217:
469:, who since the 1960s had been recording the languages of the north Queensland rainforest people, did not exclude the idea. Rumours concerning the Mbabaram as a physically small people who spoke a very different language from their neighbours, held out some chance that the hypothesis held a grain of truth. Dixon eventually determined that Birdsell's theory could not be shown to correlate with the linguistic parameters.
163:, since it appeared to differ notably from the surrounding languages. In particular its vocabulary was monosyllabic, an anomaly among Australian aboriginal languages. This puzzle contributed to the Barrinean hypothesis, which regarded the Mbabaram people as a reclusive rainforest remnant of an original Negrito population. The mystery was solved, when, taking a hint from a suggestion from
424:
Australia, who were then thrust aside by further immigrations, successively undertaken by two distinct peoples with a superior hunting technology. The
Tindale–Birdsell argument had revived this model. Birdsell in particular argued that the putative Negrito type surviving in the tropical forests of northern Queensland, were to be taken as
476:
and Tom Gittin accused modern scholars in
Australia of having suppressed the evidence, partially to cater to the feelings of Aboriginal activists disturbed (according to them) by the idea that, given successive waves of "invasion", their claims to native title might suffer from a hierarchy of claims,
301:
in 1880. Dixon estimated that the original
Mbabaram population must have been around 500 years before white settlement was settled in the late 19th century. By the time he began his fieldwork in the mid 1960s, he found that mining and the destruction of their rainforest "had ensured that the Mbabaram
171:
discovered that the ostensible differences could be accounted for by noting that
Mbabaram words dropped the initial syllable present in contiguous languages, and had developed from a regular Australian language. A phonetic principle outlined by Hale laid down that a second syllable of a Mbabaram word
486:
Two elders, Albert
Bennett and Alick Chalk, were able to provide researchers with the basic lineaments of their mothers' Mbabaram language in the early and late 1970s, supplying Robert Dixon, Robert Layton, and Jeff Archer with 300 words and the basics of grammar. Dixon's work with Bennett enabled
423:
A trihybrid thesis had been advanced in the late 19th century redolent of early ideas concerning supposed pure racial types, which posited that
Australia had been populated by 3 successive waves of peoples. Supposedly these were the remnants of the hypothetical first wave of peoples to enter
529:"I now saw that Mbabaram was unique, among languages of this region, in having lost the first syllable from most of its words and having developed new vowels. All of the languages surrounding it had conserved disyllabic forms, similar to those found over most of the continent."
274:, extending over an estimated 1,000 square miles (2,600 km). Both Norman Tindale and Robert Dixon suggest that at some period in the past, the Mbabaram had moved from or been driven out of the
1123:
188:, which was indeed their word for "west". The word for "dog" is also in Mbabaram the monosyllabic "dog", not borrowed from English but, following this rule simply a clipped version of
2841:
326:. The idea had been developed by Birdsell during field work in 1937-8. They were characterized by very short stature, curly hair, and yellowy-brown skin. Six of them were
393:
The dead were not immediately disposed of, but were cremated only after the jawbones and skulls had been taken about with the nomadic tribes for a certain period of time.
2876:
2869:
2834:
1116:
444:
came through. The third group were the
Carpentarians, a dark people with a pronounced brow ridge, whom it was thought were affiliated to ancient Indian tribes.
