316:
770:
616:
530:
298:
111:
518:
796:(SAGD). As of 2010, the output of oil sands production had reached more than 1.6 million barrels per day (250,000 m/d); 53% of this was produced by surface mining and 47% by in-situ methods. The Alberta government estimates that production could reach 3.5 Mbbl/d (560,000 m/d) by 2020 and possibly 5 Mbbl/d (790,000 m/d) by 2030.
645:
The channel sand deposits host the majority of the bitumen which is contained in the pore spaces between the sand grains. The largest sand channels occur in the Middle Member where, in places, they reach thicknesses of more than 30 metres (100 ft). They are flanked by off-channel deposits that
1190:
Barson, D., Bachu, S. and
Esslinger, P. 2001. Flow systems in the Mannville Group in the east-central Athabasca area and implications for steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) operations for in situ bitumen production. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, vo. 49, no. 3, p.
804:
The Lower Member of the McMurray
Formation consists predominantly of poorly consolidated, discontinuous sand bodies. These sands are commonly saturated with water rather than with bitumen, and they lie beneath the bitumen-saturated sands which are
1325:
828:
can reduce pit-wall stability, and seepage onto the pit floor can reduce trafficability. They also have a negative impact on SAGD operations if they are in hydraulic communication with a steam chamber, resulting in heat loss.
628:
The McMurray
Formation was deposited by an extensive drainage system that flowed northward following a regional north-south depression. The depression was created by the dissolution of thick salt deposits in the Devonian
1320:
1330:
637:
progressed, depositional environments changed from fluvial at the base (Lower Member), to estuarine (Middle Member), to shore-face at the top (Upper Member), and finally to open marine in the overlying
1066:
Flach, P.D. and Mossop, G.D., 1985. Depositional
Environments of Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation, Athabasca Oil Sands, Alberta. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 69: 1195-1207.
1295:
1335:
541:
Rivers and their tributaries near Fort McMurray in the
Athabasca Oil Sands of northeastern Alberta, where it averages about 60 metres (200 ft) thick. It thins eastward into
646:
consist primarily of mud and silt that accumulated in the floodplain, tidal flat, swamp, and brackish-bay environments that existed contemporaneously with the channels.
1288:
1230:
1053:
1013:
949:
251:
969:
Glass, D.J., editor, 1997. Lexicon of
Canadian Stratigraphy, vol. 4, Western Canada. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary, Alberta, 1423 p. on CD-ROM,
1151:
Vagvolgyi, A. and Hills, L.V. 1969. Microflora of the Lower
Cretaceous McMurray Formation, northeast Alberta. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 17: 155-181.
1130:"Foraminifera of the upper McMurray and basal Clearwater Formations. In: Geology of the McMurray Formation, Part I. Alberta Geological Survey, Report 72, p. 5-28"
565:
between the McMurray and the underlying units. The McMurray therefore rests on different
Devonian units in different parts of the basin. These range from the
1609:
1312:
1281:
1085:
Roy, S.K. (1972). "Fossil wood of
Taxaceae from the McMurray Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany, 50: 349-352".
1172:
Selby, D. and
Creaser, R.A. 2005. Direct radiometric dating of hydrocarbon deposits using rhenium-osmium isotopes. Science, vol. 308, p. 1293-1295.
1619:
1594:
477:
Three members have been defined within the McMurray Formation. They can be differentiated in outcrops and, to a lesser degree, in the subsurface:
1028:
924:
1029:"The Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Chapter 19: Cretaceous Mannville Group of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin"
987:
Prior, G. J., Hathaway, B., Glombick, P.M., Pana, D.I., Banks, C.J., Hay, D.C., Schneider, C.L., Grobe, M., Elgr, R., and Weiss, J.A. (2013).
925:"The Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Chapter 19: Cretaceous Mannville Group of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin"
882:
988:
1075:
Pemberton, S.G., Flach, P.D. and Mossop, G.D. 1982. Trace fossils from the Athabasca Oil Sands, Alberta, Canada. Science, 217: 825-827.
