1072:
North and West
Germanic, the /l/ cluster disappeared. This suggests that clusters are affected as words are loaned to other languages. The examples show that every language has syllable preference based on syllable structure and segment harmony of the language. Other factors that affect clusters when loaned to other languages include speech rate, articulatory factors, and speech perceptivity. Bayley has added that social factors such as age, gender, and geographical locations of speakers can determine clusters when they are loaned crosslinguistically.
449:
66:
353:
168:
25:
394:
1071:
may not appear adjacently word-initially. Some
English words, including thrash, three, throat, and throw, start with the voiceless dental fricative /θ/, the liquid /r/, or the /r/ cluster (/θ/+/r/). This cluster example in Proto-Germanic has a counterpart in which /θ/ was followed by /l/. In early
973:
Another element of consonant clusters in Old
Chinese was analysed in coda and post-coda position. Some "departing tone" syllables have cognates in the "entering tone" syllables, which feature a -p, -t, -k in Middle Chinese and Southern Chinese varieties. The departing tone was analysed to feature a
987:
Some consonant clusters originate from the loss of a vowel in between two consonants, usually (but not always) due to vowel reduction caused by lack of stress. This is also the origin of most consonant clusters in
English, some of which go back to Proto-Indo-European times. For example,
1427:
Consonant clusters at the ends of syllables are less common but follow the same principles. Clusters are more likely to begin with a liquid, approximant, or nasal and end with a fricative, affricate, or stop, such as in
English "world"
1280:
often produces sounds in two different syllables (following the general principle of saturating the subsequent syllable before assigning sounds to the preceding syllable). Also note a combination digraph and cluster as seen in
623:
has initial consonant clusters natively only on South-Western dialects and on foreign loans, and only clusters of three inside the word are allowed. Most spoken languages and dialects, however, are more permissive. In
978:
in more modern varieties. Old
Vietnamese also had a rich inventory of initial clusters, but these were slowly merged with plain initials during Middle Vietnamese, and some have developed into the palatal nasal.
974:
post-coda sibilant, "s". Clusters of -ps, -ts, -ks, were then formed at the end of syllables. These clusters eventually collapsed into "-ts" or "-s", before disappearing altogether, leaving elements of
531:. Languages' phonotactics differ as to what consonant clusters they permit. Many languages are more restrictive than English in terms of consonant clusters, and some forbid consonant clusters entirely.
1007:
Consonant clusters can also originate from assimilation of a consonant with a vowel. In many Slavic languages, the combination mji, mje, mja etc. regularly gave mlji, mlje, mlja etc. Compare
Russian
725:
859:. It is extremely difficult to accurately classify which of these consonants may be acting as the syllable nucleus, and these languages challenge classical notions of exactly what constitutes a
323:. Others claim that the concept is more useful when it includes consonant sequences across syllable boundaries. According to the former definition, the longest consonant clusters in the word
1394:(which many of its descendants have, including English). Certain consonants are more or less likely to appear in consonant clusters, especially in certain positions. The
1627:, Mercury Series, Canadian Ethnology Service (No. 92) (Ottawa: National Museums of Canada), cited in Bruce Bagemihl (1991), "Syllable Structure in Bella Coola", in the
992:
comes from Proto-Germanic *glo-, which in turn comes from Proto-Indo-European *gʰel-ó, where *gʰel- is a root meaning 'to shine, to be bright' and is also present in
1530:
956:, words with initial consonant clusters are commonly reduced in colloquial speech to pronounce only the initial consonant, such as the pronunciation of the word
636:) at the initial onset are allowed in writing and only two (the initial and one medial) are pronounced; these clusters are restricted to certain letters. Some
1347:
Not all consonant clusters are distributed equally among the languages of the world. Consonant clusters have a tendency to fall under patterns such as the
948:. Additionally, initial clusters such as "tk" and "sn" were analysed in recent reconstructions of Old Chinese, and some were developed as palatalised
871:
1217:, are more common. Within compound words, clusters of five consonants or more are possible (if cross-syllabic clusters are accepted), as in
1445:
412:
574:, are single consonants.) It also permits a syllable to end in a consonant as long as the next syllable begins with the same consonant.
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The extent of consonant clusters in
Moroccan Arabic depends on the analysis. Richard Harrell's grammar of the language postulates
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is thought of as consonant plus vowel rather than as a diphthong, three-consonant clusters also occur in words such as
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Some linguists argue that the term can be properly applied only to those consonant clusters that occur within one
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forbids initial consonant clusters and more than two consecutive consonants in other positions, as do most other
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can form syllable nuclei in West and South Slavic languages and behave phonologically as vowels in this case.
