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as many of them were poorly disciplined reservists. To forestall this possibility, Matsui tacked a lengthy addendum entitled "Essentials for
Assaulting Nanjing" onto the comprehensive operational orders that he passed down to all units on December 7. In "Essentials" Matsui instructed each of his divisions to only allow one of their regiments into the city itself in order to reduce the Japanese Army's contact with Chinese civilians, and he reminded all his subordinates that criminal acts such as looting or arson would be severely punished, though in the court martial ledger for December 20, Matsui, taking note of raping and looting incidents, wrote that 'the truth is that some such acts are unavoidable'. Ultimately, Matsui's orders were again disobeyed. Most of the buildings and civilian homes outside Nanjing had been burned down by the Chinese Army to deprive the Japanese of shelter, so Matsui's subordinate commanders decided on their own that they had no choice but to station all their men within the city itself.
817:. The initial landings went well, but increasingly intense fighting ensued on land and casualties mounted. Matsui had never believed that he had been given enough soldiers to handle the job and was continuously pressing the high command for more reinforcements. He himself was not able to go ashore in Shanghai until September 10, but that was the same day on which the Army General Staff informed him that three additional divisions would be deployed under his command. Still, even this infusion of new troops proved insufficient to dislodge the Chinese. He had mistakenly judged at the beginning of October that the Chinese Army was about to withdraw from Shanghai and had ordered concentrated infantry charges on the Chinese positions in the expectation that the campaign would be wrapped up before November. In fact the SEA was still battering Chinese defensive lines at Nanxiang and Suzhou Creek at that point. The turning point of the campaign did not come until November 5 when an entirely new army, the
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first to
Nanjing. Matsui revised his plans only upon discovering that his own armies were well ahead of their scheduled operational targets. It is again argued that Matsui was unable to restrain the men under his command, and that, since Matsui was an elderly general pulled from retirement, most of his younger and brasher subordinates had little respect for his orders and assumed that he would be back in the reserves and shortly out of their way. Matsui's command problems were made further complicated by the fact that, between December 5 and 15, he was frequently bedridden due to bouts of tuberculosis, which he had first shown symptoms of on November 4. Though ill, he forced himself to press on with his duties, issuing orders from his sickbed. On December 7 he moved his command post from Shanghai to
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1210:. Fifthly, he insisted that his triumphal entrance into Nanjing be held at an early date, a demand which his subordinate commanders responded to by increasing the speed and severity of their operations. Finally, he spent too much time on political maneuvering and neglected his duties as commander. The historian Keiichi Eguchi and the researcher Toshio Tanabe likewise find that Matsui bears responsibility for urging the government to march on Nanjing, which led directly to the massacre. Tanabe concurs with Yoshida that Matsui should have put in place policies to protect Chinese POWs and should not have ordered a premature triumphal entrance into the city of Nanjing.
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752:. Upon his return to Japan in December 1935 he became President of the Greater Asia Association. In February and March 1936, amid ongoing tension with China, Matsui made a second trip to China, this time on a government-sponsored goodwill tour. Matsui met personally with Chiang, and though he found little common ground with him, they at least were united in their anti-communism. Matsui came out of the meeting believing that joint anti-communism could be the basis for Sino-Japanese cooperation in the future. Then in December 1936, following the
694:. Matsui suspected that the Western powers and the League of Nations were deliberately attempting to provoke conflict between Japan and China. Matsui believed that the 30 million Manchurians had been relieved by the Japanese invasion and conquest, which he called 'the Empire's sympathy and good faith' and that the solution to the larger regional problem was for the nations of Asia to create their own "Asian League", which would "extend to the 400 million people of China the same help and deep sympathy that we have given Manchuria".
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857:, which lay 300 kilometers west of Shanghai. Matsui forcefully asserted that the war with China would not end until Nanjing was in their control, and he envisaged that the fall of Nanjing would result in the total collapse of Chiang Kai-shek's government. After Chiang's fall Matsui hoped to play a role in forming a new government in China which, according to his own conception, would be a democracy that would better serve the interests of both Japan and the people of China. However, the historian
702:), described by the historian Torsten Weber as "the single most influential organization to propagate pan-Asianism between 1933 and 1945." The goal of the Greater Asia Association was to promote "the unification, liberation, and independence of the Asian peoples", and Matsui would use the organization as a powerful vehicle to promote his "Asian League" concept both in Japan and abroad. The writings he published with the Association were widely read by Japan's political and military elites.
887:. Although the Chinese garrison defending Nanjing collapsed under pressure of the Japanese attack within a few days, instead of formally surrendering the Chinese soldiers simply threw away their uniforms and weapons and then merged with the city's civilian population. The Japanese occupied Nanjing on the night of December 12/13. Japanese soldiers in the city then massacred prisoners of war and engaged in random acts of murder, looting, torture, and rape which are collectively known as the
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detractors is the historian Yutaka
Yoshida, who believes that Matsui made six serious mistakes which contributed to the massacre. Firstly, he insisted on advancing on Nanjing without ensuring proper logistical support which forced his men to rely on plunder. Secondly, he established no policies to protect the safety of Chinese POWs. Thirdly, he permitted an excessively large number of soldiers to enter the city of Nanjing. Fourthly, he did not cooperate sufficiently with the
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Nanjing objected because they were still in the process of scrambling to apprehend all the former
Chinese soldiers hiding in the city and had no facilities in which to hold them. Regardless, Matsui held firm, and in many cases his men responded to the conundrum by ordering that all their prisoners be executed immediately after capture. Most of the large-scale massacres that took place within Nanjing occurred in the days immediately prior to Matsui's entrance into the city.
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bore "moral responsibility" for the wrongdoing of his men. He denied that he bore "legal responsibility" because, he claimed, it was the military police of each division who were in charge of prosecuting individual criminal acts, not the army commander. However, Matsui also testified that he had urged that any offenders be sternly punished, a statement which, the prosecution quickly noted, implied that he did have some level of legal responsibility.
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1114:(IMTFE), a tribunal established by the Allies of World War II to try Japanese war criminals. The prosecution charged Matsui with Class A war crimes or "crimes against peace", alleging that he had participated in a conspiracy to wage aggressive war against other countries, and also with Class B/C war crimes or "conventional war crimes", alleging that he was responsible for the Nanjing Massacre of 1937 to 1938.
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former Chief of Staff in the SEA later testified that Matsui had been informed of "a few cases of plunder and outrage" shortly after entering the city, and Matsui's own field diary also mentions being told that
Japanese troops had committed acts of rape and looting. Matsui commented in his field diary, "The truth is that some such acts are unavoidable." When a representative from the
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embarrassment. Some even wanted him court-martialed for negligence. Even so, the
Japanese government was not planning on dismissing Matsui solely because of the Nanjing Massacre. The Foreign Ministry was displeased by anti-Western statements Matsui had made after becoming CCAA commander, including his comment that he did not recognize the neutrality of
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507:. After completing elementary school, his parents insisted that he continue his education, but Matsui worried about his father's debts and did not want to burden him financially. Though he was a short, thin, and sickly young man, Matsui opted for a career in the Army, because in Japan at that time military schools charged the lowest tuition fees.
655:. Matsui headed to Jinan to help settle the affair, but while he was still there Japanese army officers assassinated Zhang Zuolin, the warlord leader of Manchuria. Matsui, who had been a supporter of Zhang, immediately left for Manchuria to find out what had happened. He demanded that the officers responsible for the assassination be punished.
784:(SEA). Due to a shortage of active duty generals, the Army General Staff opted to pull someone from the reserves to lead the new army and on August 15 Matsui was officially appointed commander of the SEA. The reason why Matsui was selected is not entirely clear, but his reputation as a "China expert" was likely a major factor. The historian
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effect as is now known, and as he must have known... He was in command of the Army responsible for these happenings. He knew of them. He had the power, as he had the duty, to control his troops and to protect the unfortunate citizens of
Nanking. He must be held criminally responsible for his failure to discharge this duty.
1122:" and stated that the war was fought against the Chinese, not "because we hate them, but on the contrary because we love them too much. It is just the same in a family when an elder brother has taken all that he can stand from his ill-behaved younger brother and has to chastise him in order to make him behave properly."
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moment through the brutalities of the soldiers. And can you imagine it, even after that, these officers laughed at me ... I am really, therefore, quite happy that I, at least, should have ended this way, in the sense that it may serve to urge self-reflection on many more members of the military of that time.
