473:('the castle'). With four stairways, each with 91 steps (with the upper platform they sum up to 365), and having other architectural elements appearing in astronomically significant numbers, it is a good example of Maya myth and astronomical cycles joined in architecture. Ancient Egyptian civilizations believed there were powers in the sky that brought the rain and even kept hurricanes away. In order to get close enough for the powers to hear them, they built pyramids. The Mesopotamians built ziggurats that were similar to pyramids with steps. Additionally, the Mayas and many of the other Mesoamericans built their pyramids high above the surrounding forests to see the heavens. Besides honoring the gods on high, Maya pyramids also served as observatories for solar events. The Maya pyramids even aligned well with cardinal directions, or north, east, west, and south, so that they were used like a compass Also referred to as the Pyramid of Kukulcán, the structure provides a remarkable display, observed by thousands of modern visitors at the equinoxes. The setting sun's rays are projected on the northern balustrade, creating the illusion of a snake winding its way down the steps of the pyramid. The snake is composed of several triangle shapes giving it the appearance of a diamondback snake. At the base of the northern stairway, there are massive snake head sculptures, making this effect even more persuasive. While it is a widespread belief that this light-and-shadow effect was achieved on purpose to record the equinoxes, the idea is highly unlikely: it has been shown that the phenomenon can be observed, without major changes, during several weeks around the equinoxes, making impossible to determine any date by observing this effect alone.
523:, are perhaps those most often described as "observatories" by modern ruin tour-guides. It is now known, however, that many buildings of different types and uses were oriented on astronomical grounds, mostly to sunrises and sunsets on specific dates. The dates recorded are concentrated in four agriculturally significant seasons and tend to be separated by multiples of elementary periods of the calendrical system (13 and 20 days), suggesting that the orientations allowed the use of observational calendars intended to facilitate a proper scheduling of agricultural and associated ceremonial activities. Although most of the important Maya buildings were oriented on the basis of astronomical criteria, their primary functions were religious, residential or administrative; the label "observatory" applied to any structural type is thus hardly warranted.
400:). Complexes of this type consist of a stepped pyramid main structure, situated on the western side of a quadrilateral plaza or platform. A raised but rather elongated structure appears along the eastern side of the plaza, running north–south; a variation has three smaller temple mounds on top of or replacing this platform, the middle of these substructures placed directly opposite the main structure. Often, two other subsidiary structures appear on the north and south sides of the plaza, respectively. The main western structure is typically terraced (i.e. has several levels), with inset stairways on each of its four sides, with only the eastern stairway, leading from the plaza, providing access to the summit. The stairways have large balustrades which protrude from the pyramid, which were decorated with large
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of Maya architecture. Depending on the prevalent stylistic tendencies of an area, these platforms most often were built of stucco and cut stone exteriors filled with densely packed gravel. As is the case with many other Maya reliefs, those on the platforms often were related to the intended purpose of the residing structure. Thus, as the sub-structural platforms were completed, the grand residences and temples of the Maya were constructed on the solid foundations of the platforms. As all structures were built, little attention seems to have been given to their utilitarian functionality and much to external aesthetics; however, a certain repeated aspect, the
430:. However, the architectural sequence documented in excavation reports reveals that these alignments connect elements from different periods and thus could have never been observationally functional. Besides, all other E-groups have different orientations, which pertain to widespread groups of astronomical alignments that are also embedded in a number of buildings of other types. Therefore, and considering that their primary uses were ritual and funerary, there are no grounds to designate E Groups as observatories. Other ideas seem to stem from the possible creation story told by the relief and artwork that adorns these structures.
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203:. Though city layouts evolved as nature dictated, careful attention was placed on the directional orientation of temples and observatories so that they were constructed in accordance with the Maya interpretation of the orbits of the stars. Immediately outside this ritual center were the structures of lesser nobles, smaller temples, and individual shrines: the less sacred and less important structures had a greater degree of privacy. Outside the constantly evolving urban core were the less permanent and more modest homes of the common people.
