1089:, organisms forage in such a way as to maximize their net energy intake per unit time. In other words, they behave in such a way as to find, capture and consume food containing the most calories while expending the least amount of time possible in doing so. With extremely short handling times for eating very small prey, star-nosed moles can profitably consume foods that are not worth the time or effort of slower animals, and having a food category to themselves is a big advantage. Furthermore, just behind the 11th ray of the star, the star-nosed mole has modified front teeth that form the equivalent of a pair of tweezers. High-speed video shows these specialized teeth are used to pluck tiny prey from the ground. As Catania reports, "It is also clear from the behavior that the teeth and the star act as an integrated unit – the 11th rays, located directly in front on the teeth, spread apart as the teeth move forward to grasp small food. Thus, tweezer-like teeth and the exquisitely sensitive star likely evolved together as a means to better find and handle small prey quickly...it appears that the ability to rapidly detect and consume small prey was the major selective advantage that drove the evolution of the star."
541:
human fingertip. Nevertheless, it is much larger than the nose of other mole species, covering 0.92 cm (0.14 in) per touch compared to 0.11 cm (0.02 in) covered by the noses of other mole species. This structure is divided into a high resolution central fovea region (the central 11th pair of rays) and less sensitive peripheral areas. In this way, the star works as a "tactile eye" where the peripheral rays (1–10 on each side) study the surroundings with erratic
245:
86:
690:, the somatosensory cortex of the star-nosed mole is somatotopically organized such that sensory information from adjacent parts of the nose is processed in adjacent regions of the somatosensory cortex. Therefore, the rays are also represented in the brain. The inferior most sensitive pair of rays (11th) had a larger representation on the somatosensory cortex, even when these are the shortest pair of appendages in the nose of the star-nosed mole.
61:
714:(97%) responded to light tactile stimulation with a mean latency of 11.6 milliseconds. Besides a fairly large proportion of these neurons (41%) were inhibited by stimulation of proximate Eimer’s organs outside their excitatory receptive field. Consequently, the ability of the star to rapidly determine location and identity of objects is enhanced by small receptive fields and its associated
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to explore objects of interest in more detail – especially potential prey. This foraging behavior is exceptionally fast, such that the mole may touch between 10 and 15 separate areas of the ground every second. It can locate and consume 8 separate prey items in less than 2 seconds and begin searching again for more prey in as little as 120 ms, although the average time is 227 ms.
212:
312:. Other mole species also possess Eimer's organs, though they are not as specialized or numerous as in the star-nosed mole. Because the star-nosed mole is functionally blind, the snout was long suspected to be used to detect electrical activity in prey animals, though little, if any, empirical support has been found for this hypothesis. The nasal star and
42:
488:, who has studied star-nosed moles for 20 years, recently turned his research to the study of star-moles as a route to understanding general principles about how human brains process and represent sensory information. He called star-moles "a gold mine for discoveries about brains and behavior in general—and an unending source of surprises".
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The sequence described constitutes handling time. In studies made by high-speed video, the mole always foveated to the 11th appendage to explore a food item. The use of the 11th appendage of the tactile fovea is surprisingly similar to the manner in which human eyes explore details of a visual scene.
652:
The myelinated fibers innervating the 11 rays were photographed and counted from an enlarged photomontage by
Catania and colleagues. The total number of myelinated fibers for half of the star ranged from 53,050 to 93–94; hence the total fibers for the entire star vary from roughly 106,000 to 117,000.
509:
frequencies, suggesting that "evolution has repeatedly come to the same solution for constructing a high-acuity sensory system: subdivide the sensory surface into a large, lower-resolution periphery for scanning a wide range of stimuli, and a small, high-resolution area that can be focused on objects
1040:
The second theory, that of prey profitability, explains the foraging speed of the star-nosed mole. Prey profitability (i.e. energy gained divided by prey handling time) is an essential variable for estimating the optimal diet. When handling time approaches zero, profitability increases dramatically.
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habitat. Wetlands have a dense population of small insects, so exploiting this resource requires a higher resolution sensory surface than that of other moles. Thus, a shift to the wetland environment may have provided a selective advantage for a more elaborate sensory structure. Furthermore, in wild
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to an identical arrangement without the electrical field. They suggested, therefore, that the nerve endings in the star’s tentacles are indeed electroreceptors and that the moles move them around constantly to sample the strength of the electromagnetic field at different locations as they search for
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organ of the star-nosed mole is preferentially innervated by putative light touch fibers. When the outer appendages of the star come into slight contact with a potential food source, the nose is quickly shifted so that one or more touches are made with the fovea (the two lower appendages; 11th pair)
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had clearly visible set of 11 stripes representing the contralateral star. In some favorable cases, a smaller third set of stripes was also apparent; opposite to other body structures that have a unique representation, with each half of the body represented in the opposite cerebral hemisphere. Thus,
428:
This mole mates in late winter or early spring, and the female has one litter of typically four or five young in late spring or early summer. However, females are known to have a second litter if their first is unsuccessful. At birth, each offspring is about 5 cm (2 in) long, hairless, and
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that brushed or slid across the surface of the nose (Stimuli applied with large displacements and high velocity). In contrast, there were other receptors that responded robustly to small magnitude compression of any kind but were not responsive to sweeping stimuli. The receptors that were sensitive
540:
The star-nose is a highly specialized sensory-motor organ shaped by 22 fleshy finger-like appendages, or tendrils, that ring their nostrils and are in constant motion as the mole explores its environment. The star itself is a centimeter across and thus has a diameter slightly smaller than a typical
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has also been found in dry meadows farther away from water. They have also been found in the Great Smoky
Mountains as high as 1,676 meters. However, the star-nose mole does prefer wet, poorly drained areas and marshes. It is a good swimmer and can forage along the bottoms of streams and ponds. Like
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skin surface. All 25,000 Eimer’s organs distributed along the surface of the star have this basic structure in all 22 appendages. Nevertheless, the fovea region (11th pair of rays), which is shorter in area, has a lower density of these organs – 900 Eimer's organs on its surface while some of the
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Comparing the mole's snout to vision, his research showed that whenever the mole touched potential food, it made a sudden movement to position the smallest rays, the twin rays number 11, over the object for repeated rapid touches. He reports: "The similarities with vision were striking. The star
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prey available in the wetlands, the star-nosed mole has developed handling times as short as 120 ms. The dazzling speed with which it forages therefore counterbalances the low nutritional value of each individual piece of food and maximizes the time available for finding more. Further, the
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and its innervation pattern in Eimer’s organs, Marasco proposed by mapping experiments that nearly all receptors in the star-nosed mole have a preference for a particular direction of applied stimuli. Thus, while one receptor elicits a strong response if compressed in one direction, it may stay
526:). This organ is often recognized by its high sensitivity and reaction speed. In only 8 milliseconds it can decide whether something is edible—in fact, this is one of the fastest responses to a stimulus in the animal kingdom and is the reason why the star-nosed mole was lately recognized in the
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is dedicated to processing sensory information acquired by this organ, even when the nose itself is only roughly 10% of the mole’s actual size. Thus, it may be concluded that the nose substitutes for the eyes, with the information from it being processed so as to produce a tactile map of the
922:. The speed of the bubbles is compared to other mole's speed of sniffing. Scientists found that the bubbles are being blown towards targets such as food. Before the star-nosed mole, scientists did not believe that mammals could smell underwater, let alone smell by blowing bubbles.
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Although these summarized steps of mechanical transduction give a hint of how the star-nosed mole converts mechanical information into potential actions, the entire mechanism of transduction behind this intricate mechanoreceptor is still unknown and further studies are required.
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The study of highly specialized systems often allows better insight into more generalized ones. The mole's striking, star-like structure may reflect a general trend in its "less remarkable" relatives, including humans. Little is known today about the molecular mechanisms of
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other moles, this animal digs shallow surface tunnels for foraging; often, these tunnels exit underwater. It is active day and night and remains active in winter when it has been observed tunneling through the snow and swimming in ice-covered streams.
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Despite the poorly developed eyes, star-nosed moles have an intricate system to detect prey and understand their environment. During exploration, the mole's star-like appendage produces brief touches which compress Eimer’s organ against objects or
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behavior. However, instead of having more sensory organs, this fovea region uses a different approach where the skin's surface may be more sensitive to mechanoreceptic input; it has more innervation density. Rays 1 through 9 each have about 4
513:
The star-shaped nose is a unique organ only found on the star-nosed mole. Living as it does, in complete darkness, the star-nosed mole relies heavily on the mechanical information of its remarkable specialized nose to find and identify their
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is transmitted to the somatosensory neocortex rapidly. This would be insufficient without an adequate processing system, but in the star-nosed mole, the processing also occurs at a very high speed almost approaching the upper limit at which
730:
In 1996, Vanderbilt PhD candidate Paul
Marasco determined that the threshold by which the star-like structure senses the mechanical stimuli depends on which type of the Eimer’s organ was excited. He characterized three main classes of
1077:. Furthermore, the outstanding speed and precision at which the mole performs may provide insights into the structural design of intelligent machines as an artificial response to the remarkable sensory ability of the star-nosed mole.
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weighs about 1.5 g. Their eyes, ears, and star are all sealed, only opening and becoming useful about 14 days after birth. They become independent after about 30 days and are fully mature after 10 months. Predators include the
326:, taking as little as 120 milliseconds (average: 227 ms) to identify and consume individual food items. Its brain decides in approximately 8 ms if prey is edible or not. This speed is at the limit of the speed of
946:
and has not yet been accepted by the scientific community. Instead, the hypothesis proposed by
Catania, in which the function of the appendage is purely tactile, seems to be more feasible and is the one currently accepted.
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Examination of the threshold of velocity at which the receptors responded identified that the minimum velocity of cell response was 46 mm/s, corresponding to the approximate speed of the nose during foraging behavior.
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per Eimer's organ, while rays 10 and 11 have significantly higher innervation densities of 5.6 and 7.1 fibers per organ, respectively, revealing how the sensory periphery is differentially specialized across the star.
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opposite to other species, the somatosensory representation of the tactile fovea is not correlated with anatomical parameters but rather is highly correlated with patterns of behavior. Recordings from active
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in primates—a small region in the center of the eye that yields the sharpest vision—is over-represented in primary visual cortex." He notes that some bats also have an auditory fovea for processing important
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This star-like nose also enables the mole to smell underwater, something which was previously thought impossible in mammals, which requires the inspiration of air during olfaction to convey odorants to the
1046:
proximity of the star-shaped nose to the mouth greatly reduces the handling time required before food can be ingested and is a major factor in how the star-nosed mole can find and eat food so quickly.
417:, maintaining a high body temperature in a wide range of external conditions relative to other Talpid moles. This explains its ability to thrive in cold aquatic environments. Little is known about the
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of its prey prior to mechanical inspection by its appendages. Through behavioral experiments, they demonstrated that moles preferred an artificial worm with the simulated electrical field of a live
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itself, it helps the star-nosed mole blow between 8 and 12 small air bubbles per second, each 0.06 to 0.1 mm in size, onto objects or scent trails. These bubbles are then drawn back into the
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epidermis. Star-nosed moles are the only species which live in the moist, muddy soil of wetlands where the less abrasive environment has allowed the delicate star-shaped structure to evolve.
