60:-III, adapted for use with younger children and included as new subtests (Coding & Symbol Search). The age range has been lowered to 2 years 6 months, and has also been divided into two bands: 2 years 6 months - 3 years 11 months and 4–7 years 3 months, this was done in recognition of the substantial changes in cognitive development that occur during early childhood. The WPPSI-IV added the new Working Memory subtests of Picture Memory and Bug Search and the new Processing Speed subtests of Bug Search, Animal Coding, and Cancellation. It also simplified and shortened instructions.
133:) can be derived for children aged 4 – 7 years 3 months, and a General Language Composite can be determined for children in both age bands (2 years 6 months – 3 years 11 months & 4–7 years 3 months). Children in the 2 years 6 months – 3 years 11 months age band are administered only five of the subtests: Receptive Vocabulary, Block Design, Information, Object Assembly, and Picture Naming.
56:
years 3 months and introduced a new subtest, Object
Assembly. WPPSI-III incorporates a number of significant changes. Additional subtests have been designed to enhance the measurement of Fluid Reasoning (see Carroll, 1997) these are; Matrix Reasoning, Picture Concepts and Word Reasoning. Measures of Processing Speed have also been taken from the
47:, is a revision of the WPPSI-R (Wechsler, 1989) and the WPPSI-III (Wechsler, 2002). It provides subtest and composite scores that represent intellectual functioning in verbal and performance cognitive domains, as well as providing a composite score that represents a child's general intellectual ability (i.e., Full Scale IQ).
241:
The US standardisation of the WPPSI-III included 1,700 children aged 2 years 6 months – 7 years 3 months. The reliability coefficients for the WPPSI-III US composite scales range from .89 to .95. The UK sample for the WPPSI-III was collected between 2002–2003 and contained 805 children in an attempt
55:
The original WPPSI (Wechsler, 1967) was developed as an intelligence measure for 4-6:6yr olds in response to an increasing need for the assessment of preschoolers. The WPPSI was divided into eleven subtests, all of which were retained in the revision in 1989. The WPPSI-R expanded the age range to 3–7
232:
However, it is important to consider and recognise the limitations of using assessments. Some studies show that intelligence tests such as the WPPSI-III, especially for pre-K level, are unreliable and their results vary widely with various factors such as retesting, practice (familiarization), test
68:
The
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence consist of 15 subtests. They are designated as one of three types: core, supplemental, or optional. The core subtests are required for the computation of the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ. The supplemental subtests provide additional
212:
a measure of academic achievement, information can be gained on both cognitive ability and academic achievement in young children. Combinations such as these would potentially be of use in educational settings and inform educational interventions. A further potentially useful pairing includes the
213:
used of the
Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS; Harrison & Oakland, 2003); this pairing can result in information on cognitive and adaptive functioning, both of which are required for a proper diagnosis of learning difficulties. The Wechsler tests can also be used to identify
274:
The WPPSI-III has been translated and adapted for use with different populations including
Spanish, French (and French Canadian), German, Italian, Swedish, Korean, Taiwanese (Chinese version), Japanese, Canadian, Australian, Dutch, Norwegian and Hebrew.
324:
Carroll, J.B. (1997). The three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities. In D.P. Flanagan, J.L. Genshaft, & P.L. Harrison (Eds.), Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues (pp. 122–130). New York : The
Guilford
253:
was also explored in order to evaluate the assessment's reliability. A number of special group studies were also carried out during standardisation in order to improve the clinical utility of the tool. These studies included children with
924:
69:
information about cognitive abilities or can be used as replacement for inappropriate subtests. The optional subtests provide additional information about cognitive functioning but cannot be used as replacements for core subtests.
233:
administrator, time and place. There are claims that some commercially available materials improve results simply by eliminating negative factors through familiarization which in turn puts children at a comfortable frame of mind.
917:
481:
91:
Similarities - the child is read an incomplete sentence containing two concepts that share a common characteristic. The child is asked to complete the sentence by providing a response that reflects the shared
79:- for Picture Items, the child responds to a question by choosing a picture from four response options. For Verbal Items, the child answers questions that address a broad range of general knowledge topics.