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273:. For their homes, the Maya would begin with a square then use a cord or vine to measure the square corner to corner. Then by arcing the cord down, a new base length could be established based on the previous square. The new rectangle's length would be the square root of two, which is a proportion found in nature. Since the Maya had religious connotations for which proportions they used and when their form of measurement is called
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of the
Celestial Hearth (modern-day constellation of Orion), or a stage for enthronement rituals. Most recently Triadic Groups have been interpreted as sanctuaries commemorating Maize God's resurrection upon the Flowery Mountain. Such complexes appear during the Late Preclassic times and gradually decrease in number until their disappearance in the Early Postclassic.
462:. The sanctuary on top commonly was heightened by a crest or roof comb. While recent discoveries point toward the extensive use of pyramids as tombs, the temples themselves seem to rarely, if ever, contain burials. Maya pyramids had flat tops and were similar to the Aztec pyramids, though The Aztecs were the individuals who built their pyramids indistinguishable.
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288:, every fifty-two years, or cycle, temples and pyramids were remodelled and rebuilt. It appears now that the rebuilding process was often instigated by a new ruler or for political matters, as opposed to matching the calendar cycle. However, the process of rebuilding on top of old structures is indeed a common one. Most notably, the
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consisted of small chambers and typically at least one interior courtyard; these structures appear to take into account the needed functionality required of a residence, as well as the decoration required for their inhabitants stature. Archaeologists seem to agree that many palaces are home to various tombs.
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They consist of an elevated platform (either an extensive acropolis or a steep pyramid) with a monumental stairway, with a central building facing the stairs, and two lateral structures facing each other on both sides of the platform. This formal complex has been attributed to the earthly re-creation
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The Maya people had taken advantage of mortar on most structural projects. The Mayas used a very difficult process of limestone under large amounts of heat to create their mortar. The mortar was so widely used, the Mayas even used it for sculptures, facades, and floor layers. Their mortar was very
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All evidence suggests that most stone buildings existed on top of a platform that varied in height from less than a meter to 45 meters depending on the importance of the building. A flight of stone steps often split the large platforms on one side, contributing to the common bi-symmetrical appearance
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the great Maya cities develop into more fortress-like defensive structures that lacked, for the most part, the large and numerous plazas of the
Classic. In the Postclassic in Peten, Guatemala, smaller protected settlements emerged in defensible locations, for example on peninsulas and islands in the
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When the Maya played games in the
Ballcourts, the ball was made of solid rubber and was sometimes as much as a foot in diameter. It was passed between teams ranged on opposite ends of the court. The players could hit it only with their knees or hips, much like football or soccer today. Points could
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to raise their towers and temples to impressive heights. However, some semblance of order, as required by any large city, still prevailed. At the onset of large-scale construction, a predetermined axis was typically established in congruence with the cardinal directions. Depending upon the location
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carvings have been discovered, as well as actual stone carvings used as a facade. Commonly, these would continue uninterrupted around an entire structure and contain a variety of artwork pertaining to the inhabitants or purpose of a building. Though not the case in all Maya locations, broad use of
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Maya urban design could easily be described as the division of space by great monuments and causeways. In this case, the open public plazas were the gathering places for the people and the focus of the urban design, while interior space was entirely secondary. Only in the Late Post-Classic era did
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used very simple tools for building their structures. The most common tools use were made of stone found in surrounding areas. Limestone was a huge part of the Maya tool making, as limestone was geographically very abundant in most settlements. Locations of the Maya cities were chosen with the
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Large and often highly decorated, the palaces usually sat close to the center of a city and housed the population's elite. Every exceedingly large royal palace, or one consisting of many chambers on different levels might be referred to as an acropolis. However, often these were one-story and
144:, the extent of site planning appears to have been minimal, their cities having been built somewhat haphazardly as dictated by the topography of each independent location. Maya architecture tends to integrate a great degree of natural features. For instance, some cities existing on the flat
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These were commonly limestone platforms of typically less than four meters in height where public ceremonies and religious rites were performed. Constructed in the fashion of a typical foundation platform, these were often accented by carved figures, altars and perhaps
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As an integral aspect of the
Mesoamerican lifestyle, the courts for their ritual ballgame were constructed throughout the Maya realm, often on a grand scale. The playing alleys of ballcourts were defined by two long walls. Courts built earlier in Maya history (as at
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be scored when the opponents failed to return the ball correctly. In central Mexico, and in late times in Yucatán, rings of stone were set high up in the side walls of the court. It was considered a particular triumph for a player to knock the ball through the ring.
