190:
6600:
6582:
220:
4739:
distinct. For example, there might be differences in the readiness with which the verbs can take distinct intonation contours or allow to be separated by pauses, the availability of their objects for extraction into relative clauses, or the possibility for an interrogative particle to take scope over only one of the two verbs. The various types of verb sequences described in the rest of this section can be contrasted to
227:
197:
3407:, which is a kind of pig. A compound noun is phonologically a single word, but each of the two elements retains its stress (unless this would result in two consecutive stressed syllables, in which case the stress of the first element is moved to the left), with the stress on the second element becoming the main stress of the compound.
6396:'She arrives and just lives at the big house. She lives at the big house and she lives there for a long time and the child's umbilical cord comes off and se still lives there and she lives there for a long time and the child gets older. He gets older and he crawls, he stands, he toddles, he walks well, and then he is grown up.' (
1324:
epenthetic schwa can assimilate in quality to the following vowel: /mtie/ → . Those
Maybrat speakers who are also fluent in Indonesian, can and do pronounce clusters of a consonant + r (which are also found in Indonesian), for example /pron/ 'bamboo' → (in contrast to , as pronounced by people who speak only Maybrat).
874:). A schwa is also optionally inserted before the initial consonant in a small number of short words: ~ 'night'. Vowels are phonetically lengthened in stressed one-syllable words. A vowel at the start of a word is optionally preceded, and a vowel at the end of a word is optionally followed, by a non-phonemic
5238:
There is a cline between typical verbs on the one hand and typical prepositions on the other. The four "prepositional verbs" of
Maybrat each fall on different points along this cline and possess different combinations of verbal or prepositional characteristics. One typically verbal characteristic is
1760:
There are words, nouns or verbs, that do not take person prefixes. This is largely determined phonologically: the prefix is not allowed if its addition would result in a word of three or more syllables. There are also five verbs that are exceptions: they do not allow person prefixes even though they
568:
The most distinct dialect, at least in comparison to
Mayhapeh, is Karon, which in some previous surveys has been listed as a separate language. The differences between Maymaru and Mayhapeh on the other hand are very small, but the two are nevertheless regarded by their speakers as distinct dialects.
4095:
consists of a predicate (typically a verb) and its arguments (typically expressed by noun phrases), with optional adverbial modifiers. In
Maybrat, the order of the constituents in a clause is rigid; this is common in the languages of the Bird's Head, whether Papuan or Austronesian, but unusual for
7872:
1S:first person, singular 2:second person 3M:third person, masculine 3S:third person, singular 3U:third-person, unmarked gender ADV:adverb(ial) ATTR:attributive ENUM:enumerator INT:interrogative NEG:negative particle POSS:possessive marker PROHIB:prohibitive REDUP:reduplication REL:relativiser
1323:
schwa . Thus, /tre/ 'bracelet' is pronounced , /twok/ → 'they enter', /mti/ → 'evening'. This also happens when the consonant cluster is in the middle of the word between vowels (/mfokfok/ → 'they roll'), except if the first consonant of the cluster is a nasal: /nimpon/ → 'watermelon'. The
4738:
A notable feature of
Maybrat is the extensive use that it makes of sequences of verbs without any overt marking of their relation. Such verb sequences are typified in a number of different constructions, which might be superficially similar, but show upon closer inspection to be syntactically
1336:
is not predictable, although it most often falls on the first syllable (schwa vowels getting skipped: /tfo/ → ). Stress is phonemic at least in the
Maymaru dialect. In his description of this dialect, Brown adduces several minimal pairs of words that differ solely in the placement of stress:
3526:
take a pronominal prefix, which agrees in person with the possessor; if the possessor is explicitly stated, then it precedes the possessed noun. For alienable nouns, on the other hand, the possessor follows the possessed noun, which does not feature a pronominal prefix but instead takes the
6392:
emerge 3U-stay just house 3U-big / 3U-stay house 3U-big 3U-stay 3U-stay 3U-stay child there umbilical.cord break / umbilical.cord break and.then 3U-stay again 3U-stay 3U-stay child there 3M-old / 3M-old 3M-crawl ENUM 3M-stand ENUM 3M-go toddle-REDUP ENUM 3M-go fluent ENUM immediately
632:
and a small consonant inventory consisting of between nine and eleven consonant phonemes, depending on the analysis. Closed syllables are not uncommon, but most types of consonant clusters are broken up with the insertion of a schwa vowel. The placement of stress is not predictable.
1298:
are treated as distinct consonantal phonemes in Dol's study of the
Mayhapeh dialect of Ayawasi, but Brown's analysis of the Maymaru dialect they are instead analysed as allophones of the vowels /i/ and /u/ respectively. In the remainder of this article, the semivowel
881:
Not all of these allophones have been documented in the
Maymaru dialect. However, it does have the following allophone rules not described for the Mayhapeh dialect: word-final /o/ is pronounced as after /i/, while unstressed word-final /a/ is realised as .
569:
This is largely because the
Maymaru speak significantly faster, so much so that the Mayhapeh often have difficulties understanding them. The dialect whose phonology and grammar are described in the following sections is Mayhapeh, as analysed by Dol in her
481:. Even if not demonstrably related to any other language and sharing only a small percentage of its vocabulary with its neighbours, Maybrat nevertheless has a great deal in its grammatical structure that resembles other languages of the Bird's Head.
370:
in 1953 brought together scattered local groups where each family had spoken a slightly different "family dialect", resulting in a "melting pot" where these small dialectal differences are levelled in the speech of the younger generations.
468:
Maybrat is often considered to be a language isolate, as a genetic relationship to any other language has not been established. There have been attempts to subsume it under putative families like the "Toror languages" (also including
1773:(these are words like "this", "that", or "there"). They are morphologically complex and consist of a prefix, a demonstrative base, and a suffix. The four demonstrative bases are differentiated based on distance from the speaker:
484:
There have been various classifications and listings of the dialects of
Maybrat. The local tradition of the speakers recognises the following six dialects (the districts and villages where each is spoken are given in brackets):
2840:
The younger people, noted Philomena Dol in the 1990s, normally count in Indonesian. Maybrat's traditional counting system described in the rest of this section is nowadays mostly confined to the older generation. It employs
1353:'she takes'. In her study of the Mayhapeh dialect of Ayawasi, Dol notes that such pairs, though perceived by the native speakers as distinct, are acoustically indistinguishable, thus "they" and "fence" are both
2845:
numerals, in common with other non-Austronesian languages of the area. Counting usually starts at the little finger of either hand, and proceeds along the fingers of this hand using the dedicated number words:
3318:
form, which is in common with most of the Papuan languages that make a gender distinction in their grammar and it is in contrast to such languages in the rest of the world. Nouns do not take number marking.
5450:
Apart from the more or less tightly integrated verb sequences from the previous section, there also exist a number of ways of combining full clauses into complex sentences. For example, a number of
5243:'at' alone among these four can function as the main verb of a clause. Another verbal characteristic is the ability to show agreement with the subject of the clause. In this respect, the two verbs
4621:
pattern as other sentence types; this is in contrast to many other languages, like English, where questions typically have a high or rising pitch. Yes/No questions are formed by the addition of
3931:(taking a single argument, a subject) or transitive (taking two arguments: a subject and an object). A subclass of intransitive verbs carry out functions for which languages like English use
366:) initiated by the efforts of the Dutch administration between the 1930s and the 1950s. This has had an effect on the language. For example, the establishment of the settlement of
1589:
then this vowel is dropped before prefixes for the first and second person plural. The following table lists the prefixes of the Mayhapeh dialect along with an example paradigm:
2230:– mark their demonstratives for attributive use, that is, such demonstratives typically occur within a noun phrase and modify the head noun. Another set of prefixes is used for
9299:
1360:
At the end of a sentence, many older speakers blow a puff of air through their nose, which appears to be a common phenomenon in the languages of the Bird's Head Peninsula.
1235:
Voiced allophones are generally more common in the other dialects. For example, in the Maymaru dialect, spoken in the area of Ayamaru, the bilabial stop is always voiced
7448:, p. 221. This might be too conservative. Other sources have less difficulty identifying these, and other constructions, as involving serial verbs, see for example
7436:, p. 221 "The most striking feature of the Maybrat language is that it makes extensive use of strings of juxtaposed verbs without overt coordinators between them."
9309:
189:
4824:: the second verb (and its clause) functions as the object of the first verb. The first verb can be a perception verb, a mental activity verb or a verb of saying:
7537:. NUSA : Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and Other Languages in Indonesia. Vol. 32. Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya. pp. 43–61.
311:
dialect has sometimes been counted as a separate language. Maybrat has not been demonstrated to be related to any other language, and so is often considered a
5076:'say' has a wide range of meanings that can be rendered in English with verbs like "want", "think", "believe" or "intend". This is common in Papuan languages.
1789:
does not specify a distance and so is used when the distance from the speaker is irrelevant. The demonstrative base is followed by a suffix specifying gender:
9198:
6760:, p. 43), where the four dialect areas (not counting Karon) generally correspond to each of the four subdistricts of Ayamaru, Aitinyo, Aifat and Mare.
4114:
to be explicitly given if it is readily identifiable from the context. Thus, sentences consisting solely of a verb (with a person prefix) are acceptable:
7898:
378:, although many are also found in urban areas of Indonesian Papua. Maybrat is surrounded by a number of languages. To the north are two other isolates:
338:(words like "this" or "that"), with encoding for distance from the speaker, specificity, and syntactic function. In the clause, there is a fairly rigid
1227:
9304:
9294:
374:
Maybrat is spoken in a large area in the central parts of the Bird's Head Peninsula and a large portion of its speakers are concentrated around the
2234:
demonstratives, ones that can be used as adverbs to modify a clause. The following two examples contrast attributive and adverbial demonstratives:
445:
has taken up this role. Most Maybrat speakers in Ayawasi, for example, are fully bilingual in Indonesian, with the use of Indonesian loanwords and
6936:, pp. 27–28. It is possible that the discrepancy could to a certain degree be due to the different behaviour of stress in the two varieties.
2709:
are normally used to question the locational object of verbs, with the distinguishing feature between these two being the degree of specificity:
9213:
4962:'I'm afraid', then the sentence will be interpreted as consisting in two clauses and its meaning will be 'I'm afraid and (so) I climb the tree.'
4245:
it to the start of the clause. The object then has an intonation contour of its own and it is separated from the rest of the clause by a pause:
456:'sound, language', and according to one explanation, its meaning is "the language Brat", where "Brat" is the name of a hill near the village of
9228:
8244:
3600:) are verbs that serve the function of what in English would have been an adjective. They take a person prefix that agrees with the head noun.
9243:
7775:
7717:
7632:
7605:
6784:
6485:
There is another small set of verbs that do not take person prefixes when they appear as second verbs in a certain rarely used construction.(
5263:, which may follow either pattern. These four verbs also differ in the extent to which their objects can be extracted into relative clauses.
748:
9183:
219:
8200:
5764:(lit. 'the time when') – the difference between these two relativisers parallels the difference between the related demonstrative prefixes
3416:
9218:
7679:
Elmberg, John-Erik (1955). "Field notes on the Mejbrat people in the Ajamaru District of the Bird's Head (Vogelkop), Western New Guinea".
1293:
1035:
850:
252:
2036:, which is used when the specific location of the object is known. If the exact location of the object is not known, then another prefix
9238:
346:
are very common, and verbs are used for a number of functions which in languages like English are served by adjectives or prepositions.
9168:
8249:
2874:'five'. The numbers from six to nine are counted on the other hand, again starting from the little finger, using the complex numerals
9208:
5756:
Similar constructions are available for several kinds of subordinate adverbial clauses. Temporal adverbial clauses are introduced by
9233:
7566:
2121:, which refers to area, and so demonstratives with this prefix correspond to English words like "here" or "there", unlike ones with
7642:
Donohue, Mark (2011). "A grammar of Maybrat : A language of the Bird's Head Peninsula, Papua Province, Indonesia (review)".
354:
With around 25,000 speakers (as of 1987), Maybrat is among the most populous languages of Indonesian Papua. Its speakers are the
9223:
9078:
1161:
985:
709:
438:
8597:
6438:, mirroring the practice in the Indonesian language familiar to Maybrat speakers, but that was found to be confusing to users.
7891:
7798:
7744:
721:
8238:
8079:
8074:
3686:, whose use is optional and does not affect the meaning of the noun phrase. Classifiers agree in person with the head noun.
3391:
can be formed of either noun + noun, or noun + verb. In both cases, the second element modifies the first one, for example
2076:'this pen very near around here' (The pen is within reach but its exact position with respect to the speaker is not known.)
315:. Nevertheless, in its grammatical structure, it has a number of features that are shared with the neighbouring languages.
8353:
8280:
8262:
8139:
3314:, which is used for female humans, inanimate nouns, and in the plural (regardless of gender). This makes the feminine the
811:
474:
427:
395:
8254:
5383:; such a construction is necessary because verbs in Maybrat can only take two arguments (a subject and an object) and so
9314:
9046:
9041:
7598:
Perspectives on the Bird's Head of Irian Jaya, Indonesia : proceedings of a conference Leiden, 13 - 17 October 1997
4148:
1169:
992:
775:
339:
8541:
8429:
8040:
8035:
7543:
8620:
8367:
4484:
In common with other languages of the region, Maybrat expresses negation by a clause-final particle. This particle is
1319:
do occur, either at the start or in the middle of the word, but they are invariably broken up by the insertion of the
787:
736:
9272:
9203:
9178:
9056:
8410:
8405:
8273:
8268:
8084:
7954:
5251:'from' are more verbal in that they always take person prefixes agreeing with the subject; this contrasts both with
3415:
In common with most languages of the peninsula, Maybrat expresses possession differently depending on whether it is
9158:
9143:
7923:
6434:, p. 25) reports that in an earlier proposed practical orthography the schwa was represented using the letter
4740:
2343:
1285:
1246:
1130:
1122:
1070:
1058:
1044:
962:
955:
760:
676:
9193:
9173:
9051:
8207:
8099:
7884:
4680:
Content questions feature a question word replacing whatever part of the clause information is being sought for:
1189:
1001:
838:
696:
688:
9248:
8658:
8339:
6525:, p. 25), who worked in the Ayamaru area, noted that counting starts on the little finger of the left hand.
