959:
812:. Given that Maurice was a Christian, his foreignness could not be depicted with iconographic vocabulary such as curved swords, insignia on shields or headdresses. As such, Maurice was "turned" into a "black" or darker-skinned man to specify his geographic provenance with "racial" markings of color and physiognomy. Paul Kaplan, agreeing with Devisse's thesis, additionally argues that Frederick II also wanted to emphasize how "All races are equal before God, and... the Christian mission is universal", and also that one of his goals was to "advance his claims to global rule by promoting the visibility of his most strikingly “different” subjects".
1080:
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506:, the body of St. Maurice was conveyed to him at Regensburg along with the bodies of some of the saint's companions and portions of other saints. Having been sent to Magdeburg, these relics were received with great honour by a gathering of the entire populace of the city and of their fellow countrymen. They are still venerated there, to the salvation of the homeland.
1032:
1130:
797:, laid out the documentary sources for the saint's popularity and documented it with illustrative examples. The Magdeburg cathedral in the 13th century presumably had other images of Maurice that did not visibly represent him as being an African, though with the exception of a statue from c. 1220, none has survived.
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which described
Maurice as "the leader of the Moors". As such, according to her, Alfred took cognizance of this new idea of the saint as a dark-skinned Moor and commissioned a "black St. Maurice" in the context of a new building program after a fire devastated the old cathedral in 1207. Devisse had
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on 29 August 2005; the copper-plated steeple was blown off the building. The church was subsequently deconsecrated in 2008, and the local diocese put it up for sale in 2011. By 2014, a local attorney had purchased the property for a local arts organization, after which the building served as both an
792:
In the modern era, there has been debate surrounding Saint
Maurice's "race" and physical depictions. The earliest surviving work portraying Maurice as a dark-skinned African dates from the 13th century. Before the 13th century, he was usually depicted with European features. The oldest surviving
958:
400:. More orders followed, the men refused compliance as encouraged by Maurice, and a second decimation was ordered. In response to the Theban Christians' refusal to attack fellow Christians, Maximian ordered all the remaining members of the legion to be executed. The place in
913:, proposed that Eucherius' presentation of the legend of the Theban legion was a literary production, not based on a local tradition. The monastic accounts themselves do not specifically state that all the soldiers were collectively executed; the 12th-century bishop
659:
that he was the one to whom the nearby chapel was dedicated, that he would fetch her some water (before drawing some water out of a well she had not seen), that she should go down to a certain valley to escape the local guard and see the
Blessed Virgin
830:
also raised this idea because it "would be negative psychological reactions on the part of the populace to the sudden arrival of a saint substituting for the old
Maurice at an inopportune moment, and also because of the financial costs involved".
860:
honoured the town's patron saint, Saint
Maurice, since they were granted in 1493. In 1934, the Nazi government forbade any glorification of the "Black" race, and they replaced the coat of arms with one depicting a vertical sword with a Nazi
793:
image that depicts Saint
Maurice as a dark-skinned man in knight's armour was sculpted in the mid-13th century for Magdeburg Cathedral; there it is displayed next to the grave of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor. Jean Devisse, author of the book
1048:
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emperors until 1916, and among the most important insignia of the imperial throne (although the actual sword dates from the 12th century). In addition, some of the emperors were anointed before the Altar of Saint
Maurice at
1308:
190:
banner; soldier; soldier being executed with other soldiers, knight; sub-saharan
African in full armour, bearing a standard and a palm; knight in armour with a red cross on his breast, which is the badge of the
1079:
431:
refusing
Maximian's orders only after discovering innocent Christians had inhabited a town they had just destroyed, or that the emperor had them executed when they refused to sacrifice to the Roman gods.
1005:
1042:. 1583. Oil on canvas, 540 x 288 cm, Monasterio de San Lorenzo, El Escorial, Spain. Cincinato placed stronger emphasis on the execution scene, which has been brought into the foreground.