709:, and then on October 20 was promoted to the rank of general, the highest rank in the Japanese Army. While in Taiwan, he took the opportunity to set up a branch of the Greater Asia Association, which declared Matsui its "honorary advisor". He then returned to Japan in August 1934 to take a seat on Japan's
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Soon after Matsui was executed, he was cremated and the US Army took away his ashes to prevent a memorial from being created. However, unbeknownst to them, some of the ashes had been hidden by the owner of the crematorium. He later brought these ashes to the shrine Matsui had founded, the Koa Kannon,
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The
Tribunal is satisfied that Matsui knew what was happening. He did nothing, or nothing effective to abate these horrors. He did issue orders before the capture of the city enjoining propriety of conduct upon his troops and later he issued further orders to the same purport. These orders were of no
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On the matter of the
Nanjing Massacre, Matsui admitted that he was aware of a few isolated crimes committed by individual soldiers, including acts of rape, looting, and murder, but he adamantly denied that any large-scale massacres had occurred in the city. Still, Matsui admitted to the IMTFE that he
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Matsui had told friends before going to Sugamo Prison that at the IMTFE he planned to defend not only himself but also Japan's wartime conduct as a whole. Matsui insisted that Japan had acted defensively against aggression by foreign powers and that Japan's war aims were to liberate Asia from
Western
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Matsui left Nanjing on December 22 and returned to Shanghai, though reports of scandalous incidents perpetrated by Japanese soldiers in Nanjing continued to filter in to his headquarters over the following month. When Matsui returned to Nanjing on February 7, 1938, for a two-day tour he assembled his
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came to investigate the matter, Matsui admitted that some crimes had occurred and he blamed his subordinate commanders for allowing too many soldiers into the city in violation of his orders. After the war, Matsui's aide-de-camp Yoshiharu Sumi claimed that not long after the capture of Nanjing Matsui
789:"to make the Chinese people recognize that Japanese troops are the real friends of China", and likewise stated that "I am going to the front not to fight an enemy but in the state of mind of one who sets out to pacify his brother." However, one of his old acquaintances in the Chinese Army remarked in
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Due to his extensive experience in China Matsui became recognized as one of the most important of the Japanese Army's "China experts", and he was well known in the Army for his love of things Chinese and his hobby of writing Chinese poetry. His work took him throughout China, and he came to know many
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in the history of international law." Shortly after hearing the verdict Matsui confided to his prison chaplain, Shinsho Hanayama, his feelings about the atrocities in Nanjing and the rebuke he delivered to his subordinates on February 7, 1938. He blamed the atrocities on the alleged moral decline of
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In addition to the Greater Asia Association, Matsui also served throughout the war as President of the Association for the National Defense Concept, a virulently anti-Western and anti-Semitic organization founded in February 1942 to support the Japanese war effort. In 1945 as the Allies bore down on
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In spite of retiring from the military, Matsui hoped to get another job in China working with the Japanese-sponsored government there. Ultimately, he instead accepted the position of Cabinet Councillor, an advisory post, in June 1938. He continued to serve in this capacity until January 1940 when he
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province soon after he had returned to Shanghai. The other big task occupying his time in January and February 1938 was his plan to establish a new Chinese government in Central China. Matsui was bound and determined to press forward with his ambition to found a new regime to rival Chiang Kai-shek's
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argues that at the time the Army General Staff was hoping to seek a settlement with China once Shanghai had been secured for Japan, and Matsui, because of his close friendships with China's leaders, was seen as an ideal candidate to conduct the negotiations. Matsui declared that his mission would be
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and unify the country under his leadership. Matsui hoped that Chiang would succeed and form a strong partnership with Japan to resist both Western influence in Asia and communism. However, Matsui's tenure in office was punctuated by a series of crises. Against Matsui's advice the Japanese government
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Nevertheless, other historians like Masahiro Yamamoto have argued that the death sentence was too severe a penalty for Matsui's crime of mere negligence in failing to stop the massacre. The journalist Richard Minear also points out that Matsui's penalty was disproportionately severe compared to the
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The Nanjing Incident was a terrible disgrace ... Immediately after the memorial services, I assembled the higher officers and wept tears of anger before them, as Commander-in-Chief ... I told them that after all our efforts to enhance the Imperial prestige, everything had been lost in one
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Throughout this time Matsui remained active in the pan-Asian movement. Although the Greater Asia Association was reorganized several times between 1942 and 1945, at no point did Matsui ever cease to serve as either the President or Vice President of the organization. Following Japan's entrance into
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praised Matsui's act, noting that "few Western generals have ever devoted their declining years to the memory of the men who died in their battles". Henceforth, on every single day that Matsui spent in Atami for the rest of his life he prayed in front of the Koa Kannon once early in the morning and
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Matsui and his staff officers in the CCAA had been especially intent on ensuring that the property and citizens of third party nations were not harmed in order to avoid causing an international incident; they had foreseen the possibility that their troops might disobey orders upon entering Nanjing,
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of Japan" by Chinese citizens during his travels in the city of Nanjing because of Matsui's connection to the Nanjing Massacre. However, Matsui's name was not always notorious in China for this reason. In 1945 the Chinese Communist Party denounced Matsui as a war criminal because of his propaganda
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would eventually come into being in March 1938. However, the leaders of Japan's Army General Staff showed scant interest in his plan to create a new government in China and they also repeatedly refused to approve any new military campaigns under his command. By the beginning of February Matsui was
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Nevertheless, Matsui's instructions said nothing about treatment of Chinese POWs. Matsui inadvertently contributed to the atrocity in a major way when he demanded on December 14 that his triumphal entrance into Nanjing be scheduled for the early date of December 17. At the time his subordinates in
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Matsui had gotten his way, but he still understood that his troops were tired from the fighting in Shanghai. He therefore decided to advance slowly with the aim of securing the city within two months. Nevertheless, his subordinates refused to play along and instead raced with one another to be the
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The fighting also took a toll on Chinese civilians, and even at the height of the battle Matsui took a special interest in the plight of Chinese refugees. In October he ordered that improvements be made to living conditions in Chinese refugee camps and later he made a large personal donation of $
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was found guilty on five counts, in both cases including one count of negligence, and both were given prison sentences. Matsui, by contrast, was found guilty of only one count of negligence but was sentenced to death. The historian Tokushi Kasahara argues that the prosecution at the IMTFE did not
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In Japan the majority of the historical literature on Iwane Matsui's life focuses on his role in the Nanjing Massacre. He has both sympathizers, who depict him as "the tragic general" who was unjustly executed, and detractors, who assert that he had the blood of a massacre on his hands. Among his
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Ultimately the IMTFE dismissed most of the accusations laid against Matsui. Of the thirty-eight counts he was charged with, Matsui was found not guilty of thirty-seven, including all charges relating to Class A war crimes. The judges rejected Matsui's membership in the Greater Asia Association as
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On February 10 Matsui received a messenger from the Army General Staff who informed him, much to Matsui's chagrin and disappointment, that he would soon be relieved of command and replaced with Shunroku Hata. Ultimately, the Army General Staff did not punish Matsui but they did shake up the whole
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to be closer to the frontlines, and on December 9 he ordered that a "summons to surrender" be dropped by airplane over Nanjing. Because the Chinese Army defending Nanjing did not respond, the next day Matsui approved an all-out attack on the city. The CCAA suffered significant casualties fighting
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Ultimately it was Heisuke Yanagawa's 10th Army which, on November 19, abruptly crossed the operation restriction line and began advancing on Nanjing. In response to this flagrant act of insubordination, Matsui, it is claimed, made some effort to restrain Yanagawa, but he also insisted to the high
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was appointed to take over from him on December 2. Nonetheless, the Army General Staff was keen on keeping the war as contained as possible and so at the same time that it created the CCAA it also laid down an "operation restriction line" forbidding the CCAA from leaving the vicinity of Shanghai.
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army officer from his hometown who had served in China. Arao believed that China and Japan, as the two strongest powers in Asia, had to forge a close trading and commercial partnership under Japanese hegemony to resist Western imperialism, an idea which Matsui incorporated into his own worldview.
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Nonetheless, for his role in the Nanjing Massacre, he was convicted and sentenced to death under Count 55, charging defendants with having "deliberately and recklessly disregarded their legal duty to take adequate steps to secure the observance and prevent breaches" of the laws of war. The IMTFE
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Matsui declared over the radio that Japan would never withdraw from the Philippines "even though Tokyo should be reduced to ashes." Soon after he also stated his plans to speak at a lecture meeting on August 20 opposing any surrender. Nevertheless, on August 15, 1945, at his home in Atami Matsui
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Matsui sailed out of Shanghai on February 21, 1938, and landed back in Japan on February 23. Though the time and place of his return to Japan had been kept secret by the military, reporters quickly caught wind of his return and soon Matsui was being greeted everywhere he went by cheering crowds.