8924:
4618:
3683:
826:
9121:
8227:
2910:
literally meaning 'one man is gone'. Multiples of twenty then count the number of 'men gone', thus 'forty' is
293:
94:
9148:
8954:
8189:
7969:
1254:
1238:
1094:
1078:
971:
799:
539:
517:
513:
502:
498:
494:
415:
543:
521:
9253:
8944:
8773:
8757:
8666:
8383:
8378:
7999:
7964:
6599:
6581:
5855:
is the demonstrative prefix meaning "similar to". The marker for locative adverbial clauses can be one of
2902:(lit. 'one full foot'). After that, counting moves to the big toe of the other foot, with 'sixteen' being
2663:
1552:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1300:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1203:
1197:
1179:
1155:
1088:
867:
581:) are on noun phrases and phonology and they are based on the Maymaru dialect as spoken in the village of
327:
8050:
9163:
9153:
9138:
8870:
8788:
8603:
8346:
8309:
8109:
7876:
5451:
3523:
1216:
1017:
937:
930:
478:
5936:
2697:. The difference between the three parallels the difference between the corresponding demonstratives.
9022:
8852:
8814:
8700:
8691:
8634:
8583:
7736:
7728:
4311:
for time are placed before the verb, and if there is a subject they can either precede or follow it:
3825:'many'. There are several verbs that correspond to the English "everyone/everything", these include:
2346:: it introduces a new referent, which will normally be the topic of what follows next. Examples are:
1333:
1291:
1283:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1225:
1214:
1195:
1187:
1167:
1159:
1147:
1139:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1092:
1076:
1068:
1056:
532:
399:
318:
Maybrat is characterised by a relatively small consonant inventory and an avoidance of most types of
5011:'he says', then the second clause will be interpreted as direct speech: 'He says: "You stab a pig."'
1524:
between inclusive 'we' (meaning 'I + you') and exclusive 'we' ('I + he/she'). The inclusive form is
355:
60:
9188:
8174:
8004:
7766:
Holton, Gary; Klamer, Marian (2017). "The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird's Head".
3303:
1141:
1136:
442:
359:
5387:'give' on its own cannot take arguments for both the object given and the person who received it:
5089:
constructions known in other languages involves the four so-called prepositional verbs. These are
4492:
can also function as a verb and take a person prefix, as in the second example. These two uses of
3531:. An inalienably possessed construction can itself be embedded in another possessed construction:
8863:
8858:
8653:
8638:
8615:
8531:
8390:
8328:
8159:
8154:
8104:
7985:
7935:
7667:
5271:
Similar to serial verb constructions is also the construction with a second verb of motion (like
4496:
can have different meanings, but the distinction between the two is not consistently maintained.
4100:
3299:
1378:
1149:
1114:
907:
331:
323:
9092:
9036:
8962:
8949:
8939:
8888:
8883:
8794:
8736:
8705:
8556:
8400:
8395:
8373:
8169:
8164:
8149:
8045:
8009:
7974:
7804:
7794:
7771:
7740:
7713:
7696:
7659:
7628:
7617:
A grammar of Maybrat : A language of the Bird's Head Peninsula, Papua province, Indonesia
7601:
7562:
6780:
4821:
4111:
1560:
1374:
1316:
912:
582:
506:
362:. They have traditionally lived in scattered homesteads, with the organisation into villages (
342:
word order, and within noun phrases modifiers follow the head noun. Verb sequences, including
319:
3302:. This is not expressed on the noun but shows up in the choice of a personal prefix on words
1357:. Her conclusion, which has received some criticism, is that stress is only weakly phonemic.
557:
550:
9064:
8969:
8934:
8929:
8779:
8768:
8715:
8680:
8463:
8449:
8442:
8415:
8216:
8126:
8094:
8069:
8061:
8027:
7913:
7907:
7791:
Papuan pasts : Cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples
7688:
7651:
7620:
7554:
5839:, p. 235) The moment of going to Sorong is non-specific, the implication of the use of
4242:
4144:
2890:'my hand'. Counting then proceeds with the little toe on one of the feet, where 'eleven' is
1805:
are for the masculine. Which of the three masculine suffixes to choose depends on the base:
1320:
1207:
902:
528:
457:
403:
391:
312:
289:
88:
42:
7860:
7824:
7577:
7527:
9026:
9004:
8997:
8990:
8983:
8976:
8876:
8747:
8725:
8720:
8642:
8624:
8590:
8491:
8470:
8456:
8316:
8144:
8134:
8089:
8015:
5678:
1175:
1108:
1009:
924:
917:
561:
423:
407:
297:
79:
50:
46:
17:
2906:(lit. 'one foot, one toe'). Counting ends at the little toe, with the word for 'twenty'
9263:
9099:
8842:
8820:
8799:
8710:
8673:
8648:
8628:
8608:
8519:
8505:
8498:
8484:
8434:
8419:
8360:
7994:
7949:
4238:
4107:
on the stressed syllable of the last vowel in the clause, and a subsequent sharp drop.
3388:
1770:
1211:
1084:
612:
446:
434:
419:
387:
335:
1734:
1540:). It also has somewhat different pronouns for the first and second person singular:
175:
9288:
9110:
9085:
9011:
8918:
8903:
8831:
8825:
8805:
8763:
8730:
8512:
8477:
8423:
8295:
8288:
8115:
7959:
7786:
7671:
6468:, pp. 55). A different treatment, based on the Maymaru dialect, is presented in
5939:, where the last predicate of one sentence is repeated at the start of the next one:
4104:
3507:
3506:
Inalienably possessed nouns are the nouns for body parts (like "head", "root" etc.),
2214:'the house here' (The demonstrative refers to the place where the house is situated.)
602:
592:
470:
411:
383:
379:
375:
1221:
at the start of the word, while in other positions it is in free variation with the
9071:
8549:
7944:
7850:
3928:
3511:
3435:
1574:
goes'), and when added to an inalienably possessed noun, it indexes the possessor (
1222:
875:
343:
7692:
6476:
is analysed as part of the prefix for all but the first and second person plurals.
3920:
Verbs in Maybrat obligatorily take person prefixes agreeing with the subject (see
3747:'head' (a general classifier that is most commonly used for humans and animates),
1559:
for these possession constructions). When added to a verb, the prefix indexes the
7768:
The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area : A Comprehensive Guide
7710:
The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area : A Comprehensive Guide
6813:
6417:
For various dialect classifications and for an exhaustive list of villages, see
1439:
878:, typically when the word is uttered in isolation: ~ 'rain', ~ 'they drink'.
7596:
Dol, Philomena Hedwig (1998). "Form and function of demonstratives in Maybrat".
5086:
5072:, p. 203) This is the same indirect speech construction as above. The verb
3585:
2775:'Where are you going?' (It is understood that there is a specific destination.)'
2669:
Many of the demonstrative prefixes can also combine with the interrogative base
7755:
6756:, pp. 8–9. This seems to be largely consistent with the classification in
6174:
6163:
6144:
6061:
6050:
6039:
6028:
6005:
5986:
5955:
5914:
5885:
5637:
5519:
5486:
5347:
5302:
5192:
4851:
4751:
4704:
4566:
4216:
4170:
4040:
3970:
3863:
3705:
3667:
3648:
3633:
3619:
2808:'Where does she go?' (The implication is that she does not have a clear goal.)'
2784:
2583:
2572:
2547:
2536:
2354:
441:
in this area during the Dutch administration, while more recently the related
8907:
7785:
Reesink, Ger (2005). "West Papuan languages : Roots and development". In
7708:
Foley, William A. (2017). "The morphosyntactic typology of Papuan languages".
6592:
6574:
5867:, without an apparent difference in meaning. An example of a locative clause:
4208:
The object can also be omitted if it can easily be inferred from the context:
3932:
3359:
3315:
1455:
1091:; the voiceless allophone is more common, even between vowels. The velar stop
1064:
642:
7700:
7663:
6815:
Sociolinguistic Overview of the Irires Language: A Native Speaker Perspective
6587:
6569:
5685:: this is the same particle as the one used in possessive constructions (see
267:
254:
7854:
7808:
7535:
Miscellaneous studies of Indonesian and other languages in Indonesia, part X
4366:
All other types of adverbials (for manner, location, etc.) follow the verb:
4308:
1521:
1029:
979:
662:
588:
Irires is also known as Karon Dori, Meon, or Maiyach. Some exonyms include:
168:
142:
7864:
6964:, p. 37) gives examples of before /i/, before /w/ and before /wi/.
7840:
Contains a Maybrat story along with interlinear glosses and a translation.
158:
151:
7655:
6346:
6309:
6277:
6256:
6235:
6224:
6203:
5719:
5425:
5047:
5036:
4971:
4641:
4580:
4514:
4504:
4436:
4426:
4384:
4374:
4335:
3592:
head noun + adjectival verb + numeral or quantifying verb + demonstrative
3558:
2402:
2291:
1986:
1926:
1866:
1709:
1659:
629:
7832:
NUSA - Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and Other Languages in Indonesia
7585:
NUSA - Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and Other Languages in Indonesia
5798:
5669:'I'm going to the hospital in order for the nurse to look at my foot.' (
5648:
5590:
5328:
5283:
5255:'with/to/for', which always takes only the unmarked third-person prefix
5170:
5127:
5113:
4933:
4922:
4888:
4877:
4832:
4770:
4277:
4122:
4011:
3904:{(head noun)} {(adjectival verb)} {(quantifying verb)} {(demonstrative)}
3366:
1609:
1423:
7624:
7558:
7553:. Dept. of Linguistics, Australian National University. pp. 1–27.
2842:
2618:'She throws it to the side there and she throws it to the side here.' (
1684:
1407:
949:
657:
490:
367:
363:
5875:
4110:
Because verbs take obligatory person prefixes, there is no need for a
2685:'which one?' and three more that translates into English as 'where?':
1634:
1487:
641:
The following table presents the five Maybrat vowels along with their
4092:
3935:. Such 'adjectival' verbs can function both as predicates ("The book
2231:
1503:
1471:
1158:. The labial fricative /f/ has two allophones in free variation: the
7600:. Jelle Miedema et al. (eds.). Amsterdam: Rodopi. pp. 535–553.
6534:
However, there do exist separate verbs meaning for example "think" (
781:
in open syllables; also optionally before /m/ in one-syllable words
418:
are spoken to the south; the neighbouring languages to the west are
5454:
can be used for joining clauses referring to events in a sequence:
4570:
4533:
4346:
4288:
3547:
3477:
8567:
6430:
The schwas are not phonemic and hence not represented in writing.
863:
805:
optionally when preceded by /u/ and followed by either /k/ or /x/
7619:. Pacific Linguistics. Canberra: Australian National University.
5437:'Take the tobacco and give it to him.', 'Give him the tobacco.' (
5275:'go') whose subject is the same as the object of the first verb:
3889:
2598:
2562:
2493:
2468:
2417:
2369:
2310:
2258:
2198:
2157:
2113:'this pen very near' (The location of the pen can be pinpointed.)
2097:
2060:
2016:
1956:
1896:
8571:
6505:'near' extended to 'very near in time': at the end of a clause,
5376:'give' is available to express the meaning of 'giving something
3759:'leaf' (for money/banknotes). A similar use is made of the noun
7880:
6289:
5570:. Subordinate clauses for purpose or cause are introduced with
5414:
5395:
4982:
4660:
4447:
2796:
2763:
2747:
2726:
2666:
pronouns, referring to entities mentioned earlier in the text.
2478:
2453:
307:, after the name of its principal dialect, while the divergent
6948:, pp. 30–38. A different formal analysis is presented in
4909:'I can write a letter.' ( = 'I know how to write a letter.') (
3670:
affix is determined by the person and gender of the head noun
1777:
is for objects that are within physical reach of the speaker,
7735:. Vol. II : Oceania. New York: G.K. Hall. pp.
5896:
5788:
5709:
5566:
Disjunction ('either, or') can be expressed with the negator
4488:, whose typical use is given in the first example below. But
2759:
2503:
2306:
2254:
2194:
6328:
6299:
6267:
6246:
5538:
5508:
2173:'this house' (The demonstrative refers to the house itself.)
1849:
is used. Examples of the masculine and the unmarked forms:
1341:'they' (with the stress falling on the first syllable) vs.
6389:
y-apum o y-ros o y-amo pua-puo o y-amo trit o tipuo y-anes
2654:– without a significant change of meaning. Two of these –
326:: masculine and unmarked. Morphology is simple. Verbs and
6509:
adds the meaning of an inceptive aspect 'beginning to'. (
2882:(lit. 'two fingers') for 'seven', etc. 'Ten' is the word
2615:
3U-throw 3U-go side-far-U 3U-throw 3U-go side-very.near-U
2032:
The demonstratives in the examples above have the prefix
358:, whose main occupations have been hunting, fishing, and
7861:
A wordlist at the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
3298:
Maybrat nouns referring to male humans have a masculine
2520:
2-do similar.to-very.near-U 2-do similar.to-far-U PROHIB
1781:
indicates objects a little further away but still near,
7789:; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.).
4143:
If expressed, the subject precedes the verb, while an
1099:
is voiceless, but it has an optional voiced allophone
682:
obligatory before , in free variation with otherwise
7870:
7851:
An open access collection of Mai Brat language (CVL1)
5085:
A construction that bears certain resemblance to the
1551:
The person prefixes are obligatory for verbs and for
6501:
can also function as an adverb, with the meaning of
5558:'Then she pulled a rope and she pulled at a tree.' (
4958:, p. 30) However, if a pause is inserted after
1182:/, which in the practical orthography is written as
870:
is used, mostly to break up consonant clusters (see
817:
optionally when preceded by /u/ and followed by /t/
793:
in closed syllables, or when preceded by /i/ or /u/
9262:
9131:
9109:
9021:
8902:
8841:
8746:
8690:
8566:
8529:
8326:
8226:
8187:
8125:
8059:
8025:
7983:
7933:
7922:
7793:. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 185–218.
