395:. One hypothesis points to the possibility that the Mbyá had resisted conversion to Catholicism and settling in Jesuit reductions, whereas the Nhandeva were the descendants of Guaranís who participated in the Jesuits' conversion process. Another thesis posits that none of these groups had submitted to the missionary process, choosing to preserve their independence despite frequent displacement from territory that is now part of Paraguay, Brazil, and Argentina. The latter theory maintains that the differences between these various Guaraní peoples stems from different kinship and family ties as the Guaraní population decreased during the missionary period. This theory also argues that many of the surviving Guaraní groups who had settled in the reductions fled to live in the forests during the 1756
483:
30:
719:
758:—that is to say, they are all considered relatives. This broad conception of community allows for the Mbyá's territorial mobility. Individuals and families are always moving, rarely staying more than one or two years in each place that they settle. They circulate among the various villages and encampments of their people: visiting relatives, spreading news, participating in rituals and activities that require collective work (such as constructing buildings), seeking spouses, trading objects, and so on. Death, disease, a lack of resources, and internal political conflicts are also reasons that Mbyá individuals and families migrate. Traveling by foot (
442:
769:, the child-naming ritual, which happens during the peak of the maize harvest. In this ritual, a shaman who does not belong to the community (a nod to the cultural importance of mobility) names the children of the village. Based on each small child's behavior, the shaman attempts to determine which divine being of the Mbyá pantheon sent its spirit to the child, and the shaman gives them a name related to the divine being and its characteristics. This moment is considered the point at which the child's soul is incorporated into their body, when they become an Mbyá.
801:," who also perform rituals meant to influence the weather, prevent future events, and ensure fruitful hunts and harvests. These shamans also lead ritual songs and dances, as well as determine the spiritual names of small children. Their most important function is telling the creation myths, which are also believed to have curative power. These spiritual leaders are divided by age, experience, and knowledge, although these divisions are not primarily hierarchical. Both women and men can be shamans, with the men referred to as
818:
369:
102:
66:
120:
572:
84:
297:
715:, who represents speech and eloquence as derived from the gods. Verbal dialogue is also the principal means of communication between the Mbyá and the outside world. Speaking the Mbyá language is a mark of identity for the group. To be considered Mbyá, one must speak the language and live among family in the community.
786:(descendants of Europeans, literally "mouth with hair"). This higher level of contact has caused serious and growing damage to their health. Diseases previously unknown among Mbyá communities have reached their villages. This has made it necessary for the Mbyá to adopt some medical practices from the outside world.
841:
In Brazil over the past decade, groups of young Mbyá singers and dancers have begun performing at schools and universities. Some of these performing groups, through working with partners outside the Mbyá, have recorded their songs on CDs that they sell along with their handicrafts to supplement their
474:
In
Paraguay, the 1981 census identified 5,500 people of Mbyá ethnicity. The 1992 census identified 4,744. At the Paraguayan Forum of Indigenous Groups (FEPI), in 1995 there were 10,990 Mbyá represented. The difference between these numbers can be attributed to a resistance toward national censuses
461:
The
Paraguayan War is considered one of the worst massacres in the history of the Americas. Historians diverge greatly as to how many died in the war and how much territory Paraguay lost to Brazil. Mbyá oral history contains various stories related to the Paraguayan War. Many speak of the terrible
772:
In general, times of abundance and harvest are celebrated with collective rituals, when possible. When various groups meet in a village, to resolve political issues or hold celebrations, it's common for those gathered to hold a welcome ritual with music and dancing. These gatherings are marked by
662:
and parts of southern and southeastern Brazil, reaching the
Brazilian coast. This multinational slice of land corresponds to what the Mbyá consider their original territory. Mobility is one of the group's primary characteristics, and the Mbyá are constantly circulating throughout this territory.
833:
who remain relatively isolated from society. On the other hand, in
Argentina, some communities that are confined in tribal reserves rely on lunch distributed by bilingual schools as their only real source of food. The familial groups who travel outside the villages and indigenous territories in
809:. Practicing traditional Mbyá medicine has been made more difficult by deforestation: Many shamans find it increasingly difficult to find the herbs that they need for their treatments. Consequentially, young Mbyá often lack the knowledge of medicinal plants that their ancestors long passed on.
