1074:, which would have lined the inside of the body cavity in life. Another type of tissue consists of dark grey, thin, and rectangular structures 12 mm (0.47 in) long and 2 mm (0.079 in) wide, organized in parallel rows. They are found at the base of the neck, along the flanks of the torso, and behind the femur of the hind flipper. These likely represent the scale-like tubercles that would have covered the underside of the animal. At the junction between the femur and the body, they become larger, more trapezoidal, and radially arranged to form a folding surface; meanwhile, on the back edge of the flippers, these structures become sub-circular, which enhances the flexibility of the skin.
1081:. The thickness of the preserved tissue may be a consequence of the skin's retention of flexibility after death, or the subcutaneous tissue being genuinely thick. Patches of this tissue are also found behind the left humerus and along the back edge of the right hind flipper; this suggests that each of the flippers bore a flexible trailing edge. An even thicker substance, which is dark red or dark grey, is also found at the back of the trunk as well as the bases of the right hind flipper and tail. This substance, which is crisscrossed by a series of straight furrows that divide it into rectangular or trapezoidal segments, is of unknown, but probably
445:
6289:
1059:
630:
659:. All of the teeth are of the same shape, being four times taller than they are wide with conical and recurved tips; the smallest tooth, from the back of the mouth, is about a quarter the size of the largest. The gaps separating the teeth are a slightly wider than the teeth themselves. While it is hard to infer much about the precise arrangement of the teeth in life, the teeth of the upper and lower jaws probably would have been interlocking. Compared to other polycotylids, the teeth are smaller than those of
878:, the cervical vertebrae in the front half of the neck bore two pits on their bottom surfaces, separated by a median ridge; this ridge is abruptly replaced by a depression in the twelfth to eighteenth vertebrae, following which the ridge is present again. The same pits are present on the thoracic vertebrae, where they are separated by not one but two distinct ridges. An additional pit is present immediately beside each of the blunt keels that border the sides of the bottom face. The
913:
898:. There are six gastralia, each made up of a central V-shaped medial ossicle and various lateral ossicles attached to its sides. The second and third gastralia share a single medial ossicle, as do the fifth and sixth. The fourth medial ossicle is unusually massive, being about twice the thickness of the other medial ossicles. All of the gastralia converge to a single central point, which is a feature that is unprecedented among polycotylids, being only otherwise seen in
1582:
6274:
140:
4265:
1335:
1221:
119:
5376:
777:. The pterygoid and parasphenoid enclose three holes in the palate, the anterior and two posterior interpterygoid vacuities. The anterior interpterygoid vacuity is the largest of the holes in the palate, extending roughly from the 23rd to the 32nd tooth positions in the maxilla. Like other polyoctylids, the posterior interpterygoid vacuities are closed by the pterygoid. However, they are unusually narrow and oval-shaped in
4718:
6282:
4270:
579:
4730:
4724:
5370:
5382:
808:
1094:
1171:
in its expanded pterygoid rods, bifurcated front end of the parasphenoid, and relatively longer phalanges. It differs from both genera in the W-shaped ridges present on the back of the bottom surface of its pterygoid, as well as the possession of more tooth positions in the premaxilla and maxilla. In
1361:
is thus the first juvenile polycotylid specimen known to have not been preserved in a shallow-water environment. The oxygen-poor seafloor would have prevented carnivores, scavengers, or substrate-dwelling animals from feeding on the deposited carcasses, explaining the quality of preservation along
882:
of the cervical vertebrae become taller and more inclined, with the seventeenth neural spine being as tall as the centrum and being inclined at an angle of 15°. Out of the thoracic ribs, the ninth is the longest, with rib size gradually decreasing on either side. All of the thoracic ribs bear only
1135:
was assigned to the clade
Polycotylinae based on the length/width ratio of the humerus, the lack of an opening (the antebrachial foramen) between the radius and ulna, the presence of three distal tarsals, the primary epipodials being wider than they are long, and the presence of more than 20
1211:
would have been frequently exposed to solar radiation, and thus a pigmented peritoneum would have been advantageous particularly during the early stages of its life. However, a black peritoneum is also found in chickens and some teleost fish, in which its function is currently unknown.
503:, the capital of Nuevo LeĂłn. The specimen has been broken into 28 slabs, which collectively preserve a nearly-complete and articulated skeleton, missing only the left coracoid, parts of the flippers, and the tip of the tail (which were lost during collection by the workers).
859:(both surfaces are flat). The sacral and caudal centra are generally shorter, with length-width ratios of about 1:3, but they also become narrower such that the last several preserved caudal centra are twice as long as they are wide; the first caudal centrum appears to be
2653:
Benson, R.B.J.; Ketchum, H.F.; Naish, D.; Turner, L.E. (2013). "A new leptocleidid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Vectis
Formation (Early Barremian–early Aptian; Early Cretaceous) of the Isle of Wight and the evolution of Leptocleididae, a controversial clade".
1268:
that would have enhanced locomotion, as has been previously hypothesized for plesiosaurs. Given the immobile body and the neck stiffened by overlapping cervical ribs, the flippers would have been the only source of locomotion. Overall, the anatomical features of
2265:
1070:. The first type consists of a largely amorphous glossy black material, bearing some traces of fibres, or wrinkles, which is preserved only within the body cavity, mostly on the right side of the torso. This most likely represents the heavily-pigmented
532:. The plattenkalk is quite widespread, being largely concentrated around Vallecillo but spanning an area of 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi). Outside of these deposits, macroscopic fossils are relatively rare in the Agua Nueva. Detailed
948:). The front and back of the scapula are convex while the other edges are concave; the dorsal scapular process projects upwards from the outer edge. At the front of the scapula is a small ridge that probably would have supported an extension made of
935:
in that it lacks perforations along its midline and at its back margin. While this may possibly be influenced by the specimen's young age, it is unusual that they are entirely absent at this stage of development. Additionally, unlike
904:. It is unlikely that this unusual arrangement is the product of taphonomic processes, since all of the gastralia seem to be preserved in alignment; the arrangement of the gastralia does not appear to be influenced by age either.
712:, however, the depression does not span the entire bottom surface of the bone, and is instead restricted to the front portion. The back of the bottom surface of the pterygoid bears prominent ridges arranged uniquely in a W-shape;
1236:, as is also seen in marine mammals. The presence of subcutaneous fat may account for the thick layers of tissue that constitute the third type of preserved soft tissue in the type specimen. On the tail, the small neural spines,
301:(also named after Fernández Garza), described in 2017 by Eberhard Frey and colleagues from a single well-preserved juvenile specimen about 1.9 metres (6 ft 3 in) long. Morphologically, it is overall most similar to the
1248:
of the tail were weak; the preserved cone of soft tissue around the tail thus plausibly represents contour fat, which served to stabilize the tail while continuing the outline of the torso onto the tail in a manner not unlike
555:
Eberhard Frey, Eric Mulder, Wolfgang
Stinnesbeck, Héctor Rivera Sylva, José Padilla Gutiérrez, and Arturo González González described the specimen in 2017, formally naming it as a new taxon in a paper submitted to the
1313:
may account for the scarcity of preserved skin from members of the group. After death, in most cases, the rotting and putrefaction of the subcutaneous fat would have quickly broken apart the relatively thin skin.
1326:
instead of decaying, which preserved the skin on the top half of the body. However, the exposed portions of the belly largely decayed prior to burial, collapsing the body cavity and gastralia.
361:, and contour fat created a drop-like outline of the body by merging the torso and immobile tail into a single unit. Both of these soft-tissue traits would have improved the animal's
2081:
Schumacher, B.A. (2007). "A new polycotylid plesiosaur (Reptilia; Sauropterygia) from the
Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous; lower upper Cenomanian), Black Hills, South Dakota".
597:
measures 1.9 metres (6 ft 3 in) long, and 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) wide at the flippers. However, this specimen is immature, judging by the lack of fusion in the
6388:
1022:
Each flipper bore five digits; the second and fourth are the longest in the front flippers, and the fourth is the longest in the hind flippers. Across all of the flippers, the
2420:
Sato, T.; Wu, X.-C.; Tirabasso, A.; Bloskie, P. (2011). "Braincase of a
Polycotylid Plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Manitoba, Canada".
369:. Additionally, a heavily-pigmented lining protected the organs of the body cavity from UV exposure. After death, the sediment allowed the contour fat to preserve into
1293:
swims at an average velocity of 7 kilometres per hour (4.3 mph), which is consistent with estimates of the swimming speeds of
Mesozoic marine reptiles; however,
484:
1676:
558:
570:, who has provided the specimen for scientific study, in addition to providing funding for both research at Vallecillo and public science education in Nuevo LeĂłn.
1180:
as a new genus included the narrow interpterygoid vacuities, the lack of perforations in the coracoids, and the highly specialized arrangement of the gastralia.
1793:
Ifrim, C.; Stinnesbeck, W. (2008). "Cenomanian-Turonian high-resolution biostratigraphy of north-eastern Mexico and its correlation with the GSSP and Europe".