1634:
376:
561:. It is underlain by Devonian formations that were tilted and eroded prior to the deposition of the McMurray, resulting in a shallow
974:
1304:
1392:
793:
538:
1241:
1201:
1382:
923:
Mossop, G.D. and Shetsen, I., (compilers), Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Geological Survey (1994).
498:
typically massive, well sorted, fine-grained sand at the base, with inclined beds of thick, rippled sand and thin shaley
1599:
244:
1614:
910:
669:
that were created by burrowing organisms are common in the middle to upper portions of the McMurray Formation. Other
545:
where, in most areas, it is devoid of bitumen. It has been removed by erosion north of the Athabasca Oil Sands area.
1624:
857:
1387:
817:
from the underlying Devonian formations, but where they lie at relatively shallow depths, recharge occurs from
840:. These can also interfere with SAGD operations if cool water from these aquifers invades the steam chambers.
1629:
395:
5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of Fort McMurray by F.H. McLearn in 1917. It is a well-studied example of
1604:
1556:
1479:
1464:
485:
633:
deep within the subsurface. A rising sea encroached upon the drainage system from the north, and as this
1563:
1098:
738:
722:
454:
1536:
1484:
1261:
Oil and Troubled Waters: Reducing the impact of the oil and gas industry on Alberta's water resources
1032:
928:
886:
837:
639:
634:
586:
562:
558:
156:
128:
825:
785:
754:
570:
522:
411:
171:
861:
508:
typically horizontal beds of argillaceous, very fine-grained sand; usually saturated with bitumen.
1546:
1444:
1429:
734:
1531:
1494:
1424:
1419:
1047:
1007:
970:
943:
769:
682:
670:
619:
McMurray Formation oil sand as seen in drill cores. Arrow indicates a fragment of fossil wood.
601:
582:
179:
992:
1551:
1526:
1439:
1365:
1351:
1086:
1027:
Mossop, G.D. and Shetsen, I., (compilers), Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists (1994).
718:
605:
361:
1129:
1573:
1568:
1521:
1504:
1499:
1454:
1356:
1111:
833:
789:
630:
593:
578:
574:
566:
554:
392:
175:
160:
138:
116:
533:
A boulder of McMurray Formation oil sand near the Athabasca River north of Fort McMurray.
1260:
1541:
1459:
1434:
818:
746:
690:
1588:
758:
730:
609:
488:
sand, with minor beds of silt and mud; present only in depressions in the underlying
403:
384:
364:
336:
69:
27:
615:
1397:
1273:
814:
686:
542:
529:
357:
824:
The BWS aquifers are commonly depressurized prior to open-pit mining because high
741:
indicates that it was emplaced in the McMurray and other formations at 112 ± 5.3
1514:
1474:
1469:
1449:
1377:
1209:
665:
654:
597:
110:
44:
1163:
Schaefer, B.F. 2005. When do rocks become oil? Science, vol. 308, p. 1267-1268.
517:
745:(million years ago), not long after the deposition of the McMurray sediments.
729:
ratios that act as a fingerprint for specific rock units. It then migrated up
462:
89:
54:
753:
then converted the oil to immobile bitumen. This may have contributed to the
492:
formations; typically saturated with water, or poorly saturated with bitumen.
267:
253:
742:
710:
674:
659:
430:
400:
368:
214:
94:
34:
832:
There are also aquifers within the Upper McMurray Member and the overlying
792:, and later from the subsurface as well, using in-situ techniques such as
1489:
1403:
1237:
1231:
Joslyn North Mine Project: Environmental Impact Assessment Hydrologeology
774:
750:
678:
489:
84:
79:
64:
59:
49:
810:
806:
781:
726:
521:
Outcrop of the McMurray Formation (black and dark grey) and underlying
458:
450:
407:
396:
388:
380:
303:
99:
74:
698:
694:
466:
423:
406:, and it is economically important because it hosts most of the vast
372:
321:
38:
1090:
604:
of northwestern Alberta and northeastern British Columbia, and the
502:
partings in the upper portion; usually well-saturated with bitumen.