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After returning to Japan in late 1932, Matsui abruptly appeared at the office of the Pan-Asia Study Group, a Tokyo-based think tank, and presented its members with a bold plan to expand their small organization into an international mass movement. Matsui persuaded them to adopt his ideas, and in
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On December 16 Matsui spent the day recovering from his malaria at the Tangshuizhen hot springs east of Nanjing, and then the next day he rode into Nanjing itself at the head of a large victory parade. It is not clear to what extent Matsui was aware of the atrocities perpetrated in Nanjing. His
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of Chiang Kai-shek, the same government he had strongly promoted back when serving as Chief of the Intelligence Division. In the first issue of the Greater Asia Association's official bulletin, put out in 1933, Matsui denounced China's leaders for having "sold out their own country of China and
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issued an arrest warrant for Matsui on suspicion of war crimes. Matsui was ill with pneumonia at the time and so was given until March to recover. One of Matsui's final acts before going to prison was to ask his wife to adopt their longtime maid Hisae as their daughter. He also converted from
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also sees personal motives behind Matsui's insistence on capturing Nanjing. Kasahara suspects that Matsui, as an aging general with a relatively undistinguished military record, desperately wanted to crown his career with one last battlefield victory like the capture of the Chinese capital.
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By then, there was already a movement within the Army General Staff to have Matsui removed from his post. Reports of the atrocities in Nanjing had reached the Japanese government and some within the Army General Staff blamed Matsui for mishandling the crisis and causing Japan international
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In December 1928 Matsui left his post as Chief of the Intelligence Division in order to make an official, year-long trip to Europe. Matsui was interested in France as well as China; he spoke fluent French and had already done work for the Japanese Army in both France and French Indochina.
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work for an ultranationalist group, rather than for the Nanjing Massacre. Historian Masataka Matsuura notes that the focus within current scholarship on Matsui's role in the Nanjing Massacre has distracted from the fact that his pan-Asianism was the defining characteristic of his life.
635:. Between 1925 and 1928 he would serve in the influential post of Chief of the Intelligence Division of the Army General Staff. He was the first "China expert" to be appointed to that position and would have a major influence determining Japan's foreign policies toward China.
1054:, in Singapore. He also caused a diplomatic incident in Indochina, which was still nominally under French colonial rule, when he delivered a speech demanding that it be granted full independence. Matsui's efforts played a key role in the creation and consolidation of the
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After graduating from the Army War College, Matsui immediately requested to be stationed in China. Only one other officer had made this request, since a posting in China was considered undesirable at the time. Matsui's stated ambition was to become "a second Sei Arao".
748:, Matsui had more time to pursue his pan-Asian project. Between October and December 1935 he toured the major cities of China and Manchukuo speaking to Chinese politicians and businessmen about pan-Asianism and setting up a new branch of the Greater Asia Association in
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of mercy, and then had a special temple built in Atami to enshrine it. He named it the Koa Kannon, which means the "Pan-Asian Kannon", and he consecrated it in honor of all the Japanese and Chinese soldiers who perished during the Second Sino-Japanese War. At the time
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caught wind of a plan by some of his subordinates to massacre Chinese POWs and upon hearing of this he immediately put a stop to it. However researchers have since discovered that Sumi's testimony contained a large number of inaccuracies.
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The capture of Nanjing had not led to the surrender of the Nationalist Government as Matsui had predicted and the war with China continued. Undeterred, Matsui began planning out new military operations in places such as
736:. By this point Matsui was fed up with the ruthless factional infighting that had divided the Japanese Army, and so he decided that he would take responsibility for the scandal and resign from active duty in the Army.
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and Chuanshakou, and then use the former force to attack Shanghai directly and the latter force to encircle the Chinese Army. On August 23 Matsui oversaw the landing operation from aboard his flagship the
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World War II in December 1941, Matsui strongly advocated that Japan grant independence to the new territories it had occupied during the war and then form an alliance of Asian states to combat the
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in Shanghai, and the Army General Staff was concerned about Matsui's severe personality conflicts with his subordinate commanders, which were interfering with the chain of command. The Army Minister
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At first Matsui condemned the invasion as the work of renegade army officers, but he was equally stung by what he believed were unfair denunciations of Japan itself by Chinese delegates to the
537:, an elite institution which accepted only about ten percent of annual applicants. Matsui was still taking classes there in February 1904, when the College closed due to the outbreak of the
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along the mountainous terrain just north of the city because Matsui had forbidden his men from using artillery there to prevent any damage from coming to its two famous historical sites,
549:, he was wounded in action and most in his company were killed. At war's end, Matsui resumed his studies at the Army War College, and graduated at the top of his class in November 1906.
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and did intelligence work. Matsui worked in China between 1907 and 1911, and then again as resident officer in Shanghai between 1915 and 1919. In 1921 Matsui was posted to
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attempt seriously to investigate all those who were involved in the Nanjing Massacre, and instead just decided to make Matsui the sole scapegoat for the whole atrocity.
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subordinates, including Prince Asaka and Heisuke Yanagawa, and harangued them for failing to prevent "a number of abominable incidents within the past 50 days".
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Matsui has a somewhat infamous reputation in China today. The popular nonfiction author Takashi Hayasaka asserts that he often heard Matsui referred to as "the
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to the Emperor. Then he led the group up to the gallows where they were all hanged simultaneously shortly after midnight on the morning of December 23, 1948.
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However, Matsui had made it clear to his superiors even before he had left Japan in August that he was determined to capture the capital city of China,
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in 1906. As Matsui rose through the ranks, he earned a reputation as the Japanese Army's foremost expert on China, and he was an ardent advocate of
780:. The Japanese government decided to send two divisions of reinforcements to drive the Chinese Army from Shanghai, which would be organized as the
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betrayed Asia" due to their allegedly pro-Western attitudes. Over time he gravitated toward a group within the Army General Staff led by General
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and they remain there to this day. In 1978, all seven war criminals executed by the IMTFE, including Iwane Matsui, were officially enshrined in
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field command in China and Matsui was just one of eighty senior officers, including Asaka and Yanagawa, who were all recalled at the same time.
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845:(CCAA), a new position created to provide unified leadership to the SEA and the 10th Army. Matsui continued to command the SEA as well until
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The Tokyo War Crimes Trial: The Complete Transcripts of the Proceedings of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Volume 13
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command that marching on Nanjing was the right course of action. On December 1 the Army General Staff finally came around and approved an
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While sailing to Shanghai Matsui adopted a plan drawn by the Japanese Navy to divide the SEA between two landing sites north of Shanghai,
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imperialism. Concerning the origins of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Matsui called it "a fight between brothers within the 'Asian family
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Kiyoko Kurusu Nitz, "Independence Without Nationalists?: The Japanese and Vietnamese Nationalism during the Japanese Period, 1940–45",
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in a secret ceremony conducted by head priest Nagayoshi Matsudaira. This event did not become publicly known until the following year.
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that the inability of Matsui and his subordinates to coordinate and cooperate with one another was the reason he was being removed.
514:. Matsui was an excellent student and graduated second in his class in November 1897. His classmates included the future generals
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Matsui finally retired from the army in 1938. Following Japan's defeat in World War II he was convicted of war crimes at the
825:, landed south of Shanghai and forced the Chinese Army to make a hasty retreat. Shanghai had finally fallen by November 26.
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As Chief of the Intelligence Division, Matsui was a strong supporter of Chiang Kai-shek, who was attempting to end the
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The IMTFE did not readily distinguish between Class B and Class C war crimes, which were generally grouped together.
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at the prison chapel. As the oldest member of the group, Matsui was asked to lead them in shouting three cheers of
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gave Matsui an assignment in France, but in 1907 he got his wish to go to China, where he worked as an aide to the
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Carrington Williams, "The Tokyo War Crimes Trial Before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East", in
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Meanwhile, Sino-Japanese relations continued to deteriorate and Matsui too was gradually souring toward the
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Matsui retired from active duty in 1935 but was called back into service in August 1937 at the start of the
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Iwane Matsui was born in Nagoya on July 27, 1878. He was the sixth son of Takekuni Matsui, an impoverished
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and from then until 1946 he spent his winters living in Atami and his summers living at his old house on
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broke out between Japan and China. Initially limited to northern China, the fighting spread in August to
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Timothy Brook, "Radhabinod Pal on the Rape of Nanking: The Tokyo Judgment and the Guilt of History", in
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297:
4039:
1742:, eds. Sven Saaler and Christopher Szpilman (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2011), p.137.pp.140ff.
