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chrysalises have a reflective coating which conceals the defenseless pupa by reflecting its surroundings to confuse predators. It is thought that predators see their own reflection in the chrysalis and then flee. Another theory is that a reflective exterior does not reduce predation but it may assist
393:
its golden sheen is caused by light reflecting on the transparent chitin. The coating is dense, and there are up to 25 transparent layers which lie in the yellow-orange spectrum; the human eye then perceives the coating as gold. The chrysalis begins as blue or greenish, and then appears "golden" or
402:
Biologists believe the chemical scent diffusion is influential in mating. When a male butterfly chases another butterfly with a similar color pattern which is recognized as female, he hovers over it, fanning it from the front and back. If the target is recognized as a male, the chasing butterfly
346:. When the elongated white eggs hatch, the larva – caterpillars – feed in groups on the foliage. Some eggs clusters are also laid on food plants, which can result in them being destroyed by predators. Up to three egg clusters can be found on one plant, but only one is found per leaf. If a female
403:
usually returns to his original observational place. If the female is receptive to the courting, they try to mate. If they are disturbed during mating, the female usually carries the male to another place to mate. After mating, the butterflies separate again and fly their own ways.
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273:, when based entirely on appearance of wing pattern and color is inaccurate because of the incidence of polymorphic butterflies. When wing patterns are similar the accuracy in identifying butterfly species is improved with the use of ecological and
354:
can range between 30 and 60 eggs. Those plants which are exposed to direct sunlight during most of the day are chosen for ovipositing. Most egg clusters are to be found on leaves less than a meter above the surface. After the eggs develop into
680:
414:
are found in the rainforests of South
America and in Central America as far north as Mexico. The genus is distributed throughout the humid forests from Mexico to southern Brazil, into Paraguay, and stretching to three of the
359:, the larvae begin to feed themselves from the leaf on which they were laid, and later move on to other leaves. Feeding is performed in tight groups in intervals. Sometimes one group rests, while another one feeds.
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334:
The species are primarily forest butterflies and they are found at sea level and as high as 3,000 feet (910 m) above sea level in rainforests and humid forests. Female members of the genus
1009:
Franklin, Amanda M.; Rankin, Katrina J.; Rozo, Laura Ospina; Medina, Iliana; Garcia, Jair E.; Ng, Leslie; Dong, Caroline; Wang, Lu-Yi; Aulsebrook, Anne E.; Stuart-Fox, Devi (30 October 2021).
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from the chrysalises of the genus, which have a machine-like quality. They are thin and small bodied butterflies with rounded wings and long yellow antennae. The size of the adult or
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is disturbed while laying the eggs on the upper side of a leaf, she flies away but returns to the same leaf to continue ovipositing. The egg clusters of the
315:
butterflies in the genus have warning colors which are black, orange, and yellow. They also have tiger patterns on their wings. The butterfly gets the name
755:
1346:
1170:
704:"Ecologically relevant cryptic species in the highly polymorphic Amazonian butterfly Mechanitis mazaeus s.l. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae; Ithomiini)"
702:
Hill, Ryan I.; Elias, Marianne; Dashmahapatra, Kanchon K.; Jiggins, Chris D.; Koong, Victor; Willmott, Keith R.; Mallet, James (13 June 2012).
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The metallic-looking coating of the chrysalis is made of chitin. The substance is also found in coatings on other insects such as
1106:"Interspecific Hybridization in Mechanitis Butterflies (Ithomiinae): a Novel Pathway for the Breakdown of Isolating Mechanisms"
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645:"Taxonomy of Mechanitis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the West Colombian Andes: an Integrative Approach"
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853:
The invertebrate pests of annual food crops in
Central America : a guide to their recognition and control
389:
chrysalis loses the reflective coating in about a week. The fragile coating which gives the chrysalis of the
448:
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are in the
Ithomiini tribe which includes other Neotropical species of butterflies. The classification of
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lay their eggs in clusters on the small hairs found on the leaves of poisonous plants in the genus of
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573:(Nachdruck der Ausgabe von 1894 ed.). Berlin: Verlag von R. Friedlander and Sohn. p. 289.
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1011:"Cracks in the mirror hypothesis: High specularity does not reduce detection or predation risk"
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Caterpillars in the middle : tritrophic interactions in a changing world
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was described by Johan
Christian Fabricius in 1807. Members of the genus
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1066:"The cocoon of this tropical butterfly looks like a golden jewel"
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the larva in regulating their body temperature while pupating.
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1198:
A Swift Guide to the
Butterflies of Mexico and Central America
419:. They have also been found in the Andean region of Colombia.
900:"Studies on the Population Biology of the Tropical Butterfly
856:. London: Overseas Development Administration. p. 32.
385:. Unlike the jewel beetles, which retain their chitin, the
605:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 351.
984:"Meet the caterpillars that build chrome homes (PHOTOS)"
224:
in 1807. They are in the brush-footed butterfly family,
544:– disturbed tigerwing, orange-spotted tiger clearwing
1234:
265:in the brush-footed butterfly family, Nymphalidae.
311:are abundant and they are unpalatable. The mature
1104:Vasconcellos-Neto, Joao; Brown, Keith S. (1982).
967:Young, Allen M.; Moffett, Mark W. (1979), p. 313
850:King, Andrew B. S.; Saunders, Joseph L. (1984).
748:"How Long Does a Butterfly Stay in a Chrysalis?"
817:(1st ed.). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
8:
811:Marquis, Robert J.; Koptur, Suzanne (2022).
373:have a mirror-like metallic appearance. The
643:Giraldo, C E; Uribe, S I (24 August 2012).
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898:Young, Allen M.; Moffett, Mark W. (1979).
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20:
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708:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
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1455:Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius
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394:"silver" after about two to four days.
