57:
1539:
31:
291:
The group has repeatedly been proposed as biological indicators of ecological conditions or biological diversity within neotropical forests, but individual sites harbor between 10 and 50 species, for the most part, and beta diversity is often great, even over relatively short distances.
396:
The source of the protecting chemicals in the bodies of adult ithomiines proved not to be their larval host plants, as was first suggested, but rather in plants visited by the butterflies. Adults of ithomiine, mainly males, visit flowers of some
Boraginaceae,
493:
The subtribes in the
Ithomiini help to organize the 43 recognized genera, but this group is the subject of ongoing molecular, phylogenetic and morphological research, and the classification presented below will no doubt be refined in the near future.
387:, and Haber showed that nine species of birds also rejected several ithomiine species. Besides, João Vasconcellos-Neto and Thomas M. Lewinsohn demonstrated that the Neotropical orb-weaving spider
437:). Dead or withered plants are also visited and, when feeding on these plants, the butterflies scratch the tissues with their legs and suck the oozing sap. These plants are known to contain
1775:
1719:
262:
suggested 28 species of this peculiar facies are known, though some are excessively rare. The majority are ithomiines, but two species of the
Danaine genus
1680:
1706:
453:) also visit similar sources. The first demonstration that pyrrolizidine alkaloids were involved in the chemical defense of insects was given by
1509:
1780:
352:
The local abundance of ithomiine butterflies in the Amazon forest, the lack of observations of predation, and their "peculiar smell" led
284:
belonging to different families also enter into the combination. Identification of adult ithomiines relies on hindwing venation and male
520:
441:, indicating their role as chemical sources for sequestration. Other butterfly and moth species that sequester pyrrolizidine alkaloids (
226:, found in humid forests from sea level to 3000 m, from Mexico to Argentina. There are around 370 species in some 40–45 genera.
1512:. 16 color plates - illustrates 252 specimens covering subset of the 320 known species, many of which are divided into subspecies.
1567:
356:
in 1867 to suggest that these organisms should be chemically defended. This was first experimentally demonstrated in 1889 when
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Note: Names preceded by an equal sign (=) are synonyms, homonyms, rejected names or invalid names.
1760:
1484:
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353:
251:
128:
51:
1551:
535:
1500:
Lamas, G. (1999). "Nymphalidae II Pt. 3 Ithomiinae". In: E. Bauer & T. Frankenbach (Eds.),
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butterfly species. It was originally with seven species belonging to six different genera.
1590:
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368:
276:
195:
1648:
530:
Note: A species list with proposed new tribes for subfamily
Ithomiinae is available from
1472:
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1754:
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454:
147:
1517:"Juvenile stages of Ithomiinae: overview and systematics (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)"
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372:. The butterflies were consistently rejected, but other insects were eaten.
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88:
68:
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Ithomiines are unpalatable because their adults seek out and sequester
44:
1698:
1058:
664:
481:(Fabaceae: Crotalarieae). Eisner's best-selling popular science book
98:
78:
1604:
393:
released unharmed 14 species of field-caught ithomiine butterflies.
475:
that contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids from their larval host plant,
770:
497:
The sister group to the tribe
Ithomiini is either the small tribe
156:
30:
1451:
Vasconcellos-Neto, João & Lewinsohn, Thomas M (August 1984).
360:
fed ithomiines (that he called "Heliconii") to birds, the spider
281:
1608:
1557:
238:
from plants that they visit, especially composite flowers (
1453:"Discrimination and release of unpalatable butterflies by
1504:. (pp. 1–17). Keltern, Germany: Goecke & Evers.
511:. The relationships of the three tribes in the subfamily
288:
scales (sex brushes located on the hindwing costa).
250:
1617:
299:host plants. Exceptions are the more basal genera
1515:Brown Jr., K. S. & Freitas, A. V. L. (1994).
206:. It is sometimes referred to as the tribe of
16:Tribe of butterflies in the subfamily Danainae
180:
165:
8:
1563:General information on ithomiine butterflies
485:tells the story of this exciting discovery.
1605:
521:"The higher classification of Nymphalidae"
501:(containing the single Australasian genus
214:. Some authors consider the group to be a
29:
20:
1443:
429:, belonging to the tribe Echiteae) and
254:referred to a "transparency group" of
1776:Taxa named by Frederick DuCane Godman
222:). These butterflies are exclusively
7:
469:rejected adults of the arctiid moth
1457:, a Neotropical orb-weaving spider"
376:in 1964 also showed that adults of
1481:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1984.tb00857.x
14:
1595:The Macrolepidoptera of the World
1574:names. Three pages. This page is
280:, and several species of diurnal
1537:
1246:Haber, Brown & Freitas, 1994
295:Ithomiine larvae feed mostly on
55:
1584:Excellent photos of mimicry in
1204:Brown, Mielke & Ebert, 1970
649:C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862
457:, who showed that the spiders
246:). The slow-flying adults are
1:
527:. Archived February 20, 2009.