513:
In Brazil, the Mbyá population is concentrated in the south and southeast, in the hills of the
Atlantic Forest and along the coast. There are also some small and mid-size groups on demarcated indigenous land further inland. They are also commonly found in roadside camps in the states of
247:
Although they are now known by the name "Mbyá," they refer to themselves as the "Nhandeva," a word that means "us" or "our people," which is also the name used internally by various other Guaraní peoples. Another such group, often referred to by ethnographers as the
Nhandeva, is called
534:
highways. According to the
Instituto Socioambiental, a Brazilian environmental and indigenous rights organization, there are currently 8,400 Mbyá in Brazil. There are also communities containing descendants of a single Mbyá family that, after the Paraguayan War, migrated to Brazil's
458:. There are no estimates of how many Guaranís, fighters and civilians alike, died in the war, because they were lumped in with all other "peasants" and "soldiers" in contemporary Paraguayan government records as part of an "ethnic denial" policy that was very typical of the period.
1092:
PIRES, Daniele de
Menezes. Alegorias etnográficas do Mbyá-Rekó em cenários interétnicos do Rio Grande do Sul (2003-2007): Discurso, prática e holismo Mbyá frente às políticas públicas diferenciadas. Dissertação (Mestrado em Antropologia Social) IFCH, UFRGS. Porto Alegre,
698:
The spoken word is of central importance in Mbyá culture. Traditionally, the Mbyá culture had no writing system, so the spoken word was the only way to transfer customs and knowledge. Knowledge is transmitted through conversation around the fire, accompanied by drinking
604:, used to perform rituals. These villages are also ideally surrounded by forests and fields, with a good water source, but this is not always possible for today's Mbyá. The Mbyá hunt, fish, and gather food, as well as plant crops in their fields, principally maize (
339:
environments. They lived in family groups of varying sizes and obtained everything they needed from their environment, including through collecting medicinal plants, constructing traps for hunting, and crafting pottery.
781:
Today the Mbyá are confined in small areas, and the environments necessary to sustain their traditional way of life are disappearing, so they have been forced to adopt certain ways of life of those who they refer to as
583:
Generally, the Mbyá live in small groups of four or five families, distributed in temporary camps and villages. The temporary camps are usually found along the roadside, where the group members often sell
663:
However, national borders, restrictions on entering private property, and governments' designations of tribal reserves make this characteristic cultural practice difficult to continue.
255:
The ritual name used by the Mbyá to refer to themselves is
Jeguakava Tenonde Porangue'í, meaning "the First Chosen to Carry the Sacred Adornment of Feathers" or "The First Adorned."
632:). Today, the spaces occupied by Mbyá communities are less and less able to provide them with the resources they need, making it necessary for them to consume industrial products.
838:
and cosmology, and by providing agricultural labor for private landowners. When they establish themselves in a particular location, they are also able to seek out government aid.
278:
reached the region. Some archeologists estimate that, between 3,000 and 5,000 years ago, proto-Guaraní collectives, perhaps motivated by a population spike, migrated from the
1119:
GOBBI, Flávio. Entre parentes, lugares e outros: traços na sociocosmologia
Guarani no Sul. Dissertação (Mestrado em Antropologia Social) IFCH, UFRGS. Porto Alegre, 2008.
1107:
ASSIS, Valéria. Dádiva, mercadoria e pessoa: as trocas na constituição do mundo social Mbyá. Tese (Doutorado em Antropologia Social) IFCH, UFRGS. Porto Alegre, 2006
353:
In the 18th century, the Mbyá were identified as inhabitants of the Mba'everá forest. In that period they lived, among other places, in the jungles between the
773:
conversation, the serving of traditional foods, and a festive climate, given the importance of collective efforts and the gathering of relatives for the Mbyá.
282:
to the south, occupying territories already home to other groups. Although there is evidence of such mobility among the proto-Guaraní, they were not primarily
976:
1992. Dissertação de Mestrado em Antropologia – Pontifícia Universidade Católica - PUC. Versão Online. São Paulo: Centro de Trabalho Indigenista – CTI, 2014.
