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than "intelligence." By doing so, interpretation of the test need not enter the sometimes excoriating debates regarding intelligence, genetics, lifelong proclivity, etc. Rather, the scores can be simply stated as "strengths" and "weaknesses." A T-score with a mean of 50 and SD of 10 is used so these scores will not be interpreted as IQ scores by teachers and parents. Van Ornum has commented: "This is one of the best tests ever created for children. It's fun and engaging, with pictures, a hopping game, and even a xylophone!"
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Jensen, C. L., Voigt, R. G., Llorente, A. M., Peters, S. U., Prager, T. C., Zou, Y. L., Rozelle, J. C., Turcich, M. R., Fraley, J. K., Anderson, R. E., & Heird, W. C. (2010). Effects of early maternal docosahexaenoicacid intake on neuropsychological status and visual acuity at five years o age of
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William Van Ornum, Linda Dunlap, and Milton Shore provide a detailed description of the McCarthy Scales of
Children's Abilities in Psychological Testing Across the Lifespan. Van Ornum et al. (2008) emphasize that a key contribution of McCarthy was creating a test measuring "cognitive ability" rather
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The essence of the test is based on a wide variety of functions that have been long held to be related to human intelligence. There are 18 tests in the battery that sample these different functions, 15 of which are combined into a composite score which is known as the general cognitive index (CGI).
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One study used the McCarthy scale to "show positive effects of parental cognitive stimulation and emotional support on children's cognitive abilities." Another study used the McCarthy Scale to "show that pre-term birth, parental age, and infant gender accounted for more than 30% of the variance in
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The McCarthy Scales of
Children's Abilities has been used in many different research studies: ". . . use to evaluate the effects of nutritional supplements given to nursing mothers on the development of the nursing infants, the effects of air-pollution on children's cognitive developments, and the
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Another longitudinal study that made use of the McCarthy Scale "evaluated the effects of early intervention on the development of children worldwide. The study found that children from different contexts and countries receive substantial cognitive, behavioral, health, and schooling benefits from
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The test produces both a pattern of scores as well as a variety of composite scores, which is a plus. This allows analyzing of both individual sections as well as the overall test. In fact, the concept of combining various subtests to form a composite score is such an important idea that it has
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have been found with the
Stanford-Binet scale (Form L-M) and the WPPSI: "the general cognitive index correlates at .81 with the Binet IQ and at .71 with the WPPSI full-scale IQ." Additionally, the manual for the test provides additionally validity coefficients, although based on small samples.
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Hubbs-Tait, L., Culp, A. M., Culp, R. E., & Miller, C. E. (2002). Relation of maternal cognitive stimulation, emotional support, and intrusive behavior during Head Start to children's kindergarten cognitive abilities.
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The McCarthy Scales of
Children's Abilities was intended to measure children from ages 2 to 8. The scale is very sound, and if there was more validity data, it could have very well obtained the same status as the
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Minguez-Milio, J. A., Alcazar, J. L., Auba, M., Ruiz-Zambrana, A., & Minguez, J. (2011). Perinatal outcome and long-term follow-up of extremely low birth weight infants depending on the mode of delivery.
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Nordhov, S. M., Ronning, J. A., Dahl, L. B., Ulvund, S. E., Tunby, J., & Kaaresen, P. I. (2010). Early intervention improves cognitive outcomes for preterm infants: Randomized controlled trial.
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Freire, C., Ramos, R., Puertas, R., Lopez-Espinosa, M. J., Julvez, J., Aguilera, I., & Olea, N. (2010). Association of traffic-related air pollution with cognitive development in children.
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of over 8000 twin pairs." This study produced findings that suggested that "individual differences in autistic traits are substantially genetically independent of intellectual functioning."
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Hansen, B. M., Dinesen, J., Hoff, B., & Greisen, G. (2002). Intelligence in preterm children at four years of age as a predictor of school function: A longitudinal controlled study.
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Hoekstra, R. A., Happe, F., Baron-Cohen, S. & Ronald A. (2010). Limited genetic covariance between autistic traits and intelligence: Findings from a longitudinal twin study.