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During the 11th century, before art of
Maurice began depicting him as visibly dark-skinned, he was seen as "the symbol of the Germanic offensive against the Slavs". Devisse argues that
942:
396:
When Maximian ordered them to murder local Christians, they refused. Ordering the unit to be punished, Maximian had every tenth soldier killed, a military punishment known as
883:
There is a difference of opinion among researchers as to whether or not the story of the Theban Legion is based on historical fact, and if so, to what extent. The account by
1318:
1095:
384:. He stated that service to God superseded all else. He said that to engage in wanton slaughter was inconceivable to Christian soldiers. He and his men refused to worship
349:. He rose through the ranks until he became the commander of the Theban legion, thus leading approximately a thousand men. He was an acknowledged Christian at a time when
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380:. Before going into battle, they were instructed to offer sacrifices to the pagan gods and pay homage to the emperor. Maurice pledged his men's military allegiance to
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Gude Suckale-Redlefsen gives another view on the subject, arguing instead that it wasn't Frederick who transformed Maurice into a "black man", but rather archbishop
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Over 650 religious foundations dedicated to Saint Maurice can be found in France and other European countries. In Switzerland alone, seven churches or altars in
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likely initiated the "black St. Maurice" trope, around 1240-1250. As a military saint, Maurice played an important role for the Holy Roman Empire during the
1063:
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Maurice is traditionally depicted in full armour, in Italy emblazoned with a red cross. In folk culture he has become connected with the legend of the
1015:
808:, most of which had been failing at the time. Frederick seemingly wanted to symbolically state that, even though Christians cannot reconquer Africa,
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in Appenzell Innerrhoden). Particularly notable among these are the Church and Abbey of Saint-Maurice-en-Valais, the Church of Saint Moritz in the
1997:
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1710:
1564:
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1057:. "Portrait of Francis de Chateaubriand Presented by St. Maurice. c. 1500". Tempera on wood. Glasgow Museums and Art Galleries, Glasgow, UK.
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that many of the legionaries escaped and only some were executed at Agaunum, though the others were later apprehended and put to death at
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837:. "Once again, as in the early Middle Ages, the color black had become associated with spiritual darkness and cultural 'otherness
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1796:"Redeploying a Saint: The Black Maurice and the Shifting Iconography of Blackness in Post-Reformation Germany and the Baltics"
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Images of the saint died out in the mid-16th century. Suckale-Redlefsen suggests that this was due to the developing
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in the year 961 of the Incarnation and in the 25th year of his reign, in the presence of all of the nobility, on the
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869:. Today, the silhouette of Saint Maurice can be found mainly on manhole covers as well as the city coat of arms.
816:
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710:(France) and of the Valais (Switzerland) as well as of soldiers, swordsmiths, armies, and infantrymen. In 1591
1956:
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arranged the triumphant return of part of the relics of Saint Maurice from the monastery of Agaune in Valais.
686:
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601:
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127:
1944:
Donald F. O'Reilly. The Theban Legion of St. Maurice. Vigiliae Christianae. Vol. 32, No. 3, September 1978.
1602:
Hampton, Grace; Devisse, Jean; Mollat, Michel (1981). " The Image of the Black in Western Art, Volume II".
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apparitions included an apparition of Saint Maurice. He appeared in an antique episcopal vestment and told
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1983:
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2006:
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arts venue and the worship space for a Baptist church that had been displaced following the hurricane.
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741:(Germany) have chosen Maurice as their patron saint as well. Maurice is also the patron saint of the
330:
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1900:
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726:
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514:, which he is supposed to have carried into battle; his name is engraved on the Holy Lance of
424:
1727:
The Image of the Black in Western Art: From the Early Christian Era to the "Age of Discovery”
1639:"Reading the painterly text: Clarence Major's 'The Slave Trade: View from the Middle Passage"
632:(mountain infantry corps). The Alpini have celebrated Maurice's feast every year since then.