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Catania, Kenneth C.; Northcutt, R. Glenn; Kaas, Jon H. (1999). "The development of a biological novelty: A different way to make appendages as revealed in the snout of the star-nosed mole
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Catania, Kenneth C. (2000). "Mechanosensory organs of moles, shrew-moles, and desmans: a survey of the family
Talpidae with comments on the function and evolution of Eimer's organ".
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These moles are also able to smell underwater, accomplished by exhaling air bubbles onto objects or scent trails and then inhaling the bubbles to carry scents back through the nose.
1892:
Catania, Kenneth C.; Kaas, Jon H. (1997). "Somatosensory Fovea in the Star-Nosed Mole: Behavioral Use of the Star in
Relation to Innervation Patterns and Cortical Representation".
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are capable of functioning. The threshold at which the mole can decide whether or not something is edible is of 25 milliseconds: 12 milliseconds to the neurons in the mole’s
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to respond to touch and other 5 milliseconds for motor commands to be conducted back to the star. In comparison, this whole process takes 600 milliseconds in humans.
792:. Conversely, the receptors that respond to compressive stimuli showed a narrow peak of maximal activity at 250–300 Hz with displacements from 10 to 28 μm.
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Among the receptors described, Marasco identified that there were receptors relatively unresponsive to compressive stimuli but were acutely responsive to any kind of
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588:, are the only type of receptor organs found in the star of the star-nosed mole, which proves that the star-like structure has clearly a mechanical functioning.
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eye movements—quick movements of the eyes from one focus point to another—in their speed and time-course. The two 11th rays are over-represented in the primary
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placed on the cortex during stimulation of the body demonstrated that roughly 52% of the cortex is devoted to the nose. This means that more than half of the
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1016:. There are two evolutionary theories concerning the star-like nose. One proposes the development of the structure of the star as a consequence of the
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which produce each module. Thus, although the star is unique in its shape and size, it seems feasible that the structure is based on a more ancestral
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If the receptor potential is maintained and the generated current is enough to reach the node of
Ranvier, then the threshold is reached to produce an
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of many species, the Eimer’s organs show obvious signs of wear and abrasion. It appears that constant and repeated contact with the soil damages the
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covered entirely by 25,000 small raised domes or papillae of approximately 30–50 μm (0.0012–0.0020 in) in diameter. These domes, known as
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Campbell, Kevin L; McIntyre, Ian W; MacArthur, Robert A (1999). "Fasting metabolism and thermoregulatory competence of the star-nosed mole,
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has only eight subdivisions on its face, rather than the 22 appendages found on the star-nosed mole. Such change is of common occurrence in
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Eimer’s organ is a sensory structure also found in nearly all of the approximately 30 species of mole, however none contains as many as in
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The nose is about 1 cm in diameter with its Eimer's organs distributed on 22 appendages. Eimer's organs were first described in the
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Catania, K.C. (1999). "A nose that looks like a hand and acts like an eye: the unusual mechanosensory system of the star-nosed mole".
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771:. The differences between both rapid responses rely on the fact that one of them only has a response during the compression phase.
763:-like response based on an (on-off) response caused by pressure and mechanical vibrations with maximum sensitivity to stimuli at a
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in order to perform a role that seems to be purely mechanical. For this purpose, the star also contains a remarkably specialized
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Gould, Edwin; McShea, William; GrandSource, Theodore (1993). "Function of the Star in the Star-Nosed Mole, Condylura cristata".
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is to neurobiology, the star-nosed mole may be the model organism for tactile transduction. The proper understanding of its
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The Star-Nosed Mole Takes
Adaptation To The Extreme - Science Friday, 28 April 2017 (Ira Flatow interview with Ken Catania)
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makes the star ultrasensitive – about 6 times more sensitive than the human hand, which contains about 17,000 receptors.
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fibers in the dermis, run through the central column and end in a ring of terminal swellings just below the outer
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1332:; Remple, Fiona E. (2005). "Asymptotic prey profitability drives star-nosed moles to the foraging speed limit".
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and is explained by the advantage of efficiently adding modules to the body plan without need to reinvent the
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294:-sized mole feels its way around. With the help of its Eimer's organs, it may be perfectly poised to detect
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Adirondack
Ecological Center. College of Environmental Science and Forestry. State University of New York
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of this species appear to be primarily adapted to exploit extremely small prey. A report in the journal
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The development of the star-like appendages suggests precursors with proto-appendages on an ancestor's
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Catania, Kenneth C. (2012). "Tactile sensing in specialized predators – from behavior to the brain".
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with a high sensitivity and at a Random
Sustained Discharge. The rapid adapting responses include a
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lateral rays have over 1500. This may sound contradictory with the fact that this region has higher
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Catania, Kenneth C. (1999). "A nose that looks like a hand and acts like an eye. Star-nosed mole".
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1073:-like system and associated transduction may lead in the future to the development of new types of
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lacks fossil evidence or supporting comparative data, nearly all extant moles have sheets of the
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1478:"BioKIDS - Kids' Inquiry of Diverse Species, Condylura cristata, star-nosed mole: INFORMATION"
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Gould, Edwin; Mcf Mammalogy, William (1993). "Function of the Star in the Star-Nosed Mole,
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found in moist, low elevation areas in the northern parts of North America. It is the only
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Catania, Kenneth C.; Remple, Fiona E. (2004). "Tactile foveation in the star-nosed mole".
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of the star as a distal (protruding or extending) portion of the nose, this is neither an
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971:. Also, recent studies of Catania and colleagues identified one North American species (
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1977:(1930). Aquatic Mammals: Their Adaptations to Life in the Water. Springfield, Illinois.
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Taking into account that Eimer’s organ senses mechanical deformation, its mechanism of
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Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology
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The star-nosed mole lives in wet lowland areas and eats small invertebrates such as
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6598:
6589:
6255:
5870:
5136:
4869:
4815:
4506:
4448:
4439:
4169:
3892:
3793:
3104:
2211:
1875:
1733:
1426:
1369:
1042:
515:
353:
295:
273:
137:
8349:
1001:
as it comprises similarities found in a wide range of other moles and also in the
2179:
1192:
669:
The importance of the star-like nose in the mole’s lifestyle is evidenced in the
286:, and it has more than 25,000 minute sensory receptors in touch organs, known as
8474:
8453:
8396:
8303:
8068:
8017:
7972:
7837:
7813:
7702:
7600:
7413:
7094:
6811:
6733:
6637:
6550:
6312:
6228:
6192:
5698:
4725:
4716:
4349:
4322:
4286:
4241:
4043:
3910:
3847:
3721:
3631:
3469:
3406:
3320:
3149:
2944:
2750:
2553:
2485:
2392:
2267:
1389:(21 December 2006). "Olfaction: Underwater 'sniffing' by semi-aquatic mammals".
1034:
785:
744:
631:
607:
523:
442:
365:
361:
357:
349:
277:
266:
1717:
1657:"The sense of touch in the star-nosed mole: from mechanoreceptors to the brain"
8041:
8008:
7936:
7918:
7747:
7509:
7470:
7461:
7373:
7303:
6264:
6048:
5146:
4884:
4659:
4650:
3478:
2980:
2726:
2425:
2174:
1061:
943:
789:
678:
627:
545:-like movements and direct the 11th ray to objects of interest, just like the
397:
377:
373:
8294:
1012:, having perhaps the most sensitive mechano-sensory system to be found among
1008:
The picture which emerges suggests that the star-nosed mole is an extreme in
8370:
8233:
8209:
8194:
8085:
7885:
7756:
7729:
7720:
7576:
7389:
6357:
6024:
5987:
5921:
5783:
5227:
4683:
4530:
4331:
2917:
2823:
2341:
2077:
1131:
990:
938:
926:
764:
557:
401:
381:
369:
313:
306:
282:
157:
97:
2138:
2085:
1906:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19971020)387:2<215::AID-CNE4>3.0.CO;2-3
1867:
1821:
1771:
1725:
1690:
1672:
1537:
1418:
1361:
1265:
1191:
Feldhamer, George A.; Thompson, Bruce C.; Chapman, Joseph A., eds. (2003).
1913:
1813:
1257:
8562:
8288:
7536:
7485:
7437:
7359:
7140:
6136:
2290:
2275:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
978:
915:
890:
752:
640:
493:
462:
438:
147:
117:
1353:
8590:
8582:
8388:
7669:
7552:
2600:
2585:
2576:
2561:
2037:
1312:
1070:
1021:
998:
748:
611:
546:
542:
393:
389:
291:
2120:
1859:
1763:
788:
from 5–150 Hz at large displacements ranging from 85 to 485
41:
8401:
7693:
5945:
4707:
1410:
1197:(2nd ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1013:
960:
703:
687:
619:
573:
561:
450:
345:
327:
323:
127:
107:
8265:
2029:
1304:
8375:
2105:"Organization of the Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus in Star-Nosed Moles"
1194:
Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management and Conservation
959:, which became elevated over successive generations. Although this
918:, so that odorant molecules in the air bubbles are wafted over the
7071:
6153:
6120:
5046:
4480:
2800:
1116:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 300–301.
1056:
968:
956:
894:
768:
682:
645:
577:
458:
385:
243:
1113:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
2103:
Sawyer, Eva; Leitch, Duncan; Catania, Kenneth (1 October 2014).
925:
In 1993, Edwin Gould and colleagues proposed that the star-like
864:
569:
565:
454:
8362:
8269:
8187:
7352:
7064:
6113:
5039:
4473:
2793:
2546:
2260:
2183:
2155:"Star-nosed mole has moves that put the best magician to shame"
751:
complex. It has free terminals and is therefore able to detect
606:, thus the star is densely innervated. It is associated with a
693:
Other important fact of the representation of the star in the
470:
446:
784:
to sweeping were maximally activated across a broad range of
2175:
Star Nosed Mole - YouTube, SuperSportsman01, 7 October 2012
560:
structure nor an extra hand. The appendages do not contain
743:). The tonic receptor has a response similar to that of a
981:
on the snout which exhibit a striking resemblance to the
576:
by a complex series of muscles that are attached to the
500:
cortex relative to their size, just as the small visual
1942:
The structure and Function of Eimer’s Organ in the Mole
602:
Each Eimer’s organ is supplied by a number of primary
1440:
1438:
1436:
1603:"BBC Nature – Tactile sense videos, news, and facts"
8552:
8278:
8231:
8207:
8082:
8067:
8039:
7907:
7883:
7859:
7835:
7811:
7787:
7691:
7667:
7598:
7574:
7550:
7535:
7483:
7459:
7435:
7411:
7387:
7372:
7301:
7138:
7092:
6932:
6499:
6168:
6151:
6046:
6022:
6013:
5985:
5943:
5919:
5868:
5781:
5706:
5697:
5301:
5235:
5226:
5183:
5144:
5135:
5076:
5067:
4882:
4705:
4681:
4648:
4624:
4576:
4552:
4528:
4504:
2821:
2748:
2724:
2700:
2676:
2598:
2574:
2483:
2423:
2390:
2339:
2288:
967:making up the epidermis of their snout around the
942:prey. However, the hypothesis remains unexplained
933:and that the mole was therefore able to sense the
568:and are not used to manipulate objects or capture
1574:
1572:
1299:(1). American Society of Mammalogists: 108–116.