5239:the ability to serve as the main verb of a clause:
3921:
166:
140:
135:
108:
76:
66:
56:
38:
28:
5835:'When I go down to Sorong, I will send a letter' (
4807:'She scoops water, burns a fire and cooks food.' (
3326:(which can be a standalone word meaning "thing"):
1585:head'). If the verb or noun begins with the vowel
1381:prefixes that are used with verbs and some nouns:
1063:does not occur at the end of the word. It has two
6770:
6768:
6766:
5847:Adverbial clauses for manner are introduced with
3844:Last in the noun phrase comes the demonstrative:
3362:, the verb will then also take the person prefix
3322:Nouns can be derived from verbs using the prefix
2662:– have an additional function. They can serve as
1829:. Gender is relevant only with certain prefixes (
1345:'fence' (stress falling on the second syllable),
553:): in Ayamaru District and Ayamaru Timur District
6777:Ensiklopedia Suku Bangsa di Provinsi Papua Barat
3763:'bag' when giving the quantity of uncountables:
1127:is always voiceless, and in word-final position
856:optionally at the end of the word after a vowel
766:optionally at the end of the word after a vowel
6447:The spelling has been adapted to Dol's system;
2626:The specific demonstratives mentioned earlier,
5689:), and it may be related to the demonstrative
3837:'everyone/everything' (for small groups), and
7892:
8:
7449:
7409:
7385:
7313:
7229:
6741:
6727:, p. 6) for a different interpretation.
6672:
5007:, p. 198) If a pause is inserted after
4743:in which each verb forms a separate clause:
4147:follows the verb. Thus, Maybrat has a rigid
3369:(provided its phonological form allows it):
2898:(lit. 'foot toe two'), etc. until 'fifteen'
292:language spoken in the central parts of the
7867:includes items from the Karon Dori dialect)
5368:A similar construction involving the verbs
3666:'one small red machete' (The choice of the
3385:'pumpkin' (lit. 'thing that is pregnant').
1785:refers to objects that are far away, while
1055:In the Mayhapeh dialect, the bilabial stop
8687:
7930:
7899:
7885:
7877:
6451:is pronounced as an affricate and written
5234:irrespective of the person of the subject.
5230:takes only the 3rd person unmarked prefix
4609:'There is no firewood, he takes leafes.' (
3901:person 3U-old all specific.location.near-U
3841:'everyone/everything' (for large groups).
3663:{(head noun)} (adjectival verbs) (numeral)
2523:'Do it like this, don't do it like that. (
1119:at the end of the word. The alveolar stop
334:prefixes. There is an elaborate system of
25:
5068:'The teacher wants to take the bamboo'. (
449:between the two languages fairly common.
2916:
1591:
1383:
889:
647:
7025:
6737:
6720:
6636:
6559:
6522:
6410:
5935:A style figure common in narratives is
1761:are otherwise phonologically eligible.
1307:, following the practical orthography.
871:
645:as documented in the Mayhapeh dialect:
609:‘people who produce and wear bracelets’
9300:West and Central Bird's Head languages
7544:"A quantitative phonology of Mai Brat"
6968:, p. 7) lists the variants and .
5843:is that there is no concrete plan yet.
5226:, p. 207) The prepositional verb
3596:The so-called 'adjectival verbs' (see
3377:'mosquito' (lit. 'thing that bites'),
7770:. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
7712:. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
7265:
7073:
7001:
6965:
6949:
6921:
6885:
6757:
6660:
6565:
6563:
6469:
6464:This is according to the analysis in
6431:
4804:3U-scoop water 3S-burn fire cook food
4096:the Papuan languages broader afield.
3817:Quantifying verbs include verbs like
3306:with this noun. The masculine prefix
2218:All three prefixes discussed above –
2129:, which can usually be translated as
700:/, in free variation with otherwise
578:
574:
107:
7:
7533:. In Purwo, Bambang Kaswanti (ed.).
6779:. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kepel Press.
6418:
5259:regardless of the subject, and with
5065:mister teacher 3M-say 3M-take bamboo
3751:'seed/stone' (for seeds and fruit),
2878:(literally 'one finger') for 'six',
452:The word "Maybrat" is a compound of
7509:
7497:
7485:
7473:
7461:
7445:
7433:
7421:
7397:
7373:
7361:
7349:
7337:
7325:
7301:
7289:
7277:
7253:
7241:
7217:
7205:
7193:
7181:
7169:
7157:
7145:
7133:
7121:
7109:
7097:
7085:
7061:
7049:
7037:
7013:
6989:
6977:
6961:
6945:
6933:
6909:
6897:
6873:
6861:
6849:
6837:
6799:
6753:
6724:
6708:
6696:
6684:
6648:
6624:
6612:
6543:
6510:
6486:
6465:
6397:
5928:
5836:
5749:
5670:
5559:
5438:
5361:
5316:
5223:
5158:
5069:
5004:
5003:'He says that you stabbed a pig.' (
4955:
4910:
4865:
4820:A group of constructions feature a
4808:
4726:
4673:
4610:
4546:
4477:
4414:
4359:
4301:
4230:
4201:
4136:
4079:
3999:
3908:
3810:
3736:
3675:
3572:
3499:
3457:
2894:(lit. 'foot toe one'), 'twelve' is
2619:
2524:
1905:woman specific.location-very.near-U
1769:Maybrat has an elaborate system of
1087:in all positions: /tapam/ 'land' →
844:optionally before /o/: /kuo/ ➜ ~
599:‘people who speak language speedly’
570:
5768:(specific, can be pinpointed) and
5748:'Simon who married Maria is ill. (
3829:'absolutely everything/everyone',
2677:, resulting in the question words
1875:man specific.location-very.near-3M
1845:); otherwise, the unmarked suffix
1528:(with corresponding person prefix
14:
7551:Papes in Papuan linguistics no. 1
5927:'They clean where the stone is. (
5832:time REL 1S-go Sorong send letter
5681:is introduced by the relativiser
5222:'I wash the clothes with soap.' (
4954:'I'm afraid to climb the tree'. (
4801:m-wian aya m-ko tafoh saruk poiit
4606:firewood 3U-NEG 3M-take leaf leaf
4476:'He goes behind the house too.' (
4300:'This water, I won't drink it.' (
3419:. Compare the two constructions:
2110:pen specific.location-very.near-U
1373:Maybrat has a set of independent
1043:
1034:
1016:
1000:
991:
984:
970:
961:
954:
936:
929:
849:
837:
825:
810:
798:
786:
774:
759:
747:
735:
720:
708:
695:
687:
675:
6598:
6580:
6455:in Brown's proposed orthography.
4358:'Last night he did not sleep.' (
2073:pen general.location-very.near-U
225:
218:
195:
188:
9305:Languages of western New Guinea
9295:Language isolates of New Guinea
7578:"Sequences of verbs in Maybrat"
5686:
5360:'I pull the taro towards me.' (
4545:'He does not go to Kumurkek.' (
4413:'He carefully does it again.' (
3682:A numeral can be preceded by a
3588:generally follows the pattern:
3584:The order of constituents in a
2638:, can also be used without the
2430:man 3M-stand presentative-far-U
1556:
1107:between vowels and an optional
439:language of wider communication
226:
196:
7863:(the more fragmentary list at
7733:Encyclopedia of world cultures
7615:Dol, Philomena Hedwig (2007).
7576:Dol, Philomena Hedwig (1996).
6381:na m-hu u m-hu m-hu ku re-f-i
4473:3M 3M-go LOC-behind house too.
3660:machete 3U-red 3U-small one-3U
2170:house specific.location-near-U
1965:woman specific.location-near-U
1385:Personal pronouns and prefixes
1369:Personal pronouns and prefixes
1135:is in free variation with the
296:in the Indonesian province of
209:Show map of Western New Guinea
1:
9310:Subject–verb–object languages
7731:. In Hays, Terence E. (ed.).
7693:10.1080/00141844.1955.9980787
7016:, p. 27, f. 20; p. 54, fn. 3.
6744:, p. 582), among others.
5924:3P 3U-clean REL stone 3U-stay
3510:("father", "wife" etc.), and
2025:woman specific.location-far-U
1935:man specific.location-near-3M
9229:Central and South New Guinea
5760:(lit. 'the moment when') or
5745:Simon REL 3M-marry Maria ill
4725:'Who did Yul Yumte marry?' (
4672:'Has Petrus already come?' (
4355:yesterday night 3M-sleep NEG
4237:An object can be given more
3743:There are four classifiers:
3522:'middle', etc.). Such nouns
2096:specific.location-very.near-
1995:man specific.location-far-3M
1895:specific.location-very.near-
1865:specific.location-very.near-
1793:is unmarked for gender, and
527:Karon Dori or Miyah (Miyah,
5829:kine wo t-amo Sorong tim am
4200:'The people fell a tree.' (
4103:, which involves a rise in
3939:") and as attributes ("the
2914:, lit. 'two men are gone'.
2854:(non-masculine) for 'one',
2701:is used adverbially, while
2382:3U-come presentative-near-U
2059:general.location-very.near-
1532:) and the exclusive one is
573:. The two papers by Brown (
464:Classification and dialects
9331:
9199:East Bird's Head – Sentani
7727:Gratton, Nancy E. (1991).
7542:Brown, William U. (1991).
7528:"Mai Brat nominal phrases"
7526:Brown, William U. (1990).
6775:Ronsumbre, Adolof (2020).
5742:Simon ro y-men Maria kiyam
5315:'I throw the ball away.' (
4669:Petrus 3M-come already INT
4625:at the end of the clause:
4229:'She finds (something).' (
3597:
3568:machete POSS-Yan 3M-father
2805:3U-go general.location-INT
1243:, while the alveolar stop
1186:, can be either voiceless
475:West Bird's Head languages
15:
9239:East New Guinea Highlands
8245:Nuclear South Bird's Head
7450:Holton & Klamer (2017
6742:Holton & Klamer (2017
6367:m-hu m-hu m-hu ku re-f-i
4864:'A see a woman coming.' (
4741:coordinated constructions
4470:ait y-amo to-tis amah iye
4297:water this / 1S-drink NEG
4197:(subject) (verb) (object)
3755:'fruit' (for fruit), and
2812:Other question words are
2437:Two further prefixes are
821:
770:
731:
704:
671:
303:Maybrat is also known as
248:
182:
33:
8269:Nuclear East Bird's Head
7908:Papuan language families
7549:. In Dutton, Tom (ed.).
7410:Holton & Klamer 2017
7386:Holton & Klamer 2017
7340:, pp. 83–89, 135–6.
7314:Holton & Klamer 2017
7230:Holton & Klamer 2017
7088:, pp. 62–3, 68, 85.
6673:Holton & Klamer 2017
5921:ana m-suoh wore fra m-hu
5551:{and then} 3U-pull rope
5434:2-take tobacco 2-give 3M
4617:Questions have the same
4603:arko m-fe, y-o ita m-ata
4410:3M 3M-do carefully again
4078:'I stab this big pig.' (
3907:'all these old people' (
3571:'Yan's father's knife' (
3417:alienable or inalienable
2886:, which is derived from
2331:3M-sleep area.ADV-near-U
16:Not to be confused with
9244:Yele – West New Britain
9234:Central West New Guinea
7857:(requires registration)
7823:Dol, Philomena (2000).
6342:
6334:
6324:
6316:
6305:
6295:
6284:
6273:
6263:
6252:
6242:
6231:
6218:
6210:
6197:
6189:
6181:
6170:
6159:
6151:
6140:
6132:
6122:
6112:
6104:
6094:
6084:
6076:
6068:
6057:
6046:
6035:
6022:
6012:
6001:
5993:
5980:
5970:
5962:
5951:
5943:
5910:
5902:
5892:
5881:
5871:
5821:
5813:
5805:
5794:
5784:
5776:
5734:
5726:
5715:
5705:
5697:
5644:
5633:
5625:
5613:
5605:
5597:
5586:
5534:
5526:
5515:
5501:
5493:
5482:
5474:
5421:
5410:
5402:
5391:
5343:
5335:
5324:
5298:
5290:
5279:
5200:
5185:
5177:
5166:
5157:'I came from Sorong.' (
5135:
5120:
5109:
5062:Pak guru y-awe y-o pron
5054:
5043:
5032:
5024:
5016:
4989:
4978:
4967:
4951:1S-afraid 1S-climb tree
4940:
4929:
4918:
4906:1S-know 1S-write letter
4895:
4884:
4873:
4847:
4839:
4828:
4793:
4785:
4777:
4766:
4758:
4747:
4711:
4700:
4692:
4684:
4656:
4648:
4637:
4629:
4595:
4587:
4576:
4562:
4554:
4529:
4521:
4510:
4500:
4462:
4454:
4443:
4432:
4422:
4399:
4391:
4380:
4370:
4342:
4331:
4323:
4315:
4284:
4273:
4265:
4257:
4249:
4212:
4180:
4166:
4155:
4118:
4048:
4033:
4025:
4017:
4007:
3963:
3955:
3947:
3898:rae m-anes wisau re-t-o
3888:specific.location.near-
3884:
3873:
3859:
3848:
3833:'everyone/everything',
3787:
3775:
3767:
3713:
3698:
3690:
3643:
3629:
3615:
3604:
3554:
3543:
3535:
3473:
3465:
3431:
3423:
2791:
2780:
2754:
2743:
2721:
2713:
2590:
2579:
2568:
2554:
2543:
2532:
2499:
2485:
2474:
2460:
2449:
2433:'There the man stands.'
2409:
2398:
2390:
2361:
2350:
2298:
2287:
2246:
2238:
2186:
2178:
2156:specific.location-near-
2149:
2141:
2089:
2081:
2052:
2044:
2011:
2003:
1981:
1973:
1955:specific.location-near-
1951:
1943:
1925:specific.location-near-
1921:
1913:
1891:
1883:
1861:
1853:
1315:At the phonemic level,
894:in the Mayhapeh dialect
651:in the Mayhapeh dialect
628:Maybrat has five vowel
460:in the Ayamaru region.
