428:
326:-based or "repeater" pencils are a variant of the clutch pencil, in which the lead is held in place by two or three small jaws inside a ring at the tip. The jaws are controlled by a button on the end or the side of the pencil. When the button is pushed, the jaws move forward and separate, allowing the lead to advance. When the button is released and the jaws retract, the "lead retainer" (a small rubber device inside the tip) keeps the lead in place, preventing the lead from either falling freely outward or riding back up into the barrel until the jaws recover their grip. Other designs use a precisely-fitted metal sleeve to guide and support the lead, and do not need a rubber retainer.
407:, but are typically made with graphite and clay, or plastic polymers. The downside of mechanical leads are that they are not as strong as traditional pencils. Wooden pencil lead is bonded to the outer wooden case, therefore providing more lead protection and strength. This changed in 1962, when Pentel launched new mechanical pencils with the diameters of 0.5mm and 0.7mm. These pencils contained a new type of lead formulated with polymers that act as a binder to strengthen the lead. This polymer replaced the clay in mechanical pencil lead and made it easier for manufacturers to produce lead with smaller diameters.
373:
160:-loaded mechanical pencil was patented in 1877. Two of the most popular 19th-century lead sizes were 1.5 and 1.03 mm, "VS" and "M", respectively. Many other sizes were in use, however, before the Eversharp's success made its .046 inch lead size a de facto standard (this size has been variously metricized as 1.1, 1.18, and 1.2 mm, all nominal sizes). Thinner .036 inch (0.9 mm) lead was introduced in the later 1930s and gradually became the new standard, eventually being displaced by 0.7 mm. Many thinner sizes are now available, as well as thicker leads such as 1.4 and 2.0 mm.
116:
280:
320:
into it when retracting). Because the lead falls out freely when the jaws are opened, its forward movement cannot be controlled except by external means. This can be easily done by keeping the tip of the pencil a few millimeters above a work surface or the palm of one's hand. Some clutch pencils do have mechanisms which incrementally advance the lead, such as the Alvin Tech-Matic leadholder, but these are not normally considered to be in the same category as most pencils with propelling mechanisms.
316:-based pencils advance the lead by twisting a screw mechanism, which moves a propelling pin or lead carrier down the barrel of the pencil. Lead is not fed from an internal reservoir, but must be replaced manually, usually from the front. This was the most common type up until the earlier part of the mid-twentieth century. Most have a mechanism that retracts the lead when twisted the other way, but many older designs do not and the lead must be pushed back into the pencil manually.
292:
183:, a metalworker who had just finished his apprenticeship. It was patented in Japan in 1920 and marketed as the "Ever-Ready Sharp Pencil". Although it has been claimed that large numbers were sold, surviving Ever-Ready Sharps are rare. In 1923 the Hayakawa Brothers factory was destroyed in the Great Kantō earthquake. By 1924 Tokuji Hayakawa had turned his attention to the manufacture of radios, but his first invention was immortalized in the name of his new company:
33:
388:
420:
268:
300:
675:
typically harder and produce a light gray color. B stands for blackness; they produce a darker color and are typically softer. F stands for fine; it is in between H and HB on the lead grading scale. Compared to standard pencils that have 24 grades of lead, there are only 10 grades of mechanical pencil lead, ranging from 4H-4B.
451:
Pencils with sub-millimeter leads can usually hold multiple leads at the same time, reducing the frequency of refills. One exception was the Pentel 350 E, possibly Pentel's first mechanical pencil, which could only hold a single stick of 0.5 mm lead. Refill leads can be bought in small tubes and
319:
A clutch pencil (or leadholder) tends to use thicker leads (2.0–5.6 mm) and generally holds only one piece of lead at a time. A typical clutch pencil is activated by pressing the eraser cap on the top, to open the jaws inside the tip and allow the lead to freely drop through from the barrel (or back
171:
who applied for the key patent in 1913. It has been described as "the first mass-produced mechanical pencil to combine a simple propelling mechanism with large lead capacity and robust, ergonomically sound design . . . that redefined the mechanical pencil as a mass-market product, to the extent that
148:
in 1822. After buying out
Hawkins' patent rights, Mordan entered into a business partnership with Gabriel Riddle from 1823 to 1837. The earliest Mordan pencils are thus hallmarked SMGR. After 1837, Mordan ended his partnership with Riddle and continued to manufacture pencils as "S. Mordan & Co".