1058:, which was the culmination of Matsui's lifelong vision of an "Asian League" united against the West.
462:. The troops under his command who captured Nanjing on December 13 were responsible for the notorious
4154:
4149:
4073:
1051:
953:
733:
706:
510:
Matsui enrolled in the Central Military Preparatory School in 1893 and in 1896 was accepted into the
266:
120:
1110:
On April 29, 1946, Iwane Matsui became one of twenty-eight individuals formally indicted before the
4056:
1082:
1047:
990:
639:
588:
515:
110:
623:(then a Chinese soldier) wanted to study abroad, Matsui helped him find a place to stay in Japan.
1247:
In the Imperial Japanese Army generals were only outranked by those with the ceremonial title of
1178:
1075:
818:
791:
777:
571:
546:
538:
504:
451:
432:
307:
292:
168:
3697:
Beyond the "Judgment of Civilization": The Intellectual Legacy of the Japanese War Crimes Trials
3521:
Beyond the "Judgment of Civilization": The Intellectual Legacy of the Japanese War Crimes Trials
1071:
1929:, eds. Sven Saaler and Christopher Szpilman (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2011), 140–141.
4083:
3967:
3947:
3927:
3881:
3794:
3758:
3738:
3713:
3680:
3660:
3640:
3620:
3600:
3580:
3560:
3537:
3488:
3468:
3422:
3402:
3379:
3356:
3333:
3313:
3293:
3273:
3253:
3233:
3213:
3193:
3173:
3153:
3133:
3113:
3093:
3070:
3050:
3030:
2992:
2954:
2934:
2914:
2894:
2874:
2854:
2834:
2799:
2779:
2743:
2710:
2690:
2670:
2641:
2621:
2601:
2578:
2558:
2538:
2515:
2492:
2472:
2439:
2419:
2394:
2374:
2341:
2321:
2301:
2278:
2258:
2238:
2218:
2198:
2173:
2153:
2071:
2042:
2015:
1990:
1970:
1950:
1930:
1907:
1887:
1849:
1829:
1809:
1789:
1766:
1743:
1735:
1719:
1699:
1679:
1659:
1636:
1616:
1596:
1576:
1551:
1531:
1508:
1488:
1461:
1441:
1421:
1401:
1374:
1320:
1219:
867:
753:
691:
595:
as a staff officer, but returned in 1922 to China where he served until 1924 as an advisor to
319:
2726:
2197:, eds. Mark Peattie et al. (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2011), 169–176.
1698:, eds. Peter Duus, et al. (Leiden, the Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2006), 154.
1151:
Historian Yuma Totani notes that this verdict represents "one of the earliest precedents for
728:
Matsui's career came to an abrupt end in August 1935 when Nagata, a member of the so-called "
611:
prominent Chinese soldiers and politicians. Matsui formed an especially warm friendship with
435:(1904–05). He volunteered for an overseas assignment there shortly after graduating from the
3997:(The Truth about the General: A Character Biography of Iwane Matsui) (Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999)
1039:
888:
858:
822:
562:
558:
523:
463:
421:
82:
58:
1788:, eds. Sven Saaler and Christopher Szpilman (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2011), 137.
2740:
The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945
2469:
The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945
2195:
The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945
1550:, eds. Peter Duus, et al. (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989), 342.
1194:
1002:
957:
722:
684:
620:
474:
194:
86:
2742:, eds. Mark Peattie et al. (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2011), 179.
2738:
Hattori Satoshi and Edward J. Drea, "Japanese operations from July to December 1937", in
2471:, eds. Mark Peattie et al. (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2011), 177.
2467:
Hattori Satoshi and Edward J. Drea, "Japanese operations from July to December 1937", in
2193:
Hattori Satoshi and Edward J. Drea, "Japanese operations from July to December 1937," in
1339:, eds. Sven Saaler and Christopher Szpilman (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2011), 140
473:(IMTFE) and executed by hanging. He and other convicted war criminals were enshrined at
943:
Nationalist Government, and though he did not finish the job before leaving office, the
412:
and the commander of the expeditionary force sent to China in 1937. He was convicted of
648:
566:
795:, "There can be no friendship between us while there is war between China and Japan."
4143:
1215:
1174:
1170:
1099:
994:
961:
632:
604:
565:
during his military education. Matsui was a fervent admirer of the recently deceased
102:
33:
3990:(Iwane Matsui and the Truth about the Nanking Massacre) (Tokyo: Bungei Shunjū, 2011)
1138:
being evidence that he was involved in the "conspiracy" to wage wars of aggression.
1098:
and asked that his wife do the same. On March 6, 1946, he surrendered himself in to
870:, though by then many of Japan's units in the field were already well on their way.
557:
Matsui had a lifelong interest in Chinese civilization. His father was a scholar of
4066:
1043:
1006:
846:
785:
725:, which was advocating that Japan use military force to overthrow Chiang Kai-shek.
596:
576:
519:
500:
440:
798:
4004:(The Origin of the 'Greater Asian War') (Nagoya: Nagoya Daigaku Shuppankai, 2010)
1038:. Between June and August 1943 Matsui undertook a tour of Asia, including China,
698:
March 1933 the study group was rechristened the Greater Asia Association (大亜細亜協会
3437:
Ralph B Smith, "The Japanese Period in Indochina and the Coup of 9 March 1945",
2123:
1166:
1021:
612:
527:
833:
to help him in establishing a "safety zone" for Chinese civilians in Shanghai.
3791:
The Tokyo War Crimes Trial: The Pursuit of Justice in the Wake of World War II
1129:
1013:
729:
631:
Matsui quickly rose through the ranks and in 1923 was promoted to the rank of
148:
142:
2976:
The Way of Deliverance: Three Years with the Condemned Japanese War Criminals
443:. He played a key role in founding the influential Greater Asia Association.
1091:
745:
667:
Sino-Japanese relations plummeted in September 1931 when the Kwantung Army
542:
413:
17:
3900:(Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1971), 210. OCLC 235625
3850:
495:
976:
3699:(Tokyo: International House of Japan, 2003), 41–45, 49, 56. OCLC 52300525
1095:
1068:
939:
130:
1696:
International Humanitarian Law: Origins, Challenges, Prospects, Volume 1
545:
as a company commander in a combat unit of the 6th Regiment. During the
4210:
People executed by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East
3793:(Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Asia Center, 2008), 135.
1678:(Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1995), 148, 215–216.
1184:
1165:
On the night of December 22, 1948, Matsui met fellow condemned inmates
854:
749:
490:
459:
237:
37:
647:
in 1928 to protect Japanese property and civilians, but they ended up
3712:, ed. Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008), 156.
2849:
Akira Fujiwara, "The Nanking Atrocity: An Interpretive Overview," in
2685:
Akira Fujiwara, "The Nanking Atrocity: An Interpretive Overview", in
2487:
Akira Fujiwara, "The Nanking Atrocity: An Interpretive Overview", in
1227:
1017:
935:
875:
807:
676:
600:
428:
78:
2853:, ed. Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008), 48.
2689:, ed. Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008), 36.
2491:, ed. Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008), 33.
4011:(The Field Diary of General Iwane Matsui) (Tokyo: Fuyo Shobo, 1985)
1925:
Torsten Weber, "The Greater Asia Association and Matsui Iwane," in
1784:
Torsten Weber, "The Greater Asia Association and Matsui Iwane," in
1335:
Torsten Weber, "The Greater Asia Association and Matsui Iwane," in
1012:
It was also in 1940 that Matsui commissioned the construction of a
760:
to resist Japan, a move that Matsui viewed as a personal betrayal.
1183:
1128:
986:
975:
906:
797:
644:
106:
431:, Matsui chose a military career and served in combat during the
2257:(Philadelphia: Casemate, 2013), 161, 176–178, 210–211, 214–215.
802:
Matsui inspecting the front lines in Shanghai in September 1937
3523:(Tokyo: International House of Japan, 2003), 38. OCLC 52300525
705:
In August 1933 Matsui was dispatched to Taiwan to command the
1676:
The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920s
2640:(Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 82, 91–93, 129–137.
3639:(Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 2007), 63.
948:
contemplating suicide to protest their lack of enthusiasm.
1188:
Matsui's ashes were secretly buried at Koa Kannon in Atami
454:. After winning the battle Matsui succeeded in convincing
3822:"Banzais Are Shouted by Tojo On His Way to the Gallows,"
3737:(Nagoya: Nagoya Daigaku Shuppankai, 2010), 510–511, 513.