204:
The clinical utility of the WPPSI-III can be improved and a richer picture of general function achieved when combined with other assessments. For example, when paired with the
Children's Memory Scale (
910:
242:
to accurately represent the most current UK population of children aged 2 years 6 months to 7 years 3 months according to the 2001 UK census data. The UK validation project was conducted at
249:
The WPPSI-III has been formally linked with the WIAT-II (The
Psychological Corporation, 2001). The relationship between the WPPSI-III and the WPPSI-R, WISC-III, BSID-II, DAS, WIAT-II and
136:
Quotient and
Composite scores have a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. Subtest scaled scores have a mean of 10 and a standard deviation of 3. For Quotient and Composite score:
43:
tests. Since its original publication the WPPSI has been revised three times in 1989, 2002, (followed by the UK version in 2003) and 2012. The latest version, WPPSI–IV, published by
129:
The WPPSI–IV provides Verbal and
Performance IQ scores as well as a Full Scale IQ score. In addition, the Processing Speed Quotient (known as the Processing Speed Index on previous
73:
Block Design - while viewing a constructed model or a picture in a stimulus book, the child uses one- or two-color blocks to re-create the design within a specified time limit.
110:- for Picture Items, the child names pictures that are displayed in a stimulus book. For Verbal Items, the child gives definitions for words that the examiner reads aloud.
972:
784:
749:
104:
Object
Assembly - the child is presented with the pieces of a puzzle in a standard arrangement and fits the pieces together to form a meaningful whole within 90 seconds.
789:
88:
Picture Memory - the child is presented with a stimulus page of one or more pictures for a specific time and then selects the picture from options on a response page.
438:
1108:
471:
95:
Picture Concepts - the child is presented with two or three rows of pictures and chooses one picture from each row to form a group with a common characteristic.
858:
1024:
1118:
697:
466:
517:
962:
815:
287:
57:
40:
977:
967:
315:
Harrison, P. L., & Oakland, T. (2003). Adaptive Behavior Assessment System – Second Edition. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
101:
Zoo Locations - the child views one or more animal cards placed on a zoo layout and then places each card in the previously displayed locations.
853:
512:
655:
640:
209:
321:
Wechsler, D. (1967). Manual for the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
522:
431:
769:
1103:
863:
578:
1175:
1034:
957:
810:
318:
Wechsler, D. (1989). Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence – Revised. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
292:
36:
328:
Gregory, R.J. (2007). Testing special populations: Infant and preschool assessment. Psychological Testing. Pearson Education, Inc.
879:
997:
830:
599:
1149:
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1113:
1002:
848:
476:
1144:
568:
558:
82:
Matrix Reasoning - the child looks at an incomplete matrix and selects the missing portion from 4 or 5 response options.
1170:
987:
982:
805:
717:
660:
497:
309:
The Psychological Corporation. (2001). Wechsler Individual Achievement Test – Second edition. San Antonio, TX: Author.
85:
Bug Search - the child uses an ink dauber to mark the image of a bug in the search group that matches the target bug.
1065:
1052:
893:
676:
650:
594:
532:
122:
Receptive Vocabulary - the child looks at a group of four pictures and points to the one the examiner names aloud.
1134:
1081:
702:
250:
205:
754:
733:
604:
259:
1095:
764:
759:
447:
255:
214:
119:- the child answers questions based on his or her understanding of general principles and social situations.
243:
1139:
949:
941:
840:
779:
624:
563:
902:
394:
1076:
707:
681:
502:
553:
369:
297:
226:
1029:
774:
645:
527:
992:
712:
44:
28:
312:
Cohen, M. J. (1997). Children's Memory Scale. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
1012:
614:
1044:
507:
218:
130:
1061:
32:
1164:
1057:
933:
116:
98:
Cancellation - the child scans two arrangements of objects and marks target objects.
573:
1071:
937:
887:
125:
Picture Naming - the child names pictures that are displayed in a stimulus book.
76:
208:: Cohen, 1997) a measure of learning and memory functioning in children or the
619:
107:
31:
designed for children ages 2 years 6 months to 7 years 7 months developed by
461:
416:
113:
Animal Coding - the child marks shapes that correspond to pictured animals.
182:
This is true for most Wechsler Scales with the exception of the WIAT-III.
222:
158:
345:
873:
482:
Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status
263:
906:
420:
197:
As part of an assessment to identify intellectual giftedness.
284:
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)
217:, and are commonly accepted as qualifying evidence for
200:
To identify cognitive delay and learning difficulties.
194:
As an assessment of general intellectual functioning.
821:
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence
190:
The WPPSI can be used in several ways, for example:
21:
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence
1127:
1094:
1043:
1011:
948:
886:
872:
839:
798:
742:
726:
690:
669:
633:
587:
546:
490:
454:
138:
785:Pediatric Attention Disorders Diagnostic Screener
750:British Columbia Postconcussion Symptom Inventory
790:Rivermead post-concussion symptoms questionnaire
1119:Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS)
288:Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
973:Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities
918:
432:
8:
859:General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition
246:under the direction of Professor John Rust.