674:
pencil lead. The hardness depends on the proportion of polymer or resin and graphite in the lead. It is determined by a numerical scale: the higher the number, the harder the lead. Similarly to standard wooden pencils, the lead is distinguished by grading scales. H stands for hardness; as they are
94:
Other names include: microtip pencil, automatic pencil, drafting pencil, technical pencil, draughting pencil, click pencil (generally refers to a specific brand), pump pencil, leadholder, Pacer (Australian
English, ca. the 1980s), propelling pencil (British and Australian English, often refers to
443:
Different sizes of lead diameters are available to accommodate various preferences and pencil builds, as shown in the table below. The most common lead sizes are 0.5 mm and 0.7 mm, whose line widths provide a favourable balance between precision and strength. Less common lead sizes can
347:
under the Uni brand. This type of pencil is most suited for Asian languages that have multiple strokes per letter or word, where the pencil is frequently lifted off the paper. The mechanism is less suitable for cursive writing used in western scripts. Another recent auto-rotation movement by Uni
329:
In one type of ratchet-based pencil, shaking the pencil back and forth causes a weight inside the pencil to operate a mechanism in the cap. A button may be present on the top or side of the pencil, to allow the user to advance the lead manually when necessary. Another variation advances the lead
699:(Mitsubishi Pencil Co.) currently manufacture colored refill leads in a limited range of diameters (0.5 mm, 0.7 mm, or 2.0 mm) for their own products, as well as "variety packs" consisting of different colors of leads for those who want to trial different colors of lead.
342:
mechanism keeps the lead 50% narrower than in the common propelling mechanical pencils, resulting in uniform thickness of the lines written onto the paper. The design was first patented by
Schmidt of Germany, and later developed by Mitsubishi Pencil Company of Japan, and named
106:
as well as for clean looking writing. They are also used for fine-art drawing. Since they do not have to be sharpened, they are also popular with students. Mechanical pencils were first used in the 18th century, with many designs patented in the 19th and 20th centuries.
410:
Compared to standard pencils, mechanical pencils have a smaller range of marking types, though numerous variations exist. Most mechanical pencils can be refilled, but some inexpensive models are meant to be disposable and are discarded when empty.
687:'s "Twistable" product line includes two different types of colored pencils (erasable and non-erasable) with mechanical feed mechanisms that are dispensed by twisting, but does not offer refill leads. Several companies such as
363:
indicator and sometimes feature a retractable lead guide pipe. This allows the lead guide pipe to retract back into the pencil body, which will keep it protected in storage and during transit and makes it 'pocket-safe'.
355:
system by Zebra of Japan causes the lead sleeve to extend outward when excessive pressure is applied at an angle. When excess vertical pressure is applied on the lead, the lead is automatically retracted inwards.
337:
An advanced ratchet type has a mechanism that rotates the pencil lead 9 degrees counter-clockwise every time the lead is pressed on to the paper (which counts as one stroke), to distribute wear evenly. This
439:
Function 357, place several mechanisms within the same housing, so as to offer a range of thicknesses (in this case three: 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 mm). 1.00 mm leads also exist, but they are very rare.
658:
For sub-millimeter diameter leads, the standard length of the cylindrical stick for all grades is 60 mm. However, some manufacturers make leads that are 75 mm long, for selected grades.
126:
described a lead holder pencil in 1565, but the lead had to be manually adjusted to sharpen it. The earliest extant datable example of a mechanical pencil was found aboard the wreckage of
172:"eversharp" came to be widely used as a generic term for a mechanical pencil." More that 12,000,000 Eversharp pencils had been sold by the early 1920s, and its design was widely copied.
670:, depending on the user's desired balance between darkness and durability. A commonly-used mechanical pencil lead is identical in density, but not in thickness to a traditional
351:
There exist protection mechanisms that prevent the lead from breaking (within certain limits) when excessive pressure is exerted while writing. A mechanism employed in the
310:
Mechanical pencils can be divided into two basic types: those that both hold the lead and can actively propel it forward, and those that only hold the lead in position.
1190:
330:
automatically. In this design, the lead is advanced by a ratchet but only prevented from going back into the pencil, just held from falling by a small amount of
427:
87:, is not bonded to the outer casing, and the user can mechanically extend it as its point is worn away from use. The vast majority of mechanical pencils have
145:
650:
standard for mechanical pencil leads, states that the actual diameter for "0.5 mm" lead (for example), should range from 0.55 mm to 0.58 mm.
837:
928:
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156:
Between 1822 and 1874, more than 160 patents were registered pertaining to a variety of improvements to mechanical pencils. The first
1605:
334:. The nib is a spring-loaded collar that, when depressed as the lead is worn away, extends out again when pressure is released.
372:
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348:
rotates the lead 18 degrees per stroke (or 20 strokes per complete revolution), which is better suited for western scripts.
1021:
295:
A Pentel GraphGear 1000, featuring a clip-operated retractable lead guide pipe and lead hardness grade indicator set at HB.
785:
647:
1600:
1087:
945:
1136:
396:
256:
95:
higher-end mechanical pencils), pen pencil (Indian
English), and lead pencil (Bangladeshi and American English).