1170:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41458A22322697.en
322:gives this animal the title of fastest-eating
2195:
653:This means that tactile information from the
8:
910:. Although the star-like structure is not a
686:environment under the mole’s nose. As other
1887:
1885:
1081:Snout as related to optimal foraging theory
977:) with a set of proto-appendages extending
8266:
8204:
8184:
8079:
7547:
7384:
7369:
7349:
7089:
7061:
6165:
6148:
6110:
6019:
5703:
5232:
5141:
5073:
5064:
5036:
4501:
4470:
2818:
2790:
2571:
2543:
2285:
2257:
2202:
2188:
2180:
1935:
1933:
1931:
800:Based on the circular organization of the
614:complex at the base of the cell column, a
421:of the species, but it is suspected to be
210:
59:
40:
31:
2128:
1953:
1951:
1680:
1519:
1168:
834:of the receptor membrane, resulting in a
805:"silent" when compressed in another one.
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
1745:
1743:
1579:Catania, Kenneth C. (1 September 2012).
522:(since moles have small eyes and a tiny
5450:Eastern Cordillera small-footed shrew (
1988:"The Beauty of Ugly ~ Star-Nosed Moles"
1841:
1839:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1098:
852:When the action potential is produced,
380:), terrestrial insects, worms (such as
5525:Southern Colombian small-eared shrew (
2011:
2009:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1446:"Condylura cristata (Star-nosed mole)"
1324:
1322:
722:neurons with short latency responses.
622:just below the column and a series of
248:A specimen from the collection of the
2153:Salisbury, David F. (February 2005).
818:Transduction of the mechanical signal
7:
8596:4C389B51-8979-4648-8701-25E5EC49F1E1
5378:Central Mexican broad-clawed shrew (
5347:Grizzled Mexican small-eared shrew (
1945:. PhD thesis. Vanderbilt University.
1381:
1379:
838:and therefore a current towards the
735:, including one of slow adaptation (
8619:IUCN Red List least concern species
3416:North African white-toothed shrew (
2066:The Journal of Experimental Biology
1246:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
1156:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1050:Current applications in engineering
871:where the information is processed.
595:. This large amount of specialized
18:Mechanoreception in star-nosed mole
4116:Asian lesser white-toothed shrew (
2378:Northern white-breasted hedgehog (
2360:Southern white-breasted hedgehog (
1894:The Journal of Comparative Biology
25:
5898:Long-tailed brown-toothed shrew (
1218:Catania, Kenneth C. (June 2000).
985:of the star-nosed mole, although
863:This signal is carried along the
826:can be explained in a few steps:
726:Sensitivity to mechanical stimuli
5880:Hodgsons's brown-toothed shrew (
5588:Scaly-footed small-eared shrew (
5201:Indochinese short-tailed shrew (
3740:West African long-tailed shrew (
2109:Journal of Comparative Neurology
1059:transduction in mammals. As the
532:as the world’s fastest forager.
477:Snout comparison to visual organ
84:
5889:Taiwanese brown-toothed shrew (
5681:Big Mexican small-eared shrew (
5405:Guatemalan broad-clawed shrew (
5289:Sherman's short-tailed shrew (
5280:Everglades short-tailed shrew (
2655:Northern short-tailed gymnure (
2462:Small-toothed forest hedgehog (
1706:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
739:) and two of rapid adaptation (
6656:Siberian large-toothed shrew (
5672:Talamancan small-eared shrew (
5627:Central American least shrew (
5534:Ecuadorian small-eared shrew (
5396:Goodwin's broad-clawed shrew (
5387:Goldman's broad-clawed shrew (
4143:Lesser gray-brown musk shrew (
3821:Blackish white-toothed shrew (
3704:Sri Lankan long-tailed shrew (
3267:Gmelin's white-toothed shrew (
2628:Bornean short-tailed gymnure (
860:is transduced into electrical.
529:Guinness Book of World Records
1:
8096:Equivalent-teeth shrew mole (
6533:Greater stripe-backed shrew (
6415:Saint Lawrence Island shrew (
5570:Wandering small-eared shrew (
5495:Merriam's small-eared shrew (
5459:Colombian small-eared shrew (
5356:Phillips' small-eared shrew (
5271:Elliot's short-tailed shrew (
5262:Southern short-tailed shrew (
5253:Northern short-tailed shrew (
4979:Mount Cameroon forest shrew (
4693:Pearson's long-clawed shrew (
4594:Grauer's large-headed shrew (
4540:Kelaart's long-clawed shrew (
4089:Greater white-toothed shrew (
4071:Sulawesi white-handed shrew (
4053:Chinese white-toothed shrew (
4026:Kashmir white-toothed shrew (
3731:Montane white-toothed shrew (
2848:East African highland shrew (
1530:10.1016/S1095-6433(99)00065-3
465:, and large fish such as the
8639:Mammals of the United States
8123:Dabie Mountains shrew mole (
5973:Transcaucasian water shrew (
5907:Long-tailed mountain shrew (
5663:Enders's small-eared shrew (
5645:Tropical small-eared shrew (
5636:North American least shrew (
5606:Thomas's small-eared shrew (
5579:Peruvian small-eared shrew (
5552:MedellĂn small-eared shrew (
5543:Rainer's small-eared shrew (
5504:Blackish small-eared shrew (
5468:Honduran small-eared shrew (
5428:Oaxacan broad-clawed shrew (
5338:Nelson's small-eared shrew (
5171:Burmese short-tailed shrew (
5162:Asiatic short-tailed shrew (
4603:Greater large-headed shrew (
4188:Lesser white-toothed shrew (
3920:Sumatran long-tailed shrew (
3677:Gracile naked-tailed shrew (
3560:Butiaba naked-tailed shrew (
3506:Ussuri white-toothed shrew (
2637:Max's short-tailed gymnure (
2619:Javan short-tailed gymnure (
2411:Indian long-eared hedgehog (
1655:Catania, Kenneth C. (2011).
716:collateral inhibition system
673:representation of the nose.
8629:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
6247:Orizaba long-tailed shrew (
6238:Mexican long-tailed shrew (
5955:Mediterranean water shrew (
5829:Pygmy brown-toothed shrew (
5477:Yucatan small-eared shrew (
5329:Mexican small-eared shrew (
4898:Dudu Akaibe's pygmy shrew (
4612:Lesser large-headed shrew (
3240:Smoky white-toothed shrew (
3044:Congo white-toothed shrew (
2453:Gaoligong forest hedgehog (
2318:Southern African hedgehog (
1506:(Talpidae: Condylurinae)".
1065:fly is to genetics, or the
8660:
8150:Snow Mountain shrew mole (
7226:Long-tailed forest shrew (
7190:Eisentraut's mouse shrew (
5561:Merida small-eared shrew (
5486:Darién small-eared shrew (
5210:Anhui short-tailed shrew (
5191:(some Asiatic short-tailed
5152:(some Asiatic short-tailed
4907:Cameroonian forest shrew (
3866:West African pygmy shrew (
1718:10.1016/j.conb.2011.11.014
856:are activated so that the
8624:Mammals described in 1758
8203:
8183:
8114:Black-backed shrew mole (
7368:
7348:
7289:Kilimanjaro mouse shrew (
7181:Dark-footed mouse shrew (
7088:
7060:
6295:Glacier Bay water shrew (
6147:
6109:
5063:
5035:
4952:Johnston's forest shrew (
4500:
4469:
4413:Mikhail Zaitsev's shrew (
3078:Reddish-gray musk shrew (
2817:
2789:
2570:
2542:
2471:Eastern forest hedgehog (
2284:
2256:
2218:
1939:Marasco, Paul D. (2006).
1020:of the star-nosed mole's
639:and an important role in
572:. They are controlled by
413:is particularly adept at
374:predaceous diving beetles
230:
223:
218:
209:
186:
179:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
8141:Inquisitive shrew mole (
7823:Japanese mountain mole (
7328:Mount Kenya mole shrew (
7253:Schaller's mouse shrew (
7027:Chestnut-bellied shrew (
6542:Chinese highland shrew (
6076:Large-eared gray shrew (
5856:Lesser Taiwanese shrew (
5597:Tamá small-eared shrew (
4789:Madagascan pygmy shrew (
4278:Christmas Island shrew (
3497:Kivu long-haired shrew (
3303:Greater Mindanao shrew (
3186:Greater red musk shrew (
3114:Long-tailed musk shrew (
2369:West European hedgehog (
2309:North African hedgehog (
1712:(2). Elsevier: 251–258.
1224:Natural History Magazine
8243:Hispaniolan solenodon (
8105:Anderson's shrew mole (
7262:Sclater's mouse shrew (
7217:Kihaule's mouse shrew (
7154:Babault's mouse shrew (
6782:Caucasian pygmy shrew (
6469:Pribilof Island shrew (
6220:Carmen mountain shrew (
6067:Crawford's gray shrew (
5733:Himalayan water shrew (
5657:Ungrouped / relict
4934:Howell's forest shrew (
4916:Corbet's forest shrew (
4098:Ugandan lowland shrew (
3380:Lesser red musk shrew (
3222:Southeast Asian shrew (
2522:Bare-bellied hedgehog (
2157:. Vanderbilt University
2078:10.1242/jeb.202.20.2719
1110:; Reeder, D.M. (eds.).
1087:optimal foraging theory
796:Directional sensitivity
348:(such as the larvae of
7610:Greater Chinese mole (
6830:Eurasian pygmy shrew (
6821:Eurasian least shrew (
6524:Lesser striped shrew (
6349:American water shrew (
6202:American pygmy shrew (
6058:Cockrum's gray shrew (
5964:Eurasian water shrew (
5769:Sumatran water shrew (
5751:Japanese water shrew (
5243:(American short-tailed
5119:Taiwanese mole shrew (
4988:Greater forest shrew (
4925:Grant's forest shrew (
4825:Asian highland shrew (
4431:Zarudny's rock shrew (
4062:Egyptian pygmy shrew (
3659:Makwassie musk shrew (
3533:Sumatran giant shrew (
3249:Bicolored musk shrew (
1673:10.1098/rstb.2011.0128
1163:: e.T41458A115187740.