98:
699:). Consonants cannot appear as syllable nuclei in Georgian, so this syllable is analysed as CCCCCCCCVC. Many
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that states a
Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
628:, consonant clusters of only up to three consonants (the initial and two medials—two written forms of
1561:
sounds in many positions that do not occur in other analyses. For example, the word that appears as
1207:
1170:
937:
1149:), though this is rare (perhaps owing to being derived from a recent German loanword). However, the
879:
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Dziubalska-Kołaczyk, K. (2019). "On the structure, survival and change of consonant clusters".
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1671:"Syncope, syllabic consonant formation, and the distribution of stressed vowels in English"
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permits only initial consonant clusters with up to three consonants in a row per syllable.
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887:
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languages of
Georgia are drastically more permissive of consonant clustering. Clusters in
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1402:, which doesn't violate the SSP, but nonetheless is unusual in having the labio-dental
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1531:"Phonics and Word Recognition Instruction in Early Reading Programs, Reading Rockets"
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to the nasal. For speakers without this feature, the word is pronounced without the
1049:('to well up'), violates Ubykh's limit of two initial consonants. The English words
703:
may manifest almost as formidable numbers of consecutive consonants, such as in the
1226:
528:
1893:
1035:
All languages differ in syllable structure and cluster template. A loanword from
1803:
Wilson, C. (2001). "Consonant cluster neutralisation and targeted constraints".
1351:(SSP); the closer a consonant in a cluster is to the syllable's vowel, the more
933:
883:
563:(the name of the largest island of Japan). (Palatalized consonants, such as in
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the consonant is. Among the most common types of clusters are initial stop-
553:
1644:
Occupational Prestige and Consonant Cluster Simplification in Bangkok Thai
1768:
Guy, G. R.; Boyd, S. (1990). "The development of a morphological class".
1642:
1166:
949:
860:
320:
312:. In the education field it is variously called a consonant cluster or a
256:
1733:
Côté, M. (2004). "Consonant cluster simplification in Québec French".
640:
allow for clusters of up to four consonants (with the addition of the
1590:
Highly Complex Syllable Structure: A Typological and Diachronic study
1857:
Bayley, R. (1994). "Consonant cluster reduction in Tejano English".
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followed by a voiceless consonant in the same syllable often does);
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There has been a trend to reduce and simplify consonant clusters in
196:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1558:
1084:, the longest possible initial cluster is three consonants, as in
1019:, which lacks the change, both from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źemē. See
680:
297:
1375:). Other common ones include initial stop-approximant (e.g. Thai
1256:
together represent the single consonant . Conversely, the letter
1383:) sequences. More rare are sequences which defy the SSP such as
1141:; the longest possible final cluster is five consonants, as in
822:, clusters of six or even seven consonants are possible (e.g.
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of four, five or six consonants are not unusual—for instance,
442:
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346:
161:
59:
18:
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medial, which can combine with the above-mentioned medials).
1838:
Jun, J. (2011). "Positional effects in consonant clusters".
1569:
Ablaut and Ambiguity: Phonology of a Moroccan Arabic Dialect
1432:. Yet again, there are exceptions, such as English "lapse"
1276:(some pronunciations of "luxury"). It is worth noting that
818:
representing single consonants: and , respectively. In
403:
is written like an original, unattributed academic essay
408:
185:
1248:
standing for a single sound. For example, in the word
847:
exhibit long words with no vowels at all, such as the
1572:
1562:
1650:. International Journal of the Sociology of Language
798:
255:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1629:Proceedings of the New England Linguistics Society
730:), meaning 'stick a finger through the neck', the
608:influence, allows strings of several consonants.
683:are used, it allows an eight-consonant cluster:
546:is almost as strict, but allows a sequence of a
269:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
857:he had had in his possession a bunchberry plant
542:languages, forbid consonant clusters entirely.
1244:, while a digraph is a group of two consonant
564:
551:
16:Group of consonants without a vowel in between
1415:
1379:) and initial fricative-liquid (e.g. English
1240:. Clusters are made of two or more consonant
1008:
907:
757:
588:permits initial two-consonant clusters (e.g.