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in 1972. However, McCarthy died shortly after the test was actually published, so the refining and strengthening of the McCarthy scales has fallen to interested researchers.
56:. In fact, the Wechsler scale actually overlaps the McCarthy's age range. Further, The McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities does seem to offer certain advantages over the
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Stannard, L., Wolfgang, C. H., Jones, I., & Phelps, P. (2001). A longitudinal study of the predictive relations among construction play and mathematical achievement.
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Picone, L., Regine, A., & Ribaudo, F. (2001). Factorial validity of the McCarthy Scales of
Children's Abilities by measuring cognitive ability in young children.
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95:. "The reliability coefficients for the general cognitive index tend to run in the low 90's" , and the data for validity is encouraging as well.
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Nores, M., & Barnett, W. S. (2010). Benefits of early childhood interventions across the world: (Under) investing in the very young.
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on the cognitive development of preterm infants." Additionally, the McCarthy Scales have been used to "evaluate the relationship between
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McGill-Evans, J., & Harrison, M. J. (2001). Parent-child interactions, parenting stress, and developmental outcomes at 4 years.
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Van Ornum, W., Dunlap, & Shore, M. (2008). Psychological
Testing Across the Lifespan. Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
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cognitive-motor skills." Still another study used the McCarthy Scale to "assess the effect of the mode of delivery (
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given to young children. "the McCarthy scales present a carefully constructed individual test of human ability."
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Mental functioning of children with HIV infection: The pre-school and early school-age years.
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Hunt, T. V. (1978). Review of McCarthy Scales of
Children's Abilities. In O.K. Buros (Ed.),
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become one of the main features in the 2003 fifth edition of the
Stanford-Binet scale.
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The McCarthy Scales of
Children's Abilities breaks down into two main sub-parts
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Psychological
Testing: Principles, Applications, & Issues, Eighth Edition.
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properties of the scale are good, with evidence of factorial validity and
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306:(6), 900-905. ISSN 0022-3476; doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.06.006
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The McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities was created by
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Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 24
325:American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B, 153B,
311:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 64,
405:<Kaplan, R. M., & Sacuzzo, D. P.(2010).
289:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 44
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320:(5), 1088-1094. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-0778
284:(Vol. 1). Highland Park, NJ: Gryphon Press
16:Psychological test given to young children
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298:US: ProQuest Information & Learning.
257:of extremely low-birth weight infants."
54:Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
457:Van Ornum, 2013, personal communication
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282:The eighth mental measurements yearbook
268:Bollettino di Psicologia Applicata, 234
21:McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities
275:Early Child Development and Care, 167,
110:In the General Cognitive Index (CGI):
313:223-228. doi:10.1136/jech.2008.084574
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327:994-1007. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.31066
62:Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales
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332:Economics of Education Review, 29
241:early childhood interventions."
64:for the 2 to 8 year old range.
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420:"Dorothea A. McCarthy, PhD"
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347:Children's Health Care, 30
304:Journal of Pediatrics, 157
179:In the Additional Scales:
302:breast-fed term infants.
195:Numerical Memory I and II
136:Perceptual-performance:
255:psychomotor development
233:and intelligence in a
192:Verbal Memory I and II
149:Right-Left Orientation
340:Child Development, 73
175:Counting and Sorting
253:) on the long-term
172:Numerical Memory II
158:Conceptual Grouping
93:predictive validity
72:This section has a
474:Intelligence tests
424:Fordham University
294:Smith, R. (2005).
235:longitudinal study
227:early intervention
169:Numerical Memory I
132:Opposite Analogies
82:standard deviation
25:psychological test
251:caesarean section
37:Dorothea McCarthy
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209:Imitative Action
206:Arm Coordination
203:Leg Coordination
189:Tapping Sequence
186:Pictorial Memory
166:Number Questions
146:Tapping Sequence
126:Verbal Memory II
117:Pictorial Memory
87:In general, The
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261:Further reading
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270:(48), 21-31
225:effects of
362:References
31:Beginnings
58:WPPSI-III
468:Category
182:Memory:
43:Overview
277:115-125
247:vaginal
199:Motor:
84:of 16.
76:with a
231:autism
436:2013
220:Uses
78:mean
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