87:
2899:
2848:
1109:
216:
2862:
2855:
1091:
1049:
1022:
979:
956:
928:
900:
872:
844:
816:
782:
366:, in so far as it had been reported, diverged substantially from the surrounding tongues, and appeared to be wholly atypical, compared to
1077:
294:
Following reports that tin lay in their district, Willie Jack and John Newell prospected the area and discovered a payable
204:. With this insight, Mbabaram suddenly appeared no longer aberrant, but perfectly regular as an Australian language of the
2904:
74:
763:""Rattling the Bones": The Changing Conrtribution of the Australian Archaeological Record to Ideas about Human Evolution"
1063:
999:
948:
892:
864:
836:
804:
774:
995:
Among
Cannibals: An Account of Four Years' Travels in Australia and of Camp Life with the Aborigines of Queensland
409:
Manufacturing baskets fashioned from wood harvested off fig trees, stitched together by string derived from the
1079:
Aboriginal Tribes of
Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names
2776:
1265:
432:, arguing they were a "pygmy" group that was the residue of the wave otherwise represented by the "extinct"
373:
They thought they could identify 8 characteristics shared by the
Mbabaram with the other rainforest tribes:
362:. The remaining tribe were the Mbabaram, whom Tindale took to be strong evidence for his hypothesis because
1482:
1258:
1144:
1132:
367:
120:
433:
140:
1776:
1041:
271:
239:
989:
453:
263:
968:
Invasion and resistance: Aboriginal-European relations on the North Queensland frontier, 1861-1897
2716:
2501:
2189:
1426:
938:
910:
882:
854:
826:
792:
473:
466:
429:
231:
168:
144:
70:
1101:
1087:
1045:
1018:
975:
952:
924:
896:
868:
858:
840:
812:
808:
778:
410:
397:
363:
355:
351:
267:
220:
156:
59:
1033:
1008:
914:
886:
830:
762:
2084:
1853:
942:
920:
380:
327:
197:
160:
66:
2720:
2704:
2445:
1475:
1014:
315:
259:
205:
164:
2724:
2235:
1769:
1685:
1622:
1356:
1073:
993:
448:
377:
359:
331:
311:
283:
247:
193:
104:
20:
2893:
2806:
2765:
2728:
2712:
2648:
2424:
2382:
2007:
2000:
1867:
1860:
1783:
1713:
1580:
1419:
1377:
1244:
1202:
797:
766:
462:
458:
387:
2662:
2606:
2599:
2347:
2333:
2284:
2228:
2197:
2126:
2063:
2035:
2014:
1979:
1825:
1790:
1741:
1706:
1573:
1363:
1307:
1230:
1209:
1160:
477:
according to which tribes descended from which hypothetical ancestor of the three.
437:
347:
343:
235:
116:
91:
286:'s investigations descendants were living on "sterile and rugged granite ranges".
2785:
2690:
2550:
2529:
2522:
2452:
2389:
2354:
2270:
2105:
2056:
1965:
1937:
1923:
1846:
1818:
1727:
1699:
1538:
1447:
1440:
1251:
1216:
1059:
441:
461:, became a best-seller. There was no hard evidence for this, archaeological or
2813:
2758:
2697:
2683:
2669:
2634:
2578:
2543:
2536:
2515:
2508:
2242:
2221:
2182:
2098:
2070:
1944:
1909:
1804:
1671:
1594:
1524:
1496:
1468:
1349:
1223:
1195:
1136:
1010:
Appropriated Pasts: Indigenous Peoples and the Colonial Culture of Archaeology
275:
255:
2641:
2627:
2585:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2438:
2403:
2396:
2368:
2361:
2305:
2256:
2140:
2119:
2021:
1993:
1881:
1839:
1755:
1643:
1636:
1552:
1531:
1461:
1391:
1328:
1300:
1293:
1279:
1272:
1083:
971:
298:
279:
108:
2792:
2571:
2487:
2417:
2410:
2319:
2263:
2168:
2133:
2112:
2091:
2049:
1930:
1916:
1902:
1888:
1811:
1797:
1748:
1734:
1720:
1692:
1657:
1650:
1601:
1587:
1566:
1559:
1517:
1405:
1335:
1321:
1314:
1237:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1153:
416:
335:
487:
him to puzzle out its structure and relation to other Dyirbal languages.
2799:
2751:
2744:
2620:
2592:
2564:
2494:
2431:
2375:
2312:
2291:
2214:
2205:
2201:
2175:
2161:
2042:
2028:
1958:
1951:
1895:
1664:
1629:
1608:
1545:
1503:
1489:
1454:
1384:
1342:
1286:
1188:
1065:
Ethnological Studies Among the North-west-central Queensland Aborigines
436:. They had retreated into the rainforest as waves of the light-skinned
339:
319:
243:
112:
2737:
2676:
2613:
2557:
2480:
2340:
2326:
2298:
2249:
2147:
1986:
1874:
1832:
1615:
1433:
1398:
1370:
323:
224:
354:
Area. Of the others, located further north beyond Cairns, two spoke
419:
content and potentially toxic, in order to render the fruit edible.
