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leave; or may be used distinctively from "maternity leave" and "paternity leave" to describe separate family leave available to either parent to care for small children. In some countries and jurisdictions, "family leave" also includes leave provided to care for ill family members. Often, the minimum
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work to care for or make arrangements for the welfare of a child or dependent family member. The three most common models of funding are government-mandated social insurance/social security (where employees, employers, or taxpayers in general contribute to a specific public fund), employer liability
125:(which is common in international rankings) may say very little about the situation of a family in a specific country. A country for example may have a long maternity leave but a short (or non-existent) parental or family leave, or vice versa. In the
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have laws mandating some form of parental leave. A different study showed that of 186 countries examined, 96% offered some pay to mothers during leave, but only 44% of those countries offered the same for fathers. The
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or an administratively-determined wage. Organizations and activists are working to inform, persuade and change pay-rate laws. Women in the workforce are at a disadvantage; regardless of legislation, a global
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that do not require employers to provide paid time off for new parents. Private employers sometimes provide either or both unpaid and paid parental leave outside of or in addition to any legal mandate.
121:(note: in many countries there are different types of leave: for example, maternity leave, paternity leave, and parental leave; these terms are often misused or confused). Comparing the length of
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Unpaid parental or family leave is provided when an employer is required to hold an employee's job while that employee is taking leave. Paid parental or family leave provides
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length, average pay rate and full-rate equivalent. Not all countries provide mothers with a pay rate equal to what they would have received if the absence had not occurred.
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69:(where the employer must pay the employee for the length of leave), and mixed policies that combine both social security and employer liability.
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requires at least 10 days of paternity leave, as well as at least 4 months of parental leave, with 2 months being non-transferable.
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Addati, Laura (1 January 2015). "Extending maternity protection to all women: Trends, challenges and opportunities".
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Blau, Francine D.; Kahn, Lawrence M. (2003). "Understanding
International Differences in the Gender Pay Gap".
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is still visible. The OECD is a primary supplier of research and data pertaining to parental-leave rights.
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253:"U.S. behind most of world in parental leave policy: study; Papua New Guinea, Swaziland & U.S. lag"
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reviewed parental leave policies in 185 countries and territories, and found that all countries except
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Research has linked paid parental leave to better health outcomes for children, as well as mothers.
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461:"CNN: The world's Longest Paid Motherhood is in Bulgaria – Novinite.com – Sofia News Agency"
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Gualt, Barbara; Hartmann, Heidi; Hegewisch, Ariane; Milli, Jessica; Reichlin, Lindsey.
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and/or governmental program for many years, in one form or another. In 2014, the
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272:"The Economic Consequences of Parental Leave Mandates: Lessons from Europe"
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available in almost all countries. The term "parental leave" may include
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Maternity and
Paternity at Work: Law and Practice Across the World
397:"Countries Around The World Beat The U.S. On Paid Parental Leave"
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Rate of basic pay can be defined as fixed pay received through
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benefits and eligibility requirements are stipulated by law.
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Bütikofer, Aline; Riise, Julie; Skira, Meghan M. (2021).
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requires at least 14 weeks of maternity leave; while the
412:"The Impact of Paid Maternity Leave on Maternal Health"
369:. Institute for Women's Policy Research. Archived from
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Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development
20:provides data about OECD countries related to paid
479:"Family leave in Latvia – among the world's best"
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348:International Labour Organization. (2014).
419:American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
364:"Paid Parental Leave in the United States"
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117:For policies in different countries, see
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72:Parental leave has been available as a
44:Parental leave, or family leave, is an
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316:International Social Security Review
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97:, and a few island countries in the
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395:Deahl, Jessica (6 October 2016).
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101:are the only countries in the
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270:Ruhm, Christopher J. (1998).
259:. New York. 24 December 2011.
160:"OECD Family Database - OECD"
135:Work–Life Balance Directive
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209:Journal of Labor Economics
131:Pregnant Workers Directive
119:Parental_leave#By_country
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144:References
113:By country
40:Background
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439:1945-7731
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239:154638978
217:CiteSeerX
54:paternity
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301:51297709
91:Suriname
58:adoption
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