992:
86:
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61:
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204:
410:
The entire species was initially confined to a 16-ha forest remnant on 309-ha Maud Island. Although its population on Maud Island is estimated to be 27,500–39,500, conservation has focused on establishing new populations on different islands, because the species is still vulnerable to fungal disease,
267:
Long-term studies beginning in 1983 have revealed this species is extremely long-lived: some monitored frogs reach 35–40 years old, making them the longest-lived wild frog in the world. Individuals are well-camouflaged and sedentary, spending their whole lives within a 30-m area and moving the centre
456:
near
Wellington, and 100 more in 2012. Most of the frogs were released in a kiwi- and mouse-proof enclosure, but 29 were placed outside the enclosure so that a comparative study could be done. In February 2008, 13 froglets were discovered clinging to adult males inside the enclosure. Those outside
42:
448:
in 1997 – the first time New
Zealand frogs had been translocated between islands. This was more successful than a 2006 translocation of 100 to nearby Long Island; Motuara contained better habitat and frogs there were protected by a kiwi-proof fence.
248:
was a small terrestrial frog, growing to 5 cm in length, and is medium to dark brown with unwebbed toes and a distinctive extended ridge behind its eyes. It is slightly larger than and differs slightly in colour from
Hamilton's frog
264:, Maud Island frogs lay their eggs on moist ground. One to 19 eggs are laid in December, and are guarded by the male for 14–21 weeks. The eggs hatch into froglets, which the male carries on his back until they become independent.
411:
natural disaster, climate change, or the arrival of mammalian predators. Maud Island suffered an incursion of mice in 2013, but these were eradicated and the island was declared predator-free in
November 2016.
403:, due to three independent genetic analyses finding it to be minimally differentiated from Hamilton's frog. In the prior edition of the New Zealand Threat Classification,
365:, which calls into question the designation of the Maud Island frog as a separate species. A similar conflict between blood allozymes and DNA led to the lumping of the
1133:
768:
Burns, Rhys J; Bell, Ben D; Haih, Amanda; Bishop, Phillip; Easton, Luke; Wren, Sally; Germano, Jennifer; Hitchmough, Rodney A; Rofe, Jeremy; Makan, Troy (2017).
1172:
1284:
684:
Holyoake, Andrew; Waldman, Bruce; Gemmell, Neil J. (2001). "Determining the species status of one of the world's rarest frogs: a conservation dilemma".
1259:
1107:
441:
400:
1146:
567:
1279:
1274:
653:, n.sp. (Anura: Leiopelmatidae), a cryptic species of frog from Maud Island, New Zealand, and a reassessment of the conservation status of
525:
445:
444:
to a different part of Maud Island, successfully starting a new colony. Three hundred were translocated 25 km to
Motuara Island in
1269:
943:
427:
971:
960:
813:
975:
1151:
316:
982:
769:
319:
and were considered to be a subpopulation of that species. In 1998, an analysis of the muscle proteins (allozymes) of
323:
from both islands showed enough differences that the Maud Island population was designated a separate species, name
1177:
931:
Database entry includes a range map, a brief justification of why this species is vulnerable, and the criteria used
864:
838:
85:
711:
Hay, J.M.; Sarre, S.D. (2010). "Genetic diversity and taxonomy: a reassessment of species designation in tuatara (
453:
304:
592:
965:
1236:
1264:
1073:
791:
1008:
268:
of their home range only 1.3 m every 10 years – one of the smallest home ranges known for any vertebrate.
180:
1046:
1213:
1187:
1094:
349:
species do not support the results of the allozyme analysis, however; the genetic difference between
537:
918:
498:
50:
750:
308:
80:
65:
619:
251:
1138:
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1081:
939:
742:
342:
331:
1223:
790:
Newman, Don; Bell, Ben; Bishop, Phillip; Burns, Rhys; Haigh, Amanda; Hitchmough, Rod (2013).
1200:
913:
732:
724:
693:
666:
493:
358:
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260:
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1159:
904:
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70:
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41:
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338:
was less than 300 individuals living in a small pile of rocks on
Stephens Island.