1156:
the Japanese Army since the Russo-Japanese War, and said,
3710:
The Nanking Atrocity, 1937–38: Complicating the Picture
2851:
The Nanking Atrocity, 1937–38: Complicating the Picture
2687:
The Nanking Atrocity, 1937–38: Complicating the Picture
2489:
The Nanking Atrocity, 1937–38: Complicating the Picture
3421:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 38.
2458:(Tokyo: Asagumo Shinbunsha, 1975), 418. OCLC 703872867
2360:(Tokyo: Asagumo Shinbunsha, 1975), 422. OCLC 703872867
2118:, "Differences between Nazi and Japanese leaders", in
671:. At the time Matsui was back in Japan commanding the
541:. He was immediately sent overseas where he served in
4175:
Japanese military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War
3966:(Nagoya: Nagoya Daigaku Shuppankai, 2010), 511, 513.
3029:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 148–152, 163–167, 173, 181.
2817:(New York: Garland Pub., 1981), 32651. OCLC 247239244
2778:(Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 92, 138–142.
1282:(Tokyo: Office of the Greater Asia Association, 1937)
1142:
delivered the following verdict on November 12, 1948.
1949:(Nagoya: Nagoya Daigaku Shuppankai, 2010), 576–577.
1886:(Nagoya: Nagoya Daigaku Shuppankai, 2010), 375–383.
1530:(Nagoya: Nagoya Daigaku Shuppankai, 2010), 508–509.
1400:(Nagoya: Nagoya Daigaku Shuppankai, 2010), 504–505.
841:
On November 7 Matsui was appointed commander of the
3637:
The Politics of Nanjing: An Impartial Investigation
3007:Hallett Abend, "Japanese Troops Scolded In China",
2669:(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1997), 23, 64–65, 116–120.
2418:(Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 49–50, 58.
1575:(Tokyo: Bungei Shunjū, 2011), 32–33, 36–37, 40–41.
1208:
International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone
380:
357:
330:
285:
254:
243:
228:
220:
200:
182:
164:
154:
140:
126:
116:
92:
65:
49:
3809:"The Official Report of the Japanese Executions,"
1546:Kitaoka Shinichi, "China Experts in the Army," in
3092:(Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 160–161.
2978:(New York: Scribner, 1950), 185–186. OCLC 1527099
1650:
1648:
1274:The Japanese Army and the Dispute in the Far East
3851:"Yasukuni and the Enshrinement of War Criminals"
1757:
1755:
1736:"The Greater Asia Association and Matsui Iwane,"
1548:The Japanese Informal Empire in China, 1895–1937
1133:Matsui listening to the proceedings of the IMTFE
1112:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
471:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
159:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
3946:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 66.
3212:(New York: Kodansha International, 1977), 196.
3210:War Criminal: The Life and Death of Hirota Koki
3021:
3019:
3017:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2120:Japan 1931–1945: Militarism, Fascism, Japanism?
2014:(Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 40–41.
911:Matsui riding into Nanjing on December 17, 1937
401:
2933:(Tokyo: Nihon Tosho Kankokai, 1999), 285–294.
395:
3880:(Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 223.
3757:(Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 220.
3551:
3549:
3332:(Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 178.
2991:(Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 159.
2970:
2968:
2966:
2913:(Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 287.
2825:
2823:
2506:
2504:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2292:
2290:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2111:
2109:
1927:Pan-Asianism: A Documentary History, Volume 2
1786:Pan-Asianism: A Documentary History, Volume 2
1740:Pan-Asianism: A Documentary History, Volume 2
1658:(Tokyo: Bungei Shunjū, 2011), 42, 44, 46–52.
1522:
1520:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1337:Pan-Asianism: A Documentary History, Volume 2
732:", was assassinated by a member of the rival
8:
3898:Victors' Justice: The Tokyo War Crimes Trial
3785:
3783:
3292:(New York: Cooper Square Press, 2001), 189.
2873:(New York: Cooper Square Press, 2001), 172.
2757:
2755:
2277:(Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 43.
2070:(Tokyo: Chūō Kōron Shinsha, 2010), 135–138.
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
985:Later that year Matsui bought a new home in
945:Reformed Government of the Republic of China
675:, but at the end of the year he was sent to
4180:Japanese military personnel of World War II
4124:Commander, Japanese Central China Area Army
3370:
3368:
3084:
3082:
2577:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 120–121, 125–128.
2529:
2527:
2373:(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1997), 33, 60, 72.
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
1865:
1863:
1861:
450:to lead the Japanese forces engaged in the
4215:Recipients of the Order of the Golden Kite
4028:
3393:
3391:
1780:
1778:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1365:
458:to advance on the Chinese capital city of
57:
46:
27:Japanese officer, war criminal (1878–1948)
4220:Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
3909:Tokushi Kasahara, "永久保存版 - 三派合同 大アンケート,"
3729:
3727:
3725:
3515:
3513:
3503:"Japan Scouts Move to Quit Philippines,"
3347:
3345:
2831:The Nanking Massacre: Fact Versus Fiction
2318:The Nanking Massacre: Fact Versus Fiction
2126:(Boston: Heath, 1963), 44–45. OCLC 965227
1921:
1919:
1765:(Tokyo: Bungei Shunjū, 2011), 58–61, 63.
1487:(Tokyo: Bungei Shunjū, 2011), 52–55, 62.
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
662:
485:Early life and military career, 1878–1906
406:, July 27, 1878 – December 23, 1948)
384:President of the Greater Asia Association
4190:Military personnel from Aichi Prefecture
3579:(New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003), 188.
3378:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 216, 219, 223.
3152:(Tokyo: Chūō Kōron Shinsha, 2010), 143.
3132:(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1997), 211–214.
2620:(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1997), 133–140.
2592:
2590:
2537:(Tokyo: Chūō Kōron Shinsha, 2010), 146.
2514:(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1997), 112–113.
2255:Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze
2217:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 19, 22, 58–59.
2150:Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze
1595:(Tokyo: Chūō Kōron Shinsha, 2010), 132.
1440:(Tokyo: Chūō Kōron Shinsha, 2010), 133.
4185:Japanese people convicted of war crimes
3659:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 253, 266–267.
3467:(Tokyo: Bungei Shunjū, 2011), 241–242.
3290:Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict
2871:Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict
2438:(Tokyo: Bungei Shunjū, 2011), 121–130.
2152:(Philadelphia: Casemate, 2013), 93–97.
1373:(Tokyo: Chūō Kōron Shinsha, 2010), 21.
1298:
1296:
1292:
1240:
1087:Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers
4099:Commander, Shanghai Expeditionary Army
2041:(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1997), 50–53.
1056:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
603:and did intelligence work for Japan's
533:In 1901, Matsui was admitted into the
2135:"March of Victory into Nanking Set",
1969:(Tokyo: Bungei Shunjū, 2011), 74–76.
1848:(Tokyo: Bungei Shunjū, 2011), 64–66.
1507:(Tokyo: Bungei Shunjū, 2011), 31–32.
1460:(Tokyo: Bungei Shunjū, 2011), 23–24.
1085:began soon after. On November 19 the
7:
1218:was found guilty on four counts and
3944:The Making of the "Rape of Nanking"
3773:"Tojo Condemned by Court to Hang",
3559:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 236, 256.
2953:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 143, 162.
2833:(Tokyo: Sekai Shuppan, 2005), 171.
2340:(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1997), 60.
1306:(Tokyo: Fuyo Shobo, 1985), 329–330.
1001:resigned to protest Prime Minister
643:sent troops to the Chinese city of
3926:(Tokyo: Bungei Shunjū, 2011), 20.
3679:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 280–282.
3619:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 264–265.
3536:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 235–236.
3487:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 217–218.
3452:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
3439:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
3401:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 224–230.
3312:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 203–206.
3232:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 191–193.
3192:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 181–182.
3112:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 168–169.
2798:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 134–137.
2393:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 195–196.
2320:(Tokyo: Sekai Shuppan, 2005), 38.
1989:(Tokyo: Bungei Shunjū, 2011), 78.
1906:(Tokyo: Bungei Shunjū, 2011), 69.
1828:(Tokyo: Bungei Shunjū, 2011), 67.
1635:(Tokyo: Bungei Shunjū, 2011), 35.
1420:(Tokyo: Bungei Shunjū, 2011), 29.
1319:(Tokyo: Bungei Shunjū, 2011), 39.
1005:'s opposition to an alliance with
829:10,000 to the French humanitarian
663:Matsui's pan-Asian vision, 1931–37
25:
3419:Vietnam 1945: The Quest for Power
2172:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 54, 58.