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represent a zenith of Maya art and architecture. Through the observation of numerous elements and stylistic distinctions, remnants of Maya architecture have become an important key to understanding their religious beliefs and culture as a whole.
214:. These sites had diminutive plazas, and smaller ceremonials structures and the canons of architectural design were modified from the previous Classic period but were recognizable designs shifts from the Classic patterning.
678:
Powell, Christopher. "The Shapes of Sacred Space: A Proposed System of
Geometry Used to Lay Out and Design Maya Art and Architecture and Some Implications Concerning Maya Cosmology" Dissertation. 2010. University of Texas.
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causeways. As more structures were added and existing structures re-built or remodelled, the great Maya cities seemed to take on an almost random identity that contrasts sharply with other great
Mesoamerican cities such as
880:
Price, T. D., Burton, J. H., Sharer, R. J., Buikstra, J. E., Wright, L. E., Traxler, L. P., & Miller, K. A. (2010). Kings and commoners at Copan: Isotopic evidence for origins and movement in the
Classic Maya period.
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access to necessary stones in mind. This allowed most quarries to be right outside the city for easy access to blocks needed for construction. Top limestone quarries used were
Palenque and
376:(one of the most powerful and important cities), beneath over four-hundred years of later remodeling, a tomb for one of the ancient rulers has been discovered and the North Acropolis at
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traditions, the Maya utilized geometric proportions and intricate carving to build everything from simple houses to ornate temples. This article focuses on the more well-known
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It has been theorized that these E-groups are observatories, because the eponymous group at
Uaxactun contains alignments corresponding approximately to sunrises on the
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events can be found in nearly all Maya palaces or pyramid structures. One will also notice the heavy influence of the
Toltecs in the architecture at Chichén Itzá. The
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Though not an effective tool to increase interior space, as it required thick stone walls to support the high ceiling, some temples utilized repeated arches, or a
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opponents. The Mayans often depicted Flora and Fauna in their architecture. Some examples of this are statues and depictions of corn in Mayan architecture.
1101:Šprajc, Ivan; Sánchez Nava, Pedro Francisco (2018). "El Sol en Chichén Itzá y Dzibilchaltún: la supuesta importancia de los equinoccios en Mesoamérica".
281:. The Maya played with different proportions in their temples and homes to yield symmetrical and harmonious designs all without the use of actual units.
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masks and panels of architectural art. In other examples, believed to be of a later date, this quadripartite stairway configuration is lacking.
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At the heart of the Maya city existed the large plazas surrounded by their most valued governmental and religious buildings such as the royal
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of the Maya civilization spans across several thousands of years, several eras of political change, and architectural innovation before the
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Szymanski, Jan, "Between Death and Divinity. Rethinking the Significance of Triadic Groups in Ancient Maya Culture". Warsaw 2013.
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971:"Astronomical aspects of Group E-type complexes and implications for understanding ancient Maya architecture and urban planning"
313:. Though limestone was the most important material, they still collected sandstone from Quiriguá and volcanic tuff from Copan.
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to certain structure complexes present at a number of Maya sites located in the central and southern Maya lowlands (e.g., the
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Often the most important sanctuaries sat atop towering Maya pyramids, some of over two hundred feet, such as that at
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Proskouriakoff, Tatiana. (2002). An Album of Maya Architecture. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc. p.38.
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519:. Many temples have doorways and other features aligning to celestial events. Round temples, often dedicated to
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Though the Maya did not use a specific measuring unit, their buildings were still proportioned according to the
261:. As structures were completed, typically extensive relief work was added to the layer of stucco. However, many
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appears to have been the site of numerous burials during the Terminal Pre-classic and Early Classic periods.