711:
house of worship. Speech is considered a divine attribute, the result of cosmic inspiration. In Mbyá tradition, the creator figure is described as a spirit,
502:, Mbyá coexist, in the same familial communities, with members of the Xiripá Guaraní and Pai Tavytera groups. There are 74 such communities, known as
289:
but relied on planting grains, vegetables, and tubers for nutrition. They would plant these crops in the middle of the forest, opening clearings with
1080:
São Miguel na memória coletiva dos Mbyá-Guarani nas Missões/RS, Brasil. Dissertação (Mestrado em Antropologia Social) IFCH, UFRGS. Porto Alegre, 2010
1165:
842:
income. These performers also aim to spread awareness of the indigenous cause in Brazil and inform Brazilians of the Mbyá culture and way of life.
422:, and, in the case of the Mbyá and Nhandeva, the reproduction and use of objects brought by the Jesuits, including musical instruments such as the
1175:
482:
1170:
1053:
Mário Maestro. Guerra contra o Paraguai: Da instauração à restauração historiográfica. Leituras cotidianas nº 143, 22 de fevereiro de 2005.
718:
29:
998:
476:
320:
1062:
GARLET, Ivori José. Mobilidade Mbya : história e significação. Porto Alegre : PUCRS, 1997. 229 p. (Dissertação de Mestrado)
445:
A Brazilian priest with indigenous survivors of the Paraguayan War, including Mbyá Guaraní (in the lower right-hand corner), in 1869.
551:
224:
Because of their linguistic similarities and similar rituals, linguists and anthropologists consider the Mbyá, along with the
973:
858:
263:
Many archeological remains point to the presence of the Guaraní peoples in a wide swath of South America dating long before
1042:
Conquista espiritual : feita pelos religiosos da Companhia de Jesus nas Províncias do Paraguai, Paraná, Uruguai e Tape
679:, with distinct phonetics, morphology, syntax, and vocabulary. The Mbyá dialect is then divided into two sub-dialects, the
829:
The situations in which Mbyá communities find themselves are diverse. There are groups in the forests of Paraguay and the
506:, in the region, and there are approximately 3,000 Mbyá in Argentina as a whole. Two large communities in Misiones near
454:
The Mbyá were among the Guaraní peoples who were forced to fight on both the Paraguayan and Brazilian sides during the
441:
896:
312:, producing objects used to collect, prepare, and serve food. Researchers have found clay pots used as funeral urns,
229:
185:
140:
365:. They were also referred to as the Tarumá, Apyteré, Tembekuá, Tambeaopé, Ka'yngua, Ka’yguá, Cainguá, or Baticola.
765:
Rituals are special collective moments for the Mbyá community. One of the group's most traditional rituals is the
555:
762:), much like speaking, is seen as having a divine aspect. It forms part of the composition of Mbyá identity.
953:
510:, Fortin Mborore and Yriapú, are home to more than 600 people, many of them coming from Paraguay or Brazil.
328:
319:
Based on the location of these archeological sites, experts guess that the Guaraní, in the period prior to
742:, a noteworthy characteristic of the group's culture. The most basic social structure of the group is the
643:, who is responsible for contact with those outside the village. Sometimes these two roles are combined.
600:, can be reproduced. They are characterized by the presence of a traditional house of worship known as an
589:
519:
550:
There are also a small number of Mbyá living in Uruguay, split between the Tekoá Marae´i community near
415:
588:. The villages are larger and more permanent settlements, found both within and outside of demarcated
655:
536:
377:
249:
834:
Argentina and Brazil usually make their living by selling handicrafts, products that reference Mbyá
1160:
859:
Análise sobre as populações Guarani contemporâneas: demografia, espacialidade e questões fundiárias
739:
692:
148:
144:
817:
1129:
870:
410:
some European-influenced elements, which persist to this day. These changes include abandoning
994:
882:
866:
659:
576:
523:
515:
499:
487:
411:
385:
264:
241:
193:
168:
164:
835:
688:
676:
672:
635:
The communities are usually headed by two leaders: a spiritual leader or shaman, known as a
392:
388:
152:
547:
states, and, with time, spread in small familial groups throughout central-western Brazil.
466:
of men near the front lines of the war, and of their ancestors fleeing the conflict zones.
368:
479:
group. Other estimates in the year 2000 indicated an even higher 12,100 Mbyá in Paraguay.