536:Anatomy and physiology
481:Vanderbilt University
252:
219:Star-nosed mole range
8527:Paleobiology Database
8051:Japanese shrew mole (
7799:American shrew mole (
7739:Small Japanese mole (
7319:Aberdare mole shrew (
7172:Bururi forest shrew (
7163:Montane mouse shrew (
7117:Greater Congo shrew (
7000:San Cristobal shrew (
6973:Kashmir pygmy shrew (
6515:Dneper common shrew (
6487:Barren ground shrew (
6211:Large-toothed shrew (
5931:Elegant water shrew (
5760:Chinese water shrew (
5742:Bornean water shrew (
5724:Malayan water shrew (
4997:Lesser forest shrew (
4798:Malayan pygmy shrew (
4780:Greater dwarf shrew (
4762:Bornean pygmy shrew (
4386:Hainan Island shrew (
4359:Lesser Ryukyu shrew (
4008:Fraser's musk shrew (
3938:Sahelian tiny shrew (
3875:African giant shrew (
3839:African black shrew (
3776:Savanna dwarf shrew (
3569:Savanna swamp shrew (
3551:Sulawesi tiny shrew (
3389:Andaman spiny shrew (
3285:Peters's musk shrew (
3123:Doucet's musk shrew (
3008:African dusky shrew (
2999:Buettikofer's shrew (
2402:Long-eared hedgehog (
1957:Zimmer, Carl (1993).
1814:10.1007/s003590050396
1482:www.biokids.umich.edu
1258:10.1007/s003590050396
1145:Cassola, F. (2017) .
1106:Hutterer, R. (2005).
867:until it reaches the
775:Frequency sensitivity
247:
8159:Chinese shrew mole (
8132:Gracile shrew mole (
7646:Small-toothed mole (
7126:Lesser Congo shrew (
7018:Trowbridge's shrew (
6839:Flat-skulled shrew (
6433:Southeastern shrew (
6085:Villa's gray shrew (
5110:Chinese mole shrew (
4943:Bioko forest shrew (
4861:Lesser dwarf shrew (
4843:Remy's pygmy shrew (
4564:Palawan moss shrew (
4314:Savanna path shrew (
4179:Kahuzi swamp shrew (
3929:Small-footed shrew (
3830:Black-footed shrew (
3767:Somali dwarf shrew (
3758:Ugandan musk shrew (
3749:Mossy forest shrew (
3362:Hildegarde's shrew (
3294:Large-headed shrew (
3141:Eisentraut's shrew (
2990:Thick-tailed shrew (
2736:Long-eared gymnure (
2300:Four-toed hedgehog (
2072:(Pt 20): 2719–2726.
2018:Journal of Mammalogy
1661:Philos Trans R Soc B
1451:Animal Diversity Web
1293:Journal of Mammalogy
1033:, which have a thin
908:olfactory epithelium
809:Velocity sensitivity
708:somatosensory cortex
675:Electrophysiological
664:somatosensory cortex
626:that originate from
616:lamellated corpuscle
492:movements resembled
337:Ecology and behavior
276:member of the tribe
8073:(Chinese shrew-like
7964:Père David's mole (
7847:White-tailed mole (
7586:True's shrew mole (
7501:Broad-footed mole (
7423:Hairy-tailed mole (
7244:Rumpi mouse shrew (
7208:Nyika mouse shrew (
7199:Geata mouse shrew (
6857:Long-clawed shrew (
6569:Alaska tiny shrew (
6442:Mount Lyell shrew (
6184:Long-tailed shrew (
5802:De Winton's shrew (
5084:(Asian mole shrews)
5006:Rain forest shrew (
4970:Moon forest shrew (
4834:Asian house shrew (
4791:S. madagascariensis
4771:Least dwarf shrew (
4669:Thor's hero shrew (
4395:Xanthippe's shrew (
4152:Desert musk shrew (
4107:Lesser rock shrew (
4080:Roosevelt's shrew (
3999:Flat-headed shrew (
3981:Cameroonian shrew (
3713:Kilimanjaro shrew (
3623:MacMillan's shrew (
3614:MacArthur's shrew (
3605:Mauritanian shrew (
3425:Indochinese shrew (
3398:Horsfield's shrew (
3330:Greenwood's shrew (
3060:Long-footed shrew (
2504:Brandt's hedgehog (
1667:(1581): 3016–3025.
1403:2006Natur.444.1024C
1397:(7122): 1024–1025.
1354:10.1038/nature03250
1346:2005Natur.433..519C
1330:Catania, Kenneth C.
1010:mammalian evolution
1003:molecular structure
995:regulatory elements
987:Scapanus townsendii
974:Scapanus townsendii
920:olfactory receptors
554:anatomical position
518:prey without using
400:, as well as small
236:Linnaeus, 1758
51:Conservation status
8324:Condylura_cristata
8310:Condylura cristata
8280:Condylura cristata
7895:Long-tailed mole (
7871:Short-faced mole (
7271:Thin mouse shrew (
7108:Phillips's shrew (
6982:Saussure's shrew (
6451:Portenko's shrew (
6424:Paramushir shrew (
6331:New Mexico shrew (
5838:Salenski's shrew (
5793:Van Sung's shrew (
5101:Giant mole shrew (
5092:Assam mole shrew (
4852:Anderson's shrew (
4755:S. fellowesgordoni
4753:Sri Lankan shrew (
4368:Whitaker's shrew (
3785:Peninsular shrew (
3668:Swamp musk shrew (
3452:Jouvenet's shrew (
3035:Cinderella shrew (
2909:Asian gray shrew (
2769:Mindanao gymnure (
2435:Daurian hedgehog (
2210:Extant species of
2062:Condylura cristata
1994:. 18 November 2007
1960:The Electric Mole.
1581:"A Nose for Touch"
1504:Condylura cristata
1289:Condylura cristata
1149:Condylura cristata
1018:selective pressure
1005:of other mammals.
858:mechanical impulse
836:receptor potential
677:experiments using
624:free nerve endings
552:Regardless of the
549:’s foveating eye.
406:Condylura cristata
305:in 1871 by German
290:, with which this
262:Condylura cristata
253:
250:Muséum de Toulouse
190:Condylura cristata
8634:Mammals of Canada
8606:
8605:
8514:Open Tree of Life
8272:Taxon identifiers
8263:
8262:
8259:
8258:
8255:
8254:
8219:Cuban solenodon (
8179:
8178:
8175:
8174:
8171:
8170:
8125:U. dabieshanensis
8063:
8062:
7928:Aquitanian mole (
7679:Pyrenean desman (
7655:Vietnamese mole (
7628:Long-nosed mole (
7531:
7530:
7519:Townsend's mole (
7399:Star-nosed mole (
7344:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7235:Oku mouse shrew (
7056:
7055:
7052:
7051:
7048:
7047:
6991:Sclater's shrew (
6964:Merriam's shrew (
6955:Zacatecas shrew (
6803:Laxmann's shrew (
6725:Tien Shan shrew (
6674:Caucasian shrew (
6388:Kamchatka shrew (
6105:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6009:
6008:
5997:Himalayan shrew (
5693:
5692:
5222:
5221:
5131:
5130:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5026:
4636:Ruwenzori shrew (
4465:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4341:Voracious shrew (
4260:Therese's shrew (
4233:Telford's shrew (
4206:Tanzanian shrew (
4161:Sokolov's shrew (
3947:Pale gray shrew (
3650:Manenguba shrew (
3596:Moonshine shrew (
3542:Bicolored shrew (
3488:Lamotte's shrew (
3461:Katinka's shrew (
3443:Jenkins's shrew (
3434:Jackson's shrew (
3177:Fischer's shrew (
3159:Elongated shrew (
3132:Dsinezumi shrew (
3096:Desperate shrew (
2972:Bottego's shrew (
2963:Beccari's shrew (
2839:Cyrenaica shrew (
2785:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2760:Dinagat gymnure (
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2513:Indian hedgehog (
2495:Desert hedgehog (
2444:Hugh's hedgehog (
2327:Somali hedgehog (
2121:10.1002/cne.23605
2115:(14): 3335–3350.
1964:Discover Magazine
1860:10.1159/000047201
1764:10.1159/000073755
1552:"Star-nosed Mole"
1340:(7025): 519–522.
1123:978-0-8018-8221-0
1075:neural prostheses
1041:Due to the small
733:Eimer’s receptors
242:
241:
237:
74:
16:(Redirected from
8651:
8599:
8598:
8586:
8585:
8573:
8572:
8571:
8545:
8544:
8535:
8534:
8522:
8521:
8509:
8508:
8496:
8495:
8483:
8482:
8470:
8469:
8457:
8456:
8444:
8443:
8431:
8430:
8418:
8417:
8405:
8404:
8392:
8391:
8379:
8378:
8366:
8365:
8353:
8352:
8340:
8339:
8327:
8326:
8314:
8313:
8312:
8299:
8298:
8297:
8267:
8205:
8193:
8185:
8080:
8076:
7982:Martino's mole (
7946:Caucasian mole (
7637:Himalayan mole (
7562:Russian desman (
7548:
7544:
7541:(Old World moles
7494:
7385:
7381:
7378:(New World moles
7370:
7358:
7350:
7312:
7228:M. longicaudatus
7147:
7101:
7090:
7078:
7070:
7062:
7036:Veracruz shrew (
6938:
6920:Apennine shrew (
6916:
6895:
6874:
6799:
6773:Kozlov's shrew (
6760:
6721:
6704:Maritime shrew (
6691:
6616:
6586:
6535:S. cylindricauda
6502:
6471:S. pribilofensis
6460:Preble's shrew (
6397:Cinereus shrew (
6384:
6291:
6171:
6166:
6162:
6149:
6140:
6135:
6127:
6119:
6111:
6020:
5811:Lamulate shrew (
5753:C. platycephalus
5717:
5704:
5659:
5623:
5521:
5446:
5407:C. griseoventris
5374:
5325:
5312:
5246:
5233:
5212:P. latimaxillata
5194:
5164:B. quadraticauda
5155:
5142:
5085:
5074:
5065:
5053:
5045:
5037:
4909:S. cameruniensis
4891:
4807:Climbing shrew (
4773:S. infinitesimus
4744:Etruscan shrew (
4587:
4502:
4493:
4487:
4479:
4471:
4422:Zaphir's shrew (
4377:Wimmer's shrew (
4305:Usambara shrew (
4296:Ultimate shrew (
4269:São Tomé shrew (
4251:Thalia's shrew (
4134:Sicilian shrew (
4125:Siberian shrew (
4118:C. shantungensis
4035:Rainey's shrew (
3990:Pitman's shrew (
3884:Oriental shrew (
3812:Nigerian shrew (
3686:Javanese shrew (
3661:C. maquassiensis
3578:Lucina's shrew (
3524:Sulawesi shrew (
3515:Latona's shrew (
3427:C. indochinensis
3312:Grasse's shrew (
3195:Flower's shrew (
3069:Crosse's shrew (
3017:Canarian shrew (
2954:Mindanao shrew (
2936:Kinabalu shrew (
2927:Bailey's shrew (
2900:Armenian shrew (
2873:Ansell's shrew (
2832:
2819:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2688:Hainan gymnure (
2664:Leuser gymnure (
2572:
2560:
2552:
2544:
2286:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2181:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2142:
2132:
2090:
2089:
2057:
2042:
2041:
2013:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1926:
1925:
1889:
1880:
1879:
1848:Brain Behav Evol
1843:
1834:
1833:
1802:J Comp Physiol A
1797:
1784:
1783:
1752:Brain Behav Evol
1747:
1738:
1737:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1684:
1652:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1523:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1474:
1468:
1465:Star-nosed Mole.
