:
A domestic cat X chromosome linkage map and the sex-linked orange locus: mapping of orange, multiple origins and epistasis over nonagouti.
86:
Certain inherited diseases and their presentation display non-Mendelian patterns, complicating making predictions from family history.
632:
Trinucleotide repeat disorders also follow a non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance. These diseases are all caused by the expansion of
1050:"Rhabdovirus Sigma, the Hereditary CO2 Sensitivity Agent of Drosophila:Nucleotide Sequence of a cDNA Clone Encoding the Glycoprotein"
1400:
1017:
854:
770:
121:-generation homozygous individuals with the phenotypes of the P-generation appear. Intermediate inheritance was first examined by
1767:
1822:
1548:
210:
there are four alleles on the Agouti-locus. The allele "aw" is dominant over the alleles "at" and "a" but recessive under "Ay".
1563:
1453:
1395:
1356:
259:
can make it impossible even for dominant alleles on certain other gene-loci to have an effect on the phenotype. An example in
1890:
1663:
1625:
1177:
Bell, A.C.; G. Felsenfeld (2000). "Methylation of a CTCF-dependent boundar control imprinted expression of the Igf2 gene".
1616:
627:
376:
of traits linked to genes found in either chloroplasts or mitochondria are determined exclusively by the maternal parent.
117:-generation have the same genotype and same phenotype. Mendel's principle of segregation of genes applies too, as in the F
1514:
536:
1826:
1917:
1760:
735:
Hartwell, L. (2000). *Genetics: From Genes to
Genomes*. United Kingdom: McGraw-Hill. Page 39.
292:
is an important requirement to also understand the more complicated inheritance patterns of sex-linked inheritances.
391:
Many traits are produced by the interaction of several genes. Traits controlled by two or more genes are said to be
1520:
1297:
1243:
1867:
1447:
633:
1886:
309:
300:
102:
437:
between the strands of DNA which are derived from different parents. Thus the mismatch repair can convert one
145:
618:, which are almost all female, demonstrate one of the most commonly observed manifestations of this process.
429:
can be one of the major forms of non-Mendelian inheritance. Gene conversion arises during DNA repair via DNA
1638:
1608:
648:
255:
If one or more genes cannot be expressed because of another genetic factor hindering their expression, this
1740:
1700:
1693:
1679:
1652:
1648:
1439:
1133:
670:
473:. Thus the M virus can only infect cells already harbouring L virus particles. The M viral RNA encodes a
79:
of both parents in a genetic cross are known, Mendel's laws can be used to determine the distribution of
1878:
1855:
1810:
1487:
1379:
680:
449:
Another form of non-Mendelian inheritance is known as infectious heredity. Infectious particles such as
430:
380:
335:
as being responsible for the unusual inheritance pattern observed. Work on the poky strain of the mould
289:
171:
68:
56:
1339:
1263:
418:
is a deviation from the usual distribution of chromosomes during meiosis and in some cases of mitosis.
811:
342:
1792:
1643:
1186:
1125:
949:
887:
154:
110:
1138:
243:
1009:
846:
457:
One of the most well-studied examples of infectious heredity is the killer phenomenon exhibited in
247:
A heterozygous cat with kittens from an orange tomcat: 50 % are orange, 50 % can produce
1841:
1784:
1722:
1686:
1672:
1210:
1159:
973:
644:
517:
485:
Heritable traits that result from infection with foreign particles have also been identified in
1277:
288:). As many of the alleles are dominant or recessive, a true understanding of the principles of
1863:
1202:
1151:
1071:
1013:
965:
915:
850:
766:
718:
584:
552:, whereas a paternal allele will generate a normal-sized mouse. This is because the maternal
346:
337:
260:
207:
133:
1110:
784:
502:
Although this process is usually associated with viruses, recent research has shown that the
1497:
1317:
1194:
1143:
1061:
1001:
957:
905:
895:
838:
758:
708:
404:
314:
203:
127:
35:
30:
746:
1573:
1343:
1111:"Widespread lateral gene transfer from intracellular bacteria to multicellular eukaryotes"
665:
568:
434:
426:
285:
277:
183:
158:
1002:
839:
1190:
1129:
953:
891:
1534:
1464:
1459:
1419:
1411:
910:
871:
599:
524:
470:
214:
186:. These cases constitute an exception to the Mendelian rule of independent assortment.