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612:. The church was constructed in 1856, but was devastated by the winds and flood waters of
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1309:"Archdiocese of New Orleans will sell or lease 13 empty properties, including 7 churches"
300:
in the 3rd century, and is one of the favourite and most widely venerated saints of that
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1852:"Lucas Cranach the Elder and Workshop - Saint Maurice - The Metropolitan Museum of Art"
1585:
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221:
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593:. Additionally, fifty-two towns and villages in France have been named in his honour.
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878:
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427:(c. 434–450), addressed to his fellow bishop, Salvius. Alternative versions have the
360:
The legion, entirely composed of Christians, had been called from Thebes in Egypt to
322:
293:
79:
17:
1235:. David A. Warner (tr., ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 104.
643:
does not mention Maurice, although there are several Coptic churches named for him.
490:. At the same time, the Mauritius Kloster in honour of Maurice was founded. In 961,
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137:
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as well as on the city coat of arms. There he is called "Coburger Mohr" (English:
1700:
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1448:
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2744:
2679:
2669:
2604:
2408:
2330:
1281:"St. Maurice in the Lower 9th to host installation, and worshipers have a place"
401:
326:
318:
209:
83:
1427:
1405:
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2704:
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1975:
1125:
1011:
888:
636:
523:
511:
346:
245:
1880:
1821:
1764:
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304:
group. He is the patron saint of several professions, locales, and kingdoms.
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3422:
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2184:
2129:
2014:
1929:
Ottonis episcopi frisingensis Chronica; sive, Historia de duabus civitatibus
865:
on the pommel. The original coat of arms was restored in 1945 at the end of
754:
734:
562:
535:
487:
289:
1962:
1812:
1795:
1729:, trans. William G. Ryan, Vol. 2, Pt. 2. New York: William Morrow, 270–71.
3465:
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3190:
3115:
2754:
2368:
2154:
2124:
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996:
862:
805:
753:. In September 2008, certain relics of Maurice were transferred to a new
722:
469:
and spurs of Maurice were part of the regalia used at coronations of the
369:
365:
249:
233:
225:
1508:"Stadtwappen: Coburger Mohr (Heiliger Mauritius) | Ferienwohnung Müller"
1467:
Sabaudian Studies: Political Culture, Dynasty, and Territory (1400–1700)
3352:
2674:
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2257:
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2022:
1662:
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Esercito Italiano: I Patroni delle Armi Corpi e Specialità - Gli Alpini
1342:"9th Ward Improv Opera marks the 10th anniversary of Hurricane Katrina"
928:
903:
773:
769:
746:
718:
675:
570:
566:
405:
253:
217:
95:
1772:
1740:
745:, a historical military society of unmarried merchants in present-day
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2134:
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853:
765:
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738:
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515:
462:
420:
301:
151:
67:
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1615:
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1173:, volume 5, p. 1572. New York, Macmillan Publishing Company, 1991.
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2109:
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2027:
685:
674:
519:
465:
to the abbey, in return for Maurice's lance, sword and spurs. The
334:
1258:, September, p.206. Collegeville, MN:The Liturgical Press, 1999.
810:
Christianity once triumphed in Africa before the arrival of Islam
30:
This article is about a Roman Legion leader. For other uses, see
3225:
2119:
924:
899:
381:
377:
361:
1979:
1556:
Race-ing Art History: Critical Readings in Race and Art History
906:, and Roman army lists support the story of the Theban Legion.
3229:
823:
later on. Suckale-Redlefsen reasons that Alfred had read the
372:. The Theban Legion was dispatched with orders to clear the
333:(1575–1069 BC). He was brought up in the region of Thebes (
1610:(1). The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 66, No. 1: 51–55.
1386:. Jersey City, NJ: St. Mark's Coptic Orthodox Church. 1992
577:, where his name continues to be greatly revered. Several
518:, one of several relics claimed as the spear that pierced
1725:
Devisse, Jean (1979), "A Sanctified Black: Maurice". In:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1592:, Houston, Texas, Menil Foundation, page 16-19, 158-285.