1462:
1456:
1455:
1442:
1431:
1430:
1411:10.1038/4441024a
1383:
1374:
1373:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1220:"A Star is Born"
1215:
1209:
1208:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1103:
1067:squid giant axon
983:embryonic stages
935:electrical field
931:electroreceptors
847:action potential
718:that constrains
510:of importance".
435:great horned owl
415:thermoregulation
404:and small fish.
235:
214:
192:
172:C. cristata
89:
88:
68:
63:
62:
44:
35:Star-nosed mole
32:
21:
8659:
8658:
8654:
8653:
8652:
8650:
8649:
8648:
8609:
8608:
8607:
8602:
8594:
8589:
8581:
8576:
8567:
8566:
8561:
8554:Sorex cristatus
8548:
8540:
8538:
8530:
8525:
8517:
8512:
8506:star-nosed-mole
8504:
8499:
8491:
8486:
8478:
8473:
8465:
8460:
8452:
8447:
8439:
8434:
8426:
8421:
8413:
8408:
8400:
8395:
8387:
8382:
8374:
8369:
8361:
8356:
8348:
8343:
8335:
8330:
8322:
8317:
8308:
8307:
8302:
8293:
8292:
8287:
8274:
8264:
8251:
8227:
8199:
8191:
8167:
8143:U. investigator
8098:U. aequodonenia
8089:
8074:
8072:
8071:
8059:
8035:
8029:T. talyschensis
7993:T. occidentalis
7955:European mole (
7903:
7879:
7855:
7831:
7807:
7783:
7766:Japanese mole (
7687:
7663:
7630:E. longirostris
7594:
7570:
7542:
7540:
7539:
7527:
7493:American moles)
7492:
7490:
7489:
7479:
7455:
7431:
7407:
7379:
7377:
7376:
7364:
7356:
7336:
7310:
7308:
7307:
7297:
7145:
7144:
7134:
7110:C. phillipsorum
7099:
7098:
7084:
7076:
7068:
7044:
7009:Tibetan shrew (
6946:Arizona shrew (
6934:
6928:
6909:
6899:Radde's shrew (
6888:
6878:Slender shrew (
6867:
6859:S. unguiculatus
6823:S. minutissimus
6792:
6766:S. buchariensis
6764:Buchara shrew (
6753:
6714:
6706:S. maritimensis
6684:
6665:Iberian shrew (
6647:Crowned shrew (
6609:
6579:
6560:Chinese shrew (
6503:
6500:
6495:
6478:Olympic shrew (
6435:S. longirostris
6406:Prairie shrew (
6390:S. camtschatica
6377:
6367:Vagrant shrew (
6340:Pacific shrew (
6333:S. neomexicanus
6322:Montane shrew (
6304:Baird's shrew (
6284:
6274:Verapaz shrew (
6172:
6169:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6143:
6133:
6131:
6125:
6117:
6093:
6042:
6034:Mexican shrew (
6005:
5981:
5939:
5915:
5864:
5847:Smith's shrew (
5777:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5689:
5655:
5616:
5514:
5439:
5436:
5367:
5318:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5297:
5264:B. carolinensis
5244:
5242:
5241:
5218:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5179:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5127:
5083:
5082:
5059:
5051:
5043:
5023:
5015:Volcano shrew (
4961:Kongana shrew (
4890:(Forest shrews)
4889:
4888:
4878:
4854:S. stoliczkanus
4701:
4677:
4644:
4620:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4572:
4548:
4524:
4516:Piebald shrew (
4496:
4491:
4485:
4477:
4457:
4406:C. yankariensis
4404:Yankari shrew (
4224:Saharan shrew (
4215:Tarella shrew (
4197:Iranian shrew (
4181:C. stenocephala
4109:C. serezkyensis
4017:Polia's shrew (
3974:C. phuquocensis
3972:Phu Hoc shrew (
3956:Guramba shrew (
3904:C. palawanensis
3902:Palawan shrew (
3857:Niobe's shrew (
3803:Nicobar shrew (
3695:Mindoro shrew (
3641:Malayan shrew (
3587:Ludia's shrew (
3364:C. hildegardeae
3346:Harenna shrew (
3276:Goliath shrew (
3258:Glass's shrew (
3231:Savanna shrew (
3204:Bornean shrew (
3168:Heather shrew (
3046:C. congobelgica
3026:Caspian shrew (
3001:C. buettikoferi
2891:Jackass shrew (
2882:Arabian shrew (
2867:C. annamitensis
2859:C. andamanensis
2857:Andaman shrew (
2841:C. aleksandrisi
2830:
2828:
2827:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2777:
2762:P. aureospinula
2744:
2720:
2712:Shrew gymnure (
2696:
2672:
2646:Dalat gymnure (
2610:Dwarf gymnure (
2594:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2530:
2479:
2419:
2386:
2351:Amur hedgehog (
2335:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2252:
2214:
2208:
2160:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2102:
2099:
2097:Further reading
2094:
2093:
2059:
2058:
2045:
2030:10.2307/1381909
2015:
2014:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1956:
1949:
1938:
1929:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1799:
1798:
1787:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1654:
1653:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1521:10.1.1.523.6211
1501:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1444:
1443:
1434:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1305:10.2307/1381909
1286:
1285:
1281:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1124:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1083:
1052:
953:
944:physiologically
882:
840:node of Ranvier
820:
811:
798:
777:
741:Phasic receptor
728:
710:show that most
695:cerebral cortex
660:nervous systems
538:
486:Kenneth Catania
479:
431:red-tailed hawk
419:social behavior
339:
257:star-nosed mole
233:Sorex cristatus
205:
194:
188:
175:
83:
75:
64:
60:
53:
28:
27:Species of Mole
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8657:
8655:
8647:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8611:
8610:
8604:
8603:
8601:
8600:
8587:
8574:
8558:
8556:
8550:
8549:
8547:
8546:
8536:
8523:
8510:
8497:
8484:
8471:
8458:
8445:
8432:
8419:
8406:
8393:
8380:
8367:
8354:
8341:
8328:
8315:
8300:
8284:
8282:
8276:
8275:
8270:
8261:
8260:
8257:
8256:
8253:
8252:
8250:
8249:
8239:
8237:
8229:
8228:
8226:
8225:
8215:
8213:
8201:
8200:
8198:
8197:
8195:Solenodontidae
8188:
8181:
8180:
8177:
8176:
8173:
8172:
8169:
8168:
8166:
8165:
8156:
8147:
8138:
8129:
8120:
8111:
8102:
8092:
8090:
8083:
8077:
8065:
8064:
8061:
8060:
8058:
8057:
8047:
8045:
8037:
8036:
8034:
8033:
8027:Talysch mole (
8024:
8015:
8006:
8000:Ognev's mole (
7997:
7991:Spanish mole (
7988:
7979:
7970:
7961:
7952:
7943:
7934:
7925:
7915:
7913:
7905:
7904:
7902:
7901:
7891:
7889:
7881:
7880:
7878:
7877:
7867:
7865:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7853:
7843:
7841:
7833:
7832:
7830:
7829:
7819:
7817:
7809:
7808:
7806:
7805:
7795:
7793:
7785:
7784:
7782:
7781:
7775:Senkaku mole (
7772:
7763:
7754:
7745:
7736:
7727:
7718:
7712:Insular mole (
7709:
7699:
7697:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7685:
7675:
7673:
7665:
7664:
7662:
7661:
7652:
7643:
7634:
7625:
7619:Kloss's mole (
7616:
7606:
7604:
7596:
7595:
7593:
7592:
7588:D. pilirostris
7582:
7580:
7572:
7571:
7569:
7568:
7558:
7556:
7545:
7543:and relatives)
7533:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7526:
7525:
7516:
7507:
7497:
7495:
7491:(Western North
7481:
7480:
7478:
7477:
7467:
7465:
7457:
7456:
7454:
7453:
7447:Eastern mole (
7443:
7441:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7429:
7419:
7417:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7405:
7395:
7393:
7382:
7380:and relatives)
7366:
7365:
7363:
7362:
7353:
7346:
7345:
7342:
7341:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7334:
7325:
7315:
7313:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7295:
7286:
7280:Forest shrew (
7277:
7268:
7259:
7250:
7241:
7232:
7223:
7214:
7205:
7196:
7192:M. eisentrauti
7187:
7178:
7174:M. bururiensis
7169:
7160:
7150:
7148:
7146:(Mouse shrews)
7136:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7123:
7114:
7104:
7102:
7100:(Congo shrews)
7086:
7085:
7083:
7082:
7074:
7065:
7058:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7042:
7038:S. veraecrucis
7033:
7024:
7020:S. trowbridgii
7015:
7006:
6997:
6988:
6979:
6970:
6961:
6957:S. emarginatus
6952:
6942:
6940:
6936:incertae sedis
6930:
6929:
6927:
6926:
6917:
6906:
6905:
6896:
6885:
6884:
6880:S. gracillimus
6875:
6870:S. gracillimus
6864:
6863:
6854:
6848:Shinto shrew (
6845:
6836:
6827:
6818:
6809:
6800:
6789:
6788:
6779:
6770:
6761:
6750:
6749:
6743:Tundra shrew (
6740:
6731:
6722:
6711:
6710:
6701:
6695:Arctic shrew (
6692:
6681:
6680:
6671:
6662:
6658:S. daphaenodon
6653:
6644:
6635:
6629:Common shrew (
6626:
6620:Valais shrew (
6617:
6606:
6605:
6599:Ussuri shrew (
6596:
6590:Alpine shrew (
6587:
6576:
6575:
6566:
6557:
6548:
6539:
6530:
6521:
6511:
6509:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6493:
6484:
6475:
6466:
6457:
6448:
6439:
6430:
6426:S. leucogaster
6421:
6412:
6403:
6394:
6385:
6374:
6373:
6364:
6355:
6346:
6337:
6328:
6319:
6310:
6301:
6292:
6281:
6280:
6271:
6262:
6256:Ornate shrew (
6253:
6244:
6235:
6226:
6217:
6208:
6199:
6190:
6180:
6178:
6163:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6123:
6114:
6107:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6082:
6073:
6064:
6054:
6052:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6040:
6030:
6028:
6017:
6011:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5993:
5991:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5979:
5970:
5961:
5951:
5949:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5927:
5925:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5904:
5895:
5886:
5876:
5874:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5862:
5853:
5844:
5835:
5826:
5820:Lowe's shrew (
5817:
5808:
5799:
5795:C. caovansunga
5789:
5787:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5775:
5766:
5757:
5748:
5739:
5730:
5720:
5718:
5714:(Asiatic water
5701:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5678:
5669:
5660:
5652:
5651:
5642:
5633:
5624:
5613:
5612:
5603:
5594:
5585:
5581:C. peruviensis
5576:
5567:
5558:
5549:
5540:
5531:
5522:
5511:
5510:
5501:
5492:
5483:
5474:
5470:C. hondurensis
5465:
5456:
5447:
5435:
5434:
5425:
5418:
5411:
5402:
5393:
5384:
5375:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5353:
5344:
5335:
5326:
5315:
5313:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5286:
5277:
5268:
5259:
5249:
5247:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5207:
5197:
5195:
5186:Parablarinella
5181:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5168:
5158:
5156:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5116:
5107:
5098:
5088:
5086:
5071:
5069:Anourosoricini
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5049:
5040:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5012:
5003:
4994:
4985:
4976:
4967:
4963:S. konganensis
4958:
4949:
4940:
4931:
4922:
4913:
4904:
4894:
4892:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4870:Jungle shrew (
4867:
4858:
4849:
4840:
4831:
4822:
4816:Flores shrew (
4813:
4804:
4795:
4786:
4777:
4768:
4759:
4750:
4741:
4732:
4723:
4719:S. aequatorius
4713:
4711:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4689:
4687:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4666:
4656:
4654:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4632:
4630:
4627:Ruwenzorisorex
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4614:P. schoutedeni
4609:
4600:
4590:
4588:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4560:
4558:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4536:
4534:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4512:
4510:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4483:
4474:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4451:C. zimmermanni
4449:Cretan shrew (
4446:
4440:Upemba shrew (
4437:
4428:
4419:
4410:
4401:
4392:
4388:C. wuchihensis
4383:
4374:
4365:
4356:
4347:
4338:
4329:
4320:
4311:
4302:
4293:
4284:
4275:
4266:
4257:
4248:
4239:
4230:
4226:C. tarfayensis
4221:
4212:
4203:
4194:
4185:
4176:
4170:Somali shrew (
4167:
4158:
4149:
4140:
4131:
4122:
4113:
4104:
4095:
4086:
4077:
4068:
4059:
4050:
4041:
4032:
4023:
4014:
4005:
3996:
3987:
3978:
3969:
3962:
3953:
3944:
3935:
3926:
3917:
3908:
3899:
3893:Ryukyu shrew (
3890:
3881:
3872:
3863:
3854:
3845:
3836:
3827:
3818:
3809:
3800:
3794:Negros shrew (
3791:
3782:
3773:
3764:
3755:
3746:
3737:
3728:
3719:
3710:
3701:
3692:
3683:
3674:
3670:C. mariquensis
3665:
3656:
3647:
3638:
3629:
3620:
3611:
3602:
3593:
3584:
3575:
3566:
3557:
3548:
3539:
3530:
3521:
3512:
3503:
3494:
3485:
3476:
3467:
3458:
3449:
3440:
3431:
3422:
3413:
3404:
3400:C. horsfieldii
3395:
3386:
3377:
3371:Hill's shrew (
3368:
3359:
3352:
3343:
3336:
3327:
3318:
3309:
3300:
3291:
3282:
3273:
3264:
3255:
3251:C. fuscomurina
3246:
3237:
3228:
3219:
3210:
3201:
3192:
3183:
3174:
3165:
3156:
3147:
3143:C. eisentrauti
3138:
3129:
3120:
3111:
3107:C. dhofarensis
3105:Dhofar shrew (
3102:
3093:
3087:Dent's shrew (
3084:
3075:
3066:
3057:
3050:
3041:
3032:
3023:
3019:C. canariensis
3014:
3005:
2996:
2987:
2983:C. bottegoides
2978:
2969:
2960:
2951:
2942:
2933:
2924:
2915:
2906:
2897:
2888:
2879:
2870:
2863:
2854:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2829:(White-toothed
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2803:
2794:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2766:
2756:
2754:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2690:N. hainanensis
2684:
2682:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2661:
2652:
2643:
2634:
2625:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2556:
2547:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2524:P. nudiventris
2519:
2510:
2501:
2497:P. aethiopicus
2491:
2489:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2468:
2459:
2450:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2302:A. albiventris
2296:
2294:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2261:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2248:Laurasiatheria
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2148:
2147:External links
2145:
2144:
2143:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2043:
2024:(1): 108–116.
2005:
1979:
1967:
1947:
1927:
1900:(2): 215–233.
1881:
1854:(3): 146–174.
1835:
1785:
1739:
1696:
1620:
1594:
1583:. TheScientist
1568:
1543:
1514:(3): 293–298.
1494:
1469:
1457:
1432:
1375:
1318:
1279:
1252:(4): 367–372.
1236:
1210:
1203:
1183:
1137:
1122:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1082:
1079:
1051:
1048:
1031:sensory organs
952:
949:
881:
878:
873:
872:
861:
854:ionic channels
850:
843:
832:depolarization
830:Stimuli cause
819:
816:
810:
807:
797:
794:
776:
773:
737:Tonic receptor
727:
724:
586:Eimer’s organs
537:
534:
483:neuroscientist
478:
475:
396:, and aquatic
338:
335:
288:Eimer's organs
240:
239:
228:
227:
221:
220:
216:
215:
207:
206:
195:
184:
183:
177:
176:
169:
167:
163:
162:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
77:
76:
58:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8656:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8616:
8614:
8597:
8592:
8588:
8584:
8579:
8575:
8570:
8564:
8560:
8559:
8557:
8555:
8551:
8543:
8537:
8533:
8528:
8524:
8520:
8515:
8511:
8507:
8502:
8498:
8494:
8489:
8485:
8481:
8476:
8472:
8468:
8463:
8459:
8455:
8450:
8446:
8442:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8424:
8420:
8416:
8411:
8407:
8403:
8398:
8394:
8390:
8385:
8381:
8377:
8372:
8368:
8364:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8346:
8342:
8338:
8333:
8329:
8325:
8320:
8316:
8311:
8305:
8301:
8296:
8290:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8268:
8248:
8246:
8241:
8240:
8238:
8236:
8235:
8230:
8224:
8222:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8212:
8211:
8206:
8202:
8196:
8190:
8189:
8186:
8182:
8164:
8162:
8157:
8155:
8153:
8148:
8146:
8144:
8139:
8137:
8135:
8130:
8128:
8126:
8121:
8119:
8117:
8112:
8110:
8108:
8103:
8101:
8099:
8094:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8087:
8081:
8078:
8070:
8066:
8056:
8054:
8049:
8048:
8046:
8044:
8043:
8038:
8032:
8030:
8025:
8023:
8021:
8020:T. stankovici
8018:Balkan mole (
8016:
8014:
8012:
8007:
8005:
8003:
7998:
7996:
7994:
7989:
7987:
7985:
7984:T. martinorum
7980:
7978:
7976:
7973:Levant mole (
7971:
7969:
7967:
7962:
7960:
7958:
7953:
7951:
7949:
7944:
7942:
7940:
7935:
7933:
7931:
7926:
7924:
7922:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7912:
7911:
7906:
7900:
7898:
7897:S. fusicaudus
7893:
7892:
7890:
7888:
7887:
7882:
7876:
7874:
7869:
7868:
7866:
7864:
7863:
7858:
7852:
7850:
7845:
7844:
7842:
7840:
7839:
7834:
7828:
7826:
7821:
7820:
7818:
7816:
7815:
7810:
7804:
7802:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7792:
7791:
7786:
7780:
7778:
7773:
7771:
7769:
7764:
7762:
7760:
7755:
7753:
7751:
7746:
7744:
7742:
7737:
7735:
7733:
7728:
7726:
7724:
7719:
7717:
7715:
7710:
7708:
7706:
7703:Echigo mole (
7701:
7700:
7698:
7696:
7695:
7690:
7684:
7682:
7681:G. pyrenaicus
7677:
7676:
7674:
7672:
7671:
7666:
7660:
7658:
7653:
7651:
7649:
7644:
7642:
7640:
7635:
7633:
7631:
7626:
7624:
7622:
7617:
7615:
7613:
7608:
7607:
7605:
7603:
7602:
7597:
7591:
7589:
7584:
7583:
7581:
7579:
7578:
7573:
7567:
7565:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7555:
7554:
7549:
7546:
7538:
7534:
7524:
7522:
7521:S. townsendii
7517:
7515:
7513:
7508:
7506:
7504:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7488:
7487:
7482:
7476:
7474:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7464:
7463:
7458:
7452:
7450:
7445:
7444:
7442:
7440:
7439:
7434:
7428:
7426:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7416:
7415:
7410:
7404:
7402:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7392:
7391:
7386:
7383:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7361:
7355:
7354:
7351:
7347:
7333:
7331:
7326:
7324:
7322:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7309:(African mole
7306:
7305:
7300:
7294:
7292:
7287:
7285:
7283:
7278:
7276:
7274:
7269:
7267:
7265:
7260:
7258:
7256:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7242:
7240:
7238:
7233:
7231:
7229:
7224:
7222:
7220:
7215:
7213:
7211:
7206:
7204:
7202:
7197:
7195:
7193:
7188:
7186:
7184:
7179:
7177:
7175:
7170:
7168:
7166:
7161:
7159:
7157:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7143:
7142:
7137:
7131:
7129:
7124:
7122:
7120:
7115:
7113:
7111:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7097:
7096:
7091:
7087:
7081:
7075:
7073:
7067:
7066:
7063:
7059:
7041:
7039:
7034:
7032:
7030:
7025:
7023:
7021:
7016:
7014:
7012:
7011:S. thibetanus
7007:
7005:
7003:
6998:
6996:
6994:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6980:
6978:
6976:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6962:
6960:
6958:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6931:
6925:
6923:
6922:S. samniticus
6918:
6915:
6913:
6912:S. samniticus
6908:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6887:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6866:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6828:
6826:
6824:
6819:
6817:
6815:
6812:Taiga shrew (
6810:
6808:
6806:
6805:S. caecutiens
6801:
6798:
6796:
6795:S. caecutiens
6791:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6784:S. volnuchini
6780:
6778:
6776:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6752:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6745:S. tundrensis
6741:
6739:
6737:
6734:Gansu shrew (
6732:
6730:
6728:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6717:S. tundrensis
6713:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6702:
6700:
6698:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6683:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6672:
6670:
6668:
6663:
6661:
6659:
6654:
6652:
6650:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6638:Udine shrew (
6636:
6634:
6632:
6627:
6625:
6623:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6608:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6578:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6567:
6565:
6563:
6558:
6556:
6554:
6551:Azumi shrew (
6549:
6547:
6545:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6531:
6529:
6527:
6526:S. bedfordiae
6522:
6520:
6518:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6508:
6507:
6498:
6492:
6490:
6485:
6483:
6481:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6458:
6456:
6454:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6440:
6438:
6436:
6431:
6429:
6427:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6395:
6393:
6391:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6376:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6365:
6363:
6361:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6329:
6327:
6325:
6324:S. monticolus
6320:
6318:
6316:
6313:Marsh shrew (
6311:
6309:
6307:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6283:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6276:S. veraepacis
6272:
6270:
6268:
6263:
6261:
6259:
6254:
6252:
6250:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6236:
6234:
6232:
6229:Dwarf shrew (
6227:
6225:
6223:
6218:
6216:
6214:
6209:
6207:
6205:
6200:
6198:
6196:
6193:Smoky shrew (
6191:
6189:
6187:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6167:
6164:
6156:
6155:
6150:
6146:
6138:
6130:
6124:
6122:
6116:
6115:
6112:
6108:
6090:
6088:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6039:
6037:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6015:Notiosoricini
6012:
6002:
6000:
5999:S. nigrescens
5995:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5971:
5969:
5967:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5942:
5936:
5934:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5912:
5910:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5861:
5859:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5809:
5807:
5805:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5780:
5774:
5772:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5740:
5738:
5736:
5735:C. himalayica
5731:
5729:
5727:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5686:
5684:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5661:
5658:
5654:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5647:C. tropicalis
5643:
5641:
5639:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5568:
5566:
5564:
5563:C. meridensis
5559:
5557:
5555:
5554:C. medellinia
5550:
5548:
5546:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5513:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5506:C. nigrescens
5502:
5500:
5498:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5461:C. colombiana
5457:
5455:
5453:
5452:C. brachyonyx
5448:
5445:
5443:
5442:C. nigrescens
5438:
5437:
5433:
5431:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5415:C. lacertosus
5412:
5410:
5408:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5359:
5358:C. phillipsii
5354:
5352:
5350:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5294:
5292:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5282:B. peninsulae
5278:
5276:
5274:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5255:B. brevicauda
5251:
5250:
5248:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5215:
5213:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5176:
5174:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5124:
5122:
5121:A. yamashinai
5117:
5115:
5113:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5094:A. assamensis
5090:
5089:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5050:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5020:
5018:
5017:S. vulcanorum
5013:
5011:
5009:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4875:
4873:
4872:S. zeylanicus
4868:
4866:
4864:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4735:Day's shrew (
4733:
4731:
4729:
4726:Black shrew (
4724:
4722:
4720:
4717:Taita shrew (
4715:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4698:
4696:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4674:
4672:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4584:(Large-headed
4581:
4580:
4579:Paracrocidura
4575:
4569:
4567:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4555:Palawanosorex
4551:
4545:
4543:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4521:
4519:
4518:D. pulchellus
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4490:
4484:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4454:
4452:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4350:Banka shrew (
4348:
4346:
4344:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4323:Mamfe shrew (
4321:
4319:
4317:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4287:Turbo shrew (
4285:
4283:
4281:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4242:Timor shrew (
4240:
4238:
4236:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4208:C. tansaniana
4204:
4202:
4200:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4190:C. suaveolens
4186:
4184:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4082:C. roosevelti
4078:
4076:
4074:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4044:Negev shrew (
4042:
4040:
4038:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3966:C. phanluongi
3963:
3961:
3959:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3922:C. paradoxura
3918:
3916:
3914:
3913:C. panayensis
3911:Panay shrew (
3909:
3907:
3905:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3886:C. orientalis
3882:
3880:
3878:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3848:Nimba shrew (
3846:
3844:
3842:
3841:C. nigrofusca
3837:
3835:
3833:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3805:C. nicobarica
3801:
3799:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3722:Sunda shrew (
3720:
3718:
3716:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3652:C. manengubae
3648:
3646:
3644:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3632:Nyiro shrew (
3630:
3628:
3626:
3625:C. macmillani
3621:
3619:
3617:
3616:C. macarthuri
3612:
3610:
3608:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3562:C. littoralis
3558:
3556:
3554:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3470:Ke Go shrew (
3468:
3466:
3464:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3454:C. jouvenetae
3450:
3448:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3407:Hutan shrew (
3405:
3403:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3332:C. greenwoodi
3328:
3326:
3324:
3321:Luzon shrew (
3319:
3317:
3315:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3296:C. grandiceps
3292:
3290:
3288:
3287:C. gracilipes
3283:
3281:
3279:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3224:C. fuliginosa
3220:
3218:
3216:
3213:Fox's shrew (
3211:
3209:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3188:C. flavescens
3184:
3182:
3180:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3150:Elgon shrew (
3148:
3146:
3144:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3054:C. cranbrooki
3051:
3049:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3037:C. cinderella
3033:
3031:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2945:Batak shrew (
2943:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2875:C. ansellorum
2871:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2774:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2527:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2473:M. orientalis
2469:
2467:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2380:E. roumanicus
2376:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2010:
2006:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1975:Howell, A. B.
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1808:(4): 367–72.
1807:
1803:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1582:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1495:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1387:Catania, K.C.
1382:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1204:9780801874161
1200:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1184:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1102:
1099:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1085:According to
1080:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
975:
970:
966:
965:Eimer’s organ
962:
958:
950:
948:
945:
940:
936:
932:
928:
923:
921:
917:
913:
912:chemoreceptor
909:
903:
899:
896:
892:
888:
879:
877:
870:
866:
862:
859:
855:
851:
848:
844:
841:
837:
833:
829:
828:
827:
825:
817:
815:
808:
806:
803:
802:nerve endings
795:
793:
791:
787:
782:
774:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
725:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
697:is that each
696:
691:
689:
684:
680:
676:
672:
671:somatosensory
667:
665:
661:
656:
650:
647:
642:
638:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
535:
533:
531:
530:
525:
521:
517:
511:
508:
503:
499:
498:somatosensory
495:
489:
487:
484:
476:
474:
472:
471:domestic cats
469:, as well as
468:
467:northern pike
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
344:
336:
334:
331:
329:
325:
321:
320:
315:
311:
310:Theodor Eimer
308:
304:
303:European mole
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:
279:
275:
271:
268:
265:) is a small
264:
263:
258:
251:
246:
238:
234:
229:
226:
222:
217:
213:
208:
203:
199:
193:
191:
185:
182:
181:Binomial name
178:
174:
173:
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
87:
82:
78:
72:
67:
66:Least Concern
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
8553:
8279:
8245:S. paradoxus
8244:
8232:
8220:
8208:
8161:U. soricipes
8160:
8151:
8142:
8133:
8124:
8116:U. atronates
8115:
8107:U. andersoni
8106:
8097:
8084:
8053:U. talpoides
8052:
8040:
8028:
8019:
8010:
8009:Roman mole (
8001:
7992:
7983:
7974:
7966:T. davidiana
7965:
7956:
7948:T. caucasica
7947:
7938:
7937:Blind mole (
7930:T. aquitania
7929:
7920:
7919:Altai mole (
7908:
7896:
7884:
7873:S. moschatus
7872:
7862:Scaptochirus
7860:
7848:
7836:
7824:
7812:
7800:
7790:Neurotrichus
7788:
7776:
7767:
7758:
7749:
7748:Large mole (
7741:M. imaizumii
7740:
7731:
7722:
7714:M. insularis
7713:
7704:
7692:
7680:
7668:
7656:
7648:E. parvidens
7647:
7638:
7629:
7620:
7611:
7599:
7587:
7575:
7563:
7551:
7520:
7511:
7510:Coast mole (
7503:S. latimanus
7502:
7484:
7472:
7471:Gansu mole (
7460:
7449:S. aquaticus
7448:
7436:
7424:
7412:
7400:
7398:
7388:
7329:
7320:
7302:
7290:
7281:
7272:
7263:
7255:M. schalleri
7254:
7245:
7236:
7227:
7218:
7209:
7200:
7191:
7182:
7173:
7164:
7155:
7139:
7128:C. verheyeni
7127:
7118:
7109:
7093:
7080:Myosoricinae
7037:
7029:S. ventralis
7028:
7019:
7010:
7001:
6992:
6984:S. saussurei
6983:
6975:S. planiceps
6974:
6965:
6956:
6947:
6933:
6921:
6911:
6910:
6900:
6890:
6889:
6879:
6869:
6868:
6858:
6849:
6841:S. roboratus
6840:
6831:
6822:
6813:
6804:
6794:
6793:
6783:
6774:
6765:
6755:
6754:
6744:
6735:
6726:
6716:
6715:
6705:
6696:
6686:
6685:
6675:
6667:S. granarius
6666:
6657:
6649:S. coronatus
6648:
6639:
6630:
6622:S. antinorii
6621:
6611:
6610:
6601:S. mirabilis
6600:
6591:
6581:
6580:
6571:S. yukonicus
6570:
6561:
6552:
6543:
6534:
6525:
6516:
6504:
6488:
6479:
6470:
6461:
6453:S. portenkoi
6452:
6443:
6434:
6425:
6416:
6407:
6398:
6389:
6379:
6378:
6368:
6359:
6351:S. palustris
6350:
6342:S. pacificus
6341:
6332:
6323:
6314:
6305:
6297:S. alaskanus
6296:
6286:
6285:
6275:
6266:
6265:Inyo shrew (
6257:
6248:
6240:S. oreopolus
6239:
6230:
6221:
6212:
6203:
6194:
6185:
6173:
6159:(Long-tailed
6152:
6086:
6077:
6069:N. crawfordi
6068:
6059:
6047:
6035:
6023:
5998:
5986:
5974:
5965:
5956:
5944:
5932:
5920:
5908:
5899:
5890:
5881:
5871:Episoriculus
5869:
5857:
5848:
5840:C. salenskii
5839:
5830:
5821:
5812:
5803:
5794:
5782:
5771:C. sumatrana
5770:
5761:
5752:
5743:
5734:
5725:
5709:Chimarrogale
5707:
5682:
5673:
5664:
5656:
5646:
5637:
5628:
5618:
5617:
5607:
5598:
5589:
5580:
5572:C. montivaga
5571:
5562:
5553:
5545:C. huttereri
5544:
5536:C. equatoris
5535:
5526:
5516:
5515:
5505:
5496:
5487:
5478:
5469:
5460:
5451:
5441:
5440:
5430:C. peregrina
5429:
5420:
5413:
5406:
5397:
5388:
5379:
5369:
5368:
5357:
5348:
5339:
5330:
5320:
5319:
5309:(Small-eared
5302:
5290:
5281:
5273:B. hylophaga
5272:
5263:
5254:
5236:
5211:
5202:
5184:
5172:
5163:
5145:
5137:Blarinellini
5120:
5112:A. squamipes
5111:
5102:
5093:
5077:
5016:
5008:S. pluvialis
5007:
4998:
4989:
4980:
4971:
4962:
4954:S. johnstoni
4953:
4945:S. isabellae
4944:
4935:
4926:
4917:
4908:
4899:
4883:
4871:
4862:
4853:
4844:
4835:
4826:
4817:
4808:
4800:S. malayanus
4799:
4790:
4781:
4772:
4763:
4754:
4745:
4736:
4727:
4718:
4706:
4694:
4682:
4670:
4661:
4660:Hero shrew (
4649:
4638:R. suncoides
4637:
4625:
4613:
4604:
4595:
4577:
4565:
4553:
4542:F. feroculus
4541:
4529:
4517:
4507:Diplomesodon
4505:
4489:Crocidurinae
4450:
4441:
4432:
4423:
4414:
4405:
4396:
4387:
4378:
4370:C. whitakeri
4369:
4360:
4351:
4342:
4333:
4324:
4315:
4307:C. usambarae
4306:
4297:
4288:
4279:
4271:C. thomensis
4270:
4261:
4252:
4243:
4234:
4225:
4216:
4207:
4198:
4189:
4180:
4171:
4162:
4153:
4144:
4135:
4126:
4117:
4108:
4099:
4090:
4081:
4072:
4064:C. religiosa
4063:
4054:
4045:
4036:
4027:
4018:
4009:
4001:C. planiceps
4000:
3991:
3982:
3973:
3964:
3957:
3949:C. pergrisea
3948:
3939:
3930:
3921:
3912:
3903:
3894:
3885:
3876:
3868:C. obscurior
3867:
3858:
3849:
3840:
3831:
3823:C. nigricans
3822:
3813:
3804:
3795:
3787:C. negligens
3786:
3777:
3768:
3759:
3750:
3742:C. muricauda
3741:
3732:
3724:C. monticola
3723:
3714:
3705:
3696:
3687:
3678:
3669:
3660:
3651:
3642:
3633:
3624:
3615:
3607:C. lusitania
3606:
3597:
3588:
3579:
3570:
3561:
3552:
3543:
3534:
3525:
3516:
3507:
3498:
3489:
3480:
3479:Kivu shrew (
3472:C. kegoensis
3471:
3462:
3453:
3444:
3435:
3426:
3417:
3408:
3399:
3390:
3381:
3372:
3363:
3354:
3347:
3338:
3331:
3322:
3313:
3304:
3295:
3286:
3277:
3268:
3259:
3250:
3241:
3233:C. fulvastra
3232:
3223:
3214:
3205:
3196:
3187:
3178:
3169:
3160:
3151:
3142:
3134:C. dsinezumi
3133:
3124:
3116:C. dolichura
3115:
3106:
3098:C. desperata
3097:
3088:
3079:
3070:
3061:
3052:
3045:
3036:
3027:
3018:
3010:C. caliginea
3009:
3000:
2991:
2982:
2981:Bale shrew (
2973:
2964:
2955:
2947:C. batakorum
2946:
2938:C. baluensis
2937:
2928:
2919:
2911:C. attenuata
2910:
2901:
2892:
2883:
2874:
2865:
2858:
2849:
2840:
2822:
2809:Crocidurinae
2770:
2761:
2749:
2738:O. megalotis
2737:
2725:
2713:
2701:
2689:
2677:
2665:
2657:H. peguensis
2656:
2647:
2638:
2629:
2620:
2611:
2599:
2587:
2575:
2523:
2514:
2506:P. hypomelas
2505:
2496:
2484:
2472:
2463:
2454:
2445:
2437:M. dauuricus
2436:
2424:
2412:
2403:
2391:
2379:
2371:E. europaeus
2370:
2361:
2353:E. amurensis
2352:
2340:
2328:
2320:A. frontalis
2319:
2310:
2301:
2289:
2246:Superorder:
2240:Infraclass:
2212:Eulipotyphla
2159:. Retrieved
2112:
2108:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2021:
2017:
1996:. Retrieved
1991:
1982:
1970:
1963:
1959:
1941:
1897:
1893:
1851:
1847:
1805:
1801:
1755:
1751:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1664:
1660:
1611:. Retrieved
1609:. BBC Nature
1606:
1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1559:. Retrieved
1555:
1546:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1485:. Retrieved
1481:
1472:
1460:
1449:
1394:
1390:
1337:
1333:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1229:21 September
1227:. Retrieved
1223:
1213:
1193:
1186:
1174:. Retrieved
1160:
1154:
1148:
1140:
1112:
1108:Wilson, D.E.
1101:
1084:
1060:
1053:
1043:invertebrate
1039:
1007:
986:
972:
954:
924:
904:
900:
883:
874:
824:transduction
821:
812:
799:
778:
767:of 250
729:
692:
668:
651:
601:
592:
590:
551:
539:
527:
516:invertebrate
512:
507:echolocation
490:
480:
427:
410:
405:
388:, and other
340:
332:
317:
300:
298:vibrations.
296:seismic wave
281:
261:
260:
256:
254:
232:
231:
189:
187:
171:
170:
158:
138:Eulipotyphla
29:
8475:NatureServe
8397:iNaturalist
8304:Wikispecies
8134:U. gracilis
8069:Uropsilinae
7975:T. levantis
7957:T. europaea
7838:Parascaptor
7814:Oreoscaptor
7757:Sado mole (
7730:Kobe mole (
7721:Kano mole (
7657:E. subanura
7601:Euroscaptor
7564:D. moschata
7414:Parascalops
7401:C. cristata
7264:M. sclateri
7237:M. okuensis
7219:M. kihaulei
7156:M. babaulti
7002:S. stizodon
6993:S. sclateri
6966:S. merriami
6948:S. arizonae
6736:S. cansulus
6697:S. arcticus
6687:S. arcticus
6676:S. satunini
6544:S. excelsus
6417:S. jacksoni
6399:S. cinereus
6380:S. cinereus
6358:Fog shrew (
6315:S. bendirii
6267:S. tenellus
6249:S. orizabae
6213:S. macrodon
6060:N. cockrumi
5957:N. anomalus
5909:E. macrurus
5882:E. caudatus
5804:C. hypsibia
5699:Nectogalini
5674:C. gracilis
5629:C. orophila
5599:C. tamensis
5590:C. squaipes
5497:C. merriami
5479:C. mayensis
5398:C. goodwini
5389:C. goldmani
5380:C. alticola
5370:C. goldmani
5331:C. mexicana
5321:C. mexicana
5291:B. shermani
5203:P. griselda
5079:Anourosorex
4999:S. oriundus
4827:S. montanus
4818:S. mertensi
4809:S. megalura
4746:S. etruscus
4695:S. pearsoni
4662:S. somereni
4566:P. muscorum
4492:(continued)
4433:C. zarudnyi
4415:C. zaitsevi
4397:C. xantippe
4352:C. vosmaeri
4332:Voi shrew (
4280:C. trichura
4262:C. theresae
4235:C. telfordi
4172:C. somalica
4163:C. sokolovi
4127:C. sibirica
4073:C. rhoditis
3931:C. parvipes
3877:C. olivieri
3832:C. nigripes
3814:C. nigeriae
3697:C. mindorus
3679:C. maurisca
3643:C. malayana
3571:C. longipes
3553:C. levicula
3544:C. leucodon
3535:C. lepidura
3490:C. lamottei
3445:C. jenkinsi
3436:C. jacksoni
3418:C. ichnusae
3373:C. hilliana
3179:C. fischeri
3161:C. elongata
3152:C. elgonius
2965:C. beccarii
2918:Hun shrew (
2902:C. armenica
2751:Podogymnura
2714:N. sinensis
2703:Neotetracus
2648:H. macarong
2630:H. dorsalis
2577:Echinosorex
2562:Galericinae
2554:Erinaceidae
2515:P. micropus
2486:Paraechinus
2413:H. collaris
2393:Hemiechinus
2362:E. concolor
2329:A. sclateri
2276:Erinaceinae
2268:Erinaceidae
1758:(1): 1–12.
1613:20 February
1587:21 February
1556:www.esf.edu
1035:keratinized
786:frequencies
745:Merkel cell
655:environment
632:keratinized
608:Merkel cell
524:optic nerve
443:screech owl
411:C. cristata
398:crustaceans
366:crane flies
362:damselflies
358:dragonflies
350:caddisflies
278:Condylurini
267:semiaquatic
8613:Categories
8569:Q122174071
8152:U. nivatus
8042:Urotrichus
7921:T. altaica
7849:P. leucura
7801:N. gibbsii
7777:M. uchidai
7759:M. tokudae
7750:M. robusta
7723:M. kanoana
7639:E. micrura
7612:E. grandis
7512:S. orarius
7462:Scapanulus
7425:P. breweri
7374:Scalopinae
7330:S. polulus
7304:Surdisorex
7210:M. gnoskei
7165:M. blarina
7095:Congosorex
7077:subfamily:
6832:S. minutus
6775:S. kozlovi
6756:S. minutus
6640:S. arunchi
6631:S. araneus
6612:S. araneus
6592:S. alpinus
6582:S. alpinus
6562:S. sinalis
6553:S. hosonoi
6517:S. averini
6489:S. ugyunak
6480:S. rohweri
6462:S. preblei
6408:S. haydeni
6369:S. vagrans
6360:S. sonomae
6306:S. bairdii
6287:S. vagrans
6258:S. ornatus
6222:S. milleri
6126:subfamily:
6049:Notiosorex
5966:N. fodiens
5933:N. elegans
5900:E. leucops
5891:E. fumidus
5858:C. sodalis
5849:C. smithii
5744:C. phaeura
5665:C. endersi
5608:C. thomasi
5527:C. andinus
5517:C. thomasi
5349:C. obscura
5340:C. nelsoni
5147:Blarinella
5103:A. schmidi
5052:subfamily:
4972:S. lunaris
4936:S. howelli
4918:S. corbeti
4900:S. akaibei
4885:Sylvisorex
4863:S. varilla
4836:S. murinus
4651:Scutisorex
4596:P. graueri
4486:subfamily:
4442:C. zimmeri
4424:C. zaphiri
4379:C. wimmeri
4361:C. watasei
4325:C. virgata
4217:C. tarella
4199:C. susiana
4154:C. smithii
4145:C. silacea
4091:C. russula
4037:C. raineyi
4028:C. pullata
4010:C. poensis
3992:C. pitmani
3958:C. phaeura
3796:C. negrina
3778:C. nanilla
3760:C. mutesae
3751:C. musseri
3508:C. lasiura
3481:C. kivuana
3463:C. katinka
3409:C. hutanis
3391:C. hispida
3356:C. hikmiya
3348:C. harenna
3314:C. grassei
3305:C. grandis
3278:C. goliath
3269:C. gmelini
3206:C. foetida
3197:C. floweri
3125:C. douceti
3071:C. crossei
3062:C. crenata
3028:C. caspica
2992:C. brunnea
2974:C. bottegi
2929:C. baileyi
2884:C. arabica
2806:subfamily:
2727:Otohylomys
2679:Neohylomys
2621:H. suillus
2588:E. gymnura
2559:subfamily:
2426:Mesechinus
2404:H. auritus
2311:A. algirus
2273:subfamily:
1998:3 November
1561:3 November
1487:3 November
1093:References
1062:Drosophila
699:hemisphere
679:electrodes
637:resolution
628:myelinated
457:, various
402:amphibians
382:earthworms
378:stoneflies
370:horseflies
280:and genus
8234:Solenodon
8221:A. cubana
8210:Atopogale
8086:Uropsilus
8011:T. romana
8002:T. ognevi
7886:Scaptonyx
7825:O. mizura
7768:M. wogura
7732:M. kobeae
7621:E. klossi
7577:Dymecodon
7390:Condylura
7282:M. varius
7273:M. tenuis
7246:M. rumpii
7072:Soricidae
6901:S. raddei
6891:S. raddei
6850:S. shinto
6814:S. isodon
6444:S. lyelli
6195:S. fumeus
6186:S. dispar
6129:Soricinae
6121:Soricidae
6087:N. villai
6078:N. evotis
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