1015:
on the hind flipper - meet along their entire lengths with no openings, and they are wider than they are long - all traits shared with other polycotylines. In
773:, which separates the pterygoid from the midline of the skull; the front of the parasphenoid is bifurcated in both, while it tapers to a single blunt point in
726:, the tips of the processes extending out from the front of the pterygoids are significantly widened; it is three times as wide as the rest of the process in
1085:, provenance. Finally, a grey, glossy, amorphous substance, which forms a thick cone surrounding the base of the tail, probably represents subcutaneous fat.
621:
is mineralized, suggesting that the specimen was still at least a subadult. Adult individuals would have grown up to twice the length of the type specimen.
2943:
Carpenter, K.; Sanders, F.; Reed, B.; Reed, J.; Larson, P. (2010). "Plesiosaur
Swimming as Interpreted from Skeletal Analysis and Experimental Results".
1077:
A third type of tissue, which is thick, red, amorphous, and sharply offset from the surrounding rock, likely represents remnants of decayed skin and
6355:
1042:
having retained the more primitive pattern of long phalanges. All of the phalanges in the digits interlock, like other polycotylids. Another trait
3799:
6408:
1123:
based on characteristics of the pterygoid, mandible, humerus, and phalanges as previously described. Additional characteristics used to refer
357:
is notable for possessing well-preserved soft-tissues. In life, each of its four flippers bore a flexible trailing edge such that they formed
3658:
3285:
Ifrim, C.; Vega, F.J.; Stinnesbeck, W. (2011). "Epizoic
Stramentid Cirripedes on Ammonites from Late Cretaceous Platy Limestones in Mexico".
2556:
2489:
2098:
1774:
1942:
Cope (Plesiosauria, Polycotylidae), a nearly complete skeleton from the
Niobrara Formation (Early Campanian) of southwestern South Dakota".
1191:
probably pursued small prey, due to its slender snout and small, pointed teeth. The soft tissue structures interpreted as the peritoneum of
1452:, which grew on ammonite shells, is also known from Vallecillo, but it is impossible to determine what point in time they originated from.
1257:
body outline, with the thickest part of the body being located in the front third, and the torso and tail forming a single cohesive unit.
321:
from all other polycotylids, warranting the naming of a new genus. These include the sophisticated pattern of ridges on the bottom of the
6288:
2514:"A stratigraphic and taxonomic review of plesiosaurs from the old "Fort Benton Group" of central Kansas: A new assessment of old records"
863:(convex in front and concave behind), while the rest are platycoelous (flat on both sides). Each caudal centra only articulated with one
3674:
Buchy, M.-C.; Smith, K.T.; Frey, E.; Stinnesbeck, W.; González González, A.H.; Ifrim, C.; López Oliva, J.G.; Porras
Muzquiz, H. (2005).
2656:
1455:
Other vertebrates are also present throughout the Vallecillo plattenkalk, mostly consisting of fish. Taxa that may have lived alongside
2218:
1944:
1866:
1363:
3244:"Middle Jurassic-Upper Cretaceous Paleogeographic Evolution and Sequence-Stratigraphic Framework of the Northwest Gulf of Mexico Rim"
2794:
2149:
2139:
1131:, as well as the presence of several additional ossifications supporting the epipodials of the flippers. Within the Polycotylidae,
887:; the third rib unusually has a facet that is strongly triangular in cross-section, which is probably an artifact of preservation.
1322:
sediment of a temperature between 21–37 °C (70–99 °F). These conditions allowed the subcutaneous fat to condense into
3426:
The Fossil Lagerstätte at Vallecillo, North-Eastern Mexico: Pelagic Plattenkalks related to Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Anoxia
3408:
The Fossil Lagerstätte at Vallecillo, North-Eastern Mexico: Pelagic Plattenkalks related to Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Anoxia
3263:
The Fossil Lagerstätte at Vallecillo, North-Eastern Mexico: Pelagic Plattenkalks related to Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Anoxia
3074:
1600:
444:
3372:
Fischer, A.G.; Bottjer, D.J. (1995). "Oxygen-depleted waters: A lost biotope and its role in ammonite and bivalve evolution".
6413:
2317:
2266:"A new polycotylid plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation in Saskatchewan, Canada"
3345:
MacLeod, K.G.; Hoppe, H.A. (1995). "Evidence that inoceramid bivalves were benthic and harbored chemosynthetic symbionts".
2574:"The English Late Jurassic Plesiosauroidea (Reptilia) and a review of the phylogeny and classification of the Plesiosauria"
1704:
6273:
4264:
3648:
1757:
Sohl, N.F.; MartĂnez, E.R.; SalmerĂłn-Ureña, P.; Soto-Jaramillo, Fidel (1991). "Upper Cretaceous". In Salvador, A. (ed.).
1672:"A new polycotylid plesiosaur with extensive soft tissue preservation from the early Late Cretaceous of northeast Mexico"
139:
3680:
3156:"A regional ocean circulation model for the mid-Cretaceous North Atlantic Basin: implications for black shale formation"
1670:
Frey, E.; Mulder, E.W.A.; Stinnesbeck, W.; Rivera Sylva, H.E.; Padilla Gutiérrez, J.M.; González González, A.H. (2017).
1245:
987:, which is approximately 1.6 times as long as it is wide. Like other polycotylids, the humerus is also shorter than the
5086:
1345:
During the Turonian, the Vallecillo plattenkalk would have been part of a relatively flat (i.e. low relief) open-ocean
3792:
2699:
Porter, W.P. (1967). "Solar Radiation through the Living Body Walls of Vertebrates with Emphasis on Desert Reptiles".
3261:
Ifrim, C. (2006). "Genesis of the Vallecillo Plattenkalk and Comparison with Other Plattenkalk Fossil Lagerstätten".
1264:
was heavily muscled and bore a flexible trailing edge made of skin. The trailing edge allowed each flipper to form a
567:
5375:
1203:
which reside in deserts or at high altitudes, pigmentation of the peritoneum protects the body cavity against solar
6403:
6398:
1902:
1859:"Plesiosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Turonian) Tropic Shale of Southern Utah, part 2: Polycotylidae"
1058:
3109:
Massare, J.A. (1988). "Swimming capabilities of Mesozoic marine reptiles: implications for method of predation".
2216:
New Combination, a Polycotylid (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Pierre Shale of Wyoming and South Dakota".
1595:
991:, but has a wider bottom end. The humerus does not have a bulge situated behind the humeral head, in contrast to
3519:
Blanco, A.; Cavin, L. (2003). "New Teleostei from the Agua Nueva Formation (Turonian), Vallecillo (NE Mexico)".
3358:
2283:
3266:
1250:
617:; and the presence of gaps (filled by extensive cartilage in life) between the long bones of the flippers. The
2231:
2009:
629:
3196:
1879:
1728:"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian and Turonian-Coniacian) open marine plattenkalk deposits in NE Mexico"
6281:
5381:
3287:
2270:
1996:
1350:
4269:
3243:
6393:
6308:
4729:
4723:
3785:
3111:
1989:"A Juvenile Pliosauroid Plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Lower Cretaceous of South Australia"
1278:
488:
366:
4717:
3556:"Lamnoid vertebrae from the Agua Nueva Formation (Upper Cretaceous: lower Turonian), northeastern Mexico"
6383:
5369:
2467:
2358:
O'Keefe, F.R. (2004). "On the Cranial Anatomy of the Polycotylid Plesiosaurs, Including New Material of
1373:, a variety of invertebrates are also preserved in the Vallecillo plattenkalk. By far the most abundant
1127:
to Polycotylidae included the reduced number of cervical vertebrae relative to other plesiosaurs in the
4590:
851:. Both the cervical and thoracic centra have length-width ratios of about 2:3; the cervical centra are
4064:
1424:
4576:
3689:
3676:"Annotated catalogue of marine squamates (Reptilia) from the Upper Cretaceous of northeastern Mexico"
3590:
3528:
3478:
3167:
3120:
2991:
2909:
2708:
2665:
2617:
2429:
2371:
2055:
1953:
1804:
1441:
785:
due to the concave inner margins of the pterygoid and parasphenoid. Meanwhile, on the lower jaw, the
529:
465:
3641:
6346:
4660:
3884:
1795:
1587:
1523:
1078:
912:
4214:
1556:
bearing soft-tissue impressions, three turtles representing two taxa, and a tooth referred to the
1297:
would have been capable of attaining higher speeds due to involving all four limbs in locomotion.
350:
Partially as a consequence of the oxygen-poor environment that the specimen was preserved in, the
5974:
5197:
4186:
4057:
3707:
3622:
3304:
3136:
3046:
2960:
2925:
2833:
2724:
2681:
2635:
2445:
2395:
2387:
2287:
2243:
2235:
2108:
2021:
2013:
1969:
1883:
1528:
828:
824:
598:
593:
is a short-necked plesiosaur, bearing a drop-shaped body with a small tail. The type specimen of
134:
3479:"Biodiversity of †pycnodonts (Actinopterygii) during the Cenomanian–Turonian (Upper Cretaceous)"
1544:
are much rarer in the Vallecillo plattenkalk, consisting of the well-preserved back half of the
1448:
1394:
647:
where the jaw projects downwards at the level of the eye sockets. Each side of the upper jaw of
609:; the thin bones of the shoulder and hip girdles; the lack of a ridge on the top surface of the
4049:
3197:"Marine Taphonomy: Adipocere Formation in a Series of Bodies Recovered from a Single Shipwreck"
5169:
4860:
4332:
4078:
4010:
3764:
3654:
3614:
3606:
3498:
3224:
3216:
3091:
3038:
3021:
2878:
2790:
2765:
2552:
2485:
2145:
2094:
1770:
1346:
1047:
407:
fauna at the site; other fossil organisms known from Vallecillo include invertebrates such as
389:
6149:
6074:
5848:
5278:
5162:
5006:
4939:
4822:
4493:
4420:
4384:
3754:
3744:
3697:
3598:
3536:
3490:
3459:
3381:
3354:
3296:
3208:
3175:
3128:
3083:
3030:
2999:
2952:
2917:
2868:
2823:
2755:
2716:
2673:
2625:
2544:
2477:
2437:
2379:
2279:
2227:
2181:
2086:
2063:
2005:
1961:
1875:
1812:
1762:
1739:
1685:
1570:, with some of the teeth referred to the taxon being reclassified as those of polycotylids.