1233:
Ottonian Germany: The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg
522:' side on the cross. Maurice gives his name to the town
1834:
Dorothy Gillerman, reviewing Suckale-Redlefsen 1988 in
1649:(2). African American Review, Vol. 33, No. 2: 209–229.
894:
among the historical romances. Donald F. O'Reilly, in
581:
were established in his honour as well, including the
1935:
Hanover (1912). Bk. III, Chapter XLIII, pp. 176–177.
776:. He is shown there as a man of colour especially on
321:
material, Maurice was an Egyptian, born in AD 250 in
1494:. 3rd ed. Tallinn: Perioodika Publishers. pp. 23–29.
3484:
3421:
3224:
3071:
2768:
2455:
2422:
2354:
2276:
2228:
2183:
2055:
2013:
1963:
David Wood, "The Origin of the Cult of St. Maurice"
1957:
On the image of the Blackamoor in European Heraldry
1590:
Mauritius der heilige Mohr/ The Black Saint Maurice
1014:relief (ca. 1320) of Saint Maurice on horseback on
498:, which he intended for his own tomb. To that end,
198:
184:
168:
148:
136:
105:
89:
73:
66:
39:
1430:. Pomona, CA: Saint Maurice Coptic Orthodox Church
841:". There is an oil-on-wood painting of Maurice by
717:He is also the patron saint of weavers and dyers.
690:Dying Saint Maurice, detail of a stained-glass by
1121:The coat of arms of the city of Coburg, Germany
624:declared Maurice to be the patron saint of the
500:
1470:. Truman State University Press. p. 151.
1256:Butler's Lives of the Saints, New Full Edition
948:13th Century Statue of Saint Maurice from the
423:, contained in the public letter which Bishop
1991:
1699:Bassett, Molly H.; Lloyd, Vincent W. (2014).
8:
1741:"Black Africans in Hohenstaufen Iconography"
1702:Sainthood and Race: Marked Flesh, Holy Flesh
1502:
1500:
1204:: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 6 Mar. 2013
764:He is also the patron saint of the town of
1998:
1984:
1976:
1274:
1272:
1189:
1187:
542:, and not directly after Maurice himself.
51:
36:
1811:
1089:, 1898–1899, in the cathedral in Fribourg
292:military leader who headed the legendary
1933:Hannoverae Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani
1408:. Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Los Angeles
1147:
1069:St. Maurice as depicted on the City of
938:
600:of a Catholic parish and church in the
419:So reads the earliest account of their
27:Roman Theban Legion leader (AD 250–287)
1869:. Yale University Press. p. xxv.
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1453:Vol. XL, No. 5 and Vol. XXXVI, No. 5.
795:The Image of the Black in Western Art
526:as well as to numerous places called
353:was considered to be a threat to the
7:
1279:McCausland, Phil (15 October 2014).
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1038:"The Martyrdom of Saint Maurice" by
788:Portrayal and modern debates on race
641:Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria
220:; clothmakers; cramps; dyers; gout;
706:Maurice is the patron saint of the
591:Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
193:Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
1917:The Martyrdom of the Theban Legion
1899:, Pen & Sword Military, 2011,
1881:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Ursus"
968:sculpture of Saint Maurice on the
819:, after 1220, or his half-brother
604:and including part of the town of
530:in French-speaking countries. The
457:(919–936), even ceded the present
25:
712:Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy
3552:
2046:
1637:Selzer, Linda Furgerson (1999).
1340:MacCash, Doug (10 August 2015).
1128:
1114:
1094:
1085:Saint Maurice, stained-glass by
1078:
1062:
1047:
1031:
1004:
985:
957:
941:
345:Maurice became a soldier in the
1800:Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte
100:Alpes Graiae et Vallis Poeninae
1384:Coptic Orthodox Church Network
993:The Martyrdom of Saint Maurice
970:Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc
920:Chronica de duabus civitatibus
679:Coptic icon of St.Maurice and
573:, and the Monastery Chapel of
482:held a royal court gathering (
404:where this occurred, known as
32:Saint-Maurice (disambiguation)
1:
3585:3rd-century Christian martyrs
2580:Faustus, Abibus and Dionysius
1705:. Routledge. pp. 23–29.