768:
714:
614:
528:
516:
989:"Bedrock Geology of Alberta. Alberta Geological Survey, Map 600"
499:
446:
442:
434:
426:
232:
224:
210:
1277:
813:. Where these aquifers are deep-lying, they are recharged with
809:. They are commonly referred to as the Basal Water Sand (BWS)
438:
228:
1240:, Alberta: Deer Creek Energy. December 2005. Archived from
422:
The McMurray Formation consists of fine- to coarse-grained
537:
The McMurray Formation outcrops along the Athabasca and
909:
McLearn, F.H., 1917. Athabasca River section, Alberta.
553:
The McMurray Formation is conformably overlain by the
784:
has been produced from the McMurray Formation in the
1412:
1344:
1311:
342:
332:
327:
309:
291:
243:
238:
220:
206:
201:
193:
185:
167:
152:
144:
134:
124:
21:
592:The McMurray Formation is equivalent to the lower
1259:Griffiths, Mary; Woynillowicz, Dan (April 2003).
569:in the east near the Saskatchewan border, to the
1266:(Report). Edmonton, Alberta: Pembina Institute.
757:for the hydrocarbons, as well as hampering the
965:
963:
961:
959:
1289:
8:
1052:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1012:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
948:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1159:
1157:
1296:
1282:
1274:
1208:. Alberta Government. 2008. Archived from
109:
18:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1123:
1121:
905:
903:
713:was probably generated from the organic
673:fossils are rare, although fragments of
189:140,000 km (54,000 sq mi)
849:
16:Geological formation in Alberta, Canada
1128:Mellon, G.B. & Wall, J.H. (1956).
1107:
1096:
1045:
1005:
941:
881:Lexicon of Canadian Geological Units.
677:wood and freshwater to brackish-water
457:with bitumen or, less commonly, with
453:, unless they are partially or fully
433:, interbedded with lesser amounts of
7:
1326:Frontier exploration and development
449:beds. The sands are very loose and
1610:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
14:
1305:Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
913:Summary Report 1916, p. 145-151.
377:Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
314:
296:
794:Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage
148:Upper, Middle and Lower members
1620:Sandstone formations of Canada
1595:Geologic formations of Alberta
1:
600:of eastern Saskatchewan, the
525:(tan) on the Steepbank River.
387:and was first described from
197:up to 60 metres (200 ft)
773:McMurray Formation mined in
484:typically coarse-grained to
1361:Northwestern Alberta Plains
911:Geological Survey of Canada
549:Relationship to other units
1651:
705:Origin of the Hydrocarbons
681:have also been described.
1635:Reservoir rock formations
858:Alberta Geological Survey
821:and they are non-saline.
777:'s Mildred Lake mine site
445:and, less commonly, thin
383:. It takes the name from
108:
26:
1388:Northern Rocky Mountains
819:meteoric (surface) water
788:since 1967, at first by
268:56.995921°N 111.456612°W
1374:North-central foothills
1321:Oil sands and heavy oil
761:of the host sediments.
721:, according to organic
391:along the banks of the
1202:"Facts and Statistics"
1106:Cite journal requires
778:
765:Hydrocarbon Production
733:toward the northeast.
620:
534:
526:
273:56.995921; -111.456612
772:
739:rhenium-osmium method
618:
587:Winterburn Formations
532:
520:
1345:Depositional regions
883:"McMurray Formation"
838:Clearwater Formation
826:pore water pressures
640:Clearwater Formation
635:marine transgression
624:Depositional History
612:of central Alberta.