1025:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
35:in 1967. It is a descendant of the earlier
1017:
925:
911:
903:
467:Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery
439:
425:
417:
1109:Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
472:Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
963:Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
816:Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
293:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
262:, language disorders, motor impairment,
41:Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
978:Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
337:
698:Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System
513:Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test
656:Controlled Oral Word Association Test
641:Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination
518:Morningness–eveningness questionnaire
7:
1104:Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
854:Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination
523:Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test
393:Marks, Andrew (November 20, 2005).
968:Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales
770:Florida Cognitive Activities Scale
14:
1035:Revised NEO Personality Inventory
958:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
811:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
37:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
880:Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale
395:"Cracking the Kindergarten Code"
600:California Verbal Learning Test
1150:Vineland Social Maturity Scale
826:Wechsler Test of Adult Reading
610:Digit symbol substitution test
538:Test of Variables of Attention
1:
1114:Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure
1003:Binet-Simon Intelligence Test
864:Mini–mental state examination
849:Abbreviated mental test score
579:Rey–Osterrieth complex figure
477:Montreal Cognitive Assessment
266:and those classed as gifted.
176:130 and up is Very Superior.
1145:Benton Visual Retention Test
998:Raven's Progressive Matrices
831:Raven's Progressive Matrices
569:Judgment of Line Orientation
559:Benton Visual Retention Test
988:Differential Ability Scales
983:Cognitive Assessment System
806:National Adult Reading Test
718:Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
661:Thurstone Word Fluency Test
498:Continuous performance task
142:Below 70 is Extremely Low,
1192:
1053:Thematic apperception test
894:Test of Memory Malingering
677:Compensatory tracking task
651:Comprehensive aphasia test
595:1-2-AX working memory task
533:Test of everyday attention
1135:Mental status examination
1082:Sentence completion tests
1020:
703:Hayling and Brixton tests
166:110-119 is High Average,
1176:Neuropsychological tests
755:Clinical Dementia Rating
734:Epworth Sleepiness Scale
605:Corsi block-tapping test
448:Neuropsychological tests
370:"Qualifying test scores"
1096:Neuropsychological test
765:Disability Rating Scale
760:Digit Cancellation Test
256:intellectual disability
237:Psychometric properties
215:intellectual giftedness
152:80-89 is Low Average,
1140:Wechsler Memory Scale
1066:Holtzman inkblot test
780:Glasgow Outcome Scale
625:Wechsler Memory Scale
564:Dot cancellation test
171:120-129 is Superior,
147:70-79 is Borderline,
1077:Animal Metaphor Test
743:Specific impairments
708:Tower of London test
682:Purdue Pegboard Test
547:Sensation/Perception
503:D2 Test of Attention
346:"Intertel - Join us"
16:IQ test for children
554:Bender-Gestalt Test
350:www.intertel-iq.org
298:Harcourt Assessment
260:developmental delay
1171:Intelligence tests
1030:16PF Questionnaire
950:Intelligence tests
775:Glasgow Coma Scale
646:Boston Naming Test
528:Posner cueing task
411:See www.wppsi.com.
1158:
1157:
1090:
1089:
1013:Personality tests
993:Ammons Quick Test
900:
899:
713:Trail Making Test
491:Arousal/Attention
399:New York Magazine
219:high-IQ societies
180:
179:
45:Pearson Education
29:intelligence test
1183:
1045:Projective tests
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920:
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904:
615:Doors and People
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1007:
944:
940:evaluation and
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882:
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835:
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691:Problem-solving
686:
665:
629:
583:
542:
508:Four boxes test
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244:City University
239:
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131:Wechsler scales
92:characteristic.
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1062:Rorschach test
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374:American Mensa
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33:David Wechsler
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1058:Ink blot test
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934:Psychological
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117:Comprehension
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799:Intelligence
574:Navon figure
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377:. Retrieved
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353:. Retrieved
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270:Translations
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67:
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24:
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1128:Other tests
1072:Szondi test
938:psychiatric
888:Malingering
77:Information
64:Test format
1165:Categories
620:MCI Screen
379:2021-05-14
355:2021-05-14
304:References
221:, such as
157:90-109 is
108:Vocabulary
462:Cognistat
333:Footnotes
841:Bed-side
634:Language
279:See also
223:Intertel
39:and the
27:) is an
942:testing
455:Battery
210:WIAT-II
159:Average
51:History
874:Social
588:Memory
325:Press.
727:Sleep
670:Motor
227:Mensa
25:WPPSI
936:and
264:ADHD
225:and
186:Uses
58:WISC
19:The
251:CMS
206:CMS
1167::
1064:,
397:.
372:.
348:.
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161:,
1068:)
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926:e
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23:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.