1752:
548:
came. If the functional allele originated from the mother, the offspring will exhibit
407:
comes about partly because at least four different genes probably control this trait.
1906:
933:
762:
660:
636:
611:
179:
1163:
465:, designated L and M, are responsible for this phenotype. The L virus codes for the
17:
1214:
977:
603:
369:
353:
122:
46:
157:, the genetic traits of both different alleles of the same gene-locus are clearly
1089:
1066:
1049:
607:
564:
492:
332:
281:
231:
225:
403:. Polygenic traits often show a wide range of phenotypes. The broad variety of
675:
640:
615:
532:
487:
400:
365:
328:
64:
345:
ultimately led to the discovery of genetic material in the mitochondria, the
1147:
990:
Stacey K. A. (1994). Recombination. In: Kendrew John, Lawrence
Eleanor (eds.
595:
504:
462:
373:
357:
320:
256:
248:
236:
80:
1206:
1155:
969:
919:
722:
1075:
900:
42:
1348:
713:
700:
588:
580:
549:
508:
bacterium is also capable of inserting its genome into that of its host.
392:
273:
137:
also shows intermediate inheritance of the pigmentation of the blossoms.
76:
961:
531:
Genes are imprinted differently depending on the parental origin of the
540:
383:
are a class of diseases, many of which affect the muscles and the eye.
213:
Many other genes have multiple alleles, including the human genes for
1542:
1198:
545:
466:
438:
175:
72:
1000:
Klug, William S.; Michael R. Cummings; Charlotte A. Spencer (2006).
837:
Klug, William S.; Michael R. Cummings; Charlotte A. Spencer (2006).
55:
is any pattern in which traits do not segregate in accordance with
937:
1528:
1232:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc. pp. 680–684.
474:
458:
450:
324:
299:
242:
224:
144:
101:
41:
29:
556:
gene is imprinted. Imprinting results in the inactivation of the
59:. These laws describe the inheritance of traits linked to single
60:
1756:
1577:
1352:
194:
In
Mendelian inheritance, genes have only two alleles, such as
1109:
Dunning Hotopp JC, Clark ME, Oliveira DC, et al. (2007).
372:
for example) do not have cytoplasmic mitochondria. Thus, the
174:
took place before the segregation of the chromosomes into the
701:"Mechanisms of non-Mendelian inheritance in genetic disease"
610:
problems, one of these chromosomes is inactivated following
264:
cats have a gene with a similar effect on the X-chromosome.
1037:. San Francisco: Pearson Education, Inc. pp. 649–650.
1008:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc. p.
845:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc. p.
1048:
Teninges, Danielle; Francoise Bras-Herreng (July 1987).
798:
Le gène Orange chez le chat : génotype et phénotype
170:
When genes are located on the same chromosome and no
765:: Biologie. Spektrum-Verlag Heidelberg-Berlin 2003,
149:
Co-dominant expression of genes for plumage colours.
1877:
1854:
1809:
1791:
1732:
1714:
1662:
1624:
1615:
1506:
1480:
1438:
1409:
1386:
560:gene on the chromosome passed down by the mother.
182:will be inherited in connection, because of the
938:"Eukaryotic evolution, changes and challenges"
812:Beyond the simplicity of Mendelian inheritance
482:phenotype will be passed down to all progeny.
71:, each parent contributes one of two possible
1768:
1589:
1364:
8:
563:Imprints are formed due to the differential
109:In cases of intermediate inheritance due to
1815:
1775:
1761:
1753:
1621:
1596:
1582:
1574:
1371:
1357:
1349:
1137:
1065:
909:
899:
782:Schmidt-Küntzel, Nelson G. David et al.:
712:
1649:Spinocerebellar ataxia 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 17
1090:"University of Rochester Press Releases"
598:also results from a phenomenon known as
469:proteins of both viruses, as well as an
691:
826:Variations on Mendel's laws (overview)
872:"A case of "maternal" inheritance in
416:Non-random segregation of chromosomes
331:and others identified DNA present in
7:
1801:Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus
1634:Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy
1298:"Lesson 1: Triplet Repeat Expansion"
699:Van Heyningen V, Yeyati PL (2004).
25:
870:Mitchell MB, Mitchell HK (1952).