366:, and the white faced monkey
1781:Taxa named by Osbert Salvin
1225:Butler & H. Druce, 1872
1197:Brown & d'Almeida, 1970
1797:
385:Cyanocitta cristata bromia
325:, feed on Echiteae vines (
1405:Godman & Salvin, 1879
1387:Godman & Salvin, 1880
1310:Godman & Salvin, 1879
1190:Godman & Salvin, 1879
1145:Godman & Salvin, 1879
1106:Godman & Salvin, 1879
1077:Brown & Freitas, 1994
1053:Godman & Salvin, 1879
971:Godman & Salvin, 1879
549:Godman & Salvin, 1879
179:
172:
162:
155:
52:Scientific classification
50:
37:
28:
23:
1502:Butterflies of the World
489:Ithomiini classification
1593:, in Seitz, A. (1907).
1582:Learn about butterflies
439:pyrrolizidine alkaloids
378:Ithomia drymo pellucida
236:pyrrolizidine alkaloids
507:) or the larger tribe
435:Epidendrum paniculatum
242:) and wilted borages (
1552:Illustrated Checklist
1461:Ecological Entomology
829:; = unavailable name
413:(mostly in the tribe
380:were rejected by the
212:glasswing butterflies
208:clearwing butterflies
1546:at Wikimedia Commons
1521:Tropical Lepidoptera
1473:1984EcoEn...9..337V
515:are still unclear.
483:For Love of Insects
40:Pteronomyia apuleia
472:Utetheisa ornatrix
354:Henry Walter Bates
252:Henry Walter Bates
1748:
1747:
1733:Open Tree of Life
1611:Taxon identifiers
1542:Media related to
1510:978-3-931374-66-2
1432:Animal coloration
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374:Lincoln P. Brower
274:the swallow-tail
230:Ithomiini biology
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390:Nephila clavipes
271:Dismorphia orise
260:Reginald Punnett
248:Müllerian mimics
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1591:Richard Haensch
1586:Methona confusa
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1423:
1412:d'Almeida, 1922
1394:d'Almeida, 1922
1331:d'Almeida, 1924
1317:d'Almeida, 1922
1275:Boisduval, 1870
1170:Doubleday, 1847
1152:Boisduval, 1870
1138:Boisduval, 1870
1089:d'Almeida, 1941
1070:Boisduval, 1870
999:Boisduval, 1870
988:d'Almeida, 1922
981:d'Almeida, 1928
959:d'Almeida, 1939
952:d'Almeida, 1938
938:d'Almeida, 1922
920:Boisduval, 1870
913:Boisduval, 1870
888:Boisduval, 1870
870:d'Almeida, 1938
820:Fabricius, 1807
750:Boisduval, 1870
732:d'Almeida, 1940
725:Doubleday, 1847
669:Doubleday, 1847
639:Doubleday, 1847
621:Doubleday, 1847
579:Doubleday, 1847
525:Nymphalidae.net
491:
369:Cebus capucinus
277:Parides hahneli
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1554:Florida Museum
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1532:External links
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1467:(3): 337–344.
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268:, the pierine
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1326:; = homonym
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1319:; = homonym
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1239:Kremky, 1925
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789:Schatz, 1886
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782:Hübner, 1823
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476:
470:
464:
458:
434:
426:
418:
406:Heliotropium
404:
400:Tournefortia
398:
395:
388:
384:
377:
367:
361:
351:
347:Gesneriaceae
340:
334:
331:Apocynoideae
318:
312:
306:
300:
294:
290:
275:
269:
263:
244:Boraginaceae
233:
219:
211:
207:
188:
187:
163:
138:
38:
18:
1694:iNaturalist
1643:Wikispecies
1401:Pseudoscada
1373:Hypomenitis
1364:(= homonym
1342:Lamas, 2004
1338:Brevioleria
1312:(= homonym
1243:Talamancana
1215:Lamas, 2004
1201:Prittwitzia
1194:Ceratiscada
1131:Bates, 1862
1127:Callithomia
1120:Röber, 1910
1113:Rebel, 1902
1067:Leucothyris
949:Garsauritis
945:Röber, 1930
908:(= homonym
906:Bates, 1862
877:Geyer, 1832
872:(= homonym
850:Napeogenina
822:(= homonym
786:Heteroscada
777:(= homonym
775:Kirby, 1871
764:Kirby, 1871
757:Kirby, 1871
747:Xanthocleis
712:Mechanitina
696:Bates, 1862
691:(= homonym
659:Lamas, 1979
611:Clark, 1947
447:Ctenuchidae
431:Orchidaceae
423:Apocynaceae
415:Eupatorieae
358:Thomas Belt
327:Apocynaceae
317:that, like
286:androconial
224:Neotropical
164:43 genera,
125:Subfamily:
119:Nymphalidae
109:Lepidoptera
1755:Categories
1576:Mechanitis
1527:(1): 9-20.