162: – Karon Dori
9273:Proto-Trans–New Guinea
9184:Trans-Fly–Bulaka River
7754:Hays, Terence (2003).
4722:Yul Yumte 3U-marry who
4099:Clauses show a single
3289:Nouns and noun phrases
2735:child presentative-INT
2279:house area.ATTR-near-U
2211:house area.ATTR-near-U
2015:specific.location-far-
1985:specific.location-far-
1908:'this woman very near'
1825:usually combines with
1377:and the corresponding
1303:/ is represented with
1202:: /xren/ 'they sit' →
754:optionally before /k/
564:): in Aytinyo District
394:, both members of the
23:Language of West Papua
9224:West Papuan Highlands
9219:West Trans–New Guinea
9030:families and isolates
8911:families and isolates
8576:families and isolates
8535:families and isolates
8368:East Cenderawasih Bay
8332:families and isolates
8231:families and isolates
8228:Bird's Head Peninsula
8193:families and isolates
6812:Syufi, Yafed (2023).
4719:Yul Yumte m-pet awiya
4542:3M 3M-go Kumurkek NEG
4539:ait y-amo Kumurkek fe
4239:prominence as a topic
3358:'pen'. If forming an
2836:Numerals and counting
2828:'how much/many?' and
2738:'Where is the child?'
2467:similar.to-very.near-
2334:'He sleeps near here.
2282:'the house near here'
1553:inalienably possessed
398:language family; the
328:inalienably possessed
294:Bird's Head Peninsula
239:Show map of Indonesia
155: – Mai Brat
9169:Binanderean–Goilalan
9023:Bismarck Archipelago
8250:Inanwatan–Duriankere
7656:10.1353/ol.2011.0011
5666:nurse 3U-see 1S-foot
5357:1S-pull taro 3U-come
4861:1S-see woman 3U-come
3998:'This pig is big.' (
3927:Verbs can be either
3809:'two bags of rice' (
3657:tfo m-kek m-aku s-au
2850:(for masculine) and
1878:'this man very near'
1520:The Maymaru dialect
727:in closed syllables
9315:Isolating languages
9214:Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran
9209:Left May – Kwomtari
8140:Greater Binanderean
7644:Oceanic Linguistics
7452:, pp. 612–13).
7184:, pp. 98, 100.
6513:, pp. 550–51)
6489:, pp. 192–95)
5312:1S-throw ball 3U-go
5081:Prepositional verbs
4194:person 3U-fell tree
3924:for more details).
1809:is only used after
1754:'her/their head/s'
1748:'She/it/they sleep'
1390:
1154:: /poiit/ 'food' →
1146:and the unreleased
896:
694:obligatory before /
653:
443:Indonesian language
360:swidden agriculture
340:subject–verb–object
264: /
72:(25,000 cited 1987)
34:Maybrat–Karon
9132:Proposed groupings
9047:South Bougainville
9042:North Bougainville
8532:Western New Guinea
8329:Western New Guinea
7873:U:unmarked gender
7865:TransNewGuinea.org
7512:, pp. 237–38.
7488:, pp. 136–39.
7352:, pp. 127–29.
7244:, pp. 108–10.
6711:, pp. 6, 301.
6472:, where the vowel
4816:Complement clauses
4101:intonation contour
3880:(quantifying verb)
3527:possessive marker
2772:2-go area.ATTR-INT
2608:-n-o m-piet m-amo
2441:'similar.to', and
2368:presentative-near-
2338:Another prefix is
2117:Another prefix is
1548:'you (singular)'.
1388:(Mayhapeh dialect)
1384:
1317:consonant clusters
1311:Consonant clusters
890:
715:in open syllables
648:
479:West Papuan phylum
477:), or the broader
386:; to the east are
320:consonant clusters
129:Karon Dori (Miyah)
9282:
9281:
8898:
8897:
8621:Leonhard Schultze
8239:South Bird's Head
8201:Timor-Alor-Pantar
8183:
8182:
7917:
7777:978-3-11-029525-2
7719:978-3-11-029525-2
7634:978-0-85883-573-3
7607:978-90-420-0644-7
7500:, p. 234–36.
7376:, pp. 70–72.
7364:, pp. 72–73.
7328:, pp. 83–89.
7292:, pp. 90–91.
7208:, pp. 105–6.
7136:, pp. 100–1.
7124:, pp. 96–99.
7100:, pp. 52–55.
6992:, pp. 38–39.
6924:, pp. 16–17.
6900:, pp. 21–24.
6888:, pp. 22–23.
6852:, pp. 17–18.
6840:, pp. 15–17.
6786:978-602-356-318-0
6723:, p. 8. See
6596:(22nd ed., 2019)
6578:(22nd ed., 2019)
5937:tail-head linkage
5655:t-amo amah kiyam
5555:3U-pull tree ENUM
5446:Complex sentences
5431:n-o tapak n-e ait
5354:t-aru awiah m-ama
5000:3M-say 2-stab pig
4822:complement clause
4666:Petrus y-ama oh a
4294:aya fó / t-ata fe
3869:(adjectival verb)
3565:tfo ro-Yan y-atia
3381:'pregnant' ->
3286:
3285:
2862:) meaning 'two',
2795:general.location-
2416:presentative-far-
2385:'Here she comes.'
2342:. It expresses a
1758:
1757:
1518:
1517:
1375:personal pronouns
1349:'she itches' vs.
1332:The placement of
1305:⟨y⟩
1263:. The velar stop
1053:
1052:
860:
859:
400:South Bird's Head
330:nouns alike take
283:
282:
9322:
9159:Southeast Papuan
9144:Northwest Papuan
9052:Central Solomons
8688:
8598:Lower Sepik-Ramu
8281:West Bird's Head
8263:East Bird's Head
8127:Papuan Peninsula
8062:Papua New Guinea
8028:Papua New Guinea
7931:
7924:Trans-New Guinea
7911:
7901:
7894:
7887:
7878:
7839:
7829:
7812:
7781:
7762:
7760:
7750:
7723:
7704:
7675:
7638:
7611:
7592:
7582:
7572:
7548:
7538:
7532:
7513:
7507:
7501:
7495:
7489:
7483:
7477:
7471:
7465:
7459:
7453:
7443:
7437:
7431:
7425:
7419:
7413:
7407:
7401:
7395:
7389:
7383:
7377:
7371:
7365:
7359:
7353:
7347:
7341:
7335:
7329:
7323:
7317:
7311:
7305:
7299:
7293:
7287:
7281:
7275:
7269:
7263:
7257:
7251:
7245:
7239:
7233:
7227:
7221:
7220:, p. 110, n. 56.
7215:
7209:
7203:
7197:
7191:
7185:
7179:
7173:
7167:
7161:
7155:
7149:
7143:
7137:
7131:
7125:
7119:
7113:
7107:
7101:
7095:
7089:
7083:
7077:
7076:, p. 45–46.
7071:
7065:
7059:
7053:
7047:
7041:
7035:
7029:
7023:
7017:
7011:
7005:
6999:
6993:
6987:
6981:
6975:
6969:
6959:
6953:
6943:
6937:
6931:
6925:
6919:
6913:
6907:
6901:
6895:
6889:
6883:
6877:
6871:
6865:
6859:
6853:
6847:
6841:
6835:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6820:
6809:
6803:
6802:, pp. 9–10.
6797:
6791:
6790:
6772:
6761:
6751:
6745:
6734:
6728:
6718:
6712:
6706:
6700:
6694:
6688:
6682:
6676:
6670:
6664:
6658:
6652:
6646:
6640:
6634:
6628:
6622:
6616:
6610:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6585:
6584:
6567:
6547:
6532:
6526:
6520:
6514:
6496:
6490:
6483:
6477:
6462:
6456:
6445:
6439:
6428:
6422:
6415:
6348:
6330:
6311:
6301:
6291:
6279:
6269:
6258:
6248:
6237:
6226:
6205:
6176:
6165:
6146:
6063:
6052:
6041:
6030:
6007:
5988:
5957:
5916:
5898:
5887:
5877:
5800:
5790:
5772:(non-specific).
5721:
5711:
5665:
5662:1S-go house ill
5659:suster m-he t-ao
5658:
5650:
5639:
5621:
5616:
5592:
5554:
5547:
5544:na m-kuk intape
5540:
5521:
5511:
5510:
5504:
5488:
5427:
5416:
5397:
5382:
5349:
5330:
5304:
5285:
5218:
5215:1S-wash clothes
5211:
5196:
5194:
5188:
5172:
5153:
5146:
5131:
5129:
5123:
5115:
5049:
5038:
4997:y-awe n-ame fane
4984:
4973:
4935:
4924:
4890:
4879:
4853:
4834:
4772:
4753:
4706:
4662:
4643:
4582:
4572:
4568:
4535:
4516:
4506:
4449:
4438:
4428:
4386:
4376:
4352:is mti y-tien fe
4348:
4337:
4290:
4279:
4218:
4172:
4124:
4074:
4067:
4044:
4042:
4036:
4013:
3995:
3989:
3974:
3972:
3966:
3891:
3865:
3805:
3798:
3783:
3778:
3731:
3724:
3709:
3707:
3701:
3669:
3650:
3635:
3621:
3560:
3549:
3479:
3437:
3403:'forest', means
3395:, a compound of
3368:
3141:oo sau krem tiet
3077:oo sau krem ewok
2917:
2798:
2786:
2765:
2761:
2749:
2728:
2600:
2585:
2574:
2564:
2549:
2538:
2505:
2495:
2480:
2470:
2455:
2419:
2404:
2371:
2356:
2312:
2308:
2293:
2260:
2256:
2200:
2196:
2159:
2099:
2062:
2018:
1988:
1958:
1928:
1898:
1868:
1736:
1711:
1686:
1662:'You' (singular)
1661:
1636:
1611:
1592:
1584:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1505:
1489:
1473:
1457:
1441:
1426:'You (singular)'
1425:
1409:
1391:
1389:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1321:epenthetic vowel
1306:
1302:
1297:
1289:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1242:
1231:
1220:
1208:rhotic consonant
1205:
1201:
1193:
1181:
1173:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1134:
1126:
1118:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1074:
1062:
1047:
1038:
1020:
1004:
995:
988:
974:
965:
958:
940:
933:
897:
895:
869:
853:
841:
829:
814:
802:
790:
778:
763:
751:
739:
724:
712:
699:
691:
679:
654:
652:
428:West Bird's Head
396:East Bird's Head
322:. There are two
313:language isolate
279:
278:
276:
275:
274:
269:
265:
262:
261:
260:
257:
240:
229:
228:
222:
210:
199:
198:
192:
178:
161:
154:
145:
89:Language isolate
82:
26:
9330:
9329:
9325:
9324:
9323:
9321:
9320:
9319:
9285:
9284:
9283:
9278:
9258:
9127:
9113:
9105:
9029:
9027:Solomon Islands
9017:
8910:
8894:
8837:
8742:
8686:
8575:
8562:
8534:
8525:
8331:
8322:
8230:
8222:
8208:North Halmahera
8192:
8179:
8121:
8100:East Strickland
8080:Kainantu-Goroka
8075:Finisterre-Huon
8055:
8021:
7979:
7926:
7918:
7916:classification)
7910:
7905:
7875:
7847:
7827:
7822:
7819:
7817:Further reading
7801:
7784:
7778:
7765:
7758:
7753:
7747:
7726:
7720:
7707:
7678:
7641:
7635:
7614:
7608:
7595:
7580:
7575:
7569:
7546:
7541:
7530:
7525:
7522:
7517:
7516:
7508:
7504:
7496:
7492:
7484:
7480:
7472:
7468:
7460:
7456:
7444:
7440:
7432:
7428:
7420:
7416:
7408:
7404:
7396:
7392:
7384:
7380:
7372:
7368:
7360:
7356:
7348:
7344:
7336:
7332:
7324:
7320:
7312:
7308:
7300:
7296:
7288:
7284:
7276:
7272:
7264:
7260:
7252:
7248:
7240:
7236:
7228:
7224:
7216:
7212:
7204:
7200:
7192:
7188:
7180:
7176:
7168:
7164:
7156:
7152:
7144:
7140:
7132:
7128:
7120:
7116:
7108:
7104:
7096:
7092:
7084:
7080:
7072:
7068:
7060:
7056:
7048:
7044:
7036:
7032:
7024:
7020:
7012:
7008:
7000:
6996:
6988:
6984:
6976:
6972:
6960:
6956:
6944:
6940:
6932:
6928:
6920:
6916:
6908:
6904:
6896:
6892:
6884:
6880:
6872:
6868:
6860:
6856:
6848:
6844:
6836:
6832:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6811:
6810:
6806:
6798:
6794:
6787:
6774:
6773:
6764:
6752:
6748:
6735:
6731:
6719:
6715:
6707:
6703:
6695:
6691:
6683:
6679:
6671:
6667:
6659:
6655:
6647:
6643:
6635:
6631:
6623:
6619:
6611:
6607:
6597:
6586:
6579:
6568:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6550:
6533:
6529:
6521:
6517:
6497:
6493:
6484:
6480:
6463:
6459:
6446:
6442:
6429:
6425:
6416:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6351:
6340:
6332:
6322:
6314:
6303:
6293:
6282:
6271:
6261:
6250:
6240:
6229:
6216:
6208:
6195:
6187:
6179:
6168:
6157:
6149:
6138:
6130:
6120:
6110:
6102:
6092:
6082:
6074:
6066:
6055:
6044:
6033:
6020:
6010:
5999:
5991:
5978:
5968:
5960:
5949:
5933:
5919:
5908:
5900:
5890:
5879:
5845:
5827:
5819:
5811:
5803:
5792:
5782:
5754:
5740:
5732:
5724:
5713:
5703:
5679:relative clause
5675:
5663:
5656:
5653:
5642:
5631:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5611:
5603:
5595:
5574:'in order to',
5564:
5552:
5545:
5542:
5532:
5524:
5513:
5507:
5502:
5499:
5491:
5480:
5448:
5443:
5429:
5419:
5408:
5400:
5380:
5366:
5352:
5341:
5333:
5321:
5309:t-ai bola m-amo
5307:
5296:
5288:
5269:
5236:
5216:
5209:
5206:
5198:
5191:
5186:
5183:
5175:
5163:
5151:
5144:
5141:
5133:
5126:
5121:
5118:
5105:'with/to/for':
5083:
5078:
5060:
5052:
5041:
5030:
5022:
5013:
4995:
4987:
4976:
4964:
4948:t-sam t-aut ara
4946:
4938:
4927:
4915:
4901:
4893:
4882:
4870:
4858:t-he fnia m-ama
4856:
4845:
4837:
4818:
4813:
4799:
4791:
4783:
4775:
4764:
4756:
4736:
4731:
4717:
4709:
4698:
4690:
4678:
4664:
4654:
4646:
4635:
4615:
4601:
4593:
4585:
4574:
4560:
4551:
4537:
4527:
4519:
4508:
4482:
4468:
4460:
4452:
4441:
4430:
4419:
4407:ait y-no rere u
4405:
4397:
4389:
4378:
4364:
4350:
4340:
4329:
4321:
4306:
4292:
4282:
4271:
4263:
4255:
4235:
4221:
4206:
4189:
4178:
4164:
4141:
4127:
4089:
4084:
4072:
4065:
4062:
4054:
4046:
4039:
4034:
4031:
4023:
4015:
4004:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3976:
3969:
3964:
3961:
3953:
3918:
3913:
3896:
3894:(demonstrative)
3882:
3871:
3857:
3815:
3803:
3796:
3793:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3773:
3741:
3729:
3722:
3719:
3711:
3704:
3699:
3696:
3680:
3655:
3641:
3627:
3613:
3582:
3577:
3563:
3552:
3541:
3504:
3490:
3482:
3471:
3462:
3456:'Yan's mouth' (
3448:
3440:
3429:
3413:
3310:contrasts with
3296:
3291:
3274:
3199:
3126:
3109:oo sau krem tuf
3081:oo sau krem eok
3079:
3049:oo sau krem sau
2978:
2946:
2904:oo sau krem sau
2838:
2810:
2800:
2789:
2777:
2767:
2752:
2740:
2730:
2719:
2624:
2602:
2597:side-very.near-
2588:
2577:
2566:
2552:
2541:
2529:
2507:
2497:
2492:similar.to-far-
2483:
2472:
2458:
2435:
2421:
2407:
2396:
2387:
2373:
2359:
2336:
2322:
2314:
2296:
2284:
2270:
2262:
2244:
2216:
2202:
2184:
2175:
2161:
2147:
2115:
2101:
2087:
2078:
2064:
2050:
2030:
2020:
2009:
2000:
1990:
1979:
1970:
1960:
1949:
1940:
1930:
1919:
1910:
1900:
1889:
1880:
1870:
1859:
1767:
1582:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1398:
1387:
1386:
1371:
1366:
1330:
1313:
1304:
1282:The semivowels
1267:becomes voiced
1251:becomes voiced
1176:velar fricative
1083:– which are in
893:
892:
888:
862:A non-phonemic
650:
639:
626:
619:‘language root’
466:
352:
298:Southwest Papua
272:
270:
268:1.37°S 132.59°E
266:
263:
258:
255:
253:
251:
250:
244:
243:
242:
241:
238:
237:
236:
235:
234:
230:
213:
212:
211:
208:
207:
206:
205:
204:
200:
174:
157:
156:
150:
149:
141:
104:
92:
83:
80:Language family
78:
69:
68:Native speakers
51:Southwest Papua
47:Maybrat Regency
24:
21:
18:Aymara language
12:
11:
5:
9328:
9326:
9318:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9287:
9286:
9280:
9279:
9277:
9276:
9268:
9266:
9264:Proto-language
9260:
9259:
9257:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9135:
9133:
9129:
9128:
9126:
9125:
9117:
9115:
9107:
9106:
9104:
9103:
9096:
9089:
9082:
9075:
9068:
9060:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9033:
9031:
9019:
9018:
9016:
9015:
9008:
9001:
8994:
8987:
8980:
8973:
8966:
8958:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8925:Pahoturi River
8922:
8914:
8912:
8900:
8899:
8896:
8895:
8893:
8892:
8886:
8881:
8873:
8868:
8867:
8866:
8861:
8848:
8846:
8839:
8838:
8836:
8835:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8811:
8810:
8809:
8802:
8797:
8785:
8784:
8783:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8753:
8751:
8744:
8743:
8741:
8740:
8734:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8697:
8695:
8685:
8684:
8677:
8670:
8662:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8632:
8618:
8613:
8612:
8611:
8606:
8594:
8587:
8579:
8577:
8564:
8563:
8561:
8560:
8553:
8545:
8544:
8538:
8536:
8527:
8526:
8524:
8523:
8516:
8509:
8502:
8495:
8488:
8481:
8474:
8467:
8460:
8453:
8446:
8438:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8387:
8386:
8381:
8371:
8364:
8357:
8350:
8343:
8335:
8333:
8324:
8323:
8321:
8320:
8313:
8306:
8299:
8292:
8284:
8283:
8278:
8277:
8276:
8271:
8259:
8258:
8257:
8255:Konda–Yahadian
8252:
8247:
8234:
8232:
8224:
8223:
8221:
8220:
8212:
8211:
8204:
8196:
8194:
8185:
8184:
8181:
8180:
8178:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8131:
8129:
8123:
8122:
8120:
8119:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8090:Enga-Kewa-Huli
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8066:
8064:
8057:
8056:
8054:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8032:
8030:
8023:
8022:
8020:
8019:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7991:
7989:
7981:
7980:
7978:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7941:
7939:
7928:
7920:
7919:
7906:
7904:
7903:
7896:
7889:
7881:
7869:
7868:
7858:
7846:
7845:External links
7843:
7842:
7841:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7813:
7799:
7782:
7776:
7763:
7751:
7745:
7724:
7718:
7705:
7676:
7650:(1): 279–283.
7639:
7633:
7612:
7606:
7593:
7573:
7567:
7539:
7521:
7518:
7515:
7514:
7502:
7490:
7478:
7476:, p. 209.
7466:
7454:
7438:
7426:
7424:, p. 177.
7414:
7412:, p. 608.
7402:
7390:
7388:, p. 588.
7378:
7366:
7354:
7342:
7330:
7318:
7316:, p. 600.
7306:
7294:
7282:
7270:
7268:, p. 898.
7258:
7246:
7234:
7232:, p. 622.
7222:
7210:
7198:
7196:, p. 175.
7186:
7174:
7172:, p. 103.
7162:
7150:
7148:, p. 101.
7138:
7126:
7114:
7112:, p. 535.
7102:
7090:
7078:
7066:
7054:
7042:
7030:
7018:
7006:
6994:
6982:
6970:
6954:
6938:
6926:
6914:
6902:
6890:
6878:
6866:
6854:
6842:
6830:
6804:
6792:
6785:
6762:
6746:
6738:Reesink (2005)
6729:
6713:
6701:
6689:
6677:
6675:, p. 571.
6665:
6653:
6641:
6629:
6617:
6605:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6546:, p. 77)
6538:), or "hope" (
6527:
6515:
6491:
6478:
6457:
6440:
6423:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6400:, p. 242)
6353:frok m-hu sai
6341:
6333:
6323:
6315:
6304:
6294:
6283:
6272:
6262:
6251:
6241:
6230:
6217:
6209:
6196:
6188:
6180:
6169:
6158:
6150:
6139:
6131:
6121:
6118:umbilical.cord
6111:
6103:
6093:
6090:umbilical.cord
6083:
6075:
6067:
6056:
6045:
6034:
6021:
6011:
6000:
5992:
5979:
5969:
5961:
5950:
5942:
5941:
5931:, p. 237)
5909:
5901:
5891:
5880:
5870:
5869:
5820:
5812:
5804:
5793:
5783:
5775:
5774:
5752:, p. 137)
5733:
5725:
5714:
5704:
5696:
5695:
5673:, p. 231)
5643:
5632:
5624:
5612:
5604:
5596:
5585:
5584:
5578:'so that', or
5562:, p. 230)
5533:
5525:
5514:
5500:
5492:
5481:
5473:
5472:
5447:
5444:
5441:, p. 218)
5420:
5409:
5401:
5390:
5389:
5342:
5334:
5323:
5322:
5319:, p. 217)
5297:
5289:
5278:
5277:
5268:
5265:
5247:'towards' and
5199:
5184:
5176:
5165:
5164:
5161:, p. 205)
5134:
5119:
5108:
5107:
5082:
5079:
5053:
5042:
5031:
5023:
5015:
5014:
4988:
4977:
4966:
4965:
4939:
4928:
4917:
4916:
4913:, p. 197)
4903:t-har t-kom am
4894:
4883:
4872:
4871:
4868:, p. 196)
4846:
4838:
4827:
4826:
4817:
4814:
4811:, p. 190)
4792:
4784:
4776:
4765:
4757:
4746:
4745:
4735:
4734:Verb sequences
4732:
4729:, p. 180)
4710:
4699:
4691:
4683:
4682:
4676:, p. 178)
4655:
4647:
4636:
4628:
4627:
4613:, p. 168)
4594:
4586:
4575:
4561:
4553:
4552:
4549:, p. 167)
4528:
4520:
4509:
4499:
4498:
4480:, p. 166)
4461:
4453:
4442:
4431:
4421:
4420:
4417:, p. 163)
4398:
4390:
4379:
4369:
4368:
4362:, p. 151)
4341:
4330:
4322:
4314:
4313:
4304:, p. 149)
4283:
4272:
4264:
4256:
4248:
4247:
4233:, p. 146)
4211:
4210:
4204:, p. 144)
4179:
4165:
4154:
4153:
4139:, p. 144)
4117:
4116:
4088:
4085:
4064:tuo fnak fane
4055:
4047:
4032:
4024:
4016:
4006:
4005:
3977:
3962:
3954:
3946:
3945:
3917:
3914:
3911:, p. 133)
3883:
3872:
3858:
3847:
3846:
3813:, p. 131)
3786:
3774:
3766:
3765:
3739:, p. 130)
3712:
3697:
3689:
3688:
3678:, p. 128)
3642:
3628:
3614:
3603:
3602:
3594:
3593:
3581:
3578:
3575:, p. 136)
3553:
3542:
3534:
3533:
3483:
3472:
3464:
3463:
3441:
3430:
3422:
3421:
3412:
3409:
3389:Compound nouns
3354:'write' ->
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3074:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2987:
2982:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2955:
2950:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2837:
2834:
2790:
2779:
2778:
2753:
2742:
2741:
2720:
2712:
2711:
2622:, p. 103)
2589:
2578:
2567:
2553:
2542:
2531:
2530:
2527:, p. 104)
2498:
2484:
2473:
2459:
2448:
2447:
2408:
2397:
2389:
2388:
2360:
2349:
2348:
2315:
2297:
2286:
2285:
2263:
2245:
2237:
2236:
2185:
2177:
2176:
2148:
2140:
2139:
2088:
2080:
2079:
2051:
2043:
2042:
2010:
2002:
2001:
1980:
1972:
1971:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1920:
1912:
1911:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1771:demonstratives
1766:
1765:Demonstratives
1763:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1738:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1688:
1687:'You' (plural)
1681:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1663:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1638:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1490:'You (plural)'
1484:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1329:
1326:
1312:
1309:
1271:either before
1212:alveolar trill
1085:free variation
1051:
1050:
1048:
1041:
1039:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1006:
1005:
998:
996:
989:
982:
976:
975:
968:
966:
959:
952:
946:
945:
943:
941:
934:
927:
921:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
887:
884:
858:
857:
854:
846:
845:
842:
834:
833:
830:
823:
819:
818:
815:
807:
806:
803:
795:
794:
791:
783:
782:
779:
772:
768:
767:
764:
756:
755:
752:
744:
743:
740:
733:
729:
728:
725:
717:
716:
713:
706:
702:
701:
692:
684:
683:
680:
673:
669:
668:
665:
660:
638:
635:
625:
622:
621:
620:
610:
600:
566:
565:
554:
547:
536:
525:
510:
465:
462:
447:code-switching
437:served as the
435:Malay language
426:, both of the
356:Maybrat people
351:
348:
336:demonstratives
281:
280:
246:
245:
232:
231:
224:
223:
217:
216:
215:
214:
202:
201:
194:
193:
187:
186:
185:
184:
183:
180:
179:
172:
164:
163:
146:
138:
137:
136:Language codes
133:
132:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
110:
106:
105:
103:
102:
86:
84:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
40:
36:
35:
31:
30:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9327:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9292:
9290:
9275:
9274:
9270:
9269:
9267:
9265:
9261:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9149:South Pauwasi
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9136:
9134:
9130:
9124:
9123:
9119:
9118:
9116:
9112:
9111:Rossel Island
9108:
9102:
9101:
9097:
9095:
9094:
9090:
9088:
9087:
9083:
9081:
9080:
9076:
9074:
9073:
9069:
9067:
9066:
9062:
9061:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9034:
9032:
9028:
9024:
9020:
9014:
9013:
9009:
9007:
9006:
9002:
9000:
8999:
8995:
8993:
8992:
8988:
8986:
8985:
8981:
8979:
8978:
8974:
8972:
8971:
8967:
8965:
8964:
8960:
8959:
8956:
8955:Yelmek-Maklew
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8920:
8916:
8915:
8913:
8909:
8906:and southern
8905:
8904:Gulf of Papua
8901:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8879:
8878:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8856:
8855:
8854:
8850:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8840:
8834:
8833:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8816:
8812:
8808:
8807:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8792:
8791:
8790:
8786:
8782:
8781:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8761:
8760:
8759:
8755:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8745:
8738:
8735:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8689:
8683:
8682:
8678:
8676:
8675:
8671:
8669:
8668:
8664:
8663:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8644:
8640:
8636:
8633:
8630:
8626:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8601:
8600:
8599:
8595:
8593:
8592:
8588:
8586:
8585:
8581:
8580:
8578:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8559:
8558:
8554:
8552:
8551:
8547:
8546:
8543:
8542:Bayono-Awbono
8540:
8539:
8537:
8533:
8528:
8522:
8521:
8517:
8515:
8514:
8510:
8508:
8507:
8503:
8501:
8500:
8496:
8494:
8493:
8489:
8487:
8486:
8482:
8480:
8479:
8475:
8473:
8472:
8468:
8466:
8465:
8461:
8459:
8458:
8454:
8452:
8451:
8447:
8445:
8444:
8440:
8439:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8430:Tofanma-Namla
8428:
8425:
8421:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8376:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8369:
8365:
8363:
8362:
8358:
8356:
8355:
8351:
8349:
8348:
8344:
8342:
8341:
8337:
8336:
8334:
8330:
8325:
8319:
8318:
8314:
8312:
8311:
8307:
8305:
8304:
8300:
8298:
8297:
8293:
8291:
8290:
8286:
8285:
8282:
8279:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8266:
8265:
8264:
8260:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8242:
8241:
8240:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8229:
8225:
8219:
8218:
8214:
8213:
8210:
8209:
8205:
8203:
8202:
8198:
8197:
8195:
8191:
8186:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8132:
8130:
8128:
8124:
8118:
8117:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8067:
8065:
8063:
8058:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8041:Turama-Kikori
8039:
8037:
8036:Gogodala-Suki
8034:
8033:
8031:
8029:
8024:
8018:
8017:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7982:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7970:West Bomberai
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7932:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7915:
7909:
7902:
7897:
7895:
7890:
7888:
7883:
7882:
7879:
7874:
7866:
7862:
7859:
7856:
7852:
7849:
7848:
7844:
7837:
7833:
7826:
7821:
7820:
7816:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7787:Andrew Pawley
7783:
7779:
7773:
7769:
7764:
7757:
7752:
7748:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7725:
7721:
7715:
7711:
7706:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7640:
7636:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7613:
7609:
7603:
7599:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7579:
7574:
7570:
7568:0-85883-393-X
7564:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7545:
7540:
7536:
7529:
7524:
7523:
7519:
7511:
7506:
7503:
7499:
7494:
7491:
7487:
7482:
7479:
7475:
7470:
7467:
7464:, p. 80.