1120:
1055:
1040:
300:
17:
728:
697:
407:
was classified as both taxonomically indeterminate and
Nationally Vulnerable.
1031:
746:
157:
147:
127:
97:
1025:
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word for Maud Island. This then meant that the total world population of
117:
311:, were discovered in 1940 and formally reported in 1958; they resembled
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1112:
1060:
737:
366:
1125:
1068:
107:
1002:
452:
In 2006, 60 Maud Island frogs were released into the predator-proof
1208:
399:
is classed as taxonomically indistinct in the 2017 version of the
384:
137:
1099:
1006:
649:
Bell, Ben D.; Daugherty, Charles H.; Hay, Jennifer M. (1998). "
357:
is no greater than that seen between different populations of
534:
EDGE Evolutionarily
Distinct & Globally Endangered
980:
770:"Conservation status of New Zealand amphibians, 2017"
1015:
416:
812:Mulligan, Jesse; Toki, Nicola (4 November 2016).
792:"Conservation status of New Zealand frogs, 2013"
919:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T56298A66690211.en
865:"Tiny Maud Island frogs make place in history"
499:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T56298A66690211.en
440:In 1984–85 100 frogs were transferred by the
8:
894:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2015).
474:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2015).
659:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
593:"New Zealand's remarkable Maud Island frog"
1003:
843:Department of Conservation Te Papa Atawhai
286:) has been recently been synonymised with
227:) has been recently been synonymised with
202:
59:
40:
31:
917:
736:
497:
799:New Zealand Threat Classification Series
777:New Zealand Threat Classification Series
624:Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
401:New Zealand Threat Classification System
987:
466:
968:- research on New Zealand frog biology
413:
966:New Zealand Frog Conservation Biology
7:
1237:965C70AE-8996-4DE4-BAE0-5C6C46DAF343
1214:CB59F52E-0AEF-2479-0EA6-3450B9C18EE8
1188:455309fa-5337-4d77-970b-f06b08339f68
863:Gregory, Angela (29 February 2008).
644:
642:
640:
561:
559:
557:
555:
520:
518:
516:
430:(TVNZ video showing Maud Island and
905:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
485:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
955:Maud Island frog discussed on RNZ
457:the enclosure mostly disappeared.
25:
1285:Endemic amphibians of New Zealand
618:Ryan, Paddy (24 September 2007).
597:Victoria University of Wellington
1260:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
990:
422:
258:Like other members of the genus
84:
938:, (Blandford, London, UK 1992)
196:Bell, Daugherty & Hay, 1998
976:Zealandia (wildlife sanctuary)
936:Frogs & Toads of the World
566:Brooks, David (24 June 2013).
1:
671:10.1080/03014223.1998.9517554
1280:Amphibians described in 1998
1275:Endemic fauna of New Zealand
1301:
568:"Maud Island's Old Timers"
442:Department of Conservation
211:Range of Maud Island Frog
1270:Amphibians of New Zealand
729:10.1007/s10592-009-9952-7
698:10.1017/S1367943001001032
454:Karori Wildlife Sanctuary
421:
305:Pelorus Sound / Te Hoiere
210:
201:
186:
179:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
657:from Stephens Island".
526:"59. Maud Island Frog (
367:Brothers Island tuatara
620:"Frogs – Native frogs"
393:
912:: e.T56298A66690211.
814:"Critter of the Week"
717:Conservation Genetics
536:. ZSL. Archived from
492:: e.T56298A66690211.
446:Queen Charlotte Sound
388:
345:from all four extant
540:on 22 September 2010
27:Species of amphibian
957:Critter of the Week
686:Animal Conservation
375:Sphenodon punctatus
293:Leiopelma hamiltoni
252:Leiopelma hamiltoni
234:Leiopelma hamiltoni
51:Conservation status
869:New Zealand Herald
394:
371:Sphenodon guntheri
341:Recent studies of
1247:
1246:
1196:Open Tree of Life
1009:Taxon identifiers
839:"Frogs/pepeketua"
599:. 17 October 2012
572:Forest & Bird
438:
437:
215:
214:
74:
35:Maud Island frog
16:(Redirected from
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1074:leiopelma-pakeka
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1047:Leiopelma pakeka
1036:
1035:
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1017:Leiopelma pakeka
1004:
995:
994:
993:
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972:Maud Island Frog
934:Chris Mattison,
930:
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898:Leiopelma pakeka
881:
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723:(3): 1063–1081.