2655:
2154:
2077:
1762:
1678:
1412:
262:
tribal lands to their south. It extends from an area just west of
215:
500:, meaning "dog", but etymologically unrelated to the English word
2277:
1510:
403:
Deploying fighting shields that were emblazoned with decorations
295:
251:
1105:
944:
Searching for Aboriginal Languages: Memoirs of a Field Worker
159:. The little that was known of it hinted that it might be a
771:
Southern Asia, Australia and the Search for Human Origins
551:
549:
547:
545:
641:
639:
656:
654:
566:
564:
415:
Adopting a lengthy leaching process to nuts with high
230:
The Mbarabam people's traditional territory is on the
143:
people living in Queensland in the rainforests of the
16:
Aboriginal Australian people of the Atherton Tableland
2775:
1143:
97:
81:
53:
43:
36:
796:
322:living on the coastal and rainforest areas around
318:, published a paper suggesting that there were 12
465:, and it was said to have fallen out of favour.
447:Birdsell's theory gained wide circulation when
1036:. In Stork, Nigel; Turton, Stephen M. (eds.).
720:
696:
302:tribe had dropped... to three old tired men".
1117:
1038:Living in a Dynamic Tropical Forest Landscape
135:, also (M)Barbaram, often referred to as the
8:
368:the standard Australian aboriginal languages
314:, together with the American anthropologist
88:Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology
31:
1068:. Brisbane: E. Gregory, Government Printer.
1124:
1110:
1102:
1007:McNiven, Ian J.; Russell, Lynette (2005).
30:
1034:"Aboriginal Cultures in the Wet Tropics"
799:The Dyirbal Language of North Queensland
684:
645:
555:
541:
522:
155:For a long time mystery surrounded the
744:
732:
708:
672:
660:
630:
606:
594:
582:
570:
7:
1084:Australian National University Press
972:Australian National University Press
618:
44:Regions with significant populations
184:(west) would change in Mbabaram to
176:if the original word began with a
14:
406:Manufacturing clothes out of bark
223:of the Aboriginal peoples around
2900:Aboriginal peoples of Queensland
888:The Rise and Fall of Languages
358:, and three spoke dialects of
1:
472:In 2002, it was revived when
192:, the word for the animal in
75:Australian Aboriginal English
200:, though there shortened to
19:Not to be confused with the
2921:
1483:Guugu Yimithirr/Kokoimudji
949:Cambridge University Press
893:Cambridge University Press
865:Cambridge University Press
860:The Languages of Australia
837:Cambridge University Press
805:Cambridge University Press
775:Cambridge University Press
721:McNiven & Russell 2005
697:McNiven & Russell 2005
383:system based on 4 sections
310:In a publication of 1941,
18:
2823:
102:
86:
58:
48:
1032:Pannell, Sandra (2009).
761:Bowdler, Sandra (2014).
428:. He linked them to the
306:The Barrinean hypothesis
242:to the north, almost to
2777:Torres Strait Islanders
1266:Bidjara (Warrego River)
1074:Tindale, Norman Barnett
1000:Charles Scribner's Sons
769:; Porr, Martin (eds.).
457:, (1954) coauthored by
196:, which exists also in
1259:Bidjara (Bulloo River)
227:
121:Aboriginal Australians
2829:By state or territory
2334:Uw Oykangand/Kwantari
1469:Gungganyji/Kongkandji
1441:Gugu-Badhun/Kokopatun
1133:Indigenous Australian
1042:John Wiley & Sons
434:Tasmanian aboriginals
356:varieties of Djabugay
234:, was bounded by the
219:
141:Indigenous Australian
98:Related ethnic groups
2905:Far North Queensland
966:Loos, Noel (1982).
699:, pp. 121–124.
454:The First Walkabout
396:Having recourse to
180:. Thus an original
33:
2842:Northern Territory
1044:. pp. 59–69.
832:A Grammar of Yidin
777:. pp. 21–32.