8:
1236:It is important to distinguish clusters and
1014:
784:
779:An example of a true initial cluster is the
744:
735:
595:
589:
1177:. Final clusters of four consonants, as in
1044:
872:the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area
835:
829:
823:
708:
477:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
381:Learn how and when to remove these messages
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1293:representing a cluster of two consonants:
957:
339:, which is phonetically in some accents.
1686:
863:. The same problem is encountered in the
515:Learn how and when to remove this message
497:Learn how and when to remove this message
431:Learn how and when to remove this message
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
1027:for more information about this change.
1505:
1472:
1398:of Taiwan has initial clusters such as
527:Each language has an associated set of
1169:require insertion of a voiceless stop
300:. In English, for example, the groups
1067:loanwords, violate the rule that two
1013:, which had this change, with Polish
717:
569:
558:
7:
1840:The Blackwell Companion to Phonology
1446:English consonant cluster reductions
1406:in the second position. The cluster
475:adding citations to reliable sources
259:. For the distinction between ,
88:adding citations to reliable sources
1514:"National reading panel, page 2-99"
1260:can produce the consonant clusters
1224:and in the Yorkshire place-name of
647:At the other end of the scale, the
308:are consonant clusters in the word
1596:. Berlin: Language Science Press.
1165:, nasal-sibilant sequences in the
14:
1252:, the two letters of the digraph
362:This section has multiple issues.
34:This article has multiple issues.
1567:"they wrote" in Jeffrey Heath's
898:, which yielded retroflexion in
886:was known to contain additional
447:
392:
351:
166:
64:
23:
1297:(although it may be pronounced
840:("treading the most softly")).
370:or discuss these issues on the
251:International Phonetic Alphabet
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
793:("you will initiate"). In the
719:[str̩tʃpr̩stskr̩skr̩k]
550:plus another consonant, as in
1:
1859:Language Variation and Change
1770:Language Variation and Change
1546:Syllabification and allophony
1349:sonority sequencing principle
1325:; and compound words such as
1669:Polgárdi, Krisztina (2015).
1573:
1563:
1410:is also rare, but occurs in
335:, whereas the latter allows
1898:Online Etymology Dictionary
752:("clunk"; "flop"), and the
596:
590:
565:
552:
192:the claims made and adding
1953:
1747:10.1515/prbs.2004.16.2.151
834:("writing the worst") and
765:("welfare"). However, the
296:which have no intervening
1871:10.1017/S0954394500001708
1817:10.1017/S0952675701004043
1782:10.1017/S0954394500000235
1688:10.1017/S0022226714000486
1641:Beebe, Leslie M. (1975).
1416:
958:
908:
865:Northern Berber languages
1706:. 53(s40-s1) (53): 107.
1625:The Bella Coola Language
853:/xɬpʼχʷɬtʰɬpʰɬːskʷʰt͡sʼ/
1157:may also be considered
1045:
1025:History of Proto-Slavic
529:phonotactic constraints
247:phonetic transcriptions
1712:10.1515/flih-2019-0006
1675:Journal of Linguistics
1623:Hank F. Nater (1984),
1587:Easterday, S. (2019).
1359:sequences, such as in
1313:followed by a cluster
1309:with a silent digraph
1109:, all beginning with
1015:
1009:
924:, is reconstructed as
836:
830:
828:("a scream of fear"),
824:
799:
785:
758:
745:
736:
709:
411:by rewriting it in an
244:This article contains
1577:in Harrell's grammar.
1031:Clusters in languages
1021:Proto-Slavic language
1002:⟨glade⟩
998:⟨gleam⟩
679:)—and if grammatical
586:Modern Israeli Hebrew
994:⟨glee⟩
990:⟨glow⟩
938:Zhengzhang Shangfang
936:by Sinologists like
806:("victualling") the
471:improve this section
84:improve this article
1385:Proto-Indo-European
1181:in other dialects (
613:Mon–Khmer languages
99:"Consonant cluster"
1481:⟨ew⟩
1461:Consonant stacking
1456:Conjunct consonant
1311:⟨gh⟩
1303:⟨ng⟩
1291:⟨th⟩
1287:⟨ng⟩
1285:with two digraphs
1254:⟨sh⟩
1129:, and ending with
845:Salishan languages
831:slechtstschrijvend
812:⟨nj⟩
808:⟨lj⟩
710:Strč prst skrz krk
560:[hoꜜɰ̃ɕɯː]
413:encyclopedic style
290:consonant compound
286:consonant sequence
177:possibly contains
1892:Harper, Douglas.
