55:
163:
Sn) which had the highest known transition temperature of about 18 K. Later
Matthias would try to come up with general empirical properties to find superconducting alloys. In the same year he published a first version of his famous guidelines which came to be known, as the "Mathias rules". Matthias
147:
to start a systematic experimental investigation in the 1950s, looking for superconductors in different elements and compounds. For this reason, they developed a technique based on the
Meissner effect.
198:
in 1970 for "For their joint experimental investigations of superconductivity which have challenged theoretical understanding and opened up the technology of high field superconductors."
42:
who discovered hundreds of superconductors using these principles in the 1950s and 1960s. Deviations from these rules have been found since the end of the 1970s with the discovery of
164:
was able to show in 1962 that some deviations from his rules where due to impurities or defects in the materials. Using his rules, Matthias and collaborators found in 1965 that
175:
Matthias published a first outline his rules in 1957. A successful microscopic theory of superconductivity would no come up until the same year, with the development of the
1510:
1243:
1180:
603:
Superconducting
Materials for High Energy Colliders: Proceedings of the 38th Workshop of the INFN Eloisatron Project, Erice, Italy, 19-25 October 1999
195:
337:
In 1976, Mattias added the criterion to include "elements which will not react at all with molybdenum alone form superconducting compounds with Mo
594:
1643:
1022:
911:
815:
610:
449:
1218:
1602:
1340:
1450:
370:
250:
The
Matthias rules are a set of guidelines to find low temperature superconductors but were never provided in list form by Matthias.
231:
1538:
936:
708:
212:. Matthias postulated an additional criterion in 1976 at the Rochester Conference on superconductivity to include these materials.
1259:
369:
It has been argued that all of
Matthias' rules have been shown to not be completely valid. Specially the rules are not valid for
1455:
1173:
439:
300:
1238:
412:
1208:
477:
1579:
1431:
1375:
1350:
43:
1481:
1410:
216:
79:
1638:
1426:
1345:
1213:
961:
402:
1633:
1533:
1528:
1166:
626:
Arrhenius, G.; Corenzwit, E.; Fitzgerald, R.; Hull, G. W.; Luo, H. L.; Matthias, B. T.; Zachariasen, W. H. (1968).
1233:
1486:
67:
129:
discovered that superconductors expelled applied magnetic fields, a phenomenon that has come to be known as the
1269:
838:"Superconductivity in the Presence of Strong Pauli Paramagnetism: Ce$ {\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$ $ {\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ "
1320:
1612:
1471:
1403:
285:
1523:
1496:
1476:
1398:
188:
92:
165:
1393:
315:. Rule 6 is not an official rule and is often added to indicate skepticism of the theories of the time.
54:
1597:
20:
690:
1553:
1119:
1056:
970:
849:
836:
Steglich, F.; Aarts, J.; Bredl, C. D.; Lieke, W.; Meschede, D.; Franz, W.; Schäfer, H. (1979-12-17).
742:
556:
509:
262:
230:
Matthias held the record of highest critical temperature superconductor found until the discovery of
201:
One of the first deviations of
Matthias' rules was found with the discovery of superconductivity in
292:
152:
63:
1584:
1335:
1295:
1145:
1088:
986:
875:
312:
770:
1360:
1189:
1137:
1080:
1072:
1018:
932:
907:
811:
704:
671:
653:
606:
572:
525:
445:
408:
327:
258:
239:
140:
136:
126:
88:
84:
39:
35:
1569:
1543:
1315:
1290:
1223:
1127:
1064:
978:
865:
857:
803:
750:
696:
661:
643:
564:
517:
323:
319:
122:
1592:
545:"Empirical Relation between Superconductivity and the Number of Valence Electrons per Atom"
156:
1325:
130:
115:
1132:
1123:
1107:
1060:
974:
853:
795:
746:
560:
513:
106:
In subsequent decades, superconductivity was found in several other materials; In 1913,
1330:
1274:
1264:
837:
308:
220:
59:
700:
666:
627:
1627:
1149:
990:
879:
235:
100:
71:
1365:
1355:
1310:
1305:
1092:
497:
180:
144:
96:
1012:
901:
807:
544:
390:
How Fluids Unmix: Discoveries by the School of Van der Waals and
Kamerlingh Onnes
1491:
1300:
861:
695:, Progress in Low Temperature Physics, vol. 2, Elsevier, pp. 138–150,
331:
326:, preferably odd numbers 3, 5, and 7 and high electron density or high electron
318:
Other equivalent principles as stated by
Matthias, indicate to work mainly with
184:
155:, Matthias broke the record in 1954, with the discovery of superconductivity in
1203:
1044:
202:
176:
1141:
1076:
755:
730:
657:
576:
529:
70:
that a ductile alloy of niobium and zirconium will remain superconducting at
521:
279:
224:
215:
Another violation of
Matthias rules appeared in 1979, with the discovery of
1084:
1014:
High
Temperature Superconductivity: The Road to Higher Critical Temperature
675:
648:
568:
1518:
496:
Matthias, B. T.; Geballe, T. H.; Geller, S.; Corenzwit, E. (1954-09-15).