474:Keith Windschuttle
467:Robert M. W. Dixon
440:affiliated to the
400:as a food resource
290:History of contact
232:Atherton Tableland
228:
169:Robert M. W. Dixon
145:Atherton Tableland
71:Australian English
2887:
2886:
2877:Western Australia
1476:Gunggari/Kunggari
1322:Djabugay/Tjapukai
1093:978-0-708-10741-6
1051:978-1-444-30033-8
1024:978-0-759-10907-0
981:978-0-708-11521-3
958:978-1-108-02504-1
930:978-9-004-19235-5
902:978-0-521-62654-5
874:978-0-521-29450-8
846:978-0-521-21462-9
818:978-0-521-08510-6
784:978-1-107-01785-6
621:, pp. 90–92.
299:Prospectors Gully
282:. By the time of
278:, westwards into
221:Traditional lands
157:Mbabaram language
126:
125:
2912:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2731:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2208:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
2001:Mingin/Mingginda
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1103:
1097:
1069:
1055:
1028:
1003:
985:
962:
934:
906:
878:
850:
822:
802:
788:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
718:
712:
706:
700:
694:
688:
682:
676:
670:
664:
658:
649:
643:
634:
628:
622:
616:
610:
604:
598:
592:
586:
580:
574:
568:
559:
553:
530:
527:
328:Dyirbal speakers
254:and the down to
161:language isolate
64:
34:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2856:South Australia
2854:
2847:
2840:
2835:New South Wales
2833:
2828:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1139:
1130:
1100:
1094:
1072:
1060:Roth, Walter E.
1058:
1052:
1031:
1025:
1015:Rowman Altamira
1006:
988:
982:
965:
959:
939:Dixon, R. M. W.
937:
931:
916:I Am a Linguist
911:Dixon, R. M. W.
909:
903:
883:Dixon, R. M. W.
881:
875:
855:Dixon, R. M. W.
853:
847:
827:Dixon, R. M. W.
825:
819:
793:Dixon, R. M. W.
791:
785:
760:
756:
751:
743:
739:
731:
727:
719:
715:
707:
703:
695:
691:
683:
679:
671:
667:
659:
652:
644:
637:
629:
625:
617:
613:
605:
601:
593:
589:
581:
577:
569:
562:
554:
543:
539:
534:
533:
528:
524:
519:
494:
483:
390:of the deceased
316:Joseph Birdsell
308:
292:
214:
206:Paman subfamily
153:
137:Barbaram people
105:Dyirbal peoples
62:
39:
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2918:
2916:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2892:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1770:Kugu Nganhcara
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1434:Kutjala/Gudjal
1430:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1149:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1106:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1070:
1056:
1050:
1029:
1023:
1004:
990:Lumholtz, Carl
986:
980:
963:
957:
935:
929:
907:
901:
879:
873:
851:
845:
823:
817:
789:
783:
767:Dennell, Robin
757:
755:
752:
750:
749:
747:, p. 348.
737:
725:
713:
701:
689:
677:
665:
650:
635:
633:, p. 130.
623:
611:
609:, p. 334.
599:
597:, p. 146.
587:
585:, p. 129.
575:
573:, p. 262.
560:
558:, p. 165.
540:
538:
535:
532:
531:
521:
520:
518:
515:
514:
513:
507:
501:
493:
490:
489:
488:
482:
481:Notable people
479:
463:anthropometric
451:'s storybook,
449:Norman Tindale
421:
420:
413:
407:
404:
401:
394:
391:
384:
364:their language
330:, such as the
320:Negrito tribes
312:Norman Tindale
307:
304:
291:
288:
248:Dyirbal people
213:
210:
152:
149:
124:
123:
100:
99:
95:
94:
84:
83:
79:
78:
63:(historically)
56:
55:
51:
50:
46:
45:
41:
40:
37:
27:
21:Bambara people
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2917:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2766:Yurlayurlanya
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2717:Wanggeriburra
2714:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1784:Kuku Nyungkal
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1714:Kokokulunggur
1711:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1420:Goreng goreng
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:
991:
987:
983:
977:
973:
969:
964:
960:
954:
950:
946:
945:
940:
936:
932:
926:
922:
918:
917:
912:
908:
904:
898:
894:
890:
889:
884:
880:
876:
870:
866:
862:
861:
856:
852:
848:
842:
838:
834:
833:
828:
824:
820:
814:
810:
806:
801:
800:
794:
790:
786:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
758:
753:
746:
741:
738:
735:, p. 88.