494:, was building and enriching
368:in defeating a revolt by the
158:Abbey of St. Maurice, Agaunum
1604:The Journal of Negro History
1553:Pinder, Kymberly N. (2013).
1215:"Maurice – Our Patron Saint"
898:, argues that evidence from
329:that was the capital of the
2007:Saints in the Coptic church
1794:Kaplan, Paul H. D. (2023).
1739:Kaplan, Paul H. D. (1987).
1529:"Saint Maurice ca. 1520-25"
561:can be found (in fact, his
3631:
2044:
1533:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1492:The Living Past of Tallinn
1198:The Catholic Encyclopedia,
1109:, featuring Saint Maurice.
972:, which was a part of the
909:Denis Van Berchem, of the
876:
847:Metropolitan Museum of Art
845:(1472–1553) in New York's
583:Order of the Golden Fleece
492:Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor
410:Saint-Maurice, Switzerland
285:
242:Saint-Maurice, Switzerland
57:Saint Maurice (center) by
29:
3547:
1559:. Routledge. p. 37.
1107:Brotherhood of Blackheads
781:
743:Brotherhood of Blackheads
664:, and that Mary was both
540:Maurice, Prince of Orange
50:
3595:Egyptian Christian monks
2590:Gabriel Abdel El-Metgaly
1931:. Ed. Adolf Hofmeister,
1865:Lips, Julius E. (1937).
1464:Vester, Matthew (2013).
1380:"Saint Maurice of Theba"
1286:The New Orleans Advocate
896:Lost Legion Rediscovered
256:; swordsmiths; weavers;
252:; soldiers; Stadtsulza,
3600:Saints from Roman Egypt
3559:Christianity portal
3216:Yousab el-Abah of Girga
2620:Hor, Besoy, and Daydara
2605:George Bishop of Assiut
2515:Basilides and Potamiana
1968:Saint Maurice from the
1867:The Savage Strikes Back
1643:African American Review
1510:(in German). 2021-01-18
1171:The Coptic Encyclopedia
843:Lucas Cranach the Elder
602:9th Ward of New Orleans
238:Pontifical Swiss Guards
128:Eastern Orthodox Church
3413:Theodora of Alexandria
3408:Theodorus of Tabennese
3318:Macarius of Alexandria
3238:Abdel Messih El-Makari
3171:Narcissus of Jerusalem
3131:Gregory of Neocaesarea
3091:Alexander of Jerusalem
2296:James, son of Alphaeus
1584:Suckale-Redlefsen and
976:in that time, now the
817:Alfred I of Käfernburg
698:
683:
587:Order of Saint Maurice
508:
118:Coptic Catholic Church
3499:Clement of Alexandria
2525:Chrysanthus and Daria
2301:James, son of Zebedee
1896:Lost Legion Recovered
1893:O'Reilly, Donald F.,
1813:10.1515/zkg-2023-3004
1229:Thietmar of Merseburg
689:
678:
662:Mary, mother of Jesus
596:Maurice was also the
559:Appenzell Innerrhoden
374:Great St Bernard Pass
325:, an ancient city in
206:Appenzell Innerrhoden
123:Roman Catholic Church
18:Maurice d'Agaune
3534:Maximus and Domatius
3393:Samuel the Confessor
3186:Paphnutius of Thebes
3181:Paphnutius of Scetis
3121:Gregory of Nazianzus
3116:Eusebius of Caesarea
3111:Epiphanius of Cyprus
2740:Theodore Stratelates
2735:Theodora and Didymus
2570:Elias and companions
2389:Priscilla and Aquila
2379:Phoebe the Deaconess
1915:Van Berchem, Denis,
1841:.3 (July 1990:764 ).
1490:Rannu, Elena. 1993.