7463:
7458:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7442:
7439:
7435:
7430:
7427:
7423:
7418:
7415:
7411:
7406:
7403:
7400:, p. 44.
7399:
7394:
7391:
7387:
7382:
7379:
7375:
7370:
7367:
7363:
7358:
7355:
7351:
7346:
7343:
7339:
7334:
7331:
7327:
7322:
7319:
7315:
7310:
7307:
7304:, p. 93.
7303:
7298:
7295:
7291:
7286:
7283:
7280:, p. 90.
7279:
7274:
7271:
7267:
7262:
7259:
7255:
7250:
7247:
7243:
7238:
7235:
7231:
7226:
7223:
7219:
7214:
7211:
7207:
7202:
7199:
7195:
7190:
7187:
7183:
7178:
7175:
7171:
7166:
7163:
7160:, p. 99.
7159:
7154:
7151:
7147:
7142:
7139:
7135:
7130:
7127:
7123:
7118:
7115:
7111:
7106:
7103:
7099:
7094:
7091:
7087:
7082:
7079:
7075:
7070:
7067:
7064:, p. 62.
7063:
7058:
7055:
7052:, p. 41.
7051:
7046:
7043:
7040:, p. 38.
7039:
7034:
7031:
7027:
7022:
7019:
7015:
7010:
7007:
7003:
6998:
6995:
6991:
6986:
6983:
6980:, p. 33.
6979:
6974:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6958:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6942:
6939:
6935:
6930:
6927:
6923:
6918:
6915:
6912:, p. 10.
6911:
6906:
6903:
6899:
6894:
6891:
6887:
6882:
6879:
6876:, p. 18.
6875:
6870:
6867:
6864:, p. 19.
6863:
6858:
6855:
6851:
6846:
6843:
6839:
6834:
6831:
6817:
6816:
6808:
6805:
6801:
6796:
6793:
6788:
6782:
6778:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6750:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6733:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6717:
6714:
6710:
6705:
6702:
6698:
6693:
6690:
6687:, p. 47.
6686:
6681:
6678:
6674:
6669:
6666:
6663:, p. 43.
6662:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6645:
6642:
6638:
6633:
6630:
6626:
6621:
6618:
6614:
6609:
6606:
6601:
6595:
6594:
6589:
6583:
6577:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6564:
6560:
6553:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6531:
6528:
6524:
6523:Elmberg (1955
6519:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6495:
6492:
6488:
6482:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6461:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6444:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6427:
6424:
6420:
6414:
6411:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6394:
6390:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6377:
6373:
6370:
6366:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6350:
6344:
6339:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6318:
6313:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6286:
6281:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6233:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6215:
6212:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6194:
6191:
6186:
6183:
6178:
6172:
6167:
6161:
6156:
6153:
6148:
6142:
6137:
6134:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6109:
6106:
6101:
6098:
6097:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6081:
6078:
6073:
6070:
6065:
6059:
6054:
6048:
6043:
6037:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6009:
6003:
5998:
5995:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5967:
5964:
5959:
5953:
5948:
5945:
5940:
5938:
5932:
5930:
5925:
5922:
5918:
5912:
5907:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5844:
5842:
5838:
5833:
5830:
5826:
5823:
5818:
5815:
5810:
5807:
5802:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5778:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5753:
5751:
5746:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5731:
5728:
5723:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5699:
5694:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5672:
5667:
5660:
5652:
5646:
5641:
5635:
5630:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5610:
5607:
5602:
5599:
5594:
5588:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5563:
5561:
5556:
5549:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5528:
5523:
5517:
5512:
5505:
5498:
5495:
5490:
5484:
5479:
5476:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5412:
5407:
5404:
5399:
5393:
5388:
5386:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5365:
5364:, p. 25)
5363:
5358:
5355:
5351:
5345:
5340:
5337:
5332:
5326:
5320:
5318:
5313:
5310:
5306:
5300:
5295:
5292:
5287:
5281:
5276:
5274:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5220:
5213:
5208:t-amus onfuk
5205:
5202:
5197:
5189:
5182:
5179:
5174:
5168:
5162:
5160:
5155:
5148:
5140:
5137:
5132:
5124:
5117:
5111:
5106:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5051:
5045:
5040:
5034:
5029:
5026:
5021:
5018:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4986:
4980:
4975:
4969:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4937:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4914:
4912:
4907:
4904:
4900:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4867:
4862:
4859:
4855:
4849:
4844:
4841:
4836:
4830:
4825:
4823:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4790:
4787:
4782:
4779:
4774:
4768:
4763:
4760:
4755:
4749:
4744:
4742:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4723:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4708:
4702:
4697:
4694:
4689:
4686:
4681:
4677:
4675:
4670:
4667:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4650:
4645:
4639:
4634:
4631:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4612:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4592:
4589:
4584:
4578:
4573:
4564:
4559:
4556:
4550:
4548:
4543:
4540:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4479:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4459:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4440:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4418:
4416:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4396:
4393:
4388:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4361:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4328:
4325:
4320:
4317:
4312:
4310:
4305:
4303:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4275:
4270:
4267:
4262:
4259:
4254:
4251:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4203:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4191:rae m-fat ara
4188:
4185:
4182:
4177:
4174:
4168:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4135:'I am big.' (
4133:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4115:
4113:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4094:
4086:
4083:
4082:, p. 71)
4081:
4076:
4069:
4061:
4058:
4057:(attributive)
4053:
4050:
4045:
4037:
4030:
4027:
4022:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4003:
4002:, p. 71)
4001:
3996:
3990:
3983:
3980:
3979:(predicative)
3975:
3967:
3960:
3957:
3952:
3949:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3923:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3886:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3870:
3867:
3861:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3821:'little' and
3820:
3814:
3812:
3807:
3800:
3792:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3772:
3769:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3738:
3735:'two taros' (
3733:
3726:
3718:
3715:
3710:
3702:
3695:
3692:
3687:
3685:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3645:
3640:
3637:
3631:
3626:
3623:
3617:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3601:
3599:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3512:spatial nouns
3509:
3508:kinship terms
3503:
3502:, p. 89)
3501:
3498:'Yan's pig' (
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3470:
3467:
3461:
3460:, p. 85)
3459:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3443:(inalienable)
3439:
3433:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3373:'bite' ->
3372:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3346:'burn' ->
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3262:delapan puluh
3260:
3258:
3257:rae tiet mhai
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3197:rae ewok mhai
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3169:rae sait yhai
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:delapan belas
3144:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3114:delapan belas
3112:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2912:rae ewok mhai
2909:
2908:rae sait yhai
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2725:presentative-
2723:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2604:m-piet m-amo
2601:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2265:(attributive)
2261:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2040:is employed:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1817:is used with
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1762:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:'She/it/they'
1733:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1704:'your heads'
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1604:Example noun
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1569:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1536:(with prefix
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:distinguishes
1513:
1511:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1335:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1308:
1295:
1287:
1280:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1213:
1210:is always an
1209:
1199:
1191:
1185:
1177:
1171:
1163:
1151:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1124:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1096:
1086:
1080:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1003:
999:
997:
994:
990:
987:
983:
981:
978:
977:
973:
969:
967:
964:
960:
957:
953:
951:
948:
947:
944:
942:
939:
935:
932:
928:
926:
923:
922:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
898:
885:
883:
879:
877:
873:
865:
855:
852:
848:
847:
843:
840:
836:
835:
831:
828:
824:
820:
816:
813:
809:
808:
804:
801:
797:
796:
792:
789:
785:
784:
780:
777:
773:
769:
765:
762:
758:
757:
753:
750:
746:
745:
741:
738:
734:
730:
726:
723:
719:
718:
714:
711:
707:
703:
698:
693:
690:
686:
685:
681:
678:
674:
670:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
646:
644:
636:
634:
631:
623:
618:
614:
611:
608:
604:
601:
598:
594:
591:
590:
589:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
563:
559:
555:
552:
548:
545:
541:
537:
534:
530:
526:
523:
519:
515:
511:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
487:
486:
482:
480:
476:
472:
463:
461:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:Ayamaru Lakes
372:
369:
365:
361:
357:
349:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
277:
273:-1.37; 132.59
249:Coordinates:
247:
221:
191:
181:
177:
173:
171:
170:
165:
160:
153:
147:
144:
139:
134:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
111:
101:
98:
97:
96:
90:
85:
81:
75:
71:
65:
62:
59:
55:
52:
48:
44:
41:
37:
32:
27:
19:
9271:
9254:Indo-Pacific
9204:Kwomtari–Fas
9179:Asmat–Mombum
9120:
9098:
9091:
9084:
9077:
9070:
9063:
9057:Butam-Taulil
9010:
9003:
8996:
8989:
8982:
8975:
8968:
8961:
8945:Doso-Turumsa
8917:
8875:
8851:
8830:
8813:
8804:
8787:
8778:
8774:Yellow River
8758:Middle Sepik
8756:
8733:(West Wapei)
8679:
8672:
8665:
8596:
8589:
8582:
8555:
8548:
8518:
8511:
8504:
8497:
8490:
8483:
8476:
8469:
8462:
8455:
8448:
8441:
8411:Lepki-Murkim
8366:
8359:
8352:
8345:
8338:
8315:
8308:
8302:
8301:
8294:
8287:
8274:Hatam–Mansim
8261:
8237:
8215:
8206:
8199:
8114:
8085:Chimbu-Wahgi
8014:
8000:Greater Awyu
7965:Paniai Lakes
7955:Asmat-Kamoro
7871:
7835:
7831:
7790:
7767:
7732:
7709:
7687:(1): 1–102.
7684:
7680:
7647:
7643:
7616:
7597:
7588:
7584:
7550:
7534:
7520:Bibliography
7505:
7493:
7481:
7469:
7457:
7441:
7429:
7417:
7405:
7393:
7381:
7369:
7357:
7345:
7333:
7321:
7309:
7297:
7285:
7273:
7261:
7249:
7237:
7225:
7213:
7201:
7189:
7177:
7165:
7153:
7141:
7129:
7117:
7105:
7093:
7081:
7069:
7057:
7045:
7033:
7026:Donohue 2011
7021:
7009:
7004:, p. 2.
6997:
6985:
6973:
6957:
6950:Brown (1990)
6941:
6929:
6917:
6905:
6893:
6881:
6869:
6857:
6845:
6833:
6822:. Retrieved
6814:
6807:
6795:
6776:
6749:
6732:
6721:Elmberg 1955
6716:
6704:
6699:, p. 7.
6692:
6680:
6668:
6656:
6651:, p. 8.
6644:
6637:Gratton 1991
6632:
6627:, p. 3.
6620:
6615:, p. 1.
6608:
6591:
6573:
6539:
6535:
6530:
6518:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6481:
6473:
6470:Brown (1990)
6460:
6452:
6448:
6443:
6435:
6426:
6413:
6395:
6391:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6375:
6371:
6368:
6364:
6361:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6345:
6337:
6327:
6319:
6308:
6298:
6287:
6276:
6266:
6255:
6245:
6234:
6223:
6219:
6213:
6202:
6198:
6192:
6184:
6173:
6162:
6154:
6143:
6135:
6127:
6123:
6117:
6113:
6107:
6099:
6095:
6089:
6085:
6079:
6071:
6060:
6049:
6038:
6027:
6023:
6017:
6013:
6004:
5996:
5985:
5981:
5975:
5971:
5965:
5954:
5946:
5934:
5926:
5923:
5920:
5913:
5905:
5895:
5884:
5874:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5846:
5840:
5834:
5831:
5828:
5824:
5816:
5808:
5797:
5787:
5779:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5755:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5737:
5729:
5718:
5708:
5700:
5690:
5682:
5676:
5668:
5661:
5654:
5647:
5636:
5628:
5618:
5608:
5600:
5589:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5565:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5537:
5529:
5518:
5506:
5496:
5485:
5477:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5452:conjunctions
5449:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5424:
5413:
5405:
5394:
5384:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5367:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5346:
5338:
5327:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5301:
5293:
5282:
5272:
5270:
5267:Motion verbs
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5214:
5207:
5203:
5190:
5180:
5169:
5156:
5149:
5142:
5138:
5125:
5112:
5102:
5101:'from', and
5098:
5094:
5090:
5084:
5073:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5057:
5046:
5035:
5027:
5019:
5008:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4992:
4981:
4970:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4943:
4932:
4921:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4887:
4876:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4850:
4842:
4831:
4819:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4788:
4780:
4769:
4761:
4750:
4737:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4703:
4695:
4687:
4679:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4659:
4651:
4640:
4632:
4622:
4616:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4590:
4579:
4565:
4557:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4532:
4524:
4513:
4503:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4483:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4457:
4446:
4435:
4425:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4394:
4383:
4373:
4365:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4345:
4334:
4326:
4318:
4307:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4287:
4276:
4268:
4260:
4252:
4236:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4215:
4207:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4175:
4169:
4161:
4158:
4151:word order.