639:consisting of a stretch of three
535:that contains them. In mice, the
239:over some other coat color genes.
1913:Extended evolutionary synthesis
1454:Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy
1035:iGenetics: A Mendelian Approach
936:; William Martin (March 2006).
744:Biology University of Hamburg:
539:gene undergoes imprinting. The
364:It is the transmission of this
1891:Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism
622:Trinucleotide repeat disorders
602:. All female mammals have two
27:Type of pattern of inheritance
1:
628:Trinucleotide repeat disorder
1067:10.1099/0022-1317-68-10-2625
880:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
537:insulin-like growth factor 2
1823:Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome
1054:Journal of General Virology
1934:
1626:Polyglutamine (PolyQ), CAG
1264:"Genetics of Calico Color"
1033:Russell, Peter J. (2006).
625:
515:
495:only capable of infecting
272:Genetic traits located on
1837:
1818:
1741:Spinocerebellar ataxia 10
1723:Myotonic dystrophy type 2
1701:Spinocerebellar ataxia 12
1687:Myotonic dystrophy type 1
1605:Non-Mendelian inheritance
1559:
1340:non-Mendelian inheritance
707:. 13 Spec No 2: R225–33.
229:In the genepool of cats (
53:Non-Mendelian inheritance
1887:Pseudohypoparathyroidism
1694:Spinocerebellar ataxia 8
1549:Mohr–Tranebjærg syndrome
1318:"FMR1-Related Disorders"
1228:Lewin, Benjamin (2004).
310:Extranuclear inheritance
296:Extranuclear inheritance
1827:Silver–Russell syndrome
1521:Kjer's optic neuropathy
1388:Carbohydrate metabolism
1148:10.1126/science.1142490
1653:Machado-Joseph disease
1564:mitochondrial proteins
1380:Mitochondrial diseases
671:Epigenetic inheritance
461:. Two double-stranded
411:Non-random segregation
381:mitochondrial diseases
306:
286:gonosomal inheritances
268:Sex-linked inheritance
252:
240:
150:
106:
49:
39:
1868:Prader-Willi syndrome
1244:"Lesson 3: Mosaicism"
901:10.1073/pnas.38.5.442
681:Intragenomic conflict
405:skin colour in humans
303:
290:Mendelian inheritance
246:
228:
148:
105:
69:Mendelian inheritance
45:
33:
1639:Huntington's disease
1004:Concepts of Genetics
841:Concepts of Genetics
649:Huntington's disease
606:. To prevent lethal
327:. Later research by
125:in flower colour of
111:incomplete dominance
98:Incomplete dominance
75:for a trait. If the
18:Maternal inheritance
1680:Friedreich's ataxia
1278:"Genetic Mosaicism"
1191:2000Natur.405..482B
1130:2007Sci...317.1753H
962:10.1038/nature04546
954:2006Natur.440..623E
892:1952PNAS...38..442M
815:Science Direct 2016
809:Joseph Schacherer:
445:Infectious heredity
67:in the nucleus. In
1918:Classical genetics
1842:Myoclonic dystonia
1785:genomic imprinting
1673:Fragile X syndrome
747:Mendelian Genetics
714:10.1093/hmg/ddh254
645:Fragile X syndrome
518:Genomic imprinting
512:Genomic imprinting
341:begun by Mary and
307:
253:
241:
151:
107:
50:
40:
1900:
1899:
1864:Angelman syndrome
1850:
1849:
1783:Disorders due to
1750:
1749:
1710:
1709:
1664:Non-polyglutamine
1571:
1570:
1481:No primary system
1185:(6785): 482–485.
1060:(10): 2625–2638.
948:(7084): 623–630.
934:Embley, T. Martin
874:Neurospora crassa
352:According to the
347:mitochondrial DNA
338:Neurospora crassa
261:dog coat genetics
134:Antirrhinum majus
16:(Redirected from
1925:
1816:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1754:
1622:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1575:
1498:Pearson syndrome
1373:
1366:
1359:
1350:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1199:10.1038/35013100
1174:
1168:
1167:
1141:
1124:(5845): 1753–6.