1552:
1494:
1362:
with the absence of waves or currents. In part, the anoxic conditions can be contributed to
1149:
860:
856:
852:
835:
and tail (the delineation between these two types is not clear, since it is obscured by the
813:
685:
313:
3577:
Vullo, R.; Frey, E.; Ifrim, C.; González, M.A.; Stinnesbeck, E.S.; Stinnesbeck, W. (2021).
2318:"A Cladistic Analysis and Taxonomic Revision of the Plesiosauria (Reptilia: Sauropterygia)"
1334:
1220:
118:
6213:
6006:
5904:
5839:
5821:
5759:
5722:
5528:
5439:
5243:
5216:
5118:
5020:
4978:
4597:
4370:
4300:
4287:
4236:
4207:
4039:
4028:
4020:
3990:
2573:
2536:
2471:
2120:
1545:
1498:
533:
416:
1743:
3693:
3594:
3532:
3171:
3124:
2995:
2913:
2897:
2712:
2669:
2621:
2433:
2375:
2059:
1957:
1808:
1260:
As inferred from the soft tissue preserved behind the flippers, each of the flippers in
499:, Mexico; currently, however, it is on display currently at the Museo Papalote Verde in
6204:
6178:
6164:
6107:
6096:
6044:
5995:
5918:
5890:
5731:
5626:
5510:
5487:
5415:
5319:
5289:
5250:
5229:
5176:
5134:
5072:
5065:
5051:
5031:
5013:
4932:
4918:
4911:
4839:
4803:
4781:
4612:
4508:
4500:
4462:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4413:
4135:
3759:
3726:
2548:
2481:
1480:
1354:
1254:
995:. Neither the humerus or the femur bears an articular facet for the lower limb, unlike
697:
667:
537:
518:
393:
362:
351:
330:
3578:
3540:
3248:
The Western Gulf of Mexico Basin: Tectonics, Sedimentary Basins, and Petroleum Systems
2067:
2040:
1858:
1207:, thereby preventing damage to reproductive organs. As a surface-swimming plesiosaur,
1019:, however, these bones are less wide such that they appear to be roughly equal-sided.
6377:
6127:
6053:
6033:
5988:
5911:
5828:
5793:
5786:
5777:
5750:
5739:
5684:
5657:
5614:
5559:
5537:
5503:
5455:
5428:
5326:
5190:
5183:
4992:
4868:
4810:
4646:
4625:
4562:
4555:
4546:
4469:
4448:
4406:
4377:
4355:
4085:
4071:
3975:
3968:
3954:
3941:
3900:
3808:
3711:
3626:
3447:
3385:
3308:
3065:
2929:
2513:
2449:
2291:
2135:
2025:
1988:
1887:
1727:
1561:
1557:
1537:
1532:
1476:
1471:
1319:
1155:
1116:
1099:
1000:
980:
875:
791:
679:
673:
661:
472:
449:
307:
302:
281:
220:
194:
69:
3463:
3323:
3140:
3050:
2964:
2853:"Scar-Free Wound Healing and Regeneration Following Tail Loss in the Leopard Gecko,
2685:
2399:
2247:
1973:
1050:
as opposed to four, with the second and third having fused into a single structure.
641:
is round in cross-section and straight-sided. The bottom of the jaw is even, unlike
6220:
6171:
6141:
6134:
6082:
6067:
6060:
5967:
5939:
5697:
5673:
5665:
5650:
5635:
5593:
5544:
5496:
5476:
5448:
5399:
5337:
5312:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5236:
5127:
5058:
4999:
4971:
4951:
4925:
4904:
4853:
4846:
4831:
4774:
4674:
4519:
4455:
4399:
4362:
4321:
4221:
4193:
4110:
1566:
1378:
1374:
1128:
965:
957:
923:
In addition to the aforementioned forward projections, the trapezoidal coracoid of
900:
770:
578:
404:
397:
343:
322:
284:
250:
3494:
2083:
The Geology and Paleontology of the Late Cretaceous Marine Deposits of the Dakotas
1965:
1816:
1349:, located about 500 kilometres (310 mi) offshore at the junction between the
6331:
3448:"Late Cretaceous (Turonian) fish assemblage from Vallecillo, Northeastern Mexico"
2677:
2441:
972:. The rounded shape of the pubis can be attributed to the specimen's immaturity.
509:
was found in a 7.7 metres (25 ft) section of laminated limestone mixed with
415:
that grew on those ammonites, as well as vertebrates consisting of various fish,
6340:
6234:
6192:
6120:
6089:
6019:
5981:
5946:
5925:
5855:
5814:
5807:
5766:
5642:
5606:
5469:
5148:
5079:
5044:
4875:
4667:
4653:
4583:
4569:
4528:
4341:
4200:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4151:
4097:
3982:
3853:
2784:
1708:
1514:
1509:
1485:
1430:
1237:
1232:
Subcutaneous adipose tissue was likely responsible for streamlining the body of
1204:
1066:
There are five different types of soft tissue preserved in the type specimen of
884:
864:
714:
536:
zonation has been conducted for the Vallecillo plattenkalk; the presence of the
514:
385:
44:
3640:
González-RodrĂguez, K.A.; Espinosa-Arrubarrena, K.; González-Barba, G. (2013).
1167:
in the rounded ends of its humerus and femur; meanwhile, it is more similar to
1093:
807:
6185:
6157:
6026:
5953:
5862:
5704:
5579:
5551:
5517:
5462:
5305:
5107:
5100:
4985:
4897:
4890:
4882:
4796:
4788:
4760:
4747:
4685:
4639:
4632:
4535:
4391:
4314:
3998:
3869:
3838:
3702:
3675:
3132:
2090:
1577:
1436:
1386:
1274:
1196:
1071:
652:
522:
358:
288:
207:
89:
54:
3610:
3502:
3220:
2921:
2744:"Accumulation of melanin in the peritoneum causes black abdomens in broilers"
2041:"A new polycotylid plesiosaur from the Late Cretaceous (Turonian) of Morocco"
1690:
1671:
6241:
6227:
5960:
5298:
4480:
4348:
3602:
3555:
3195:
Kahana, T.; Almog, J.; Levy, J.; Shmeltzer, E.; Spier, Y.; Hiss, J. (1999).
3154:
Topper, R.P.M.; Trabucho Alexandre, J.; Tuenter, E.; Meijer, P. Th. (2011).
3087:
3034:
1761:. The Geology of North America. Vol. J. Geological Society of America.
1504:
1489:
1382:
1323:
1265:
1082:
1023:
949:
895:
562:(Bulletin of the Geological Society of Mexico). The genus and species name,
500:
468:
374:
370:
338:
151:
94:
38:
3768:
3618:
3228:
3095:
3042:
2882:
2828:
2811:
2769:
789:
contributes about 50% to the bottom surface of the jaw, which is more than
3180:
3155:
3019:
McHenry, C.R.; Cook, A.G.; Wroe, S. (2005). "Bottom-Feeding Plesiosaurs".
2786:
Peterson Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes of North America North of Mexico
2760:
2743:
2468:"Comparative Cranial Anatomy of Two North American Cretaceous Plesiosaurs"
2186:
2169:
847:
are constricted on their outer surfaces, unlike the cylindrical centra of
436:
interval of the Vallecillo deposits, allowing it to be dated to that age.
6325:
5711:
4964:
4144:
4124:
4117:
3832:
2956:
1548:
1541:
1519:
1467:
1444:
1241:
1200:
879:
840:
786:
743:
643:
606:
602:
544:
540:
526:
496:
492:
433:
428:
419:
412:
408:
401:
334:
171:
84:
79:
64:
59:
49:
30:
2639:
2239:
2138:. In Benton, M.J.; Shishkin, M.A.; Unwin, D.M.; Kurochkin, E.N. (eds.).
6360:
5155:
5141:
4158:
3844:
3749:
3446:
Blanco Piñón, A.; Frey, E.; Stinnesbeck, W.; López Oliva, J.G. (2002).