4142:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4121:
4109:
4098:
4090:
4077:
4071:1S stab pig
4070:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4051:
4038:
4028:
4020:
4010:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3968:
3958:
3950:
3940:
3936:
3929:intransitive
3926:
3919:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3879:
3876:
3868:
3862:
3854:
3851:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3816:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3790:
3780:
3770:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3716:
3703:
3693:
3681:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3638:
3632:
3624:
3618:
3610:
3607:
3595:
3583:
3580:Noun phrases
3570:
3567:
3564:
3557:
3546:
3538:
3528:
3524:obligatorily
3519:
3515:
3505:
3497:
3495:pig POSS-Yan
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3476:
3468:
3455:
3453:Yan 3M-mouth
3452:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3434:
3426:
3414:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3338:'sit' ->
3335:
3331:
3330:'eat' ->
3327:
3323:
3321:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3280:
3275:
3272:oo krem ewok
3271:
3261:
3256:
3248:
3243:
3233:
3229:rae tuf mhai
3228:
3220:
3215:
3205:
3201:rae eok mhai
3200:
3196:
3188:
3183:
3173:
3168:
3160:
3155:
3145:
3140:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3108:
3100:
3095:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3068:
3063:
3053:
3048:
3040:
3035:
3025:
3020:
3012:
3007:
2997:
2993:oo krem tiet
2992:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2960:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2896:oo krem ewok
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2870:'four', and
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2839:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2794:
2783:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2757:
2746:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2724:
2716:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2642:prefix – as
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2596:
2591:
2582:
2571:
2560:
2555:
2546:
2535:
2522:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2502:
2491:
2486:
2477:
2466:
2461:
2452:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2415:
2410:
2401:
2393:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2367:
2362:
2353:
2344:presentative
2339:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2304:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2028:'that woman'
2027:
2024:
2021:
2014:
2006:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1968:'this woman'
1967:
1964:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1937:
1934:
1932:rae re-t-ait
1931:
1924:
1916:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1864:
1856:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1759:
1751:
1745:
1740:
1726:
1720:
1715:
1701:
1695:
1690:
1679:'your head'
1676:
1670:
1665:
1654:'our heads'
1651:
1645:
1640:
1626:
1620:
1615:
1601:Example verb
1586:
1575:
1564:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1509:
1493:
1477:
1461:
1445:
1429:
1413:
1372:
1359:
1331:
1314:
1281:
1234:
1223:alveolar tap
1183:
1067:– voiceless
1054:
880:
876:glottal stop
861:
640:
627:
616:
606:
596:
587:
571:2007 grammar
567:
483:
467:
453:
451:
432:
373:
353:
344:serial verbs
317:
308:
304:
302:
285:
284:
167:
99:
9194:Dani–Kwerba
9174:Arai–Samaia
9164:Papuan Gulf
9154:East Papuan
9139:West Papuan
8871:Middle Ramu
8789:Upper Sepik
8604:Lower Sepik
8347:Lakes Plain
8317:Tanah Merah
8110:Duna-Bogaya
7988:, Indonesia
7945:Ok-Oksapmin
7938:, Indonesia
7914:Palmer 2018
7625:1885/146742
7559:1885/145736
6966:Brown (1990
6758:Brown (1990
6432:Brown (1991
6419:Hays (2003)
6338:immediately
5664:in order to
5620:in order to
5582:'because':
5548:m-kuk ara o
5372:'take' and
5097:'towards',
5087:serial verb
3855:(head noun)
3625:(adjectival
3611:(head noun)
3586:noun phrase
3518:'outside',
3492:fane ro-Yan
3485:(alienable)
3393:fane rapuoh
3276:oo krem eok
3244:oo krem sau
3206:empat puluh
3086:tujuh belas
2998:empat belas
2961:oo krem tuf
2935:Indonesian
2926:Indonesian
2892:oo krem sau
2802:m-amo wo-yo
2769:n-amo to-yo
2317:(adverbial)
1729:'his head'
1723:'He sleeps'
1698:'You sleep'
1673:'You sleep'
1555:nouns (see
1397:Independent
1075:and voiced
891:Consonants
832:everywhere
742:everywhere
512:Mayasmaun (
271: /
95:Bird's Head
9289:Categories
9249:Sepik–Ramu
8908:New Guinea
8853:Lower Ramu
8815:Sepik Hill
8701:Marienberg
8692:Torricelli
8659:Amto-Musan
8635:Upper Yuat
8584:Torricelli
8340:Tor-Kwerba
8026:Southwest
7984:Southeast
7800:0858835622
7756:"Mai Brat"
7746:0816118094
7266:Foley 2017
7074:Brown 1990
7002:Brown 1991
6922:Brown 1991
6886:Brown 1991
6824:2023-06-05
6661:Brown 1990
6593:Ethnologue
6588:Karon Dori
6575:Ethnologue
6554:References
5378:to someone
4619:intonation
4309:Adverbials
3986:fane reto
3933:adjectives
3684:classifier
3450:Yan y-asoh
3411:Possession
3399:'pig' and
3360:agent noun
3350:'garden',
3234:enam puluh
3054:enam belas
3026:lima belas
3021:oo sau muf
2966:tiga belas
2900:oo sau muf
2820:'whose?',
2513:-f-o n-no
2423:rae y-ros
2022:fai ro-n-o
1998:'that man'
1992:rae re-n-e
1962:fai re-t-o
1938:'this man'
1902:fai re-f-o
1872:rae re-f-i
1648:'We sleep'
1629:'my head'
1194:or voiced
1111:allophone
1109:unreleased
1065:allophones
886:Consonants
663:Allophones
643:allophones
617:Meyah mewi
535:, Syujak).
489:Mayhapeh (
402:languages
350:Background
309:Karon Dori
9189:Trans-Fly
9122:Yélî Dnye
8845:subgroups
8750:subgroups
8694:subgroups
8327:Northern
8190:Nusantara
8175:Manubaran
8005:Kayagaric
7927:subgroups
7855:Paradisec
7825:"Maybrat"
7729:"Mejbrat"
7701:0014-1844
7672:144586710
7664:1527-9421
6962:Dol (2007
6725:Dol (2007
6466:Dol (2007
4395:carefully
4319:yesterday
4162:(subject)
3992:pig this
3653:(numeral)
3342:'chair',
3281:dua belas
3184:krem tiet
3174:dua puluh
3124:krem ewok
2880:krem ewok
2866:'three',
2832:'when?'.
2824:'what?',
2664:anaphoric
2561:side-far-
2232:adverbial
1623:'I sleep'
1544:'I', and
1275:or after
1137:aspirated
1030:Semivowel
980:Fricative
624:Phonology
549:Maymaru (
538:Maymare (
169:Glottolog
143:ISO 639-3
120:Mayasmaun
57:Ethnicity
9093:Makolkol
8963:Dibiyaso
8891:(Tanggu)
8864:Misegian
8859:Ottilien
8654:Left May
8639:Arafundi
8616:Kwomtari
8557:Uhunduni
8530:Central
8391:Nimboran
8188:Eastern
8160:Goilalan
8155:Koiarian
8060:Central
7934:Central
7809:67292782
7510:Dol 2007
7498:Dol 2007
7486:Dol 2007
7474:Dol 2007
7462:Dol 2007
7446:Dol 2007
7434:Dol 2007
7422:Dol 2007
7398:Dol 2007
7374:Dol 2007
7362:Dol 2007
7350:Dol 2007
7338:Dol 2007
7326:Dol 2007
7302:Dol 2007
7290:Dol 2007
7278:Dol 2007
7254:Dol 2007
7242:Dol 2007
7218:Dol 2007
7206:Dol 2007
7194:Dol 2007
7182:Dol 2007
7170:Dol 2007
7158:Dol 2007
7146:Dol 2007
7134:Dol 2007
7122:Dol 2007
7110:Dol 1998
7098:Dol 2007
7086:Dol 2007
7062:Dol 2007
7050:Dol 2007
7038:Dol 2007
7014:Dol 2007
6990:Dol 2007
6978:Dol 2007
6946:Dol 2007
6934:Dol 2007
6910:Dol 2007
6898:Dol 2007
6874:Dol 2007
6862:Dol 2007
6850:Dol 2007
6838:Dol 2007
6800:Dol 2007
6754:Dol 2007
6709:Dol 2007
6697:Dol 2007
6685:Dol 2007
6649:Dol 2007
6625:Dol 2007
6613:Dol 2007
6570:Mai Brat
6544:Dol 2007
6511:Dol 1998
6487:Dol 2007
6398:Dol 2007
6136:and.then
5929:Dol 2007
5851:, where
5837:Dol 2007
5750:Dol 2007
5671:Dol 2007
5560:Dol 2007
5478:and then
5439:Dol 2007
5362:Dol 1996
5317:Dol 2007
5224:Dol 2007
5159:Dol 2007
5150:1S-come
5070:Dol 2007
5005:Dol 2007
4956:Dol 1996
4911:Dol 2007
4866:Dol 2007
4809:Dol 2007
4727:Dol 2007
4674:Dol 2007
4611:Dol 2007
4558:firewood
4547:Dol 2007
4525:Kumurkek
4522:Kumurkek
4478:Dol 2007
4415:Dol 2007
4360:Dol 2007
4302:Dol 2007
4231:Dol 2007
4202:Dol 2007
4187:(object)
4137:Dol 2007
4080:Dol 2007
4000:Dol 2007
3943:book"):
3909:Dol 2007
3811:Dol 2007
3737:Dol 2007
3730:3U-fruit
3676:Dol 2007
3573:Dol 2007
3500:Dol 2007
3458:Dol 2007
3405:wild pig
3334:'food',
3316:unmarked
3304:agreeing
3189:sembilan
3156:krem tuf
3128:krem eok
3096:krem sau
2932:Maybrat
2923:Maybrat
2876:krem sau
2816:'who?',
2732:ku mi-yo
2681:'how?',
2620:Dol 2007
2525:Dol 2007
2517:-n-o mai
2445:'side':
1922:re-t-ait
1821:, while
1458:'She/it'
1166:and the
908:Alveolar
630:phonemes
583:Kambuaya
507:Kumurkek
473:and the
430:family.