734:
729:
726:
723:, p. 91.
722:
717:
714:
711:, p. 89.
710:
705:
702:
698:
693:
690:
687:, p. 63.
686:
681:
678:
675:, p. 42.
674:
669:
666:
663:, p. 15.
662:
657:
655:
651:
648:, p. 27.
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
627:
624:
620:
615:
612:
608:
603:
600:
596:
591:
588:
584:
579:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
548:
546:
542:
536:
526:
523:
516:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
495:
491:
485:
484:
480:
478:
475:
470:
468:
464:
460:
459:H. A. Lindsay
456:
455:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
418:
414:
412:
408:
405:
402:
399:
395:
392:
389:
388:mummification
385:
382:
379:
378:A patrilineal
376:
375:
374:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
305:
303:
300:
297:
289:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
226:
222:
218:
211:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:would become
170:
166:
162:
158:
150:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
96:
93:
89:
85:
80:
76:
72:
68:
61:
57:
52:
47:
42:
35:
26:
22:
2229:Rungarungawa
1972:
1791:Kuku Yalanji
1742:Kokowalandja
1707:Kokobujundji
1078:
1064:
1037:
1009:
994:
967:
943:
915:
887:
859:
831:
798:
770:
740:
728:
716:
704:
692:
685:Pannell 2009
680:
668:
646:Bowdler 2014
626:
614:
602:
590:
578:
556:Tindale 1974
525:
509:
506:(kookaburra)
503:
497:
471:
452:
446:
425:
422:
372:
348:Murray Upper
309:
293:
270:and east to
236:Kuku Yalanji
229:
201:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
165:Kenneth Hale
154:
136:
132:
128:
127:
92:Christianity
28:Ethnic group
25:
2691:Yirrganydji
2551:Wulgurukaba
2530:Wongkadjera
2502:Wik-Mungkan
2390:Wakka Wakka
2355:Wadjabangai
2271:Tjongkandji
2190:Quandamooka
2106:Ngulungbara
2057:Ngandangara
1966:Mayi-Kutuna
1938:Mandandanji
1819:Kungkalenja
1728:Kokonyekodi
1700:Kokobididji
1448:Gugu Rarmul
1427:Gubbi Gubbi
1252:Birri Gubba
1135:peoples in
411:lawyer-cane
398:cannibalism
346:within the
2894:Categories
2849:Queensland
2759:Yungkurara
2721:Kombumerri
2698:Yir-Yoront
2684:Yirandhali
2670:Yintyingka
2635:Yetimarala
2579:Yadhaykenu
2544:Woppaburra
2537:Wongkumara
2516:Winduwinda
2509:Wiknatanja
2243:Taribelang
2222:Ringaringa
2183:Punthamara
2099:Nguburinji
2071:Ngathokudi
1945:Maranganji
1910:Maithakari
1805:Kungadutji
1525:Julaolinja
1497:Injilarija
1350:Djindubari
1224:Barungguan
1196:Bakanambia
1145:Aboriginal
1137:Queensland
807:. p.