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Brady, J. E., & Ashmore, W. (1999). Mountains, caves, water: ideational landscapes of the ancient Maya.
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942:Šprajc, Ivan; Sánchez Nava, Pedro Francisco (2016). "Astronomy and architecture in the Maya lowlands".
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effective on a large building lifetime, but humid climates can have a negative effect on the mortar.
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For more important construction projects the Mayas would cover the entire structures exterior with
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The Maya were keen astronomers and had mapped out the phases of celestial objects, especially the
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E-group complexes are named after their prototypical example, Structure E-VII-sub at the site of
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Maya architecture is vastly different from the others in Meso-American cultures. The blend of
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Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
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Continuity and Disjunction:The Pre-Classic Antecedents of Classic Maya Architecture
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Significado astronómico de los grupos E en la arquitectura maya: Una reevaluación
89:. Often, the buildings most dramatic and easily recognizable as creations of the
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227:, was often utilized to mimic the appearance and feel of the simple Maya hut.
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557:) had vertical sides. Frequently, the ends were enclosed so as to create an
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invaded the Maya and merged their cultural traditions around the year 1000.
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Skywatchers: A Revised and Updated Version of Skywatchers of Ancient Mexico
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https://www.mayaexploration.org/pdf/PowellDissertation2010_MayaGeometry.pdf
324:, followed by bright paintings, prioritizing red, yellow, green, and blue.
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776:. Chantilly Virginia: The Great Courses. pp. 105–123. Archived from
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among the Maya. Some cave sites are still used by the modern Maya in the
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seems to be the sum total of 1,500 years of architectural modifications.
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in Mexico. Some of these caves were completely or partially artificial.
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Orientaciones astronómicas en la arquitectura maya de las tierras bajas
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community forum, field notes, and report site. The site is run by the
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411:. They were first identified as a meaningful complex by archaeologist
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717:"FAMSI - Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc"
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and availability of natural resources such as fresh-water wells, or
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and is intended to be a resource for students and researchers in
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344:, a stake used to display the heads to the victims or defeated
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1188:. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
508:
18:
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1072:"Chichen Itza -- World Heritage Site -- National Geographic"
905:. Prostor, kraj, čas. Vol. 18. Ljubljana: Založba ZRC.
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examples of Maya architecture. The temples like the ones at
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in 1924, who excavated the site under the auspices of the
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As Maya cities spread throughout the varied geography of
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1219:
Archaeologies of landscape: contemporary perspectives
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Sánchez Nava, Pedro Francisco; Šprajc, Ivan (2015).
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It has been suggested that, in conjunction with the
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1311:Vanderbilt Upper Pasion Archaeological Cave Survey
553:) had sloped sides, while ones built later (as at
1240:Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture
693:"Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of Palenque"
601:, and the Cave of the Witch. There are also cave
656:"Maya Chronology | MESOAMERICAN Research Center"
1156:. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
1282:https://mayansandtikal.com/mayan-architecture/
626: – 1920s–1930s modern architectural style
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266:painted stucco has been discovered as well.
245:, to construct what the Maya referred to as
770:Maya to Aztec: Ancient Mesoamerica Revealed
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199:, great pyramid temples, and occasionally
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994:
454:, temple pyramid with prominent roof comb
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1233:. University of California, Los Angeles
803:"Mayan construction: building materials"
742:"Architecture of the Maya Schwarz proof"
32:This article includes a list of general
647:
1249:. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2004.
883:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
585:sites that are important to the Maya.
563:-shaped court when viewed from above.
180:and its rigid grid-like construction.
1047:"Ancient Observatories: Chichén Itzá"
156:, while others built in the hills of
7:
1171:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
1133:from the original on 14 January 2018
101:period and beyond. Based in general
87:Spanish colonization of the Americas
1258:The Lost Secrets of Maya Technology
1154:Maya City Planning and the Calendar
632: – Style in Mayan architecture
1078:. 15 November 2010. Archived from
417:Carnegie Institution of Washington
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
160:utilized the natural loft of the
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1245:Martin, Simon, and Mary Miller,
558:
23:
1260:, New York. Career Press, 2012
1247:Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya
1152:Aveni, A.; Hartung, H. (1986).