364:kampongs
259:132°35′E
176:maib1239
114:Mayhapeh
109:Dialects
43:Tambrauw
9114:isolate
9037:Baining
8970:Kaki Ae
8950:Komolom
8940:Teberan
8889:Ataitan
8884:Tamolan
8795:Wogamus
8780:Yerakai
8737:Monumbo
8706:Arapesh
8464:Kapauri
8450:Burmeso
8443:Abinomn
8401:Mairasi
8396:Sentani
8374:Pauwasi
8303:Maybrat
8217:Tambora
8170:Kwalean
8165:Yareban
8150:Mailuan
8051:Awin-Pa
8046:Kiwaian
8010:Kolopom
7975:Somahai
6540:-winaut
6360:/ m-hu
6288:toddle-
6285:pua-puo
5841:kine wo
5762:kine wo
5406:tobacco
5217:3U-with
5181:clothes
5152:1S-from
5028:teacher
4925:-afraid
4652:already
4450:-behind
4226:3U-find
4112:subject
4087:Clauses
3831:pria(n)
3608:machete
3561:-father
3539:machete
3375:pomafit
3249:sebelas
3221:sepuluh
3161:delapan
2929:Number
2920:Number
2822:p-awiya
2818:r-awiya
2324:y-tien
1595:Meaning
1561:subject
1402:Prefix
1399:pronoun
1394:Meaning
1364:Grammar
950:Plosive
913:Palatal
658:Phoneme
649:Vowels
607:Bakatan
558:Aytinyo
556:Mayte (
551:Ayamaru
491:Ayawasi
404:Arandai
392:Moskona
368:Ayawasi
324:genders
305:Ayamaru
286:Maybrat
233:Maybrat
203:Maybrat
148:Either:
123:Maymare
117:Maymaru
100:Maybrat
61:Maybrat
29:Maybrat
9005:Purari
8998:Porome
8991:Pawaia
8984:Karami
8977:Kamula
8935:Oriomo
8930:Eleman
8769:Nukuma
8716:Maimai
8574:basin
8492:Massep
8471:Kembra
8457:Elseng
8416:Senagi
8354:Border
8105:Kutubu
8095:Bosavi
8070:Madang
8016:Marori
7807:
7797:
7774:
7743:
7737:195–97
7716:
7699:
7681:Ethnos
7670:
7662:
7631:
7604:
7565:
6783:
6393:3M-old
6387:y-anes
6383:y-anes
6376:hropit
6369:hropit
6343:y-anes
6320:fluent
6259:-stand
6238:-crawl
6232:y-apum
6220:y-anes
6199:y-anes
6190:re-f-i
6114:hropit
6086:hropit
6077:re-f-i
5947:emerge
5888:-clean
5882:m-suoh
5825:letter
5809:Sorong
5806:Sorong
5722:-marry
5626:suster
5494:intape
5286:-throw
5167:t-amus
5154:Sorong
5147:Sorong
5143:t-ama
5139:Sorong
5136:Sorong
5093:'at',
5058:bamboo
5020:mister
4936:-climb
4899:letter
4891:-write
4754:-scoop
4748:m-wian
4707:-marry
4633:Petrus
4630:Petrus
4444:to-tis
4338:-sleep
4332:y-tien
4280:-drink
4243:moving
4176:(verb)
4159:person
4145:object
4132:1S-big
4093:clause
4073:3U-big
4060:
3994:3U-big
3982:
3937:is red
3885:re-t-o
3860:m-anes
3852:person
3721:awiah
3708:-fruit
3639:verbs)
3636:-small
3555:y-atia
3544:ro-Yan
3520:m-asuf
3488:
3474:ro-Yan
3446:
3438:-mouth
3432:y-asoh
3401:rapuoh
3383:pomhaf
3340:pohren
3300:gender
3216:statem
2888:t-atem
2884:statem
2843:base-5
2830:titiya
2575:-throw
2569:m-piet
2539:-throw
2533:m-piet
2504:PROHIB
2405:-stand
2375:m-ama
2320:
2309:-near-
2294:-sleep
2288:y-tien
2268:
2257:-near-
2197:-near-
2103:pokom
2066:pokom
2012:ro-n-o
1982:re-n-e
1952:re-t-o
1892:re-f-o
1862:re-f-i
1746:m-tien
1721:y-tien
1696:n-tien
1671:n-tien
1646:p-tien
1621:t-tien
1598:Prefix
1506:'They'
1379:person
1355:/ˈana/
1351:/ˈmoo/
1347:/moˈo/
1343:/aˈna/
1339:/ˈana/
1334:stress
1328:Stress
1259:after
1206:. The
1174:. The
903:Labial
866:vowel
667:Notes
637:Vowels
615:name:
605:name:
595:name:
529:Senopi
458:Semetu
424:Moraid
414:, and
408:Kaburi
332:person
290:Papuan
256:1°22′S
39:Region
9100:Sulka
8877:Grass
8748:Sepik
8726:Palei
8721:Wapei
8674:Tayap
8643:Piawi
8625:Walio
8591:Sepik
8568:Sepik
8520:Yetfa
8506:Molof
8499:Mawes
8485:Kimki
8435:Yapen
8420:Angor
8406:Kaure
8145:Dagan
8135:Angan
7986:Papua
7936:Papua
7828:(PDF)
7759:(PDF)
7668:S2CID
7581:(PDF)
7547:(PDF)
7531:(PDF)
6819:(PDF)
6405:Notes
6365:m-api
6358:m-api
6335:tipuo
6306:y-amo
6290:REDUP
6274:y-amo
6253:y-ros
6193:there
6185:child
6177:-stay
6166:-stay
6155:again
6147:-stay
6128:break
6100:break
6080:there
6072:child
6064:-stay
6053:-stay
6042:-stay
6024:m-api
6018:house
6008:-stay
5982:m-api
5976:house
5958:-stay
5917:-stay
5906:stone
5865:wo-re
5861:wo-yo
5849:fi-re
5795:t-amo
5758:um ro
5735:kiyam
5730:Maria
5727:Maria
5716:y-men
5701:Simon
5698:Simon
5687:above
5651:-foot
5629:nurse
5606:kiyam
5601:house
5587:t-amo
5522:-pull
5516:m-kuk
5489:-pull
5483:m-kuk
5466:, or
5417:-give
5403:tapak
5398:-take
5381:'
5350:-come
5344:m-ama
5336:awiah
5331:-pull
5325:t-aru
5299:m-amo
5212:sabun
5210:m-kah
5201:sabun
5195:-with
5187:m-kah
5178:onfuk
5173:-wash
5145:t-pat
5130:-from
5122:t-pat
5116:-come
5110:t-ama
5050:-take
5033:y-awe
5009:y-awe
4985:-stab
4979:n-ame
4968:y-awe
4960:t-sam
4930:t-aut
4919:t-sam
4885:t-kom
4880:-know
4874:t-har
4854:-come
4848:m-ama
4843:woman
4794:poiit
4786:saruk
4778:tafoh
4773:-burn
4762:water
4712:awiya
4701:m-pet
4696:Yumte
4693:Yumte
4644:-come
4638:y-ama
4596:m-ata
4583:-take
4563:m-fe,
4511:y-amo
4458:house
4433:y-amo
4403:again
4327:night
4274:t-ata
4253:water
4223:m-kai
4219:-find
4213:m-kai
4173:-fell
4167:m-fat
4129:t-api
4119:t-api
4105:pitch
4066:m-api
4035:m-api
3988:m-api
3965:m-api
3922:above
3916:Verbs
3874:wisau
3839:wisau
3823:-siar
3802:rice
3795:pasa
3753:m-ake
3749:-akan
3728:taro
3723:m-ake
3700:m-ake
3691:awiah
3630:m-aku
3616:m-kek
3598:below
3516:m-aom
3356:pokom
3348:pokah
3332:poiit
3294:Nouns
3133:tujuh
3041:empat
2814:awiya
2792:wo-yo
2781:m-amo
2758:area.
2755:to-yo
2744:n-amo
2722:mi-yo
2717:child
2707:to-yo
2703:wo-yo
2699:Mi-yo
2695:mi-yo
2691:wo-yo
2687:to-yo
2683:ro-yo
2679:fi-ye
2632:reto,
2580:m-amo
2544:m-amo
2509:n-no
2399:y-ros
2357:-come
2351:m-ama
2305:area.
2272:amah
2253:area.
2242:house
2204:amah
2193:area.
2182:house
2163:amah
2145:house
2082:pokom
2045:pokom
2007:woman
1947:woman
1887:woman
1752:m-ana
1727:y-ana
1677:n-ana
1627:t-ana
1557:below
1257:]
1253:[
1241:]
1237:[
1230:]
1226:[
1219:]
1215:[
1200:]
1196:[
1192:]
1188:[
1172:]
1168:[
1164:]
1160:[
1152:]
1148:[
1144:]
1140:[
1133:]
1129:[
1117:]
1113:[
1105:]
1101:[
1081:]
1077:[
1073:]
1069:[
1010:Trill
925:Nasal
918:Velar
872:below
864:schwa
613:Meyah
593:Karon
540:Suswa
518:Kamat
514:Ayata
503:Konya
499:Mosun
495:Kokas
420:Tehit
416:Konda
388:Meyah
288:is a
126:Mayte
9086:Kuot
9065:Anêm
9025:and
9012:Tabo
8843:Ramu
8832:Amal
8821:Tama
8806:Abau
8800:Iwam
8711:Urim
8681:Yadë
8667:Busa
8649:Yuat
8629:Papi
8609:Ramu
8572:Ramu
8513:Usku
8478:Keuw
8424:Dera
8384:West
8379:East
8296:Mpur
8289:Abun
8116:Wiru
7995:Anim
7950:Dani
7805:OCLC
7795:ISBN
7772:ISBN
7741:ISBN
7714:ISBN
7697:ISSN
7660:ISSN
7629:ISBN
7602:ISBN
7563:ISBN
6781:ISBN
6740:and
6736:See
6542:). (
6536:-not
6379:ktus
6372:ktus
6362:amah
6355:amah
6349:-old
6329:ENUM
6317:trit
6300:ENUM
6268:ENUM
6247:ENUM
6227:-old
6206:-old
6171:m-hu
6160:m-hu
6141:m-hu
6124:ktus
6096:ktus
6058:m-hu
6047:m-hu
6036:m-hu
6031:-big
6014:amah
6002:m-hu
5989:-big
5972:amah
5966:just
5952:m-hu
5944:frok
5911:m-hu
5893:wore
5817:send
5780:time
5777:kine
5645:t-ao
5640:-see
5634:m-he
5598:amah
5553:ENUM
5539:ENUM
5530:tree
5509:ENUM
5497:rope
5464:mnan
5456:mati
5339:taro
5294:ball
5291:bola
5280:t-ai
5273:-amo
5253:-kah
5249:-pat
5245:-kit
5228:-kah
5219:soap
5204:soap
5103:-kah
5099:-pat
5095:-kit
5074:-awe
5055:pron
5039:-say
5025:guru
4990:fane
4974:-say
4944:tree
4840:fnia
4835:-see
4829:t-he
4797:food
4789:cook
4781:fire
4767:m-ko
4599:leaf
4591:leaf
4555:arko
4466:too.
4455:amah
4392:rere
4381:y-no
4261:this
4184:tree
4125:-big
4075:this
4068:reto
4052:this
4049:reto
4043:-big
4026:fane
4021:stab
4018:fnak
3973:-big
3959:this
3956:reto
3948:fane
3866:-old
3835:-tut
3827:-kak
3819:waro
3771:rice
3768:pasa
3757:-ata
3745:-ana
3694:taro
3674:.) (
3647:one-
3644:s-au
3622:-red
3550:-Yan
3548:POSS
3480:-Yan
3478:POSS
3466:fane
3397:fane
3371:afit
3344:-kah
3336:hren
3328:-iit
3101:enam
3069:lima
3036:tiet
3013:tiga
2976:ewok
2953:satu
2944:sait
2868:tiet
2858:(or
2856:ewok
2848:sait
2826:tiya
2760:ATTR
2705:and
2693:and
2658:and
2650:and
2636:rono
2634:and
2628:refo
2612:-f-o
2594:-f-o
2558:-n-o
2489:-n-o
2475:n-no
2464:-f-o
2450:n-no
2427:-n-o
2413:-n-o
2379:-t-o
2365:-t-o
2328:-t-o
2302:-t-o
2276:-t-o
2255:ATTR
2250:-t-o
2239:amah
2226:and
2208:-t-o
2195:ATTR
2190:-t-o
2179:amah
2167:-t-o
2153:-t-o
2142:amah
2135:that
2131:this
2125:and
2107:-f-o
2093:-f-o
2070:-f-o
2056:-f-o
1839:-fi-
1833:and
1807:-ait
1799:-ait
1712:'He'
1702:n-na
1652:p-na
1637:'We'
1579:-ana
1568:-amo
1474:'We'
1442:'He'
1290:and
603:Mpur
597:Meon
579:1991
575:1990
562:Fuoh
544:Sire
522:Aisa
471:Abun
433:The
422:and
412:Kais
390:and
384:Mpur
382:and
380:Abun
91:, or
45:and
9079:Kol
9072:Ata
8919:Yam
8826:Ram
8764:Ndu
8731:One
8550:Dem
8361:Sko
8310:Mor
7960:Mek
7853:at
7689:doi
7652:doi
7621:hdl
7555:hdl
6590:at
6572:at
6503:-f-
6312:-go
6280:-go
5963:sai
5903:fra
5897:REL
5872:ana
5863:or
5853:fi-
5814:tim
5801:-go
5789:REL
5770:we-
5766:re-
5738:ill
5710:REL
5691:re-
5609:ill
5593:-go
5527:ara
5422:ait
5411:n-e
5392:n-o
5305:-go
5261:-ae
5241:-ae
5091:-ae
5044:y-o
5017:Pak
4993:pig
4941:ara
4759:aya
4715:who
4688:Yul
4685:Yul
4661:INT
4588:ita
4577:y-o
4571:NEG
4534:NEG
4517:-go
4501:ait
4463:iye
4448:LOC
4439:-go
4423:ait
4387:-do
4371:ait
4347:NEG
4324:mti
4289:NEG
4250:aya
4241:by
4181:ara
4156:rae
4149:SVO
4029:pig
4008:tuo
3951:pig
3941:red
3877:all
3849:rae
3806:two
3804:bag
3799:eok
3791:two
3788:eok
3782:bag
3732:two
3725:eok
3717:two
3714:eok
3672:tfo
3605:tfo
3536:tfo
3469:pig
3427:Yan
3424:Yan
3379:haf
3352:kom
3324:po-
3268:12
3253:80
3240:11
3225:60
3212:10
3193:40
3165:20
3137:19
3105:18
3073:17
3064:mat
3045:16
3017:15
3008:tuf
2989:14
2985:dua
2980:eok
2957:13
2948:sau
2872:mat
2864:tuf
2860:eok
2852:sau
2797:INT
2787:-go
2764:INT
2750:-go
2727:INT
2675:-ye
2671:-yo
2640:re-
2586:-go
2550:-go
2500:mai
2481:-do
2456:-do
2443:ti-
2439:fi-
2394:man
2391:rae
2340:me-
2307:ADV
2228:te-
2224:we-
2220:re-
2133:or
2127:we-
2123:re-
2119:te-
2085:pen
2048:pen
2038:we-
2034:re-
2004:fai
1977:man
1974:rae
1944:fai
1917:man
1914:rae
1884:fai
1857:man
1854:rae
1843:-t-
1835:me-
1831:re-
1827:-f-
1819:-n-
1801:or
1787:-au
1783:-n-
1779:-t-
1775:-f-
1612:'I'
1583:his
1546:nyo
1542:tyo
1534:amu
1526:anu
1514:m-
1510:ana
1498:n-
1494:anu
1482:p-
1478:amu
1466:m-
1450:y-
1446:ait
1434:n-
1430:nuo
1418:t-
1414:tuo
1410:'I'
1277:/n/
1273:/i/
1269:/g/
1265:/k/
1261:/n/
868:/ə/
533:Fef
454:mai
159:kgw
152:ayz
9291::
7836:47
7834:.
7830:.
7803:.
7739:.
7695:.
7685:20
7683:.
7666:.
7658:.
7648:50
7646:.
7627:.
7589:40
7587:.
7583:.
7561:.
6765:^
6562:^
6507:fo
6499:Fo
6449:ty
6385:/
6374:/
6347:3M
6310:3M
6278:3M
6257:3M
6236:3M
6225:3M
6204:3M
6182:ku
6175:3U
6164:3U
6145:3U
6133:na
6069:ku
6062:3U
6051:3U
6040:3U
6029:3U
6006:3U
5987:3U
5956:3U
5915:3U
5886:3U
5876:3P
5859:,
5857:wo
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