1449:"Our Lady of Laus",
1169:Atiya, Azia S., ed.
1016:Église Saint-Maurice
952:that bears his name.
911:University of Geneva
835:Atlantic slave trade
476:St. Peter's Basilica
414:Abbey of St. Maurice
331:New Kingdom of Egypt
208:; armies; armorers;
3529:Three Holy Children
3343:Pachomius the Great
3303:Isidore of Pelusium
3161:Karas of California
3136:Ignatius of Antioch
2545:Cyprian and Justina
2490:Alexandrian Martyrs
2465:21 Martyrs of Libya
1193:Mershman, Francis.
950:Magdeburg Cathedral
757:and rededicated in
555:Canton of Solothurn
496:Magdeburg Cathedral
451:Holy Roman Emperors
258:Holy Roman Emperors
230:Merovingian dynasty
214:Carolingian dynasty
162:Magdeburg Cathedral
3590:Christian folklore
3248:Abraham of Farshut
3211:Severian of Gabala
3206:Serapion of Thmuis
3196:Porphyrius of Gaza
3191:Polycarp of Smyrna
3146:James of Jerusalem
3106:Cyril of Jerusalem
1347:The Times-Picayune
1321:on 29 January 2011
1314:The Times-Picayune
892:Hippolyte Delehaye
759:Schiavi di Abruzzo
731:Schiavi di Abruzzo
699:
696:Fribourg Cathedral
684:
610:St. Bernard Parish
579:orders of chivalry
504:vigil of Christmas
364:to assist Emperor
351:early Christianity
59:Matthias Grünewald
3567:
3566:
3504:Didymus the Blind
3323:Macarius of Egypt
3263:Anthony the Great
3253:Abraham of Scetis
3166:Mikhaeil of Asyut
3156:John of Jerusalem
3101:Basil of Caesarea
3081:Abadiu of Antinoe
2650:Marina the Martyr
2610:George El Mozahem
2540:Cosmas and Damian
2414:Seventy disciples
2193:Mary, Our Lady of
1712:978-1-317-80872-5
1566:978-1-136-05658-1
1477:978-1-61248-094-7
929:Colonia Aggripina
885:Eucherius of Lyon
727:Montalbano Jonico
620:On 19 July 1941,
614:Hurricane Katrina
551:Canton of Lucerne
484:Reichsversammlung
445:Maurice became a
425:Eucherius of Lyon
317:According to the
263:
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106:Venerated in
16:(Redirected from
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3398:Sisoes the Great
3298:Isaac of Nineveh
3176:Nicholas of Myra
3141:Jacob of Nisibis
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653:Our Lady of Laus
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538:was named after
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1970:Golden Legend
1966:
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1959:– St. Maurice
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1242:0-7190-4925-3
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1202:New York City
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964:18th century
960:
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926:
925:Galliae Bonna
922:
921:
917:wrote in his
916:
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905:
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880:
879:Theban Legion
872:
870:
868:
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848:
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831:
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826:Kaiserchronik
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
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798:
796:
787:
785:
782:"Coburg Moor"
779:
775:
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728:
724:
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694:, 1898–1899,
693:
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681:Theban Legion
677:
673:
671:
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663:
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646:
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631:
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623:
622:Pope Pius XII
618:
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584:
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556:
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548:
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176:
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164:(961–present)
163:
160:(until 961),
159:
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54:
49:
38:
33:
19:
3514:Habib Girgis
3486:Other saints
3293:Mother Irini
3058:Macarius III
2953:Alexander II
2913:Theodosius I
2903:Dioscorus II
2878:Theophilus I
2863:Athanasius I
2659:
1969:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1911:
1895:
1889:
1875:
1866:
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1846:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1751:(1): 29–36.
1748:
1744:
1734:
1726:
1721:
1701:
1666:. Retrieved
1646:
1642:
1632:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1589:
1555:
1548:
1538:February 16,
1536:. Retrieved
1532:
1523:
1512:. Retrieved
1491:
1486:
1466:
1459:
1450:
1444:
1432:. Retrieved
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1400:
1388:. Retrieved
1383:
1374:
1363:
1351:. Retrieved
1345:
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:the original
1312:
1307:Pope, John.