2837:
2728:
2391:
2017:
1907:(Plesiosauria: Polycotylidae) and its bearing on plesiosaur viviparity"
1766:
1463:
984:
961:
945:
836:
656:
614:
610:
521:(fine limestone deposits that exquisitely preserve animals) within the
181:
99:
74:
3212:
2136:"Mesozoic marine reptiles of Russia and other former Soviet republics"
855:(concave in front and convex behind), whereas the thoracic centra are
742:
both bear projections on the rear quarter of the pterygoid (a rounded
3826:
3300:
3066:"Swim speed and movement patterns of gravid leatherback sea turtles (
3004:
2979:
2873:
2852:
1012:
953:
832:
618:
476:
341:, or belly ribs, which is only otherwise seen in the non-polycotylid
326:
292:
161:
6302:
2720:
2630:
2601:
5932:
3735:
1333:
1219:
1092:
1057:
1026:
on the third digit have a length/width ratio of 1.77 - similar to
1008:
988:
911:
806:
628:
577:
443:
2383:
1341:, a ray-finned fish present throughout the Vallecillo plattenkalk
3777:
1564:". However, "Polyptychodon" has more recently been considered a
1318:, however, fell on its back into soft, soupy, water-soaked, and
1004:
718:
has a similar, albeit less complex, arrangement of ridges. Like
510:
6306:
5397:
4745:
4285:
3939:
3819:
3781:
3250:. American Association of Petroleum Geologists. pp. 45–81.
392:
about 500 kilometres (310 mi) offshore in the prehistoric
552:
to be dated to the early Turonian portion of the plattenkalk.
487:, or National Institute of Anthropology and History) at the
3579:"Manta-like planktivorous sharks in Late Cretaceous oceans"
3452:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen
3374:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen
3359:
10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0117:ETIBWB>2.3.CO;2
3324:"Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events: Causes and Consequences"
3246:. In Bartolini, C.; Buffler, R.T.; CantĂş-Chapa, A. (eds.).
2284:
10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[0969:ANPPRS]2.0.CO;2
2144:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 187–210.
1732:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen
1389:
microbes in order to survive in the low-oxygen conditions.
1046:
shares with other polcotylines is that it bears only three
365:
performance, making it a fast swimmer comparable to modern
3647:. In Arratia, G.; Schultze, H.-P.; Wilson, M.V.H. (eds.).
3554:
Blanco-Piñón, A.; Shimada, K.; González-Barba, G. (2005).
1309:
hypothesized the thick contour fat of plesiosaurs such as
3406:
Ifrim, C. (2006). "The Fossil Assemblage of Vallecillo".
2578:
Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology
2232:
10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[664:CAATOD]2.0.CO;2
2134:
Storrs, G.W.; Arkhangel'skii, M.S.; Efimov, V.M. (2000).
2010:
10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[154:AJPPRS]2.0.CO;2
2039:
Bardet, N.; Pereda Suberbiola, X.; Jalil, N.-E. (2003).
1880:
10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[41:PFTUCC]2.0.CO;2
1857:
Albright, L.B. III; Gillette, D.D.; Titus, A.L. (2007).
2212:
O'Keefe, F.R. (2008). "Cranial Anatomy and Taxonomy of
1172:
addition to these characteristics, others used by Frey
692:
Most of the diagnostic characteristics in the skull of
605:
bearing no forward projections that interlock with the
384:
was preserved in, collectively known as the Vallecillo
3653:. München: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. pp. 9–34.
1366:, which occurred at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary.
696:
are found on the palate. Like other polycotylids, the
2851:
Delorme, S.L.; Lungu, I.M.; Vickaryous, M.K. (2012).
2742:
Wang, J.; Wang, C.; Luo, C.; Qu, H.; Shu, D. (2014).
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
471:
quarry near the town of Vallecillo, in the state of
329:; the narrow openings in the palate bordered by the
6315:
6203:
6106:
6043:
6005:
5888:
5838:
5776:
5749:
5721:
5683:
5625:
5592:
5577:
5527:
5486:
5438:
5414:
5336:
5288:
5215:
5117:
5030:
4950:
4821:
4758:
4684:
4611:
4545:
4518:
4479:
4331:
4298:
4235:
4134:
4096:
4038:
4009:
3952:
3899:
3868:
2789:(2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
960:is the largest bone, being a third larger than the
373:instead of putrefying, which preserved most of the
3650:Mesozoic Fishes 5 – Global Diversity and Evolution
3428:(Ph.D.). University of Heidelberg. pp. 67–79.
3410:(Ph.D.). University of Heidelberg. pp. 47–66.
867:at its back end, as opposed to one at each end in
1402:at Vallecillo, and may thus have lived alongside
333:; the lack of perforations in the surface of the
2595:
2593:
2591:
2461:
2459:
464:was found in the summer of 2011 by workers at a
3642:"An overview of the Mexican fossil fish record"
3419:
3417:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
2543:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 107–119.
2476:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 191–216.
1502:Random surveys also revealed sharks, including
1418:. Other ammonites that may have coincided with
633:Skeletal diagram and soft tissue reconstruction
3731:(Plesiosauria) from the Cretaceous of England"
3280:
3278:
3276:
651:contain at least 42 teeth, including 4 in the
3793:
2945:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
2259:
2257:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2163:
2161:
1726:Ifrim, C.; Stinnesbeck, W.; Frey, E. (2007).
1721:
1719:
1717:
1253:and other geckos. This forms a "drop-shaped"
781:, whereas they are wider and more rounded in
485:Instituto Nacional de AntropologĂa e Historia
479:. It is labelled under the collection number
8:
6389:Late Cretaceous plesiosaurs of North America
2539:. In Callaway, J.M.; Nicholls, E.L. (eds.).
2470:. In Callaway, J.M.; Nicholls, E.L. (eds.).
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
280:(meaning "Mauricio reptile") is a genus of
2812:"Lipid Storage and Utilization in Reptiles"
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2141:The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia
1788:
1786:
811:Skeletal reconstruction of related species
6303:
6112:
6011:
5896:
5835:
5689:
5598:
5589:
5585:
5420:
5411:
5407:
5394:
5221:
5036:
4956:
4766:
4755:
4742:
4617:
4485:
4306:
4295:
4282:
4102:
3960:
3949:
3936:
3896:
3874:
3865:
3816:
3800:
3786:
3778:
3514:
3512:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
704:bears a dish-like depression. Unlike both
117:
20:
3758:
3748:
3701:
3179:
3003:
2872:
2827:
2759:
2629:
2512:Schumacher, B.A.; Everhart, M.J. (2005).
2185:
1689:
1677:BoletĂn de la Sociedad GeolĂłgica Mexicana
1461:Mammites nodosoides - Mytiloides kossmati
1277:; in particular, the body outline of the
559:BoletĂn de la Sociedad GeolĂłgica Mexicana
388:, would have represented the bottom of a
3242:Goldhammer, R.K.; Johnson, C.A. (2001).
1938:Schumacher, B.A.; Martin, J.E. (2016). "
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
337:; and the highly unusual arrangement of
3560:Revista Mexicana de Ciencias GeolĂłgicas
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1705:Vallecillo Mauriciosaurus type locality
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1611:
1512:, and the bizarre filter-feeding shark
2980:"Plesiosaurs — rigging and ballasting"
2116:
2106:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
983:polycotylids is its slightly S-shaped
944:is largely smooth and devoid of pits (
2174:University of Kansas Science Bulletin
317:. However, several features separate
7:
1195:would have been richly pigmented by
1107:due to multiple morphological traits
460:The type and only known specimen of
422:, and turtles. The type specimen of
2657:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
2085:. Vol. 427. pp. 133–146.
761:An additional trait shared between
3681:Netherlands Journal of Geosciences
3424:Ifrim, C. (2006). "Stratigraphy".
3328:Netherlands Journal of Geosciences
3070:) at St. Croix, US Virgin Islands"
2422:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2364:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2219:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1945:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1867:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1381:bivalves, which may have lived in
1103:, a species considered similar to
890:A particularly unusual feature of
677:, and more numerous than those of
14:
2902:Journal of the Geological Society
1398:are associated with the ammonite
1147:to be morphologically closest to
940:, the surface of the coracoid in
6287:
6280:
6272:
5380:
5374:
5368:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4268:
4263:
2549:10.1016/B978-012155210-7/50008-9
2482:10.1016/B978-012155210-7/50011-9
1901:O'Keefe, F.R.; Byrd, C. (2012).
1744:10.1127/0077-7749/2007/0245-0071
1580:
1273:are reminiscent of contemporary
426:is associated with an ammonite,
295:. It contains a single species,
138:
3322:Schlanger, S.O.; Jenkyns, H.C.
3075:Journal of Experimental Biology
2783:Page, L.M.; Burr, B.M. (2011).
1601:Timeline of plesiosaur research
1139:Within the Polycotylinae, Frey
999:. The primary epipodials - the
432:, which is present only in the
2170:"A new polycotylid Plesiosaur"
1228:compared to leatherback turtle
1034:, and shorter than the 1.9 of
1007:on the front flipper, and the
975:One of the traits that allies
964:and six times larger than the
380:The oxygen-poor deposits that
1:
6409:Fossil taxa described in 2017
3541:10.1016/S1631-0683(03)00064-2
3495:10.1080/08912963.2023.2221269
2602:"North American Plesiosaurs:
2068:10.1016/S1631-0683(03)00063-0
1966:10.1080/02724634.2015.1031341
1903:"Ontogeny of the shoulder in
1817:10.1016/j.cretres.2008.05.014
1285:, strongly resembles that of
968:, which is not curved unlike
3201:Journal of Forensic Sciences
2678:10.1080/14772019.2011.634444
2537:"Sauropterygia Introduction"
2442:10.1080/02724634.2011.550358
1038:. This may be indicative of
400:bivalves represent the only
377:save for that of the belly.