212:is a genus of butterflies in the tribe
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1186:Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
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758:from the original on 8 February 2022
250:coating with a metallic appearance.
246:. The chrysalises have a reflective
982:Keartes, Sarah (18 January 2017).
789:from the original on 12 April 2019
14:
16:Genus of brush-footed butterflies
1152:from the original on 15 May 2022
1076:from the original on 29 May 2021
942:from the original on 11 May 2022
870:from the original on 15 May 2022
831:from the original on 15 May 2022
721:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01874.x
683:from the original on 12 May 2022
619:from the original on 15 May 2022
577:from the original on 11 May 2022
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232:were named for the machine-like
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908:The American Midland Naturalist
599:Hogue, Charles Leonard (1993).
567:Schulze, Franz (October 1905).
240:in certain species such as the
367:The pupa – chrysalis – of the
1:
1445:Nymphalidae of South America
785:. Elements. 3 January 2019.
326:butterfly is 65–75 mm.
161:
986:. Earthtouch News Netowrk.
472:southern Mexico to Uruguay
1471:
661:10.1007/s13744-012-0071-7
427:Arranged alphabetically:
307:Butterflies in the genus
222:Johan Christian Fabricius
175:
168:
158:
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50:Scientific classification
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39:
30:
23:
1027:10.1111/1365-2435.13963
228:. Members of the genus
649:Neotropical Entomology
304:
293:
1200:. Sunstreak Book Inc.
1196:Glassberg, J. (2007)
299:
288:
220:. They were named by
519:– variable tigerwing
469:– confused tigerwing
363:Reflective chrysalis
216:, commonly known as
1216:Mechanitis polymnia
1184:at Markku Savela's
1122:1982Biotr..14..288V
538:Mechanitis polymnia
494:– Mazaeus tigerwing
463:Mechanitis lysimnia
370:Mechanitis polymnia
301:Mechanitis lysimnia
290:Mechanitis polymnia
243:Mechanitis polymnia
42:Mechanitis polymnia
1450:Nymphalidae genera
1180:2017-02-16 at the
1015:Functional Ecology
902:Mechanitis isthmia
754:. Leaf Group Ltd.
513:Mechanitis menapis
488:Mechanitis mazaeus
352:Mechanitis isthmia
342:and in the family
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294:
236:appearance of the
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1426:
1412:Open Tree of Life
1228:Taxon identifiers
551:
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467:(Fabricius, 1793)
417:Caribbean islands
275:mitochondrial DNA
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1116:(4): 289–290.
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1021:(1): 239–248.
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904:in Costa Rica"
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863:978-0902500112
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824:978-3030866877
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783:"Golden Dolls"
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714:(3): 540–560.
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655:(6): 472–484.
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612:978-0520078499
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407:Distribution
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330:Life history
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1360:iNaturalist
1260:Wikispecies
436:Caterpillar
344:Apocynaceae
303:Caterpillar
281:Description
226:Nymphalidae
117:Nymphalidae
107:Lepidoptera
1434:Categories
1266:Mechanitis
1236:Mechanitis
1173:Mechanitis
1110:Biotropica
554:References
517:Hewitson,
412:Mechanitis
391:Mechanitis
387:Mechanitis
348:Mechanitis
336:Mechanitis
324:Mechanitis
317:Mechanitis
313:Mechanitis
309:Mechanitis
271:Mechanitis
267:Mechanitis
263:Mechanitis
259:Mechanitis
230:Mechanitis
218:tigerwings
209:Mechanitis
138:Mechanitis
87:Arthropoda
25:Mechanitis
1440:Ithomiini
1297:ButMoth:
1138:0006-3606
1045:240324294
928:0003-0031
752:Sciencing
292:Chrysalis
238:chrysalis
214:Ithomiini
187:Hymenitis
144:Fabricius
127:Ithomiini
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
1386:LepIndex
1274:BioLib:
1251:Q3018784
1245:Wikidata
1178:Archived
1150:Archived
1074:Archived
988:Archived
940:Archived
868:Archived
829:Archived
787:Archived
756:Archived
730:51949156
681:Archived
677:16400560
669:23949672
617:Archived
575:Archived
375:polymnia
254:Taxonomy
234:metallic
195:Epimetes
182:Hübner,
170:Synonyms
113:Family:
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
1378:1246984
1352:1902433
1300:17255.0
1146:2388088
1118:Bibcode
936:2424596
423:Species
340:solanum
153:Species
133:Genus:
123:Tribe:
103:Order:
97:Insecta
93:Class:
1417:331327
1404:127244
1391:150080
1339:1MECHG
1277:685661
1214:Video
1156:15 May
1144:
1136:
1080:11 May
1070:Ulyces
1050:18 May
1043:
994:11 May
946:15 May
934:
926:
874:11 May
860:
835:11 May
821:
793:11 May
762:11 May
728:
687:13 May
675:
667:
623:11 May
609:
581:11 May
398:Mating
357:larvae
248:chitin
190:, 1807
179:Nereis
146:, 1807
1373:IRMNG
1365:81743
1326:17453
1313:92F3W
1142:JSTOR
1041:S2CID
932:JSTOR
726:S2CID
673:S2CID
433:Image
321:imago
1399:NCBI
1347:GBIF
1334:EPPO
1290:3614
1285:BOLD
1158:2022
1134:ISSN
1082:2022
1052:2022
996:2022
948:2022
924:ISSN
876:2022
858:ISBN
837:2022
819:ISBN
795:2022
764:2022
689:2022
665:PMID
625:2022
607:ISBN
583:2022
162:text
160:See
1321:EoL
1308:CoL
1126:doi
1031:hdl
1023:doi
916:doi
912:101
716:doi
712:106
657:doi
1436::
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1019:36
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277:.
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