944:Journal of Skyscape Archaeology
740:Schwarz, Kevin (January 2016).
392:" is a classification given by
277:. It was also practiced by the
754:10.1007/978-94-007-7747-7_9822
1:
3554:Central American architecture
1621:Anatolian Seljuk architecture
1292:Ancient Civilizations - Mayan
3148:Native American architecture
996:10.1371/journal.pone.0250785
697:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
619:Ancient American engineering
3544:Maya science and technology
1294:Research site for adults in
1238:Houston, Stephen D. (ed.),
501:El Caracol, the Observatory
3572:
3041:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
1334:The Prehispanic Architects
1167:Aveni, Anthony F. (2001).
1126:World History Encyclopedia
837:World History Encyclopedia
624:Mayan Revival architecture
574:
530:
469:there is a pyramid called
152:grew into great sprawling
133:
103:Mesoamerican architectural
3244:
2696:Annals of the Cakchiquels
2386:
1376:
767:Barnhart, Ediwin (2015).
360:Remains of the Palace of
1287:Maya ruins image gallery
286:Maya Long Count Calendar
3056:Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ
3016:Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat
1386:History of construction
1370:History of architecture
253:, such as those in the
187:Archaeological site at
148:plains of the northern
53:more precise citations.
3549:Architecture in Mexico
1381:Architectural timeline
1242:. Dumbarton Oaks 1998.
1076:nationalgeographic.com
545:
533:Mesoamerican ballcourt
504:
503:, Chichen Itza, Mexico
455:
365:
238:
192:
3539:Architectural history
3031:Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ
3021:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
2780:Título de Totonicapán
2353:Classic Maya collapse
1923:America and Australia
1543:Medieval Scandinavian
1051:www.exploratorium.edu
969:Šprajc, Ivan (2021).
911:10.3986/9789610505013
899:Šprajc, Ivan (2021).
540:
499:
450:
359:
346:Mesoamerican ballgame
328:Notable constructions
233:
186:
134:Further information:
3320:Mesoamerican pyramid
3036:Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I
2759:Ritual of the Bacabs
2420:Twin-pyramid complex
2165:Critical regionalism
1305:A Mesoamerican cave
1278:at Wikimedia Commons
1229:Hansen, Richard D.,
1103:Arqueología Mexicana
1082:on November 20, 2010
636:Twin pyramid complex
443:Pyramids and temples
333:Ceremonial platforms
3236:Territorial Revival
3001:Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil
2971:Xmucane and Xpiacoc
2766:Songs of Dzitbalché
2104:Stripped Classicism
2079:International style
2062:Rationalist-Fascist
1711:Portuguese Colonial
1461:Pre-Islamic Persian
1256:. O'Kon, James A.,
987:2021PLoSO..1650785S
889:(1), 15-32. ISO 690
832:"Maya Architecture"
807:www.courses.psu.edu
593:, the cave site at
541:Great Ballcourt at
255:Temple of the Cross
235:Temple of the Cross
3026:Kʼinich Yat Ahk II
2834:Howler monkey gods
2109:Postconstructivism
2052:Streamline Moderne
862:mayansandtikal.com
801:Moore, Christina.