708:
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651:Leiopelma pakeka
646:
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528:Leiopelma pakeka
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478:Leiopelma pakeka
471:
426:
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315:found on nearby
283:Leiopelma pakeka
278:Maud Island frog
246:Leiopelma pakeka
224:Leiopelma pakeka
219:Maud Island frog
206:
192:
190:Leiopelma pakeka
89:
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68:
63:
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32:
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18:Maud Island Frog
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961:4 November 2016
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888:Further reading
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428:Meet the Locals
423:
417:External videos
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317:Stephens Island
288:Hamilton's frog
274:
243:
229:Hamilton's frog
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83:
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1265:Leiopelmatidae
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950:External links
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715:: Reptilia)".
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359:Archey's frog
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299:The frogs on
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181:Binomial name
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923:. Retrieved
909:
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873:. Retrieved
871:. p. A4
868:
858:
846:. Retrieved
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821:. Retrieved
817:
807:
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785:
776:
763:
720:
716:
712:
706:
689:
685:
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655:L. hamiltoni
654:
650:
627:. Retrieved
623:
613:
601:. Retrieved
596:
587:
575:. Retrieved
571:
542:. Retrieved
538:the original
533:
527:
503:. Retrieved
489:
483:
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381:Conservation
374:
373:) back into
370:
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355:L. hamiltoni
354:
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336:L. hamiltoni
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321:L. hamiltoni
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313:L. hamiltoni
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29:
1121:iNaturalist
1056:AmphibiaWeb
1041:Wikispecies
925:12 November
848:24 November
823:25 November
738:10072/30480
629:24 November
603:24 November
577:24 November
544:24 November
505:12 November
363:L. archeyi)
309:Marlborough
301:Maud Island
241:Description
1254:Categories
461:References
66:Vulnerable
747:1572-9737
713:Sphenodon
692:: 29–35.
665:: 39–54.
432:L. pakeka
405:L. pakeka
397:L. pakeka
390:L. pakeka
351:L. pakeka
347:Leiopelma
330:from the
261:Leiopelma
166:Species:
159:Leiopelma
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1139:10595565
1026:Wikidata
875:13 April
801:(5): 10.
779:(25): 7.
755:24965201
272:Taxonomy
144:Family:
128:Amphibia
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1232:ZooBank
1224:4803145
1113:2429807
1032:Q428881
974:at the
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
1221:uBio:
1201:248871
1185:NZOR:
1178:118231
1152:663270
1100:332765
1069:ARKive
983:Portal
942:
753:
745:
328:pakeka
1209:Plazi
1165:56298
1134:IRMNG
1126:23271
1087:3SZ22
997:Frogs
795:(PDF)
773:(PDF)
751:S2CID
343:mtDNA
332:Māori
138:Anura
1173:NCBI
1160:IUCN
1147:ITIS
1108:GBIF
1061:5471
940:ISBN
927:2021
910:2015
877:2009
850:2016
825:2016
743:ISSN
631:2016
605:2016
579:2016
546:2016
507:2021
490:2015
353:and
276:The
217:The
1095:EoL
1082:CoL
914:doi
818:RNZ
733:hdl
725:doi
694:doi
667:doi
494:doi
303:in
255:).
1256::
1234::
1211::
1198::
1175::
1162::
1149::
1136::
1123::
1110::
1097::
1084::
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1028::
959:,
908:.
902:.
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841:.
816:.
797:.
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741:.
731:.
721:11
719:.
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663:28
661:.
639:^
622:.
595:.
570:.
554:^
532:.
530:)"
515:^
488:.
482:.
377:.
325:L.
307:,
296:)
237:)
985::
929:.
916::
900:"
896:"
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852:.
827:.
757:.
735::
727::
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696::
690:4
673:.
669::
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548:.
509:.
496::
480:"
476:"
434:)
369:(
361:(
290:(
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221:(
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