1302:
1290:. Retrieved
1284:
1255:
1251:
1232:
1223:
1209:
1197:
1170:
1103:coat of arms
992:
918:
908:
895:
882:
867:World War II
858:coat of arms
852:The city of
851:
832:
824:
814:
802:Frederick II
799:
794:
791:
763:
716:
705:
650:
634:
626:Italian Army
619:
598:patron saint
595:
544:
532:Indian Ocean
509:
501:
483:
459:Swiss canton
447:patron saint
444:
418:
395:
359:
355:Roman Empire
344:
316:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:
177:22 September
3043:Gabriel VII
3033:Macarius II
3003:Michael III
2908:Timothy III
2888:Dioscorus I
2858:Alexander I
2828:Demetrius I
2685:Nag Hammadi
2424:Evangelists
2291:Bartholomew
402:Switzerland
376:across the
327:Upper Egypt
210:Burgundians
3615:Holy Lance
3580:287 deaths
3574:Categories
3509:Euphrosyne
3451:Paphnutius
3423:Anchorites
3283:Horsiesius
3013:Cosmas III
2993:Michael II
2958:Theodore I
2938:Benjamin I
2933:Andronicus
2928:Anastasius
2893:Timothy II
2818:Agrippinus
2700:Philotheos
2595:Gallicanus
2530:Chiaffredo
2485:Abaskhiron
2015:Patriarchs
1668:2007-08-22
1514:2021-03-02
1451:Magnificat
889:Bollandist
735:Stadtsulza
668:and could
647:Apparition
637:Synaxarium
589:, and the
524:St. Moritz
512:Holy Lance
478:. In 929,
453:. In 926,
441:Veneration
398:decimation
347:Roman army
313:Early life
286:Ⲁⲃⲃⲁ Ⲙⲱⲣⲓⲥ
246:St. Moritz
186:Attributes
3446:Onuphrius
3378:Petronius
3288:Hospitius
3273:Bashnouna
3038:Matthew I
3023:Zacharias
3008:Gabriel I
2998:Cosmas II
2983:Simeon II
2963:Michael I
2898:Peter III
2873:Timothy I
2838:Dionysius
2808:Markianos
2695:Philomena
2575:Epimachus
2535:Colluthus
2520:Catherine
2510:Bashnouna
2500:Apollonia
2356:Disciples
2263:Sarathiel
2185:Theotokos
2140:Zechariah
2130:Zephaniah
1822:2569-1619
1781:190825271
1765:0016-920X
1588:(1987),
1200:Vol. 10.
999:. 1580-82
761:(Italy).
755:reliquary
733:(Italy),
729:(Italy),
725:(Italy),
721:(Spain),
702:Patronage
666:in Heaven
563:feast day
536:Mauritius
488:Magdeburg
421:martyrdom
408:, is now
392:Martyrdom
308:Biography
288:) was an
278:Mauritius
236:, Italy;
200:Patronage
138:Canonized
3519:Candidus
3466:Shenouda
3358:Patapios
3278:Hilarion
3063:Cyril VI
3048:John XIV
3028:Cyril II
2988:Joseph I
2948:Simeon I
2918:Peter IV
2868:Peter II
2833:Heraclas
2813:Celadion
2755:Wadamoun
2750:Veronica
2730:Theoclia
2565:Dorothea
2394:Silvanus
2384:Philemon
2369:Barnabas
2321:Matthias
2278:Apostles
2258:Zedekiel
2155:Jeremiah
2125:Habakkuk
2057:Prophets
1836:Speculum
1434:1 August
1412:1 August
1390:1 August
1353:1 August
1325:1 August
1292:1 August
1231:(2001).