1704:Folia Linguistica
1319:⟨s⟩
1315:⟨t⟩
1278:⟨x⟩
1258:⟨x⟩
1105:, and "squirrel"
942:William H. Baxter
837:zachtstschrijdend
767:liquid consonants
743:("quarter"), and
582:Semitic languages
571:[toːkʲoː]
540:Malayo-Polynesian
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689:he's plucking us
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600:"pumpkin"), and
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1414:words such as
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1208:rhotic accents
1117:, containing
1077:
1074:
1041:Ubykh language
1032:
1029:
984:
981:
962:reducing from
946:Laurent Sagart
900:Middle Chinese
800:opskrbljivanje
795:Serbo-Croatian
750:/ʒbl̩ŋknucɪɛ̯/
665:/mt͡sʼvrtnɛli/
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1451:Vowel cluster
1449:
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1425:
1413:
1397:
1396:Tsou language
1386:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1330:/ˈsaɪtskriːn/
1328:
1308:
1284:
1272:(sexual), or
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1213:
1209:
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1195:
1188:
1180:
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1164:
1163:many speakers
1160:
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1070:
1066:
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826:
825:angstschreeuw
821:
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782:
777:
768:
760:
755:
747:
738:
733:
726:
720:
711:
706:
702:
698:
693:/gvprt͡skvni/
690:
682:
678:
670:
662:
654:
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622:
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614:
609:
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541:
537:
534:For example,
532:
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519:
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476:
472:
466:
465:
461:
456:This section
454:
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410:
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401:This section
399:
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326:
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205:
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187:
181:
180:
175:This article
173:
164:
163:
154:
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143:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
1925:Phonotactics
1901:. Retrieved
1897:
1887:
1862:
1858:
1852:
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1839:
1833:
1808:
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1643:
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1589:
1582:
1568:
1553:
1545:
1543:J.C. Wells,
1539:
1525:
1508:
1487:
1475:
1426:
1346:
1337:/ˈkætʃfreɪz/
1333:
1326:
1306:
1301:instead, as
1282:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1231:/hæmpsθweɪt/
1227:Hampsthwaite
1225:
1222:/ˈhændsprɪŋ/
1218:
1211:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1178:
1154:
1142:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1079:
1057:
1050:
1034:
1006:
986:
972:
929:
925:
902:and today's
869:
856:
842:
778:
696:
688:
685:/ɡvbrdɣvnis/
676:
668:
660:
646:
610:
576:
538:, like most
533:
526:
511:
493:
484:
469:Please help
457:
427:
418:
402:
378:
371:
365:
364:Please help
361:
343:Phonotactics
324:
318:
313:
309:
289:
285:
281:
275:
263:and ⟨
245:
226:
208:
199:
176:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
1571:appears as
1334:catchphrase
1327:sightscreen
1103:/ˈstrɛŋkθs/
1096:/ˈstruːdəl/
934:Old Chinese
906:. The word
884:Old Chinese
697:you peel us
673:/prt͡skvna/
657:/brtʼqʼɛli/
584:, although
278:linguistics
1919:Categories
1865:(3): 303.
1811:(1): 147.
1741:(2): 151.
1654:23 January
1500:References
1219:handspring
1215:/ˈɡlɪmpst/
1204:/ˈbɜːrsts/
1190:/ˈtwɛlfθs/
1171:homorganic
1159:epenthetic
1107:/ˈskwɪrəl/
1069:fricatives
964:/kʰrap̚˦˥/
918:/kɔːŋ˥⁻˥˧/
880:Vietnamese
874:, such as
791:/fʂt͡ʂɲɛʂ/
786:wszczniesz
763:/skrbstʋo/
746:žblnknutie
715:pronounced
649:Kartvelian
611:Like most
367:improve it
294:consonants
186:improve it
140:April 2008
110:newspapers
39:improve it
1935:Phonology
1930:Phonetics
1879:145407662
1805:Phonology
1790:145289008
1755:170972749
1720:199546117
1631:21: 16–30
1430:/wə(ɹ)ld/
1343:Frequency
1268:(exist),
1264:(annex),
1197:/ˈsɪksθs/
1147:/ˈæŋksts/
1100:strengths
1061:/ˈsfɪŋks/
968:/kʰap̚˦˥/
950:sibilants
922:Cantonese
487:July 2022
458:does not
421:July 2022
373:talk page
327:would be
202:July 2022
190:verifying
45:talk page
1903:17 March
1825:62574684
1776:(1): 1.