756:, Chiang agreed to join with the
2237:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 61–62.
2089:"Antidote for Abe's nationalism"
232:
207:
187:
3878:Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity
3755:Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity
3330:Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity
3090:Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity
2989:Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity
2911:Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity
2776:Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity
2638:Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity
2416:Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity
2275:Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity
2087:Kevin Rafferty (July 3, 2013).
2012:Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity
1078:unconditionally to the Allies.
370:
4205:People executed for war crimes
3599:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 259.
3355:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 232.
3272:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 174.
3252:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 202.
3172:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 181.
3069:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 171.
3049:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 201.
2893:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 142.
2709:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 125.
2600:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 124.
2557:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 123.
1808:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 208.
569:, a "continental adventurer' (
512:Imperial Japanese Army Academy
1:
4195:Nanjing Massacre perpetrators
2300:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 87.
1718:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 80.
1615:(Tokyo: Kōjinsha, 1999), 31.
679:, Switzerland, to attend the
615:, the first president of the
3849:Yoshinobu Higurashi (2013).
1280:An Asiatic League of Nations
1214:other convicted defendants.
768:In July 1937, following the
681:World Disarmament Conference
343:Order of the Sacred Treasure
972:Life in retirement, 1938–46
782:Shanghai Expeditionary Army
553:The "China expert", 1906–31
493:and former retainer to the
420:for his involvement in the
402:
313:Defense of Sihang Warehouse
272:Shanghai Expeditionary Army
4236:
4074:Commander, IJA Taiwan Army
3867:, February 2001, 190, 194.
3441:, September 1978, 270–271.
1201:Assessments and perception
1106:On trial in Tokyo, 1946–48
770:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
31:
4165:Executed military leaders
4130:
4121:
4115:
4105:
4096:
4090:
4080:
4071:
4063:
4053:
4044:
4036:
4031:
918:Japanese Foreign Ministry
868:operation against Nanjing
740:A general in the reserves
477:in 1978, an act that has
396:
178:
174:
136:
56:
4047:Commander, 11th Division
3148:Kazutoshi Hando et al.,
2829:Osamichi Higashinakano,
2533:Kazutoshi Hando et al.,
2316:Osamichi Higashinakano,
2139:, December 16, 1937, 15.
2066:Kazutoshi Hando et al.,
1591:Kazutoshi Hando et al.,
1436:Kazutoshi Hando et al.,
1369:Kazutoshi Hando et al.,
764:At war in China, 1937–38
448:Second Sino-Japanese War
335:Order of the Golden Kite
303:Second Sino-Japanese War
4025:(Tokyo: Hakkosha, 1938)
3863:"永久保存版 - 三派合同 大アンケート",
3826:, December 24, 1948, 2.
3813:, December 23, 1948, 6.
3777:, November 12, 1948, 1.
3507:, February 4, 1945, 12.
2761:"永久保存版 - 三派合同 大アンケート",
1869:"永久保存版 - 三派合同 大アンケート,"
885:Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum
843:Central China Area Army
758:Chinese Communist Party
619:. In 1907 when a young
599:in the Chinese city of
561:and Matsui studied the
352:Military Medal of Honor
339:Order of the Rising Sun
277:Central China Area Army
247:6th Infantry Regiment,
4160:Anti-Western sentiment
3839:, August 27, 2009, 14.
3011:, February 8, 1938, 3.
1276:(Geneva: Kundig, 1932)
1189:
1163:
1153:command responsibility
1149:
1134:
981:
912:
803:
718:Nationalist government
410:Imperial Japanese Army
215:Imperial Japanese Army
4109:Prince Asaka Yasuhiko
3913:, February 2001, 198.
2765:, February 2001, 202.
1873:, February 2001, 178.
1187:
1158:
1144:
1132:
1030:once in the evening.
979:
910:
881:Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum
801:
408:was a general in the
298:Siberian Intervention
221:Years of service
4128:Oct 1937 – Feb 1938
4103:Aug 1937 – Dec 1937
4078:Aug 1933 – Aug 1934
4051:Aug 1929 – Aug 1931
4000:Matsuura, Masataka,
3995:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
3677:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
3657:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
3617:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
3597:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
3557:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
3534:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
3485:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
3399:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
3376:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
3353:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
3310:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
3270:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
3250:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
3230:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
3190:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
3170:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
3110:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
3067:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
3047:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
3027:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
2951:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
2891:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
2707:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
2598:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
2575:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
2555:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
2391:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
2298:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
2235:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
2215:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
2170:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
1806:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
1716:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
1613:将軍の真実 : 松井石根人物伝
1052:Indian National Army
980:Iwane Matsui, c1930s
895:The Nanjing Massacre
734:Imperial Way Faction
627:Head of intelligence
567:Sei Arao (1858–1896)
547:Battle of Shoushanpu
456:Japan's high command
267:Taiwan Army of Japan
121:Execution by hanging
3993:Hayase, Toshiyuki,
3986:Hayasaka, Takashi,
3962:Masataka Matsuura,
3876:Masahiro Yamamoto,
3753:Masahiro Yamamoto,
3733:Masataka Matsuura,
3328:Masahiro Yamamoto,
3088:Masahiro Yamamoto,
2987:Masahiro Yamamoto,
2909:Masahiro Yamamoto,
2774:Masahiro Yamamoto,
2636:Masahiro Yamamoto,
2414:Masahiro Yamamoto,
2273:Masahiro Yamamoto,
2010:Masahiro Yamamoto,
1945:Masataka Matsuura,
1882:Masataka Matsuura,
1674:Leonard Humphreys,
1526:Masataka Matsuura,
1396:Masataka Matsuura,
1268:Writings in English
1083:occupation of Japan
1048:Subhas Chandra Bose
991:Shizuoka Prefecture
954:foreign concessions
929:Final days in China
711:Supreme War Council
479:stirred controversy
117:Cause of death
3922:Takashi Hayasaka,
3811:The New York Times
3775:The New York Times
3675:Toshiyuki Hayase,
3655:Toshiyuki Hayase,
3615:Toshiyuki Hayase,
3595:Toshiyuki Hayase,
3555:Toshiyuki Hayase,
3532:Toshiyuki Hayase,
3505:The New York Times
3483:Toshiyuki Hayase,
3463:Takashi Hayasaka,
3454:, March 1984, 128.