384:
groups, or as to whether they were among the Guaraní who entered settlements organized by
324:
290:
283:
700:
651:
376:
There is no consensus among anthropologists as to the ancestry of the contemporary Mbyá,
789:
Traditionally, healing treatment through medicinal plants is provided by shamans called
691:, for those living in Spanish-speaking areas. Those who live in Brazil often also speak
743:
596:, and they're ideally in places where the traditional Mbyá way of life, referred to as
455:
396:
309:
928:
1154:
747:
271:
197:
822:
507:
463:
381:
358:
354:
279:
275:
252:" by the Mbyá, and the two groups each claim exclusive status as the true Guaraní.
225:
35:
1029:
Os Guarani Mbyá: considerações sobre suas técnicas agrícolas e manejo do ambiente
738:
The concept of family and parentage among the Mbyá is directly related to their
731:
830:
727:
654:
in southern Paraguay, primarily scattered across the Paraguayan department of
585:
571:
407:
332:
647:
544:
491:
419:
403:
336:
313:
209:
107:
897:"Intercontinental Cry Argentina: Silent Extinction of Mbya Guarani People"
723:
362:
237:
233:
201:
71:
609:
540:
305:
296:
270:
There is no consensus among specialists as to when they arrived in the
213:
125:
316:, and other inorganic materials at proto-Guaraní archeological sites.
531:
527:
435:
427:
205:
89:
39:
911:
687:. Many Mbyá are trilingual, speaking Mbyá, Paraguayan Guaraní, and
816:
570:
481:
440:
367:
295:
286:
1018:
MELIÀ, Bartolome. A experiência Religiosa Guarani. 1989, p.294.
991:
Diccionario etnográfico: Tomo II - Los pueblos de Suramérica
730:
people occupy the lobby of the Brazilian Health Ministry in
575:
A chief of one Mbyá tribe visiting the Yriapú village in
402:
Both of these theories aim to explain changes in Guaraní
304:
The proto-Guaraní from whom the Mbyá descended were also
1044:. Porto Alegre : Martins Livreiro Ed., 1985. 262 p.
974:
O caminhar sob a luz: Território mbya à beira do oceano.
750:. There is, however, a generic term for "relative,"
372:
Ruins of the Trinidad Jesuit reduction in Paraguay.
158:
134:
116:
98:
80:
62:
57:
47:
1076:MORAES, Carlos Eduardo Neves de. A refiguração da
1031:. São Paulo: Centro de Trabalho Indigenista, 2003.
746:, followed by the extended family, made up of all
821:Guaraní along the roadside in Feira do Bom Fim,
954:"Os GUARANI: sua trajetória e seu modo de ser"
658:. They also live in the Argentine province of
200:, across a wide territory that ranges through
929:"Guarani Mbya - Indigenous Peoples in Brazil"
462:violence suffered by their ancestors, of the
8:
861:. Por Valéria de Assis e Ivori José Garlet.
639:, and a political leader or chief, known as
34:A sign reading "Mbyá Guaraní Resistance" in
22:
300:Ancient Guaraní pots used as funerary urns.
28:
21:
883:"Instituto Socioambiental - Guarani Mbyá"
274:, where they had settled by the time the
717:
989:Guanche, Jesús; Corral, Carmen (2017).
851:
349:Jesuit Reductions (17th-18th centuries)
912:"Sobre los Mbya Guaraní en el Uruguay"
671:The Mbyá speak a different dialect of
1115:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1088:
1086:
1072:
1070:
1068:
865:, 2004, vol. LXIV, nº 230, pp. 35-54
7:
1014:
1012:
1010:
984:
982:
968:
966:
923:
921:
707:, as well as through rituals in the
58:Regions with significant populations
240:, and others, as a subgroup of the
16:Indigenous people in South America
14:
646:The Mbyá are present between the
118:
100:
82:
64:
1166:Indigenous peoples in Argentina
1176:Indigenous peoples in Paraguay
703:and smoking a pipe known as a
592:. These villages are known as
486:Mbyá children in Kaaguy Poty,
1:
1171:Indigenous peoples in Brazil
539:, settled in the forests of
220:Branch of the Guaraní people
1130:"A morada das Kunhã Karaí…"
952:Chamorro, Graciela (1999).
498:In the Argentine region of
414:, incorporating aspects of
1192:
1134:História e Cultura Guarani
1040:MONTOYA, Antônio Ruiz de.
899:. intercontinentalcry.org.
754:. All Mbyá are considered
450:Paraguayan War (1864-1870)
1136:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
885:. www.socioambiental.org.