563:angular unconformity
559:Clearwater Formation
157:Clearwater Formation
129:Geological formation
1600:Athabasca oil sands
1564:Beaverhill Lake GRP
1413:Northeastern plains
1331:Natural gas liquids
1313:Hydrocarbon history
862:"Alberta Oil Sands"
786:Athabasca Oil Sands
606:Ellerslie Formation
571:Waterways Formation
523:Waterways Formation
412:Athabasca Oil Sands
263: /
172:Waterways Formation
28:Stratigraphic range
1615:Cretaceous Alberta
779:
755:trapping mechanism
735:Radiometric dating
621:
535:
527:
354:McMurray Formation
279:McMurray Formation
115:Outcrop along the
22:McMurray Formation
1582:
1581:
1371:North-east Plains
602:Gething Formation
410:resources of the
350:
349:
346:F.H. McLearn,1917
180:Wabamun Formation
1642:
1625:Fluvial deposits
1366:Canadian Rockies
1352:Southern Alberta
1298:
1291:
1284:
1275:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1235:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1094:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1031:. Archived from
1024:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1003:
1001:
1000:
991:. Archived from
984:
978:
967:
954:
953:
947:
939:
937:
936:
927:. Archived from
920:
914:
907:
898:
897:
895:
894:
885:. Archived from
878:
872:
871:
869:
868:
854:
719:Exshaw Formation
685:fossils include
596:of Alberta, the
379:in northeastern
362:Early Cretaceous
320:
318:
317:
302:
300:
299:
287:
286:
284:
283:
282:
280:
275:
274:
269:
264:
261:
260:
259:
256:
113:
104:
41:
19:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1574:Canadian Shield
1557:Cooking Lake FM
1495:Lloydminster SS
1465:Grand Rapids FM
1425:Belly River GRP
1408:
1357:Central Alberta
1340:
1307:
1302:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1244:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1105:
1095:
1091:10.1139/b72-048
1084:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1004:
998:
996:
986:
985:
981:
968:
957:
940:
934:
932:
922:
921:
917:
908:
901:
892:
890:
880:
879:
875:
866:
864:
856:
855:
851:
846:
834:Wabiskaw Member
802:
790:open-pit mining
767:
707:
691:dinoflagellates
652:
631:Elk Point Group
626:
594:Mannville Group
575:Athabasca River
567:Elk Point Group
555:Wabiskaw Member
551:
515:
475:
420:
393:Athabasca River
315:
313:
297:
295:
278:
276:
272:
270:
266:
265:
262:
257:
254:
252:
250:
249:
176:Banff Formation
161:Wabiskaw Member
139:Mannville Group
120:
117:Athabasca River
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
32:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1648:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1630:Tidal deposits
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1364:South-central
1362:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1251:
1247:on 2013-12-02.
1222:
1206:Alberta Energy
1193:
1174:
1165:
1153:
1144:
1117:
1108:|journal=
1077:
1068:
1059:
1019:
979:
955:
915:
899:
873:
848:
847:
845:
842:
801:
798:
766:
763:
747:Biodegradation
706:
703:
651:
648:
625:
622:
598:Dina Formation
589:farther west.
550:
547:
514:
511:
510:
509:
503:
496:Middle Member:
493:
474:
471:
419:
416:
375:stage) of the
348:
347:
344:
340:
339:
334:
330:
329:
325:
324:
311:
307:
306:
293:
289:
288:
247:
241:
240:
236:
235:
222:
218:
217:
208:
204:
203:
199:
198:
195:
191:
190:
187:
183:
182:
169:
165:
164:
154:
150:
149:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
114:
106:
105:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
42:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1647:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1605:Fort McMurray
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1569:Elk Point GRP
1567:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1537:Winterburn FM
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1485:Clearwater FM
1483:
1481:
1480:Gen. Petr. SS
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1455:Mannville GRP
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1393:Fort St. John
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1212:on 2017-05-28
1211:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
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1169:
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1131:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1035:on 2013-08-14