1524:Robertichthys riograndensis
758:lacks any such projection.
548:allows the slab containing
6430:
3386:10.1127/njgpa/195/1995/133
1434:, and a taxon referred to
1425:Pseudaspidoceras flexuosum
1030:, longer than the 1.45 of
916:Paddle of related species
874:Like other members of the
448:Geography of the state of
6269:
6115:
6014:
5899:
5692:
5601:
5588:
5423:
5410:
5406:
5393:
5366:
5224:
5039:
4959:
4769:
4754:
4741:
4714:
4620:
4488:
4309:
4294:
4281:
4261:
4105:
3963:
3948:
3935:
3895:
3877:
3864:
3815:
3703:10.1017/S0016774600020977
3464:10.1127/njgpa/225/2002/39
3133:10.1017/S009483730001191X
1596:List of plesiosaur genera
1301:Taphonomic considerations
1216:Locomotion and body shape
1100:Trinacromerum bentonianum
831:, and at least 25 in the
584:Mauriciosaurus fernandezi
564:Mauriciosaurus fernandezi
259:Mauriciosaurus fernandezi
256:
249:
135:Scientific classification
133:
128:Mauriciosaurus fernandezi
125:
116:
23:
16:Extinct genus of reptiles
3267:University of Heidelberg
2922:10.1144/gsjgs.146.1.0037
2810:Derickson, W.K. (1976).
2600:Williston, S.W. (1908).
2214:Dolichorhynchops bonneri
1759:The Gulf of Mexico Basin
1691:10.18268/BSGM2017v69n1a5
1472:Paranursallia gutturosum
1431:Watinoceras coloradoense
1136:vertebrae in the trunk.
918:Dolichorhynchops osborni
814:Dolichorhynchops osborni
586:and estimated adult size
568:Mauricio Fernández Garza
3603:10.1126/science.abc1490
3477:Capasso, Luigi (2023).
3288:Journal of Paleontology
3088:10.1242/jeb.205.23.3689
3035:10.1126/science.1117241
2898:"Plesiosaur locomotion"
2896:Halstead, L.B. (1989).
2541:Ancient Marine Reptiles
2473:Ancient Marine Reptiles
2362:, Cope, from Alabama".
2271:Journal of Paleontology
1997:Journal of Paleontology
1536:; and an indeterminate
1351:Western Interior Seaway
1339:Paranursallia gutturosa
750:, and a sharp ridge in
730:, and twice as wide in
507:INAH CPC RFG 2544 P.F.1
483:(INAH standing for the
481:INAH CPC RFG 2544 P.F.1
456:remains have been found
367:leatherback sea turtles
3521:Comptes Rendus Palevol
2855:Eublepharis macularius
2466:Carpenter, K. (1997).
2360:Polycotylus latipinnis
2322:Acta Zoologica Fennica
2316:O'Keefe, F.R. (2001).
2048:Comptes Rendus Palevol
1940:Polycotylus latipinnis
1905:Polycotylus latipinnus
1481:Goulmimichthys roberti
1364:Oceanic Anoxic Event 2
1342:
1279:leatherback sea turtle
1229:
1108:
1063:
927:differs from those of
920:
817:
634:
587:
457:
6414:Sauropterygian genera
3181:10.5194/cp-7-277-2011
3064:Eckert, S.A. (2005).
2978:Taylor, M.A. (1981).
2861:The Anatomical Record
2761:10.3382/ps.2013-03433
2701:Ecological Monographs
2187:10.5962/bhl.part.6504
2091:10.1130/2007.2427(09)
1337:
1223:
1205:ultraviolet radiation
1096:
1061:
915:
810:
632:
581:
447:
375:epidermal soft tissue
3082:(Pt 23): 3689–3697.
3068:Dermochelys coriacea
2957:10.1660/062.113.0201
2829:10.1093/icb/16.4.711
2572:Brown, D.S. (1981).
2535:Rieppel, O. (1997).
2168:Riggs, E.S. (1944).
1515:Aquilolamna milarcae
1353:and the prehistoric
1283:Dermochelys coriacea
1242:transverse processes
1115:was assigned to the
530:Agua Nueva Formation
440:Discovery and naming
3725:Madzia, D. (2016).
3694:2005NJGeo..84..195B
3595:2021Sci...371.1253V
3589:(6535): 1253–1256.
3533:2003CRPal...2..299B
3269:. pp. 114–122.
3172:2011CliPa...7..277T
3160:Climate of the Past
3125:1988Pbio...14..187M
2996:1981Natur.290..628T
2914:1989JGSoc.146...37H
2713:1967EcoM...37..273P
2670:2013JSPal..11..233B
2622:1908JG.....16..715W
2434:2011JVPal..31..313S
2376:2004JVPal..24..326O
2060:2003CRPal...2..307B
1987:Kear, B.P. (2007).
1958:2016JVPal..36E1341S
1809:2008CrRes..29..943I
1796:Cretaceous Research
1588:Paleontology portal
1499:Rhynchodercetis sp.
1400:Mammites nodosoides
1163:is more similar to
1079:subcutaneous tissue
545:Mammites nodosoides
429:Mammites nodosoides
126:Holotype fossil of
5975:Plesioelasmosaurus
5198:Stenorhynchosaurus
4187:Protenodontosaurus
4058:Largocephalosaurus
3750:10.7717/peerj.1998
3727:"A reappraisal of
3483:Historical Biology
2816:American Zoologist
2610:Journal of Geology
1767:10.1130/DNAG-GNA-J
1377:invertebrates are
1343:
1230:
1109:
1064:
921:
829:thoracic vertebrae
825:cervical vertebrae
818:
635:
599:cervical vertebrae
588:
566:, is in honour of
489:Museo del Desierto
458:
6404:Fossils of Mexico
6399:Cretaceous Mexico
6371:
6370:
6309:Taxon identifiers
6300:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6267:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6251:
6250:
5884:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5573:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5389:
5388:
5364:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5211:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5170:Megacephalosaurus
4861:Bishanopliosaurus
4737:
4736:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4607:
4606:
4591:Proneusticosaurus
4333:Pachypleurosauria
4277:
4276:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4231:
4230:
4079:Sinosaurosphargis
4011:Helveticosauridae
3931:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3660:978-3-89937-159-8
3213:10.1520/JFS12012J
2990:(5808): 628–629.
2867:(10): 1575–1595.
2558:978-0-12-155210-7
2491:978-0-12-155210-7
2264:Sato, T. (2005).
2100:978-0-8137-2427-0
1776:978-0-8137-5459-8
1533:Araripichthys sp.
1505:Ptychodus mortoni
1490:Tselfatia formosa
1392:Three species of
1251:fat-tailed geckos
582:Size of juvenile
390:continental shelf
323:parasphenoid bone
273:
272:
245:
6421:
6364:
6363:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6336:
6335:
6334:
6304:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6277:
6276:
6150:Hydrotherosaurus
6113:
6075:Hydrotherosaurus
6012:
5897:
5849:Dolichorhynchops
5836:
5690:
5599:
5590:
5586:
5421:
5412:
5408:
5395:
5384:
5378:
5372:
5279:Westphaliasaurus
5222:
5037:
5007:Pachycostasaurus
4957:
4940:Yuzhoupliosaurus
4823:Rhomaleosauridae
4767:
4756:
4743:
4732:
4726:
4720:
4618:
4494:Brevicaudosaurus
4486:
4421:Majiashanosaurus
4385:Dianopachysaurus
4307:
4296:
4283:
4272:
4267:
4103:
4065:Prosaurosphargis
3961:
3950:
3937:
3897:
3875:
3866:
3859:
3858:
3817:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3762:
3752:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3705:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3646:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3516:
3507:
3506:
3489:(8): 1557–1569.