358:
209:
1068:
982:
205:
111:
27:
870:
354:
272:
1158:
1574:
1548:
304:
53:
34:
refers to a historical set of empirical guidelines on how to find
1607:
107:
1162:
903:
Applied Superconductivity: Handbook on Devices and Applications
729:
Bardeen, J.; Cooper, L. N.; Schrieffer, J. R. (December 1957).
404:
Freezing physics, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and the quest for cold
58:
Bernd T. Matthias (left) points to the element niobium on the
373:, alternative rules for these materials have been suggested.
227:
was expected to play a role, contrary to the Matthias rules.
307:. Rule 4, rules out material that are in close vicinity to
392:. (Edita—the Publishing House of the Royal, 2002, 318 pp)
952:
Bednorz, J. G.; MĂĽller, K. A. (1986). "Possible high
428:. (Oxford University Press, 1st edition, 2009, p. 20)
1562:
1509:
1464:
1440:
1419:
1383:
1374:
1283:
1252:
1196:
689:Matthias, B. T. (1957-01-01), Gorter, C. J. (ed.),
253:A popular summarized version of these rules reads:
172:Sn) with a record critical temperature above 20 K.
794:Matthias, Bernd T. (1976), Douglass, D. H. (ed.),
692:Chapter V Superconductivity in the Periodic System
99:, who had developed new techniques to reach near-
636:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1174:
959:superconductivity in the Ba-La-Cu-O system".
802:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 635–642,
8:
438:Rogalla, Horst; Kes, Peter H. (2011-11-11).
426:Superconductivity: A Very Short Introduction
361:" due to deviations in molydenum compounds.
1380:
1181:
1167:
1159:
268:High density of electronic states is good.
1131:
869:
800:Superconductivity in d- and f-Band Metals
754:
665:
647:
196:Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize
1108:"A second life of the Matthias's rules"
381:
1045:"Superconductivity gets an iron boost"
1112:Superconductor Science and Technology
1038:
1036:
1034:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
927:Saunders, P. J.; Ford, G. A. (2005).
895:
893:
891:
889:
796:"Some Surprises in Superconductivity"
16:Physical laws about superconductivity
7:
588:
586:
476:Geballe, T. H.; Hulm, J. K. (1996).
471:
469:
467:
465:
463:
461:
14:
299:Rule 2, rules out materials near
66:looks on. After reporting to the
1011:Uchida, Shin-ichi (2014-11-20).
479:Bernd Theodor Matthias 1918–1990
371:high-temperature superconductors
232:high-temperature superconductors
929:The Rise of the Superconductors
595:"Possible mechanisms of high T
543:Matthias, B. T. (1955-01-01).
498:"Superconductivity of Nb 3 Sn"
485:. National Academy of Science.
441:100 Years of Superconductivity
87:was first discovered in solid
44:unconventional superconductors
1:
1133:10.1088/0953-2048/29/8/080502
931:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
731:"Theory of Superconductivity"
701:10.1016/s0079-6417(08)60104-3
601:. In Cifarelli, Luisa (ed.).
322:; with the average number of
217:heavy fermion superconductors
194:Geballe and Matthias won the
1644:Obsolete theories in physics
808:10.1007/978-1-4615-8795-8_39
80:History of superconductivity
38:. These rules were authored
900:Seidel, Paul (2015-01-22).
862:10.1103/PhysRevLett.43.1892
234:were discovered in 1986 by
1660:
1511:Technological applications
301:metal-insulator transition
77:
18:
1253:Characteristic parameters
906:. John Wiley & Sons.
628:"SUPERCONDUCTIVITY OF NB
388:Sengers, Johanna Levelt:
68:American Physical Society
1270:London penetration depth
1106:Conder, K (2016-08-01).
962:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Physik B
756:10.1103/PhysRev.108.1175
444:. Taylor & Francis.
19:Not to be confused with
1563:List of superconductors
1441:By critical temperature
1043:Mazin, Igor I. (2010).
842:Physical Review Letters
522:10.1103/PhysRev.95.1435
401:van Delft, Dirk (2007)
632:(AL, GE) ABOVE 20.5°K"
365:Failure and extensions
189:John Robert Schrieffer
151:In collaboration with
93:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
75:
1209:Bean's critical state
649:10.1073/pnas.61.2.621
593:Grimaldi, C. (2001).
569:10.1103/PhysRev.97.74
114:at 10 K, and in 1941
78:Further information:
57:
1384:By magnetic response
605:. World Scientific.
407:, Edita, Amsterdam,
1336:persistent currents
1321:Little–Parks effect
1124:2016SuScT..29h0502C
1069:10.1038/nature08914
1061:2010Natur.464..183M
975:1986ZPhyB..64..189B
854:1979PhRvL..43.1892S
747:1957PhRv..108.1175B
561:1955PhRv...97...74M
514:1954PhRv...95.1435M
424:Blundell, Stephen:
153:Theodore H. Geballe
143:were encouraged by
64:John Eugene Kunzler
1639:History of physics
1296:Andreev reflection
1291:Abrikosov vortices
983:10.1007/BF01303701
599:superconductivity"
313:antiferromagnetism
110:at 7 K, in 1930's
76:
21:Matthiessen's rule
1634:Superconductivity
1621:
1620:
1539:quantum computing
1505:
1504:
1361:superdiamagnetism
1190:Superconductivity
1055:(7286): 183–186.