546:
505:
456:
366:
300:Building materials
239:
193:
83:Mayan architecture
16:Architecture style
3529:Maya architecture
3516:
3515:
3114:
3113:
3051:Yuknoom Chʼeen II
3011:Itzam Kʼan Ahk II
2329:Maya civilization
2294:
2293:
1329:Geometry in Stone
1276:Maya architecture
1274:Media related to
1195:978-607-484-727-7
956:10.1558/jsa.30050
920:978-961-05-0501-3
858:"Mayan Buildings"
660:www.marc.ucsb.edu
607:Chiapas highlands
306:Maya civilization
191:, Chiapas, Mexico
79:
78:
71:
3561:
3250:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3118:
3076:Lady Eveningstar
3068:
2993:
2793:
2636:
2560:
2392:
2358:Spanish conquest
2340:
2330:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2298:
2186:Deconstructivism
1945:Spanish Colonial
1706:Spanish Colonial
1606:Western Chalukya
1414:Ancient Egyptian
1363:
1356:
1349:
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1222:
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998:
966:
960:
959:
939:
933:
932:
896:
890:
878:
872:
871:
869:
868:
854:
848:
847:
845:
844:
828:
822:
821:
819:
818:
809:. Archived from
798:
792:
791:
789:
788:
782:
775:
764:
758:
757:
737:
731:
730:
728:
727:
713:
707:
706:
704:
703:
689:
683:
676:
670:
669:
667:
666:
652:
599:Candelaria Caves
562:
218:Building process
97:of the Terminal
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
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19:
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3101:Wak Chanil Ajaw
3066:
3060:
2991:
2985:
2791:
2785:
2683:
2634:
2628:
2600:Human sacrifice
2558:
2552:
2415:Triadic pyramid
2393:
2384:
2348:Preclassic Maya
2338:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2295:
2290:
2205:
2174:
2123:
2057:Totalitarianism
2047:New Objectivity
1988:
1841:Serbo-Byzantine
1836:Russo-Byzantine
1725:
1684:
1559:
1536:Islamic Persian
1472:
1390:
1372:
1367:
1317:and working in
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630:Triadic pyramid
615:
587:Maya cave sites
581:There are also
579:
577:Maya cave sites
573:
535:
529:
494:
445:
436:
386:
354:
335:
330:
290:North Acropolis
275:sacred geometry
243:corbelled vault
220:
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99:Preclassic Maya
75:
64:
58:
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45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
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3046:Yoʼnal Ahk III
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2612:Social classes
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2042:Constructivism
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2017:
2015:Prairie School
2012:
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1996:
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1548:Pre-Romanesque
1545:
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1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
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1478:1st millennium
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1264:External links
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1159:
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1121:"Chichen Itza"
1112:
1093:
1063:
1038:
1036:Szymanski 2013
1029:
1020:
961:
950:(2): 189–215.
934:
919:
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603:creation myths
575:Main article:
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434:Triadic Groups
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3329:Twin-pyramids
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3198:Mayan Revival
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3086:Lady of Tikal
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3081:Lady of Itzan