1034:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1009:
995:on 2013-09-25
994:
990:
983:
980:
976:
975:0-920230-23-7
972:
966:
964:
962:
960:
956:
951:
945:
931:on 2013-08-14
930:
926:
919:
916:
912:
906:
904:
900:
889:on 2012-07-26
888:
884:
877:
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853:
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812:
808:
799:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
776:
771:
764:
762:
760:
759:lithification
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
709:The original
704:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
667:
662:
661:
656:
649:
647:
643:
641:
636:
632:
623:
617:
613:
611:
610:Ostracod Beds
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
548:
546:
544:
540:
531:
524:
519:
512:
507:
506:Upper Member:
504:
501:
497:
494:
491:
487:
486:conglomeratic
483:
482:Lower Member:
480:
479:
478:
472:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
425:
417:
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409:
405:
404:sedimentation
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:Fort McMurray
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
363:
359:
358:stratigraphic
355:
345:
341:
338:
337:Fort McMurray
335:
331:
326:
323:
312:
308:
305:
294:
290:
285:
248:
246:
242:
237:
234:
230:
226:
223:
219:
216:
212:
209:
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200:
196:
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188:
184:
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177:
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158:
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133:
130:
127:
123:
118:
112:
107:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:
36:
29:
25:
20:
1542:Woodbend GRP
1509:
1505:Cummings MBR
1500:Wabiskaw MBR
1435:La Biche GRP
1398:Saskatchewan
1254:
1242:the original
1225:
1214:. Retrieved
1210:the original
1205:
1196:
1168:
1147:
1136:. Retrieved
1099:cite journal
1080:
1071:
1062:
1037:. Retrieved
1033:the original
1022:
997:. Retrieved
993:the original
982:
933:. Retrieved
929:the original
918:
891:. Retrieved
887:the original
876:
865:. Retrieved
852:
831:
823:
815:saline water
803:
800:Hydrogeology
780:
725:studies and
708:
687:foraminifera
664:
658:
655:Ichnofossils
653:
650:Paleontology
644:
627:
591:
552:
543:Saskatchewan
536:
513:Distribution
505:
495:
481:
476:
473:Stratigraphy
421:
353:
351:
328:Type section
1547:Grosmont FM
1510:McMurray FM
1460:McLaren MBR
1445:Joli Fou FM
1430:Lea Park FM
1383:Fort Nelson
1378:Liard River
1336:Natural gas
683:Microscopic
671:macroscopic
666:Teichichnus
463:iron oxides
271: /
258:111°27′24″W
245:Coordinates
1589:Categories
1552:Irteton FM
1532:Wabamun FM
1420:Bearpaw FM
1236:(Report).
1216:2013-01-31
1138:2013-09-03
1039:2013-08-22
999:2013-08-13
935:2013-08-01
893:2009-02-28
867:2009-03-02
844:References
675:coniferous
577:, and the
573:along the
539:Clearwater
424:quartzitic
277: (
255:56°59′45″N
119:, ca. 1900
1527:Exshaw FM
1475:Sparky SS
1470:Waseca SS
1450:Colony SS
1440:Viking FM
1368:foothills
807:aquitards
723:biomarker
711:petroleum
660:Skolithos
431:sandstone
418:Lithology
401:estuarine
369:Barremian
333:Named for
215:sandstone
202:Lithology
194:Thickness
153:Underlies
145:Sub-units
35:Barremian
1522:Banff FM
1515:Dina MBR
1404:Manitoba
1402:Western
1238:Edmonton
1191:376-392.
1048:cite web
1008:cite web
944:cite web
811:aquifers
775:Syncrude
751:bacteria
727:isotopic
679:molluscs
657:such as
490:Devonian
455:cemented
414:region.
389:outcrops
360:unit of
343:Named by
239:Location
168:Overlies
836:of the
782:Bitumen
737:by the
717:of the
583:Wabamun
557:of the
459:calcite
451:friable
408:bitumen
397:fluvial
381:Alberta
310:Country
304:Alberta
207:Primary
135:Unit of
1490:Rex SS
1249:page=4
973:
715:shales
699:spores
695:pollen
585:, and
467:quartz
373:Aptian
367:(late
322:Canada
319:
301:
292:Region
39:Aptian
1264:(PDF)
1245:(PDF)
1234:(PDF)
1133:(PDF)
579:Banff
465:, or
356:is a
221:Other
33:late
1112:help
1054:link
1014:link
971:ISBN
950:link
697:and
663:and
608:and
500:silt
447:coal
443:clay
435:silt
429:and
427:sand
352:The
233:coal
225:Silt
211:Sand
186:Area
125:Type
45:PreꞒ
1087:doi
749:by
731:dip
439:mud
399:to
371:to
365:age
229:mud
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