1024:978-4-431-55300-7
913:978-3-527-67066-6
848:(25): 1892–1896.
817:978-1-4615-8797-2
771:"Prize Recipient"
612:978-981-02-4319-7
451:978-1-4398-4948-4
324:valence electrons
320:d-electron metals
166:niobium–germanium
141:John Kenneth Hulm
137:Bernd T. Matthias
127:Robert Ochsenfeld
85:Superconductivity
40:Bernd T. Matthias
1651:
1570:bilayer graphene
1544:Rutherford cable
1456:room temperature
1451:high temperature
1381:
1341:proximity effect
1316:Josephson effect
1260:coherence length
1183:
1176:
1169:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1135:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1040:
1029:
1028:
1008:
995:
994:
955:
949:
943:
942:
924:
918:
917:
897:
884:
883:
873:
833:
827:
826:
825:
824:
791:
785:
784:
782:
781:
767:
761:
760:
758:
741:(5): 1175–1204.
726:
720:
719:
718:
717:
686:
680:
679:
669:
651:
623:
617:
616:
590:
581:
580:
540:
534:
533:
493:
487:
486:
484:
473:
456:
455:
435:
429:
422:
416:
399:
393:
386:
328:density of state
123:Walther Meissner
1659:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1588:
1558:
1501:
1460:
1447:low temperature
1436:
1415:
1370:
1326:Meissner effect
1279:
1275:Silsbee current
1248:
1214:Ginzburg–Landau
1192:
1187:
1157:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1042:
1041:
1032:
1025:
1010:
1009:
998:
958:
953:
951:
950:
946:
939:
926:
925:
921:
914:
899:
898:
887:
835:
834:
830:
822:
820:
818:
793:
792:
788:
779:
777:
769:
768:
764:
735:Physical Review
728:
727:
723:
715:
713:
711:
688:
687:
683:
631:
625:
624:
620:
613:
598:
592:
591:
584:
549:Physical Review
542:
541:
537:
502:Physical Review
495:
494:
490:
482:
475:
474:
459:
452:
437:
436:
432:
423:
419:
400:
396:
387:
383:
379:
367:
352:
348:
344:
340:
291:Stay away from
284:Stay away from
278:Stay away from
271:Stay away from
248:
171:
162:
131:Meissner effect
116:niobium nitride
82:
52:
36:superconductors
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1657:
1655:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1626:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1524:electromagnets
1521:
1515:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1465:By composition
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1432:unconventional
1429:
1423:
1421:
1420:By explanation
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1387:
1385:
1378:
1376:Classification
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1265:critical field
1262:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1234:Mattis–Bardeen
1231:
1226:
1221:
1219:Kohn–Luttinger
1216:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1163:
1156:
1155:
1098:
1030:
1023:
996:
969:(2): 189–193.
956:
944:
937:
919:
912:
885:
828:
816:
786:
762:
721:
709:
681:
642:(2): 621–628.
629:
618:
611:
596:
582:
535:
488:
457:
450:
430:
417:
394:
380:
378:
375:
366:
363:
350:
346:
342:
338:
309:ferromagnetism
297:
296:
289:
282:
276:
269:
266:
263:cubic symmetry
247:
244:
240:K. Alex MĂĽller
221:Frank Steglich
169:
160:
103:temperatures.
60:periodic table
51:
48:
32:Matthias rules
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1656:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1482:heavy fermion
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1411:ferromagnetic
1409:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1356:supercurrents
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1118:(8): 080502.
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
963:
948:
945:
940:
938:0-7484-0772-3
934:
930:
923:
920:
915:
909:
905:
904:
896:
894:
892:
890:
886:
881:
877:
872:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
832:
829:
819:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
790:
787:
776:
772:
766:
763:
757:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
725:
722:
712:
710:9780444533081
706:
702:
698:
694:
693:
685:
682:
677:
673:
668:
663:
659:
655:
650:
645:
641:
637:
633:
622:
619:
614:
608:
604:
600:
589:
587:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
539:
536:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
492:
489:
481:
480:
472:
470:
468:
466:
464:
462:
458:
453:
447:
443:
442:
434:
431:
427:
421:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:
398:
395:
391:
385:
382:
376:
374:
372:
364:
362:
360:
356:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
294:
290:
287:
283:
281:
277:
274:
270:
267:
264:
260:
256:
255:
254:
251:
245:
243:
241:
237:
236:Georg Bednorz
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
204:
199:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
167:
158:
154:
149:
146:
142:
138:
134:
132:
128:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
104:
102:
101:absolute zero
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
73:
72:liquid helium
69:
65:
61:
56:
49:
47:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
1492:oxypnictides
1427:conventional
1366:superstripes
1311:flux pumping
1306:flux pinning
1301:Cooper pairs
1228:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1052:
1048:
1017:. Springer.
1013:
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