115:
212:
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232:
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The diameters, however, are not exact. The exact diameter is usually slightly larger. The
Japanese
200:
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127:
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makes mechanical colored pencils with replaceable leads in 2.0, 3.15 and 5.6 mm sizes.
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As with non-mechanical pencils, the leads of mechanical pencils are available in a range of
556:
students/general writing (sometimes labeled as 1.0 mm by certain German manufacturers)
387:
376:
323:
99:
59:
37:
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32:
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667:
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The bracketed values in inches were found by calculation and rounded to 3 decimal places.
360:
180:
157:
775:
National
Geographic Magazine, Vol. 168, No. 4 (October 1985), p. 450 (illustrated p. 451)
435:
Mechanical pencil mechanisms use only a single lead diameter. Some pencils, such as the
1444:
1374:
1338:
752:
604:
Faber-Castell e-Motion and the new Lamy ABC as well as some
Stabilo children's pencils
259:
of
Switzerland and numerous Chinese as well as other Asian and European manufacturers.
137:
123:
1158:
Jonathan A. Veley, "The
Catalogue of American Mechanical Pencils", Greyden Press, 2011
149:
His company continued to manufacture pencils and a wide range of silver objects until
136:
The first patent for a refillable pencil with lead-propelling mechanism was issued to
1589:
1489:
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1204:
275:
Sharp ratchet drafting pencil disassembled, showing three 0.5 mm graphite leads.
216:
1025:
1509:
1504:
1379:
1301:
1271:
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856:
150:
814:. Mark Hill Collects: The 20th Century Design and Collectibles Blog. 30 April 2009
56:
with a replaceable and mechanically extendable solid pigment core called a "lead"
17:
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244:
98:
Mechanical pencils are used to provide lines of constant width, without need of
80:
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380:
857:"A Tale of Two Pencils: Keeran's Eversharp & Hayakawa's Ever-Ready Sharp"
403:
In spite of the name, pencil leads do not contain the toxic chemical element
1550:
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technical work (also known as 0.35 mm in certain German manufacturers)
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1113:"The Right Pencil Lead Grade and Hardness For Every Scenario | Unsharpen"
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331:
208:
119:
Detail of the first patent for a mechanical pencil. Sampson Mordan, 1822.
84:
299:
27:
Pencil with a replaceable and mechanically extendable solid pigment core
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683:
Mechanical pencils with colored leads are less common, but do exist.
567:
rare, used in early Parker repeater cartridge inserts for ballpoints
445:
436:
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272:
240:
204:
196:
88:
53:
512:
general writing, general technical work, beginner's technical work
1323:
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general writing (only available in Japan, discontinued by Tombow)
426:
418:
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298:
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842: "C. B. Keeran, Lead Pencil, Application Filed Oct.10, 1913."
448:
has also previously demonstrated a prototype 0.1 mm pencil.
404:
220:
1200:
1416:
1227:
927:
Kuru Toga, which in
Japanese, means "spinning to a taper".
68:
1191:
Inventor never got rewards of pencil business - Pantagraph
1174:
History and development of Keeran's and Hayakawa's pencils
1196:
501:
technical work (only available in Japan & S.Korea)
287:
925-25 05, assembled (top) and disassembled (bottom).
593:
Staedtler and Pentel (colour leads only for Pentel)
71:
65:
1523:
1455:
1415:
1367:
1234:
62:
1022:"Pentel 350 Series Mechanical Pencil | Leadholder"
850:
848:
1062:"Pencil | Graphite, Wood & Lead | Britannica"
904:"1915-1919 : Invention of Ever-Sharp Pencil"
788:. Leadholders.com. 4 January 2008. Archived from
423:Container for storing a mechanical pencil's lead.
757:The Pencil:A History of Design and Circumstances
359:Higher-end mechanical pencils often feature a
1212:
1137:Koh-I-Noor 2.0mm leadholders and colour leads
8:
1155:, Schiffer Publishing Ltd., Atglen, PA, 1998
1139:. pencil talk. Retrieved on 14 October 2011.
163:The first modern mechanical pencil was the
1219:
1205:
1197:
1048:"Tombow's "0.6 mm" mechanical pencil"
444:range from 0.2 mm up to 5.6 mm.
431:Polymer pencil leads with 0.5mm diameter.
1169:Sharp's history of the mechanical pencil
759:, Random House, 2011 Random House, 2011
454:
31:
872:
870:
723:
167:(originally "Ever Sharp"), invented by
582:; a nominal size, same as 1.1 and 1.2
379:and 2mm pencil lead in a clutch-type
7:
1187:First patent for a mechanical pencil
452:inserted into the barrel as needed.
195:Some present-day manufacturers are:
1558:List of types, brands and companies
1181:(History and images of Leadholders)
1153:Victorian Pencils: Tools to Jewels
878:"1915: Hayakawa Mechanical Pencil"
306:600 metal body with matte coating.