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3006:Haʼ Kʼin Xook
3004:
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2999:
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2773:Título Cʼoyoi
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2605:Death rituals
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2196:New Classical
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1109:(149): 26–31.
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827:
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813:on 2021-05-17
812:
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783:on 2017-09-14
779:
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721:www.famsi.org
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492:Observatories
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96:
95:step pyramids
92:
88:
84:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3285:Guachimontón
3177:
3169:Mesoamerican
2966:Vucub Caquix
2925:
2894:Ah-Muzen-Cab
2885:Post-Classic
2874:Moon goddess
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2752:Rabinal Achí
2750:
2743:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2703:Chilam Balam
2701:
2694:
2405:Architecture
2404:
2258:
2254:Mesoamerican
2201:Contemporary
2179:2000–present
2170:Neo-futurism
2150:Blobitecture
1977:Modern Style
1893:Neoclassical
1641:Indo-Islamic
1616:Great Seljuk
1601:Vijayanagara
1495:East Slavic
1409:Mesopotamian
1257:
1255:
1246:
1239:
1230:
1218:
1213:
1204:
1184:
1177:
1168:
1162:
1153:
1147:
1135:. Retrieved
1124:
1115:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1084:. Retrieved
1080:the original
1075:
1066:
1054:. Retrieved
1050:
1041:
1032:
1023:
978:
974:
964:
947:
943:
937:
901:
894:
886:
882:
876:
865:. Retrieved
861:
852:
841:. Retrieved
835:
826:
815:. Retrieved
811:the original
806:
796:
785:. Retrieved
778:the original
769:
762:
745:
735:
724:. Retrieved
720:
711:
700:. Retrieved
696:
687:
674:
663:. Retrieved
659:
650:
580:
565:
555:Chichén Itzá
547:
543:Chichen Itza
506:
482:astronomical
475:
467:Chichén Itzá
464:
457:
437:
421:
406:
398:Petén region
387:
371:
367:
339:
336:
319:
315:
303:
299:
298:
283:
268:
246:
240:
221:
205:
194:
170:
139:
130:Urban design
91:Maya peoples
82:
80:
65:
56:
37:
3488:Corbel arch
3455:Rope bridge
3385:Sweat lodge
3340:Plank house
3280:Earth lodge
3231:Territorial
3193:San Bartolo
3106:Yohl Ikʼnal
2941:Hun Hunahpu
2859:Kinich Ahau
2849:Jaguar gods
2114:PWA Moderne
2000:Rationalism
1962:Art Nouveau
1950:Territorial
1930:Renaissance
1914:Queen Anne
1787:Elizabethan
1680:Plateresque
1675:Renaissance
1658:Sondergotik
1553:Carolingian
1499:Kievan Rus'
1323:Mesoamerica
1307:archaeology
1298:Mayan Ruins
1027:Hansen 1998
471:El Castillo
271:golden mean
212:Petén Basin
207:Classic Era
178:Teotihuacan
142:Mesoamerica
107:pre-classic
51:introducing
3523:Categories
3445:Moki steps
3417:Structures
3211:Neo-Andean
2956:Qʼuqʼumatz
2829:Hero Twins
2814:Death gods
2688:Literature
2624:Households
2590:Priesthood
2271:Portuguese
2145:Postmodern
2094:Organicism
1982:Modernisme
1967:Jugendstil
1826:Revivalism
1814:Industrial
1797:Portuguese
1571:Romanesque
1466:Achaemenid
1221:, 124-145.
867:2018-11-21
843:2018-11-21
817:2018-11-21
787:2019-12-01
726:2019-12-01
702:2019-12-01
665:2019-11-01
642:References
595:Naj Tunich
591:Jolja Cave
571:Cave sites
531:See also:
527:Ballcourts
460:El Mirador
413:Frans Blom
341:tzompantli
237:, Palenque
201:ballcourts
162:topography
158:Usumacinta
59:April 2009
34:references
3493:Roof comb
3425:Ballcourt
3310:Longhouse
3270:Corn crib
3096:Sak Kʼukʼ
2926:Popol Vuh
2864:Maize god
2824:Goddess I