1115:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1007:
997:
991:
988:
982:
981:
930:
924:
923:
913:
903:
867:
861:
860:
844:
834:
828:
822:
816:
807:
801:
794:
788:
780:
774:
759:Neil A. Campbell
756:
750:
742:
736:
733:
727:
726:
716:
696:
393:polygenic traits
387:Polygenic traits
343:Hershel Mitchell
315:Mirabilis jalapa
278:colour blindness
208:dog coat colours
204:multiple alleles
190:Multiple alleles
128:Mirabilis jalapa
36:Mirabilis jalapa
21:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1873:
1846:
1833:
1830:
1805:
1787:
1781:
1751:
1746:
1733:Pentanucleotide
1728:
1715:Tetranucleotide
1706:
1658:
1644:Kennedy disease
1611:
1602:
1572:
1567:
1555:
1502:
1476:
1434:
1405:
1382:
1377:
1344:Duke University
1336:
1331:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1139:10.1.1.395.1320
1113:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1020:
999:
998:
994:
989:
985:
932:
931:
927:
869:
868:
864:
857:
836:
835:
831:
823:
819:
808:
804:
795:
791:
781:
777:
757:
753:
743:
739:
734:
730:
705:Hum. Mol. Genet
698:
697:
693:
689:
666:CoRR Hypothesis
657:
630:
624:
577:
569:gene expression
520:
514:
447:
435:mismatch repair
427:Gene conversion
424:
422:Gene conversion
413:
389:
298:
270:
223:
192:
184:genetic linkage
168:
166:Genetic linkage
143:
120:
116:
100:
92:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1931:
1929:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1883:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1535:HUPRA syndrome
1525:
1524:
1523:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1412:nervous system
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1335:
1334:External links
1332:
1330:
1329:
1309:
1289:
1269:
1255:
1235:
1220:
1169:
1101:
1081:
1040:
1025:
1018:
992:
983:
925:
862:
855:
829:
824:Khan Academy:
817:
802:
789:
775:
751:
737:
728:
690:
688:
685:
684:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
656:
653:
637:tandem repeats
634:microsatellite
626:Main article:
623:
620:
600:X-inactivation
576:
573:
525:epigenetically
516:Main article:
513:
510:
471:RNA polymerase
446:
443:
423:
420:
412:
409:
388:
385:
297:
294:
269:
266:
222:
219:
215:ABO blood type
191:
188:
180:genetic traits
167:
164:
142:
139:
118:
114:
99:
96:
91:
88:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1930:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1879:Chromosome 20
1876:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1856:Chromosome 15
1853:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1811:Chromosome 11
1808:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1617:Trinucleotide
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:Leigh disease
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1019:9780131918337
1015:
1011:
1006:
1005:
996:
993:
987:
984:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
929:
926:
921:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
875:
866:
863:
858:
856:9780131918337
852:
848:
843:
842:
833:
830:
827:
821:
818:
814:
813:
806:
803:
800:
799:
793:
790:
787:
786:
779:
776:
772:
771:3-8274-1352-4
768:
764:
763:Jane B. Reece
760:
755:
752:
749:
748:
741:
738:
732:
729:
724:
720:
715:
710:
706:
702:
695:
692:
686:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
661:Meiotic drive
659:
658:
654:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
635:
629:
621:
619:
617:
613:
612:fertilization
609:
605:
604:X chromosomes
601:
597:
593:
590:
586:
582:
574:
572:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
538:
534:
529:
526:
519:
511:
509:
507:
506:
500:
498:
494:
490:
489:
483:
479:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
452:
444:
442:
440:
436:
432:
431:recombination
428:
421:
419:
417:
410:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
386:
384:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
362:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
316:
311:
302:
295:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
267:
265:
262:
258:
250:
245:
238:
234:
233:
227:
220:
218:
216:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
189:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
172:crossing over
165:
163:
160:
156:
147:
140:
138:
136:
135:
130:
129:
124:
112:
104:
97:
95:
89:
87:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
57:Mendel's laws
54:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:
19:
1793:Chromosome 6
1609:anticipation
1604:
1561:
1541:
1527:
1513:
1452:
1321:. Retrieved
1312:
1301:. Retrieved
1292:
1281:. Retrieved
1272:
1258:
1247:. Retrieved
1238:
1229:
1223:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1121:
1117:
1104:
1093:. Retrieved
1084:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1034:
1028:
1003:
995:
986:
945:
941:
928:
886:(5): 442–9.