1491:/ˈskjuː/
1440:See also
1353:sonorous
1238:digraphs
1212:glimpsed
1187:twelfths
1183:/ˈæŋsts/
1089:/ˈsplɪt/
1054:/ˈsfɪər/
914:/tɕiɑŋ˥/
890:such as
861:syllable
816:digraphs
759:skrbstvo
741:/ʃtvr̩c/
653:Georgian
604:, under
544:Japanese
536:Hawaiian
321:syllable
261:/ /
257:Help:IPA
1894:"angst"
1846:: 1103.
1609:30 July
1479:If the
1412:Russian
1246:letters
1093:strudel
1082:English
1076:English
912:, read
894:and/or
888:medials
876:Chinese
754:Slovene
681:affixes
677:peeling
669:trainer
626:Burmese
621:Finnish
594:"cap";
479:removed
464:sources
407:Please
249:in the
184:Please
124:scholar
1877:
1823:
1788:
1753:
1735:Probus
1718:
1600:
1434:/læps/
1371:, and
1363:(e.g.
1357:liquid
1307:lights
1283:length
1242:sounds
1210:) and
1201:bursts
1194:sixths
1179:angsts
1161:; for
1155:angsts
1143:angsts
1058:sphinx
1051:sphere
1037:Adyghe
1016:ziemia
1010:zemlyá
1000:, and
983:Origin
944:, and
930:*krung
926:*klong
849:Nuxálk
781:Polish
734:words
732:Slovak
671:) and
606:Berber
554:Honshū
337:/kstr/
310:splits
265:
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
1875:S2CID
1821:S2CID
1786:S2CID
1751:S2CID
1716:S2CID
1648:(PDF)
1594:(PDF)
1574:ketbu
1559:schwa
1517:(PDF)
1484:/juː/
1467:Notes
1422:/mxa/
1392:/spl/
1365:/pʰl/
1299:/ŋkθ/
1137:, or
1125:, or
1086:split
1065:Greek
851:word
843:Some
820:Dutch
797:word
783:word
756:word
737:štvrť
705:Czech
642:/-l-/
634:/-w-/
630:/-j-/
617:Khmer
597:dlaat
566:Tōkyō
325:extra
302:/spl/
298:vowel
253:(IPA)
131:JSTOR
117:books
1905:2016
1656:2023
1611:2022
1598:ISBN
1564:ktbu
1488:skew
1408:/mx/
1400:/tf/
1390:and
1388:/st/
1381:/sl/
1377:/kw/
1373:/kl/
1369:/tr/
1361:Thai
1323:/ts/
1295:/ŋθ/
1274:/gʒ/
1270:/kʃ/
1266:/gz/
1262:/ks/
1250:ship
1206:(in
1167:coda
1056:and
1046:psta
1023:and
959:ครับ
954:Thai
878:and
814:are
810:and
772:and
661:flat
591:pkak
462:any
460:cite
333:/tr/
331:and
329:/ks/
306:/ts/
304:and
280:, a
103:news
1867:doi
1813:doi
1778:doi
1743:doi
1708:doi
1683:doi
1424:).
1417:мха
1404:/f/
1332:or
1185:),
1175:/k/
1153:in
1151:/k/
1139:/w/
1135:/r/
1131:/l/
1127:/k/
1123:/t/
1119:/p/
1115:/ʃ/
1113:or
1111:/s/
1080:In
966:to
932:in
928:or
920:in
896:/l/
892:/r/
774:/l/
770:/r/
691:),
663:),
473:by
288:or
276:In
188:by
86:by
1921::
1896:.
1873:.
1861:.
1842:.
1819:.
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1807:.
1784:.
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1749:.
1739:16
1737:.
1714:.
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1677:.
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1436:.
1367:,
1339:.
1321::
1317:,
1289:,
1233:.
1199:,
1192:,
1133:,
1121:,
1098:,
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1063:,
1043:,
1004:.
996:,
970:.
940:,
882:.
867:.
855::
632:,
615:,
376:.
316:.
284:,
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1907:.
1881:.
1869::
1863:6
1844:2
1827:.
1815::
1792:.
1780::
1774:2
1757:.
1745::
1722:.
1710::
1691:.
1685::
1658:.
1613:.
1519:.
1420:(
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909:江
789:(
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128:·
121:·
114:·
107:·
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