3474:
3468:
3467:
3443:
3430:
3429:
3421:
3412:
3411:
3403:
3390:
3389:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3301:10.1666/10-052.1
3282:
3271:
3270:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:10.1038/290628a0
2975:
2969:
2968:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2874:10.1002/ar.22490
2848:
2842:
2841:
2831:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2763:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2633:
2597:
2586:
2585:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2509:
2496:
2495:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2417:
2404:
2403:
2355:
2330:
2329:
2313:
2296:
2295:
2261:
2252:
2251:
2209:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2104:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2045:
2036:
2030:
2029:
1993:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1935:
1922:
1921:
1911:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1863:
1854:
1821:
1820:
1790:
1781:
1780:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1723:
1712:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1667:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1553:Vallecillosaurus
1529:crossognathiform
1477:pachyrhizodontid
1387:chemoautotrophic
1246:hypaxial muscles
1224:"Drop-shape" of
1165:Dolichorhynchops
1150:Dolichorhynchops
1062:Life restoration
1032:Dolichorhynchops
929:Dolichorhynchops
869:Dolichorhynchops
803:Vertebral column
775:Dolichorhynchops
756:Dolichorhynchops
724:Dolichorhynchops
710:Dolichorhynchops
686:Dolichorhynchops
534:biostratigraphic
314:Dolichorhynchops
239:
232:
219:
206:
193:
143:
142:
121:
111:
41:
29:Temporal range:
21:
6429:
6428:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6367:
6359:
6354:
6345:
6344:
6339:
6330:
6329:
6324:
6311:
6301:
6292:
6279:
6271:
6247:
6214:Alexandronectes
6199:
6102:
6039:
6007:Euelasmosaurida
6001:
5905:Callawayasaurus
5893:
5868:
5840:Dolichorhynchia
5834:
5822:Serpentisuchops
5772:
5760:Plesiopleurodon
5745:
5723:Palmulasaurinae
5717:
5679:
5621:
5582:
5565:
5529:Muraenosaurinae
5523:
5482:
5440:Colymbosaurinae
5434:
5402:
5385:
5352:
5332:
5284:
5244:Franconiasaurus
5217:Plesiosauroidea
5203:
5119:Brachaucheninae
5113:
5026:
5021:Thalassiodracon
4979:Attenborosaurus
4946:
4817:
4763:
4750:
4733:
4700:
4680:
4603:
4598:Silvestrosaurus
4577:Metanothosaurus
4541:
4514:
4475:
4371:Diandongosaurus
4327:
4303:
4301:Eosauropterygia
4290:
4288:Eosauropterygia
4273:
4251:
4237:Eosauropterygia
4227:
4208:Psephosauriscus
4130:
4092:
4040:Saurosphargidae
4034:
4029:Helveticosaurus
4021:Eusaurosphargis
4005:
3991:Pomolispondylus
3957:
3944:
3915:
3891:
3860:
3822:
3821:
3811:
3806:
3776:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3644:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3518:
3517:
3510:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3445:
3444:
3433:
3423:
3422:
3415:
3405:
3404:
3393:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3284:
3283:
3274:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3018:
3017:
3013:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2748:Poultry Science
2741:
2740:
2736:
2721:10.2307/1942325
2698:
2697:
2693:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2599:
2598:
2589:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2511:
2510:
2499:
2492:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2419:
2418:
2407:
2357:
2356:
2333:
2315:
2314:
2299:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2211:
2210:
2195:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2115:
2105:
2101:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2033:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1952:(1): e1031341.
1937:
1936:
1925:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1824:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1725:
1724:
1715:
1703:
1699:
1669:
1668:
1613:
1609:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1414:, and possibly
1412:M. goppelnensis
1332:
1303:
1218:
1186:
1097:Restoration of
1091:
1056:
910:
885:articular facet
805:
627:
576:
442:
331:pterygoid bones
269:
262:
238:
230:
217:
204:
191:
137:
112:
110:
109:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
36:
35:
33:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6427:
6425:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6376:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6365:
6352:
6347:Mauriciosaurus
6337:
6321:
6319:
6317:Mauriciosaurus
6313:
6312:
6307:
6298:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6238:
6231:
6224:
6217:
6209:
6207:
6205:Aristonectinae
6201:
6200:
6198:
6197:
6189:
6182:
6179:Tuarangisaurus
6175:
6168:
6165:Marambionectes
6161:
6154:
6146:
6138:
6131:
6124:
6116:
6110:
6108:Weddellonectia
6104:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6097:Terminonatator
6093:
6086:
6079:
6071:
6064:
6057:
6049:
6047:
6045:Elasmosaurinae
6041:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6030:
6023:
6015:
6009:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5996:Woolungasaurus
5992:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5964:
5957:
5950:
5943:
5936:
5929:
5922:
5919:Eromangasaurus
5915:
5908:
5900:
5894:
5891:Elasmosauridae
5889:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5859:
5852:
5844:
5842:
5833:
5832:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5804:
5801:Mauriciosaurus
5797:
5790:
5782:
5780:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5763:
5755:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5736:
5732:Pahasapasaurus
5727:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5708:
5701:
5693:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5670:
5662:
5654:
5647:
5639:
5631:
5629:
5627:Leptocleididae
5623:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5611:
5602:
5596:
5583:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5556:
5548:
5541:
5533:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5514:
5511:Ophthalmothule
5507:
5500:
5492:
5490:
5488:Cryptoclidinae
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5444:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5424:
5418:
5416:Cryptoclididae
5404:
5403:
5398:
5391:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5342:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5323:
5320:Occitanosaurus
5316:
5309:
5302:
5294:
5292:
5290:Microcleididae
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5251:Leurospondylus
5247:
5240:
5233:
5230:Eoplesiosaurus
5225:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5180:
5177:Monquirasaurus
5173:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5135:Brachauchenius
5131:
5123:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5083:
5076:
5073:Megalneusaurus
5069:
5066:Lorrainosaurus
5062:
5055:
5052:Gallardosaurus
5048:
5040:
5034:
5032:Thalassophonea
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5017:
5014:Rhaeticosaurus
5010:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4960:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4936:
4933:Thaumatodracon
4929:
4922:
4919:Sthenarosaurus
4915:
4912:Rhomaleosaurus
4908:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4879:
4872:
4865:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4840:Archaeonectrus
4836:
4827:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4807:
4804:Sinopliosaurus
4800:
4793:
4785:
4782:Bathyspondylus
4778:
4770:
4764:
4759:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4690:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4621:
4615:
4613:Pistosauroidea
4609:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4594:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4551:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4532:
4524:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4509:Sanchiaosaurus
4505:
4501:Hispaniasaurus
4497:
4489:
4483:
4481:Nothosauroidea
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4466:
4463:Serpianosaurus
4459:
4452:
4445:
4442:Prosantosaurus
4438:
4435:Odoiporosaurus
4431:
4428:Neusticosaurus
4424:
4417:
4414:Luopingosaurus
4410:
4403:
4396:
4388:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4337:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4318:
4310:
4304:
4299:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4241:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4140:
4138:
4136:Cyamodontoidea
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4045:
4043:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4025:
4016:
4014:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3995:
3987:
3979:
3972:
3964:
3958:
3953:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3905:
3903:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3878:
3872:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3847:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3820:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3782:
3775:
3774:
3717:
3688:(3): 195–205.
3666:
3659:
3632:
3569:
3546:
3527:(5): 299–306.
3508:
3469:
3431:
3413:
3391:
3380:(1): 133–146.
3364:
3353:(2): 117–120.
3337:
3314:
3295:(3): 524–536.
3272:
3253:
3234:
3207:(5): 897–901.
3187:
3166:(1): 277–297.
3146:
3119:(2): 187–205.
3101:
3056:
3011:
2970:
2935:
2888:
2843:
2822:(4): 711–723.
2802:
2795:
2775:
2754:(3): 742–746.
2734:
2707:(4): 273–296.
2691:
2664:(2): 233–250.
2645:
2631:10.1086/621573
2616:(8): 715–736.
2587:
2564:
2557:
2527:
2497:
2490:
2455:
2428:(2): 313–329.
2405:
2370:(2): 326–340.
2331:
2297:
2278:(5): 969–980.
2253:
2226:(3): 664–676.
2193:
2157:
2150:
2126:
2117:|journal=
2099:
2073:
2054:(5): 307–315.
2031:
2004:(1): 154–162.
1979:
1923:
1893:
1822:
1803:(5): 943–956.