163:
139:
52:
27:
1027:Filipin, Adriana Perez.
230:Eastern Bolivian Guaraní
813:Differing Circumstances
554:and a community in the
329:Araucaria moist forests
192:), are a branch of the
933:pib.socioambiental.org
826:
735:
616:), potatoes, peanuts (
580:
495:
446:
373:
323:, were present in the
301:
972:LADEIRA, Maria Inês.
820:
721:
574:
485:
475:among members of the
444:
416:Christian eschatology
371:
299:
159:Related ethnic groups
777:Health and Shamanism
910:Verdesio, Gustavo.
740:geographic mobility
628:), and watermelon (
526:, mainly along the
391:that were known as
389:Jesuit missionaries
24:
23:Mbyá Guaraní people
827:
736:
677:spoken in Paraguay
581:
496:
447:
412:ritual cannibalism
374:
302:
863:Revista de Índias
805:and the women as
524:Rio Grande do Sul
464:forced enlistment
393:Jesuit reductions
174:
173:
1183:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1108:
1105:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1074:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1038:
1032:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1005:
1004:
986:
977:
970:
961:
960:
958:
949:
943:
942:
940:
939:
925:
916:
915:
907:
901:
900:
893:
887:
886:
879:
873:
856:
836:material culture
797:or "lord of the
793:, also known as
552:Santiago Vázquez
337:deciduous forest
321:European contact
124:
122:
121:
106:
104:
103:
88:
86:
85:
70:
68:
67:
48:Total population
32:
25:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1139:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1111:
1106:
1097:
1091:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1035:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1008:
1001:
988:
987:
980:
971:
964:
956:
951:
950:
946:
937:
935:
927:
926:
919:
909:
908:
904:
895:
894:
890:
881:
880:
876:
857:
853:
848:
815:
779:
748:blood relatives
722:Members of the
669:
590:indigenous land
569:
564:
472:
452:
361:in what is now
351:
346:
325:Atlantic Forest
291:controlled burn
284:hunter-gatherer
265:colonial powers
261:
222:
119:
117:
101:
99:
83:
81:
65:
63:
43:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1189:
1187:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1121:
1109:
1095:
1082:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1033:
1020:
1006:
1000:978-9590618185
999:
978:
962:
944:
917:
902:
888:
874:
850:
849:
847:
844:
814:
811:
778:
775:
744:nuclear family
668:
665:
568:
565:
563:
560:
556:Treinta y Tres
520:Santa Catarina
471:
468:
456:Paraguayan War
451:
448:
350:
347:
345:
342:
310:basket-weavers
260:
257:
242:Guaraní people
221:
218:
194:Guaraní people
180:, also called
172:
171:
169:Guarani-Kaiowá
161:
160:
156:
155:
137:
136:
132:
131:
128:
114:
113:
110:
96:
95:
92:
78:
77:
74:
60:
59:
55:
54:
50:
49:
45:
44:
33:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1188:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1002:
996:
992:
985:
983:
979:
975:
969:
967:
963:
955:
948:
945:
934:
930:
924:
922:
918:
913:
906:
903:
898:
892:
889:
884:
878:
875:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
852:
845:
843:
839:
837:
832:
824:
819:
812:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
785:
776:
774:
770:
768:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
733:
729:
725:
720:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
666:
664:
661:
657:
653:
649:
644:
642:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
578:
573:
566:
561:
559:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
511:
509:
505:
501:
493:
489:
484:
480:
478:
469:
467:
465:
459:
457:
449:
443:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
418:into Guaraní
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
387:
383:
379:
370:
366:
364:
360:
356:
348:
343:
341:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
298:
294:
292:
288:
285:
281:
277:
276:conquistadors
273:
272:Southern Cone
268:
266:
258:
256:
253:
251:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
219:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:South America
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
170:
166:
162:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
129:
127:
115:
111:
109:
97:
93:
91:
79:
75:
73:
61:
56:
51:
46:
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259:Pre-history
1155:Categories
1140:2020-04-27
938:2020-04-23
846:References
831:Gran Chaco
767:Ñemongarai
693:Portuguese
675:than that
641:mburuvichá
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420:shamanism
404:cosmology
267:arrived.
210:Argentina
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660:Misiones
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306:potters
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