2745:Popol Vuh
2595:Sacrifice
2578:Midwifery
2568:Childhood
2518:Mythology
2481:Languages
2368:Guatemala
2232:Dravidian
2191:Neomodern
2155:High-tech
2135:Brutalism
2128:1950–2000
2072:Stalinist
2005:Mycenaean
1993:1900–1950
1831:Byzantine
1807:Ukrainian
1792:Naryshkin
1757:Edwardian
1730:1750–1900
1701:Palladian
1696:Manueline
1689:1500–1750
1564:1000–1500
1504:Muscovite
1491:Byzantine
1439:Classical
1427:Mycenaean
1404:Neolithic
1315:Guatemala
929:234817994
478:mythology
428:equinoxes
424:solstices
394:Mayanists
364:, Yucatán
279:Egyptians
251:sweatbath
197:acropolis
146:limestone
136:Maya city
3534:Maya art
3475:Elements
3390:Temazcal
3265:Barabara
3091:Lady Xoc
2951:Jacawitz
2936:Camazotz
2919:Yum Kaax
2914:Kukulkan
2674:Tzolkʼin
2635:Calendar
2585:Religion
2543:Textiles
2523:Numerals
2508:Medicine
2503:Mayanist
2444:Ceramics
2437:Graffiti
2244:Japanese
2222:Colonial
2210:Regional
2160:Arcology
2099:Art Deco
2089:Futurism
2032:De Stijl
1935:Romanian
1853:Egyptian
1848:Colonial
1802:Siberian
1612:Islamic
1581:Ottonian
1576:Galician
1486:Sasanian
1454:Herodian
1434:Etruscan
1131:Archived
1015:33905449
975:PLOS ONE
613:See also
589:include
521:Kukulcan
515:and the
409:Uaxactun
384:E-groups
259:Palenque
189:Palenque
115:Palenque
93:are the
3440:E-Group
3430:Chultun
3380:Shabono
3360:Quiggly
3324:Triadic
3275:Chickee
3221:Revival
3188:Río Bec
2981:Zipacna
2946:Huracan
2854:Kʼawiil
2839:Itzamna
2800:Classic
2792:Deities
2722:Grolier
2715:Dresden
2709:Codices
2559:Society
2548:Warfare
2486:Classic
2464:Economy
2454:Cuisine
2425:Revival
2410:E-Group
2378:Yucatán
2363:Chiapas
2339:History
2281:Spanish
2276:Russian
2217:Chinese
2037:Bauhaus
1940:Russian
1918:Britain
1900:Moorish
1883:Baroque
1873:Mission
1819:British
1782:Petrine
1777:Maltese
1772:Italian
1762:English
1737:Baroque
1636:Ottoman
1631:Timurid
1596:Hoysala
1592:Indian
1531:Fatimid
1526:Abbasid
1521:Moorish
1516:Umayyad
1511:Islamic
1418:Aegean
1006:8078784
983:Bibcode
486:Toltecs
390:E-Group
352:Palaces
172:sacbeob
167:cenotes
150:Yucatán
111:classic
47:improve
3503:Sipapu
3498:Sascab
3483:Ashlar
3407:Wigwam
3370:Ramada
3365:Qullqa
3355:Qarmaq
3345:Pukara
3315:Maloca
3216:Pueblo
3206:Muisca
3156:Styles
3067:Queens
2931:Awilix
2879:Yopaat
2844:Ixchel
2729:Madrid
2659:Kʼatun
2649:Baktun
2538:Stelae
2528:People
2491:Script
2449:Cities
2398:Topics
2286:Somali
2266:Newari
2249:Korean
2227:Indian
2119:Googie
2025:Cubism
2010:Modern
1910:Pueblo
1888:Rococo
1858:Gothic
1767:French
1742:Andean
1716:Mughal
1653:Gothic
1626:Mamluk
1586:Norman
1422:Minoan
1192:
1013:
1003:
927:
917:
597:, the
402:stucco
322:stucco
263:lintel
247:pibnal
121:, and
36:, but
3465:Ushnu
3460:Sacbe
3402:Tupiq
3350:Qargi
3300:Jacal
3295:Igloo
3290:Hogan
3173:Aztec
2992:Kings
2976:Xquic
2961:Tohil
2909:Ixtab
2819:God L
2809:Chaac
2804:Bacab
2736:Paris
2679:Winal
2654:Haabʼ
2573:Women
2533:Sites
2513:Music
2469:Trade
2459:Dance
2373:Petén
2237:Hindu
1955:Tudor
1863:Mayan
1752:Dutch
1747:Czech
1670:Aztec
1665:Incan
1319:caves
1137:7 May
1086:7 May
1056:7 May
925:S2CID
781:(PDF)
774:(PDF)
513:Venus
452:Tikal
378:Tikal
374:Copán
362:Sayil
311:Tikal
294:Tikal
249:, or
123:Uxmal
119:Tikal
3435:Cuel
3397:Tipi
3375:Ruka
3305:Kiva
3226:Deco
3183:Puuc
3178:Maya
3164:Inca
2904:Chin
2899:Akna
2889:Acat
2664:Kʼin
2644:Ajaw
2617:Ajaw
2496:List
2259:Maya
2067:Nazi
1721:Sikh
1190:ISBN
1139:2018
1088:2018
1058:2018
1011:PMID
915:ISBN
583:cave
551:Cobá
517:Moon
480:and
426:and
304:The
109:and
81:The
3335:Oca
2869:Mam
2669:Tun
2432:Art
1396:BCE
1321:in
1107:XXV
1001:PMC
991:doi
952:doi
907:doi
750:doi
509:Sun
465:At
372:At
292:at
257:at
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