1782:
1775:
1749:
1713:
1697:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1575:
1572:
1495:alepisauriform
1466:, include the
1457:Mauriciosaurus
1420:Mauriciosaurus
1404:Mauriciosaurus
1371:Mauriciosaurus
1359:Mauriciosaurus
1355:Gulf of Mexico
1331:
1328:
1316:Mauriciosaurus
1311:Mauriciosaurus
1302:
1299:
1295:Mauriciosaurus
1287:Mauriciosaurus
1271:Mauriciosaurus
1262:Mauriciosaurus
1234:Mauriciosaurus
1226:Mauriciosaurus
1217:
1214:
1209:Mauriciosaurus
1193:Mauriciosaurus
1189:Mauriciosaurus
1185:
1182:
1178:Mauriciosaurus
1161:Mauriciosaurus
1145:Mauriciosaurus
1133:Mauriciosaurus
1125:Mauriciosaurus
1113:Mauriciosaurus
1105:Mauriciosaurus
1090:
1089:Classification
1087:
1068:Mauriciosaurus
1055:
1052:
1048:distal tarsals
1044:Mauriciosaurus
1040:Mauriciosaurus
977:Mauriciosaurus
942:Mauriciosaurus
925:Mauriciosaurus
909:
906:
892:Mauriciosaurus
861:opisthocoelous
845:Mauriciosaurus
827:, at least 23
821:Mauriciosaurus
804:
801:
779:Mauriciosaurus
763:Mauriciosaurus
748:Mauriciosaurus
736:Mauriciosaurus
728:Mauriciosaurus
702:Mauriciosaurus
698:pterygoid bone
694:Mauriciosaurus
668:Pahasapasaurus
655:and 32 in the
649:Mauriciosaurus
639:Mauriciosaurus
626:
623:
595:Mauriciosaurus
591:Mauriciosaurus
575:
572:
550:Mauriciosaurus
513:, part of the
462:Mauriciosaurus
454:Mauriciosaurus
441:
438:
424:Mauriciosaurus
394:Gulf of Mexico
382:Mauriciosaurus
355:Mauriciosaurus
319:Mauriciosaurus
287:from the Late
277:Mauriciosaurus
271:
270:
263:
254:
253:
247:
246:
235:Mauriciosaurus
228:
224:
223:
215:
211:
210:
202:
198:
197:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
131:
130:
123:
122:
114:
113:
105:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
42:
31:Early Turonian
28:
25:Mauriciosaurus
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6426:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6394:Turonian life
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6362:
6357:
6353:
6348:
6342:
6338:
6333:
6327:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6305:
6290:
6286:
6283:
6275:
6244:
6243:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6218:
6216:
6215:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6128:Chubutinectes
6125:
6123:
6122:
6118:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6054:Albertonectes
6051:
6050:
6048:
6046:
6042:
6036:
6035:
6034:Thalassomedon
6031:
6029:
6028:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6017:
6016:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6004:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5989:Wapuskanectes
5986:
5984:
5983:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5965:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5912:Cimoliasaurus
5909:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5887:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5829:Trinacromerum
5826:
5824:
5823:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5794:Georgiasaurus
5791:
5789:
5788:
5787:Eopolycotylus
5784:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5778:Polycotylinae
5775:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5751:Occultonectia
5748:
5742:
5741:
5740:Palmulasaurus
5737:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5685:Polycotylidae
5682:
5676:
5675:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5658:Nichollssaura
5655:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5617:
5616:
5615:Nichollssaura
5612:
5609:
5608:
5604:
5603:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5584:
5581:
5576:
5562:
5561:
5560:Vinialesaurus
5557:
5554:
5553:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5538:Muraenosaurus
5535:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5504:Kimmerosaurus
5501:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5456:Colymbosaurus
5453:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5429:Opallionectes
5426:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5396:
5392:
5383:
5379:
5377:
5371:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5327:Seeleyosaurus
5324:
5322:
5321:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5191:Sachicasaurus
5188:
5186:
5185:
5184:Polyptychodon
5181:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5090:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4993:Hauffiosaurus
4990:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4869:Borealonectes
4866:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4813:
4812:
4811:Termatosaurus
4808:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4744:
4740:
4731:
4727:
4725:
4719:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4661:Tanaisosaurus
4658:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4647:Kwangsisaurus
4644:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4626:Augustasaurus
4623:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4563:Germanosaurus
4560:
4558:
4557:
4556:Ceresiosaurus
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4547:Nothosauridae
4544:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4470:Wumengosaurus
4467:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4449:Panzhousaurus
4446:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4407:Keichousaurus
4404:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4378:Dianmeisaurus
4375:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4356:Dactylosaurus
4353:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4271:
4266:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4088:
4087:
4086:Stauromatodon
4083:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4072:Saurosphargis
4069:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3976:Atopodentatus
3973:
3971:
3970:
3969:Alexeyisaurus
3966:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3955:Sauropterygia
3951:
3947:
3943:
3942:Sauropterygia
3938:
3934:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3901:Sauropterygia
3898:
3894:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3809:Sauropterygia
3803:
3798:
3796:
3791:
3789:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3729:Polyptychodon
3721:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3670:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3643:
3636:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3338:
3334:(3): 179–184.
3333:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3188:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3105:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3069:
3060:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3015:
3012:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2847:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2803:
2798:
2796:9780547242064
2792:
2788:
2787:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2649:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2604:Trinacromerum
2596:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2151:9780521545822
2147:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2110:
2102:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1906:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1860:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1687:
1684:(1): 87–134.
1683:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1562:Polyptychodon
1559:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1546:aigialosaurid
1543:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1416:M. mytiloides
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:haemal arches
1235:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1169:Trinacromerum
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1156:Trinacromerum
1152:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:Polycotylidae
1114:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:Palmulasaurus
1033:
1029:
1028:Trinacromerum
1025:
1020:
1018:
1017:Trinacromerum
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:Trinacromerum
994:
993:Eopolycotylus
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
971:
970:Eopolycotylus
967:
963:
959:
955:
952:. Within the
951:
947:
943:
939:
938:Eopolycotylus
934:
933:Trinacromerum
930:
926:
919:
914:
907:
905:
903:
902:
897:
893:
888:
886:
881:
880:neural spines
877:
876:Sauropterygia
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
849:Trinacromerum
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
816:
815:
809:
802:
800:
798:
797:Eopolycotylus
794:
793:
792:Palmulasaurus
788:
784:
783:Trinacromerum
780:
776:
772:
769:involves the
768:
767:Trinacromerum
764:
759:
757:
753:
752:Trinacromerum
749:
745:
741:
740:Trinacromerum
737:
734:. Similarly,
733:
732:Trinacromerum
729:
725:
721:
720:Trinacromerum
717:
716:
711:
707:
706:Trinacromerum
703:
699:
695:
690:
688:
687:
682:
681:
680:Trinacromerum
676:
675:
674:Georgiasaurus
670:
669:
664:
663:
662:Eopolycotylus
658:
654:
650:
646:
645:
640:
637:The snout of
631:
624:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
585:
580:
573:
571:
569:
565:
561:
560:
553:
551:
547:
546:
542:
539:
535:
531:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
467:
463:
455:
451:
446:
439:
437:
435:
431:
430:
425:
421:
418:
417:aigialosaurid
414:
410:
406:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
353:
352:type specimen
348:
346:
345:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:
310:
309:
308:Trinacromerum
305:polycotylids
304:
300:
299:
298:M. fernandezi
294:
290:
286:
283:
279:
278:
267:
261:
260:
255:
252:
248:
243:
237:
236:
229:
226:
225:
222:
221:Polycotylidae
216:
213:
212:
209:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:Sauropterygia
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
141:
136:
132:
129:
124:
120:
115:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:
37:93.9–92
32:
26:
22:
19:
6384:Polycotylids
6316:
6278:
6240:
6233:
6226:
6221:Aristonectes
6219:
6212:
6191:
6184:
6177:
6172:Morenosaurus
6170:
6163:
6156:
6148:
6142:Fresnosaurus
6140:
6135:Futabasaurus
6133:
6126:
6119:
6095:
6088:
6083:Nakonanectes
6081:
6073:
6068:Fluvionectes
6066:
6061:Elasmosaurus
6059:
6052:
6032:
6025:
6018:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5973:
5968:Orophosaurus
5966:
5959:
5952:
5945:
5940:Lagenanectes
5938:
5931:
5924:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5827:
5820:
5813:
5806:
5800:
5799:
5792:
5785:
5765:
5758:
5738:
5730:
5710:
5703:
5698:Edgarosaurus
5696:
5674:Vectocleidus
5672:
5666:Umoonasaurus
5664:
5656:
5651:Leptocleidus
5649:
5641:
5636:Brancasaurus
5634:
5613:
5605:
5594:Leptocleidia
5558:
5550:
5545:Picrocleidus
5543:
5536:
5516:
5509:
5502:
5497:Cryptoclidus
5495:
5477:Spitrasaurus
5475:
5468:
5461:
5454:
5449:Abyssosaurus
5447:
5427:
5400:Cryptoclidia
5373:
5338:Cryptoclidia
5325:
5318:
5313:Microcleidus
5311:
5304:
5297:
5277:
5272:Plesiosaurus
5270:
5265:Plesiopterys
5263:
5258:Plesiopharos
5256:
5249:
5242:
5237:Eretmosaurus
5235:
5228:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5128:Acostasaurus
5126:
5106:
5099:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5064:
5059:Liopleurodon
5057:
5050:
5043:
5019:
5012:
5005:
5000:Marmornectes
4998:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4972:Arminisaurus
4970:
4963:
4952:Pliosauridae
4938:
4931:
4926:Stratesaurus
4924:
4917:
4910:
4905:Meyerasaurus
4903:
4896:
4889:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4859:
4854:Avalonnectes
4852:
4847:Atychodracon
4845:
4838:
4832:Anningasaura
4830:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4787:
4780:
4775:Anningasaura
4773:
4761:Plesiosauria
4748:Plesiosauria
4721:
4686:Plesiosauria
4675:Yunguisaurus
4673:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4534:
4527:
4520:Simosauridae
4507:
4499:
4492:
4468:
4461:
4456:Qianxisaurus
4454:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4400:Honghesaurus
4398:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4363:Dawazisaurus
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4322:Cymatosaurus
4320:
4313:
4222:Sinocyamodus
4220:
4215:Psephosaurus
4213:
4206:
4199:
4194:Psephochelys
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4123:
4116:
4111:Paraplacodus
4109:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4048:
4027:
4019:
3997:
3989:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3849:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3720:
3685:
3679:
3669:
3649:
3635:
3586:
3582:
3572:
3563:
3559:
3549:
3524:
3520:
3486:
3482:
3472:
3458:(1): 39–54.
3455:
3451:
3425:
3407:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3292:
3286:
3262:
3256:
3247:
3237:
3204:
3200:
3190:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3116:
3112:Paleobiology
3110:
3104:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3059:
3029:(5745): 75.
3026:
3020:
3014:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2908:(1): 37–40.
2905:
2901:
2891:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2846:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2785:
2778:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2661:
2655:
2648:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2540:
2530:
2521:
2517:
2472:
2425:
2421:
2384:10.1671/1944
2367:
2363:
2359:
2325:
2321:
2275:
2269:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2180:(8): 77–87.