1438:References
1383:Heterosais
1279:Dismenitis
1255:Godyridina
1229:Ernicornis
1221:Pteronymia
1103:Calloleria
1086:Dircennina
927:Hypothyris
902:Napeogenes
860:Réal, 1971
816:Mechanitis
729:Gelotophye
608:Melinaeina
569:Bryk, 1937
556:Tithoreina
499:Tellervini
478:Crotalaria
421:species),
411:Asteraceae
297:Solanaceae
240:Asteraceae
220:Ithomiinae
202:subfamily
89:Arthropoda
24:Ithomiini
1761:Ithomiini
1649:Ithomiini
1619:Ithomiini
1544:Ithomiini
1376:Fox, 1945
1366:Hymenitis
1352:Fox, 1940
1348:Mcclungia
1321:Pigritina
1306:Hypoleria
1300:Fox, 1945
1296:Veladyris
1289:Fox, 1945
1261:Velamysta
1253:Subtribe
1211:Haenschia
1156:Leithomia
1142:Epithomia
1117:Teracinia
1095:Ceratinia
1084:Subtribe
1074:Ollantaya
1049:Hyposcada
1039:Megoleria
1031:Subtribe
1003:Miraleria
985:Placidula
977:Placidina
968:Ithomiina
966:Subtribe
910:Ceratonia
892:Oreogenes
866:Epityches
856:Aremfoxia
848:Subtribe
831:Hymenitis
810:Fox, 1967
806:Forbestra
761:Aprotopos
754:Aprotopus
715:Bar, 1878
710:Subtribe
679:Fox, 1940
628:Fox, 1948
625:Roswellia
606:Subtribe
559:Fox, 1940
554:Subtribe
546:Ithomiini
451:Arctiidae
427:Prestonia
342:Hyposcada
336:Megoleria
321:and some
216:subfamily
200:nymphalid
193:butterfly
189:Ithomiini
174:Diversity
139:Ithomiini
75:Kingdom:
69:Eukaryota
1766:Danainae
1657:BioLib:
1628:Wikidata
1572:binomial
1489:83792953
1421:See also
1409:Languida
1328:Heringia
1314:Pigritia
1186:Episcada
1176:Hyalenna
1166:Dircenna
1149:Corbulis
1110:Epileria
1033:Oleriina
1021:Dynothea
956:Rhodussa
935:Mansueta
917:Choridis
884:Hyalyris
874:Tritonia
838:Epimetes
739:Thyridia
693:Melinaea
685:Melinaea
675:Patricia
655:Paititia
645:Athyrtis
635:Eutresis
583:Hirsutis
575:Tithorea
519:Source:
513:Danainae
504:Tellervo
443:Danainae
382:blue jay
323:Danainae
319:Tellervo
302:Tithorea
204:Danainae
166:see text
129:Danainae
115:Family:
85:Phylum:
79:Animalia
65:Domain:
1738:4330532
1686:4703077
1634:Q291207
1469:Bibcode
1427:Mimicry
1286:Dygoris
1271:Godyris
1135:Cleodis
1013:Ithomia
995:Pagyris
779:Salacia
721:Methona
617:Athesis
587:Haensch
565:Elzunia
509:Danaini
466:Argiope
460:Nephila
419:Senecio
363:Nephila
314:Elzunia
265:Lycorea
198:in the
135:Tribe:
105:Order:
99:Insecta
95:Class:
45:Bolivia
1712:777478
1699:134170
1660:400122
1568:Pteron
1508:
1487:
1059:Oleria
824:Nereis
700:Czakia
665:Olyras
589:, 1909
544:Tribe
449:, and
311:, and
256:Amazon
157:Genera
150:, 1879
148:Salvin
146:&
144:Godman
1725:42315
1673:93N4B
1485:S2CID
1358:Greta
771:Scada
596:Aeria
308:Aeria
282:moths
196:tribe
191:is a
43:from
1720:NCBI
1707:ITIS
1681:GBIF
1506:ISBN
1371:; =
1284:; =
1241:; =
1234:; =
1199:; =
1154:; =
1147:; =
1140:; =
1115:; =
1108:; =
1072:; =
954:; =
947:; =
940:; =
915:; =
836:; =
796:Sais
784:; =
759:; =
752:; =
698:; =
463:and
339:and
1668:CoL
1558:TOL
1477:doi
1407:(=
1389:(=
1277:(=
1227:(=
1192:(=
1133:(=
1101:(=
1065:(=
1019:(=
1001:(=
983:(=
933:(=
890:(=
745:(=
727:(=
623:(=
581:(=
534:at
409:),
210:or
1757::
1735::
1722::
1709::
1696::
1683::
1670::
1645::
1630::
1597:.
1523:.
1519:.
1483:.
1475:.
1463:.
1459:.
523:.
445:,
403:,
349:.
329:,
305:,
1601:.
1578:.
1525:5
1491:.
1479::
1471::
1465:9
1414:)
1396:)
1378:)
1333:)
1291:)
1248:)
1206:)
1161:)
1122:)
1079:)
1026:)
1008:)
990:)
961:)
922:)
897:)
879:)
843:)
791:)
766:)
734:)
705:)
630:)
591:)
537:.
433:(
425:(
397:(
218:(
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