745:Dixon 1972
733:Dixon 2010
709:Dixon 1997
673:Dixon 2011
661:Dixon 1977
631:Dixon 2011
607:Dixon 2011
595:Dixon 2011
583:Dixon 2011
571:Dixon 1980
492:Some words
438:Murrayians
430:Andamanese
426:Barrineans
276:rainforest
256:Irvinebank
139:, were an
2793:Kaurareg
2725:Mununjali
2642:Yetteneru
2628:Yalarnnga
2586:Yagalingu
2474:Wikatinda
2467:Wikapatja
2460:Wikampama
2439:Warakamai
2404:Walmbaria
2397:Walangama
2369:Wakabunga
2362:Wadjalang
2306:Umpithamu
2257:Thaayorre
2141:Nyuwathai
2120:Ngurawola
2085:Ngaygungu
2022:Muluridji
1994:Mimungkum
1882:Madjandji
1854:Lama Lama
1840:Kuungkari
1756:Kongabula
1644:Karingbal
1637:Karendala
1595:Kalkadoon
1553:Kabalbara
1532:Jupangati
1462:Gumakudin
1329:Djagaraga
1301:Bwgcolman
1294:Butchulla
1280:Bugulmara
1273:Biyaygiri
619:Loos 1982
537:Citations
280:scrubland
109:Walangama
54:Languages
49:Australia
2870:Victoria
2863:Tasmania
2729:Tulgigin
2713:Gugingin
2705:Yugambeh
2572:Wuthathi
2488:Wikianji
2446:Warrongo
2418:Wanamara
2411:Waluwara
2320:Unduyamo
2264:Thereila
2196:Hordes:
2169:Pitapita
2134:Nyawagyi
2113:Ngundjan
2092:Nggamadi
2050:Ngajanji
1973:Mbabaram
1931:Manbarra
1917:Malintji
1903:Maikulan
1889:Maiawali
1812:Kunggara
1798:Kulumali
1749:Kokowara
1735:Kokopera
1721:Kokomini
1693:Kokangol
1686:Koinjmal
1658:Kaurareg
1651:Karuwali
1602:Kambuwal
1588:Kalibamu
1567:Kaiadilt
1560:Kaiabara
1518:Jarowair
1406:Girramay
1336:Djakunda
1315:Darumbal
1238:Bigambul
1217:Baruŋgam
1182:Ayapathu
1175:Ayabakan
1168:Atjinuri
1154:Ankamuti
1076:(1974).
1062:(1897).
992:(1889).
941:(2011).
913:(2010).
885:(1997).
857:(1980).
829:(1977).
795:(1972).
417:alkaloid
386:Partial
336:Girramay
272:Atherton
258:and the
240:Dimbulah
151:Language
133:Mbabaɽam
129:Mbabaram
119:, other
82:Religion
60:Mbabaram
38:Mbabaɽam
32:Mbabaram
2800:Mabuiag
2752:Yukulta
2745:Yuibera
2711:Clans:
2621:Yanggal
2593:Yambina
2565:Wulpura
2495:Wikmean
2432:Wanjuru
2376:Wakaman
2313:Undanbi
2292:Turrbal
2236:Tagalag
2215:Rakkaia
2206:Goenpul
2202:Nunukul
2176:Pontunj
2162:Pakadji
2043:Mutumui
2029:Muragan
1959:Marulta
1952:Marrago
1896:Maijabi
1777:Kukatja
1665:Kawadji
1630:Kareldi
1623:Karanja
1609:Kangulu
1546:Kaantju
1504:Injinoo
1490:Iningai
1455:Gulngai
1385:Geynyon
1357:Dyirbal
1343:Djankun
1287:Buluwai
1189:Badjiri
754:Sources
340:Gulngai
332:Jirrbal
284:Tindale
266:across
264:Almaden
260:Warungu
250:to the
244:Mareeba
238:, near
212:Country
198:Dyirbal
113:Agwamin
67:English
2807:Meriam
2738:Yugara
2677:Yinwum
2649:Yidiny
2614:Yangga
2558:Wulili
2481:Wikepa
2425:Wangan
2383:Wakara
2341:Waanyi
2327:Unjadi
2299:Umpila
2250:Tepiti
2148:Olkola
2008:Mitaka
1987:Mbewum
1875:Lotiga
1868:Lardil
1861:Lanima
1833:Kutjal
1616:Kanolu
1581:Kalali
1399:Giabal
1378:Garrwa
1371:Ewamin
1245:Bindal
1203:Barada
1090:
1048:
1021:
978:
955:
927:
899:
871:
843:
815:
781:
512:(fish)
504:gungdg
381:moiety
324:Cairns
246:, the
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1980:Mbara
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1364:Djiru
1308:Dalla
1231:Bidia
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1924:Mamu
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1539:Juru
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