2177:
2173:
2140:
2129:
2082:
2076:
2051:
2047:
2034:
2001:
1995:
1982:
1949:
1943:
1939:
1917:
1913:
1904:
1896:
1874:(1): 41–58.
1871:
1865:
1800:
1794:
1758:
1752:
1738:(1): 71–81.
1735:
1731:
1700:
1681:
1675:
1567:nomen dubium
1565:
1551:
1531:
1522:
1520:enchodontoid
1513:
1503:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1447:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1370:
1369:Asides from
1368:
1358:
1344:
1338:
1330:Paleoecology
1315:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1270:
1261:
1259:
1255:hydrodynamic
1244:suggest the
1233:
1231:
1225:
1208:
1199:. In living
1192:
1188:
1187:
1184:Paleobiology
1177:
1176:to diagnose
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1132:
1129:Leptocleidia
1124:
1120:
1112:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1076:
1067:
1065:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1016:
996:
992:
981:polycotyline
976:
974:
969:
941:
937:
932:
928:
924:
922:
917:
901:Cryptoclidus
899:
891:
889:
873:
868:
857:platycoelous
848:
844:
820:
819:
812:
796:
790:
782:
778:
774:
771:parasphenoid
766:
762:
760:
755:
751:
747:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
713:
709:
705:
701:
693:
691:
684:
678:
672:
666:
660:
648:
642:
638:
636:
613:; the short
594:
590:
589:
583:
563:
557:
554:
549:
543:
538:vascoceratid
506:
505:
480:
461:
459:
453:
427:
423:
381:
379:
363:hydrodynamic
354:
349:
344:Cryptoclidus
342:
318:
312:
306:
303:polycotyline
297:
296:
276:
275:
274:
265:
258:
257:
251:Type species
241:
234:
233:
208:Plesiosauria
188:Superorder:
127:
24:
18:
6341:Wikispecies
6235:Morturneria
6193:Zarafasaura
6121:Aphrosaurus
6090:Styxosaurus
6020:Cardiocorax
5982:Scanisaurus
5947:Leivanectes
5926:Goniosaurus
5856:Martinectes
5815:Scalamagnus
5808:Polycotylus
5767:Sulcusuchus
5643:Hastanectes
5607:Hastanectes
5470:Pantosaurus
5149:Kronosaurus
5080:Peloneustes
5045:Eardasaurus
4876:Eurycleidus
4668:Wangosaurus
4654:Pistosaurus
4584:Nothosaurus
4570:Lariosaurus
4529:Paludidraco
4342:Anarosaurus
4201:Psephoderma
4180:Placochelys
4173:Parahenodus
4166:Macroplacus
4152:Glyphoderma
4098:Placodontia
3983:Palatodonta
3854:Neodiapsida
3566:(1): 19–23.
2951:(1): 1–34.
2524:(2): 33–54.
1920:(1): 21–31.
1709:Fossilworks
1538:notacanthid
1459:, from the
1408:M. kossmati
1291:D. coriacea
1275:sea turtles
1197:melanocytes
1143:considered
1054:Soft tissue
979:with other
865:haemal arch
754:), whereas
722:but unlike
715:Polycotylus
683:(30-38) or
574:Description
519:Lagerstätte
515:plattenkalk
452:, in which
386:plattenkalk
282:polycotylid
6378:Categories
6186:Vegasaurus
6158:Kawanectes
6027:Libonectes
5954:Mauisaurus
5863:Unktaheela
5705:Manemergus
5580:Xenopsaria
5552:Tricleidus
5518:Tatenectes
5463:Djupedalia
5347:see below↓
5306:Lusonectes
5108:Simolestes
5101:Pliosaurus
5089:Pliosaurus
4986:Cryonectes
4898:Maresaurus
4891:Macroplata
4883:Lindwurmia
4797:Lindwurmia
4789:Bobosaurus
4695:see below↓
4640:Chinchenia
4633:Bobosaurus
4536:Simosaurus
4392:Hanosaurus
4315:Corosaurus
4246:see below↓
3999:Hanosaurus
3910:see below↓
3885:Sauropsida
3870:Sauropsida
3843:Subclass:
3839:Sauropsida
2584:: 253–347.
2518:Paludicola
1914:Paludicola
1607:References
1493:, and the
1449:Stramentum
1437:Vascoceras
1395:Mytiloides
1379:inoceramid
1347:deep shelf
1072:peritoneum
853:procoelous
653:premaxilla
523:Cenomanian
517:Konservat-
473:Nuevo LeĂłn
450:Nuevo LeĂłn
398:Inoceramid
359:hydrofoils
289:Cretaceous
285:plesiosaur
6332:Q29032438
6242:Wunyelfia
6228:Kaiwhekea
5961:Ogmodirus
5299:Hydrorion
4349:Chusaurus
4050:Hemilopas
3825:Kingdom:
3743:: e1998.
3712:132009809
3627:232271254
3611:0036-8075
3503:0891-2963
3309:128848079
3265:(Ph.D.).
3221:0022-1198
2930:219541473
2450:129155390
2292:131128997
2119:ignored (
2109:cite book
2026:130682215
1888:130268187
1542:Tetrapods
1510:lamniform
1486:plethodid
1468:holostean
1422:included
1406:- namely
1383:symbiosis
1324:adipocere
1266:hydrofoil
1201:squamates
1111:In 2017,
1083:epidermal
1024:phalanges
950:cartilage
896:gastralia
689:(26-30).
607:clavicles
603:coracoids
501:Monterrey
469:limestone
466:laminated
420:mosasaurs
413:barnacles
409:ammonites
371:adipocere
339:gastralia
158:Kingdom:
152:Eukaryota
6326:Wikidata
5712:Thililua
5163:Makhaira
5093:andrewsi
4965:Anguanax
4145:Cyamodus
4125:Placodus
4118:Pararcus
3845:Diapsida
3833:Chordata
3831:Phylum:
3827:Animalia
3769:27190712
3619:33737486
3229:10486937
3141:85810360
3096:12409495
3051:28832109
3043:16210529
2965:86491931
2883:22933425
2770:24604870
2686:18562271
2640:30068152
2400:46424292
2248:32099438
2240:20490993
1974:85714020
1574:See also
1558:pliosaur
1549:mosasaur
1445:barnacle
1119:by Frey
946:foramina
823:bore 21
787:splenial
744:tubercle
644:Thililua
541:ammonite
527:Turonian
497:Coahuila
493:Saltillo
434:Turonian
335:coracoid
214:Family:
182:Reptilia
172:Chordata
168:Phylum:
162:Animalia
148:Domain:
6361:9273328
5156:Luskhan
5142:Eiectus
4159:Henodus
3837:Class:
3760:4867712
3690:Bibcode
3591:Bibcode
3583:Science
3529:Bibcode
3347:Geology
3168:Bibcode
3121:Bibcode
3022:Science
2992:Bibcode
2910:Bibcode
2838:3882137
2729:1942325
2709:Bibcode
2666:Bibcode
2618:Bibcode
2430:Bibcode
2392:4524721
2372:Bibcode
2328:: 1–63.
2056:Bibcode
2018:4133802
1954:Bibcode
1805:Bibcode
1464:biozone
1442:sessile
1375:benthic
985:humerus
962:ischium
894:is its
839:). The
837:ischium
657:maxilla
611:scapula
405:benthic
402:endemic
325:on its
227:Genus:
201:Order:
178:Class:
106:↓
3767:
3757:
3710:
3657:
3625:
3617:
3609:
3501:
3307:
3227:
3219:
3139:
3094:
3049:
3041:
2984:Nature
2963:
2928:
2881:
2836:
2793:
2768:
2727:
2684:
2638:
2555:
2488:
2448:
2398:
2390:
2290:
2246:
2238:
2148:
2097:
2024:
2016:
1972:
1886:
1773:
1527:; the
1518:; the
1484:, the
1475:, the
1440:. The
1320:anoxic
1307:et al.
1240:, and
1174:et al.
1141:et al.
1121:et al.
1013:fibula
1001:radius
956:, the
954:pelvis
841:centra
833:sacrum
671:, and
619:palate
615:ischia
601:; the
477:Mexico
327:palate
293:Mexico
268:, 2017
266:et al.
244:, 2017
242:et al.
5933:Jucha
3850:Clade
3736:PeerJ
3708:S2CID
3645:(PDF)
3623:S2CID
3305:S2CID
3137:S2CID
3047:S2CID
2961:S2CID
2926:S2CID
2834:JSTOR
2725:JSTOR
2682:S2CID
2636:JSTOR
2446:S2CID
2396:S2CID
2388:JSTOR
2288:S2CID
2244:S2CID
2236:JSTOR
2044:(PDF)
2022:S2CID
2014:JSTOR
1992:(PDF)
1970:S2CID
1910:(PDF)
1884:S2CID
1862:(PDF)
1385:with
1305:Frey
1009:tibia
989:femur
966:ilium
958:pubis
908:Limbs
625:Skull
264:Frey
240:Frey
6356:GBIF
3883:see
3765:PMID
3655:ISBN
3615:PMID
3607:ISSN
3499:ISSN
3225:PMID
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