3397:Toshiyuki Hayase,
3374:Toshiyuki Hayase,
3351:Toshiyuki Hayase,
3308:Toshiyuki Hayase,
3268:Toshiyuki Hayase,
3248:Toshiyuki Hayase,
3228:Toshiyuki Hayase,
3208:Saburo Shiroyama,
3188:Toshiyuki Hayase,
3168:Toshiyuki Hayase,
3128:Tokushi Kasahara,
3108:Toshiyuki Hayase,
3065:Toshiyuki Hayase,
3045:Toshiyuki Hayase,
3025:Toshiyuki Hayase,
3009:The New York Times
2974:Shinsho Hanayama,
2949:Toshiyuki Hayase,
2929:Yoshiaki Itakura,
2889:Toshiyuki Hayase,
2794:Toshiyuki Hayase,
2705:Toshiyuki Hayase,
2665:Tokushi Kasahara,
2616:Tokushi Kasahara,
2596:Toshiyuki Hayase,
2573:Toshiyuki Hayase,
2553:Toshiyuki Hayase,
2510:Tokushi Kasahara,
2454:Toshio Morimatsu,
2434:Takashi Hayasaka,
2389:Toshiyuki Hayase,
2369:Tokushi Kasahara,
2356:Toshio Morimatsu,
2336:Tokushi Kasahara,
2296:Toshiyuki Hayase,
2233:Toshiyuki Hayase,
2213:Toshiyuki Hayase,
2168:Toshiyuki Hayase,
2137:The New York Times
2037:Tokushi Kasahara,
1985:Takashi Hayasaka,
1965:Takashi Hayasaka,
1902:Takashi Hayasaka,
1844:Takashi Hayasaka,
1824:Takashi Hayasaka,
1804:Toshiyuki Hayase,
1761:Takashi Hayasaka,
1714:Toshiyuki Hayase,
1654:Takashi Hayasaka,
1631:Takashi Hayasaka,
1611:Toshiyuki Hayase,
1571:Takashi Hayasaka,
1503:Takashi Hayasaka,
1483:Takashi Hayasaka,
1456:Takashi Hayasaka,
1416:Takashi Hayasaka,
1315:Takashi Hayasaka,
1190:
1135:
1050:, the head of the
1046:in China and with
1027:The New York Times
982:
913:
804:
792:The New York Times
744:Now that he was a
640:civil war in China
585:Army General Staff
539:Russo-Japanese War
505:Tokugawa shogunate
452:Battle of Shanghai
433:Russo-Japanese War
308:Battle of Shanghai
293:Russo-Japanese War
4170:Japanese generals
4138:
4137:
4131:Succeeded by
4106:Succeeded by
4084:Hisaichi Terauchi
4081:Succeeded by
4054:Succeeded by
4032:Military offices
4021:Yokoyama, Kendo,
4007:Tanaka, Masaaki,
3942:Takashi Yoshida,
3635:Minoru Kitamura,
3575:Daizen Victoria,
2456:戦史叢書: 支那事変陸軍作戦(1)
2358:戦史叢書: 支那事変陸軍作戦(1)
1220:Mamoru Shigemitsu
692:League of Nations
669:invaded Manchuria
617:Republic of China
388:
387:
320:Battle of Nanking
96:December 23, 1948
16:(Redirected from
4227:
4116:Preceded by
4091:Preceded by
4064:Preceded by
4040:Rokuichi Koizumi
4037:Preceded by
4029:
3974:
3960:
3954:
3940:
3934:
3920:
3914:
3907:
3901:
3896:Richard Minear,
3894:
3888:
3874:
3868:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3846:
3840:
3833:
3827:
3820:
3814:
3807:
3801:
3787:
3778:
3771:
3765:
3751:
3745:
3731:
3720:
3706:
3700:
3693:
3687:
3673:
3667:
3653:
3647:
3633:
3627:
3613:
3607:
3593:
3587:
3573:
3567:
3553:
3544:
3530:
3524:
3517:
3508:
3501:
3495:
3481:
3475:
3461:
3455:
3448:
3442:
3435:
3429:
3415:
3409:
3395:
3386:
3372:
3363:
3349:
3340:
3326:
3320:
3306:
3300:
3286:
3280:
3266:
3260:
3246:
3240:
3226:
3220:
3206:
3200:
3186:
3180:
3166:
3160:
3150:歴代陸軍大将全覧: 昭和篇(1)
3146:
3140:
3126:
3120:
3106:
3100:
3086:
3077:
3063:
3057:
3043:
3037:
3023:
3012:
3005:
2999:
2985:
2979:
2972:
2961:
2947:
2941:
2927:
2921:
2907:
2901:
2887:
2881:
2867:
2861:
2847:
2841:
2827:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2792:
2786:
2772:
2766:
2759:
2750:
2736:
2730:
2723:
2717:
2703:
2697:
2683:
2677:
2663:
2648:
2634:
2628:
2614:
2608:
2594:
2585:
2571:
2565:
2551:
2545:
2535:歴代陸軍大将全覧: 昭和篇(1)
2531:
2522:
2508:
2499:
2485:
2479:
2465:
2459:
2452:
2446:
2432:
2426:
2412:
2401:
2387:
2381:
2367:
2361:
2354:
2348:
2334:
2328:
2314:
2308:
2294:
2285:
2271:
2265:
2251:
2245:
2231:
2225:
2211:
2205:
2191:
2180:
2166:
2160:
2146:
2140:
2133:
2127:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2084:
2078:
2068:歴代陸軍大将全覧: 昭和篇(1)
2064:
2049:
2035:
2022:
2008:
1997:
1983:
1977:
1963:
1957:
1943:
1937:
1923:
1914:
1900:
1894:
1880:
1874:
1867:
1856:
1842:
1836:
1822:
1816:
1802:
1796:
1782:
1773:
1759:
1750:
1732:
1726:
1712:
1706:
1692:
1686:
1672:
1666:
1652:
1643:
1629:
1623:
1609:
1603:
1593:歴代陸軍大将全覧: 昭和篇(1)
1589:
1583:
1569:
1558:
1544:
1538:
1524:
1515:
1501:
1495:
1481:
1468:
1454:
1448:
1438:歴代陸軍大将全覧: 昭和篇(1)
1434:
1428:
1414:
1408:
1394:
1381:
1371:歴代陸軍大将全覧: 昭和篇(1)
1367:
1340:
1333:
1327:
1313:
1307:
1302:Masaaki Tanaka,
1300:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1245:
1121:
889:Nanjing Massacre
859:Tokushi Kasahara
831:Father Jacquinot
823:Heisuke Yanagawa
589:military attaché
563:Chinese language
559:Chinese classics
535:Army War College
516:Jinzaburō Masaki
464:Nanjing Massacre
437:Army War College
422:Nanjing Massacre
416:and executed by
407:
405:
399:
398:
374:
372:
236:
213:
211:
210:
202:
193:
191:
190:
165:Criminal penalty
145:
99:
75:
73:
61:
47:
21:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4127:
4119:
4111:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4077:
4069:
4059:
4050:
4042:
4018:
4016:Further reading
4002:「大東亜戦争」はなぜ起きたのか
3983:
3978:
3977:
3964:「大東亜戦争」はなぜ起きたのか
3961:
3957:
3941:
3937:
3921:
3917:
3908:
3904:
3895:
3891:
3875:
3871:
3862:
3858:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3835:"Ａ級戦犯、遺灰眠る観音",
3834:
3830:
3824:Washington Post
3821:
3817:
3808:
3804:
3788:
3781:
3772:
3768:
3752:
3748:
3735:「大東亜戦争」はなぜ起きたのか
3732:
3723:
3707:
3703:
3694:
3690:
3674:
3670:
3654:
3650:
3634:
3630:
3614:
3610:
3594:
3590:
3577:Zen War Stories
3574:
3570:
3554:
3547:
3531:
3527:
3518:
3511:
3502:
3498:
3482:
3478:
3462:
3458:
3449:
3445:
3436:
3432:
3416:
3412:
3396:
3389:
3373:
3366:
3350:
3343:
3327:
3323:
3307:
3303:
3288:Edwin P. Hoyt,
3287:
3283:
3267:
3263:
3247:
3243:
3227:
3223:
3207:
3203:
3187:
3183:
3167:
3163:
3147:
3143:
3127:
3123:
3107:
3103:
3087:
3080:
3064:
3060:
3044:
3040:
3024:
3015:
3006:
3002:
2986:
2982:
2973:
2964:
2948:
2944:
2928:
2924:
2908:
2904:
2888:
2884:
2868:
2864:
2848:
2844:
2828:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2793:
2789:
2773:
2769:
2760:
2753:
2737:
2733:
2725:Fujiwara Akira,
2724:
2720:
2704:
2700:
2684:
2680:
2664:
2651:
2635:
2631:
2615:
2611:
2595:
2588:
2572:
2568:
2552:
2548:
2532:
2525:
2509:
2502:
2486:
2482:
2466:
2462:
2453:
2449:
2433:
2429:
2413:
2404:
2388:
2384:
2368:
2364:
2355:
2351:
2335:
2331:
2315:
2311:
2295:
2288:
2272:
2268:
2253:Peter Harmsen,
2252:
2248:
2232:
2228:
2212:
2208:
2192:
2183:
2167:
2163:
2148:Peter Harmsen,
2147:
2143:
2134:
2130:
2114:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2093:The Japan Times
2086:
2085:
2081:
2065:
2052:
2036:
2025:
2009:
2000:
1984:
1980:
1964:
1960:
1947:「大東亜戦争」はなぜ起きたのか
1944:
1940:
1924:
1917:
1901:
1897:
1884:「大東亜戦争」はなぜ起きたのか
1881:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1843:
1839:
1823:
1819:
1803:
1799:
1783:
1776:
1760:
1753:
1734:Torsten Weber,
1733:
1729:
1713:
1709:
1693:
1689:
1673:
1669:
1653:
1646:
1630:
1626:
1610:
1606:
1590:
1586:
1570:
1561:
1545:
1541:
1528:「大東亜戦争」はなぜ起きたのか
1525:
1518:
1502:
1498:
1482:
1471:
1455:
1451:
1435:
1431:
1415:
1411:
1398:「大東亜戦争」はなぜ起きたのか
1395:
1384:
1368:
1343:
1334:
1330:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1294:
1289:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1203:
1195:Yasukuni Shrine
1119:
1108:
1074:that Japan had
1003:Mitsumasa Yonai
974:
958:Hajime Sugiyama
931:
897:
839:
837:Road to Nanjing
766:
742:
730:Control Faction
723:Tetsuzan Nagata
700:Dai-Ajia Kyōkai
685:plenipotentiary
665:
629:
621:Chiang Kai-shek
555:
487:
475:Yasukuni Shrine
393:
381:Other work
376:
373: 1912)
368:
364:
350:
346:
326:
281:
208:
206:
195:Empire of Japan
188:
186:
141:
127:Criminal status
101:
97:
77:
71:
69:
52:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4233:
4231:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4104:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4079:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4052:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3955:
3935:
3915:
3902:
3889:
3869:
3856:
3841:
3828:
3815:
3802:
3779:
3766:
3746:
3721:
3701:
3695:Kei Ushimura,
3688:
3668:
3648:
3628:
3608:
3588:
3568:
3545:
3525:
3519:Kei Ushimura,
3509:
3496:
3476:
3456:
3443:
3430:
3417:David G Marr,
3410:
3387:
3364:
3341:
3321:
3301:
3281:
3261:
3241:
3221:
3201:
3181:
3161:
3141:
3121:
3101:
3078:
3058:
3038:
3013:
3000:
2980:
2962:
2942:
2922:
2902:
2882:
2869:Edwin P Hoyt,
2862:
2842:
2819:
2807:
2796:将軍の真実: 松井石根人物伝
2787:
2767:
2751:
2731:
2718:
2698:
2678:
2649:
2629:
2609:
2586:
2566:
2546:
2523:
2500:
2480:
2460:
2447:
2427:
2402:
2382:
2362:
2349:
2329:
2309:
2286:
2266:
2246:
2226:
2206:
2181:
2161:
2141:
2128:
2116:Maruyama Masao
2105:
2079:
2050:
2023:
1998:
1978:
1958:
1938:
1915:
1895:
1875:
1857:
1837:
1817:
1797:
1774:
1751:
1727:
1707:
1687:
1667:
1644:
1624:
1604:
1584:
1559:
1539:
1516:
1496:
1469:
1449:
1429:
1409:
1382:
1341:
1328:
1308:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1253:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1202:
1199:
1107:
1104:
1067:heard Emperor
973:
970:
930:
927:
896:
893:
838:
835:
774:full-scale war
765:
762:
754:Xi'an Incident
741:
738:
664:
661:
628:
625:
554:
551:
486:
483:
386:
385:
382:
378:
377:
366:
362:
361:
359:
355:
354:
332:
328:
327:
325:
324:
323:
322:
317:
316:
315:
300:
295:
289:
287:
283:
282:
280:
279:
274:
269:
264:
258:
256:
252:
251:
245:
241:
240:
230:
226:
225:
222:
218:
217:
204:
198:
197:
184:
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
138:
137:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
111:Occupied Japan
100:(aged 70)
94:
90:
89:
67:
63:
62:
54:
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995:Lake Yamanaka
992:
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962:Shunroku Hata
960:told General
959:
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673:11th Division
670:
660:
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654:
650:
646:
641:
636:
634:
633:major general
626:
624:
622:
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614:
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605:Kwantung Army
602:
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583:At first the
581:
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572:tairiku rōnin
568:
564:
560:
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524:Shigeru Honjō
521:
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383:
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360:
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348:Victory Medal
344:
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337:First Class,
336:
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329:
321:
318:
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262:11th Division
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185:
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143:Conviction(s)
139:
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129:
125:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
104:
103:Sugamo Prison
95:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:July 27, 1878
68:
64:
60:
55:
48:
43:
39:
35:
34:Japanese name
30:
19:
4122:
4097:
4072:
4067:Nobuyuki Abe
4045:
4022:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3988:松井石根と南京事件の真実
3987:
3981:Bibliography
3963:
3958:
3943:
3938:
3924:松井石根と南京事件の真実
3923:
3918:
3910:
3905:
3897:
3892:
3877:
3872:
3864:
3859:
3844:
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3571:
3556:
3533:
3528:
3520:
3504:
3499:
3484:
3479:
3465:松井石根と南京事件の真実
3464:
3459:
3451:
3446:
3438:
3433:
3418:
3413:
3398:
3375:
3352:
3329:
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3041:
3026:
3008:
3003:
2988:
2983:
2975:
2950:
2945:
2931:本当はこうだった南京事件
2930:
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2549:
2534:
2511:
2488:
2483:
2468:
2463:
2455:
2450:
2436:松井石根と南京事件の真実
2435:
2430:
2415:
2390:
2385:
2370:
2365:
2357:
2352:
2337:
2332:
2317:
2312:
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2234:
2229:
2214:
2209:
2194:
2169:
2164:
2149:
2144:
2136:
2131:
2119:
2096:. Retrieved
2092:
2082:
2067:
2038:
2011:
1987:松井石根と南京事件の真実
1986:
1981:
1967:松井石根と南京事件の真実
1966:
1961:
1946:
1941:
1926:
1904:松井石根と南京事件の真実
1903:
1898:
1883:
1878:
1870:
1846:松井石根と南京事件の真実
1845:
1840:
1826:松井石根と南京事件の真実
1825:
1820:
1805:
1800:
1785:
1763:松井石根と南京事件の真実
1762:
1739:
1730:
1715:
1710:
1695:
1690:
1675:
1670:
1656:松井石根と南京事件の真実
1655:
1633:松井石根と南京事件の真実
1632:
1627:
1612:
1607:
1592:
1587:
1573:松井石根と南京事件の真実
1572:
1547:
1542:
1527:
1505:松井石根と南京事件の真実
1504:
1499:
1485:松井石根と南京事件の真実
1484:
1458:松井石根と南京事件の真実
1457:
1452:
1437:
1432:
1418:松井石根と南京事件の真実
1417:
1412:
1397:
1370:
1336:
1331:
1317:松井石根と南京事件の真実
1316:
1311:
1303:
1279:
1273:
1256:
1243:
1225:
1212:
1204:
1191:
1164:
1159:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1124:
1116:
1109:
1080:
1060:
1044:Wang Jingwei
1032:
1026:
1011:
1007:Nazi Germany
999:
983:
966:
950:
932:
923:
914:
902:
898:
872:
864:
852:
847:Prince Asaka
840:
827:
812:
805:
790:
786:Ikuhiko Hata
767:
743:
727:
715:
704:
699:
696:
689:
666:
657:
653:Chinese Army
637:
630:
609:
597:Zhang Zuolin
582:
577:pan-Asianist
570:
556:
532:
520:Nobuyuki Abe
509:
494:
488:
468:
445:
441:pan-Asianism
426:
403:Matsui Iwane
391:Iwane Matsui
390:
389:
363:Fumiko Isobe
341:First Class
286:Battles/wars
249:3rd Division
98:(1948-12-23)
51:Iwane Matsui
41:
29:
18:Matsui Iwane
4155:1948 deaths
4150:1878 births
4009:松井石根大将の陣中日記
2124:Ivan Morris
1304:松井石根大将の陣中日記
1167:Hideki Tojo
1081:The Allied
1076:surrendered
1064:Philippines
1022:bodhisattva
707:Taiwan Army
683:as an army
613:Sun Yat-sen
528:Sadao Araki
503:during the
345:First Class
4144:Categories
3952:0195180968
3886:0313000964
3763:0313000964
3685:4769809301
3665:4769809301
3625:4769809301
3605:4769809301
3585:0700715800
3565:4769809301
3542:4769809301
3493:4769809301
3427:0520078330
3407:4769809301
3384:4769809301
3361:4769809301
3338:0313000964
3318:4769809301
3298:0815411189
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1556:0691055610
1287:References
1171:Akira Mutō
418:the Allies
414:war crimes
183:Allegiance
149:War crimes
72:1878-07-27
1235:Footnotes
1092:Shintoism
1040:Indochina
819:10th Army
746:reservist
651:with the
543:Manchuria
358:Spouse(s)
224:1897–1938
2098:April 1,
1096:Buddhism
1072:announce
1069:Hirohito
940:Zhejiang
778:Shanghai
649:clashing
427:Born in
255:Commands
201:Service/
131:Executed
32:In this
3911:Shokun!
3865:Shokun!
2763:Shokun!
1871:Shokun!
855:Nanjing
821:led by
750:Tianjin
593:Siberia
491:samurai
460:Nanjing
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1014:statue
936:Xuzhou
876:Suzhou
808:Wusong
677:Geneva
601:Harbin
575:) and
526:, and
496:daimyō
429:Nagoya
331:Awards
212:
203:branch
192:
79:Nagoya
42:Matsui
36:, the
4023:松井大将伝
987:Atami
645:Jinan
501:Owari
397:松井 石根
369:(
365:
169:Death
155:Trial
107:Tokyo
87:Japan
83:Aichi
4133:none
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