883:
879:
873:
865:
840:
832:
820:
810:
805:
796:
792:
783:
778:
754:
745:
740:
731:
704:
694:
631:
594:
578:
562:
557:
553:
530:
521:
503:
501:
496:
486:
484:
480:
456:
448:
425:
414:
396:
390:
378:
363:
354:endosymbiont
351:
336:
333:chloroplasts
313:
308:
271:
254:
230:
212:
199:
195:
193:
169:
155:co-dominance
153:In cases of
152:
141:Co-dominance
132:
126:
123:Carl Correns
108:
93:
85:
52:
51:
47:Carl Correns
34:
1507:Chromosomal
773:, page 302.
641:nucleotides
616:Calico cats
608:gene dosage
565:methylation
493:rhabdovirus
463:RNA viruses
401:fruit flies
379:In humans,
282:haemophilia
232:Felis catus
65:chromosomes
1907:Categories
1440:Myopathies
1410:Primarily
1323:2007-10-29
1303:2007-10-16
1283:2007-10-28
1249:2007-10-16
1230:Genes VIII
1095:2007-10-16
687:References
676:Gene drive
533:chromosome
497:Drosophila
488:Drosophila
366:organellar
329:Ruth Sager
81:phenotypes
1562:see also
1134:CiteSeerX
596:Mosaicism
581:mutations
575:Mosaicism
505:Wolbachia
397:Polygenic
374:phenotype
358:symbiotic
321:cytoplasm
274:gonosomes
257:epistasis
249:eumelanin
237:epistatic
221:Epistasis
159:expressed
77:genotypes
1207:10839546
1164:10787254
1156:17761848
970:16572163
920:16589122
723:15358729
655:See also
589:Germline
550:dwarfism
1739:ATTCT (
1215:4387329
1187:Bibcode
1126:Bibcode
1118:Science
1076:2822842
978:4396543
950:Bibcode
911:1063583
888:Bibcode
585:somatic
541:protein
451:viruses
323:of the
176:gametes
73:alleles
1721:CCTG (
1543:TIMM8A
1213:
1205:
1179:Nature
1162:
1154:
1136:
1074:
1016:
976:
968:
942:Nature
918:
908:
853:
769:
721:
546:allele
467:capsid
439:allele
178:, the
1699:CAG (
1692:CTG (
1685:CTG (
1678:GAA (
1671:CGG (
1529:SARS2
1493:MNGIE
1465:MERRF
1460:MELAS
1211:S2CID
1160:S2CID
1114:(PDF)
974:S2CID
475:toxin
459:yeast
370:sperm
325:ovule
305:sex).
284:(see
90:Types
61:genes
1889:♀ /
1866:♀ /
1825:♀ /
1515:OPA1
1472:CPEO
1430:NARP
1425:LHON
1401:PDHA
1203:PMID
1152:PMID
1072:PMID
1014:ISBN
966:PMID
916:PMID
851:ISBN
767:ISBN
719:PMID
647:and
558:Igf2
554:Igf2
280:and
198:and
1488:DAD
1448:KSS
1396:PCD
1342:at
1195:doi
1183:405
1144:doi
1122:317
1062:doi
1010:223
958:doi
946:440
906:PMC
896:doi
847:215
709:doi
63:on
1909::
1607::
1209:.
1201:.
1193:.
1181:.
1158:.
1150:.
1142:.
1132:.
1120:.
1116:.
1070:.
1058:68
1056:.
1052:.
1012:.
972:.
964:.
956:.
944:.
940:.
914:.
904:.
894:.
884:38
882:.
878:.
849:.
761:,
717:.
703:.
587:.
499:.
395:.
349:.
217:.
131:.
1893:♂
1870:♂
1829:♂
1776:e
1769:t
1762:v
1743:)
1725:)
1703:)
1696:)
1689:)
1682:)
1675:)
1655:)
1651:(
1597:e
1590:t
1583:v
1372:e
1365:t
1358:v
1326:.
1306:.
1286:.
1266:.
1252:.
1217:.
1197::
1189::
1166:.
1146::
1128::
1098:.
1078:.
1064::
1022:.
980:.
960::
952::
922:.
898::
890::
876:"
859:.
725:.
711::
317:,
200:A
196:a
119:2
115:1
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