1055:Jean Hey
997:El Greco
863:swastika
821:Wilbrand
806:Crusades
723:Piedmont
370:bagaudae
366:Maximian
302:martyred
290:Egyptian
250:Sardinia
234:Piedmont
226:Lombards
3494:Ambrose
3476:Zosimas
3353:Parsoma
3073:Bishops
3053:Cyril V
3018:Abraham
2973:Mark II
2968:John IV
2943:Agathon
2883:Cyril I
2853:Peter I
2843:Theonas
2803:Eumenes
2788:Avilius
2783:Anianus
2675:Mohrael
2660:Maurice
2560:Demiana
2505:Barbara
2495:Arianus
2480:Abanoub
2457:Martyrs
2432:Matthew
2404:Timothy
2399:Stephen
2364:Apollos
2316:Matthew
2268:Ananiel
2248:Raphael
2243:Gabriel
2238:Michael
2218:Zeitoun
2203:Belarus
2165:Ezekiel
2145:Malachi
2105:Obadiah
2023:Abraham
1663:2901275
1624:2716883
1105:of the
966:Baroque
935:Gallery
904:papyrus
873:History
774:Germany
770:Bavaria
747:Estonia
719:Manresa
639:of the
571:Engadin
567:holiday
406:Agaunum
266:Maurice
254:Germany
218:Austria
96:Agaunum
45:Maurice
3539:Verena
3471:Thomas
3461:Pijimi
3441:Misael
3388:Poemen
3383:Pishoy
2923:Damian
2823:Julian
2798:Justus
2793:Kedron
2778:Mark I
2725:Thecla
2690:Otimus
2665:Memnon
2645:Malati
2615:Gereon
2600:George
2475:Abāmūn
2470:Abāmūn
2346:Thomas
2336:Philip
2286:Andrew
2253:Suriel
2213:Warraq
2208:Poland
2198:Assiut
2170:Daniel
2160:Baruch
2150:Isaiah
2135:Haggai
2075:Samuel
2038:Joseph
1903:
1820:
1779:
1773:767077
1771:
1763:
1709:
1661:
1622:
1563:
1474:
1262:
1239:
1177:
1071:Coburg
1024:France
1012:Gothic
854:Coburg
766:Coburg
751:Latvia
739:Coburg
630:Alpini
547:Aargau
516:Vienna
463:Aargau
436:Legacy
429:legion
341:Career
323:Thebes
282:Coptic
274:Morris
270:Moritz
268:(also
152:shrine
150:Major
93:c. 287
80:Thebes
68:Martyr
3431:Karas
3348:Pambo
3268:Awgin
3226:Monks
2978:James
2770:Popes
2760:Wanas
2745:Varus
2710:Sarah
2680:Moura
2670:Menas
2555:Dasya
2409:Titus
2341:Simon
2331:Peter
2115:Nahum
2110:Jonah
2095:Micah
2085:Hosea
2080:David
2065:Moses
2033:Jacob
2028:Isaac
1777:S2CID
1769:JSTOR
1745:Gesta
1659:JSTOR
1620:JSTOR
1143:Notes
900:coins
606:Arabi
520:Jesus
486:) at
467:sword
335:Luxor
276:, or
170:Feast
84:Egypt
41:Saint
3456:Paul
3436:Mary
3258:Amun
3230:nuns
3228:and
2705:Rais
2447:John
2442:Luke
2437:Mark
2326:Paul
2311:Jude
2306:John
2120:Noah
2100:Joel
2090:Amos
1901:ISBN
1818:ISSN
1761:ISSN
1707:ISBN
1561:ISBN
1540:2020
1472:ISBN
1436:2020
1414:2020
1392:2020
1355:2020
1327:2020
1294:2020
1260:ISBN
1237:ISBN
1175:ISBN
1101:The
927:and
749:and
651:The
635:The
382:Rome
378:Alps
362:Gaul
298:Rome
90:Died
74:Born
2070:Job
1808:doi
1753:doi
1651:doi
1612:doi
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1743:.
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980:.
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