175:A pioneering mechanical pencil in
25:
1193:(Bloomington, Illinois newspaper)
1024:. Leadholder.com. Archived from
855:Nishimura, David (Winter 2001).
578:older, used in pencils like the
58:
153:, when the factory was bombed.
1088:"Making Sense of Pencil Leads"
1:
863:. Pen Collectors of America.
36:A typical construction of a
1622:
946:"Pentel Black Polymer 999"
944:Sola (15 December 2014).
931:19 September 2009 at the
626:non-drafting leadholders
1606:Mechanisms (engineering)
950:pencils and other things
812:"Sampson Mordan Pencils"
786:"History of Leadholders"
179:was invented in 1915 by
40:-based mechanical pencil
713:Technical drawing tools
235:of the Czech Republic;
432:
424:
400:
384:
377:Lead sharpener/pointer
307:
296:
288:
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133:, which sank in 1791.
120:
41:
1463:Ballpoint pen artwork
1092:Cowan Office Supplies
615:drafting leadholders
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422:
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375:
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282:
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118:
35:
1478:Birmingham pen trade
1473:Counterfeit banknote
732:"Longman Dictionary"
719:Notes and references
233:Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth
102:, for tasks such as
1468:Ballpoint pen knife
971:"製品開発ストーリー シャープ用替芯"
361:lead hardness grade
1601:Writing implements
1066:www.britannica.com
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289:
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142:John Isaac Hawkins
121:
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18:Mechanical pencils
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1568:Mechanical pencil
1179:Leadholder Museum
1001:www.nichima.co.jp
906:. SHARP Corporate
884:. SHARP Corporate
792:on 24 August 2007
734:. Longman/Pearson
641:
640:
169:Charles R. Keeran
104:technical drawing
46:mechanical pencil
16:(Redirected from
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1185:Sampson Mordan.
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1028:on 26 June 2011
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368:Lead variations
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181:Tokuji Hayakawa
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1245:
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1240:
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1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
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1167:
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1130:
1118:
1117:unsharpen.com
1114:
1108:
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1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1068:. 4 July 2023
1067:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1002:
998:
992:
989:
977:(in Japanese)
976:
972:
966:
963:
951:
947:
940:
937:
934:
930:
926:
921:
918:
905:
899:
896:
883:
882:Product Story
879:
873:
871:
867:
862:
858:
851:
849:
845:
835:
829:
826:
813:
807:
804:
791:
787:
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772:
769:
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762:
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754:
749:
746:
733:
727:
724:
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714:
711:
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702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
678:
676:
673:
669:
661:
659:
653:
651:
649:
644:
637:non-drafting
636:
633:
630:
629:
625:
622:
619:
618:
614:
611:
608:
607:
603:
600:
597:
596:
592:
589:
586:
585:
581:
577:
575:3/64 or 0.046
574:
571:
570:
566:
563:
560:
559:
555:
552:
549:
548:
544:
541:
538:
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457:
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429:
421:
414:
412:
408:
406:
398:
394:
391:A mechanical
389:
382:
378:
374:
367:
365:
362:
357:
354:
349:
346:
341:
340:auto-rotation
335:
333:
327:
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311:
305:
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281:
274:
269:
262:
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217:Faber-Castell
214:
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206:
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198:
191:Manufacturers
190:
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182:
178:
173:
170:
166:
161:
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132:
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125:
117:
110:
108:
105:
101:
96:
92:
90:
86:
82:
76:
55:
51:
50:clutch pencil
47:
39:
34:
30:
19:
1567:
1510:Pen spinning
1505:Pen painting
1430:Fountain pen
1257:Demonstrator
1152:
1146:Bibliography
1132:
1120:. Retrieved
1116:
1107:
1095:. Retrieved
1091:
1082:
1070:. Retrieved
1065:
1056:
1042:
1030:. Retrieved
1026:the original
1016:
1004:. Retrieved
1000:
997:"ニュース - 文マガ"
991:
979:. Retrieved
974:
965:
953:. Retrieved
949:
939:
920:
908:. Retrieved
898:
886:. Retrieved
881:
860:
828:
816:. Retrieved
806:
794:. Retrieved
790:the original
780:
771:
756:
748:
736:. Retrieved
726:
682:
665:
657:
645:
642:
634:7/32 (0.220)
450:
442:
434:
409:
402:
397:Caran d'Ache
358:
352:
350:
344:
339:
336:
328:
322:
318:
312:
309:
257:Caran d'Ache
231:of Germany;
194:
174:
162:
155:
151:World War II
135:
129:
122:
97:
93:
49:
45:
43:
29:
1531:Calligraphy
1380:Ink blotter
1297:highlighter
1032:14 November
861:The PENnant
818:12 December
796:27 February
623:1/8 (0.138)
245:South Korea
239:of France;
1590:Categories
1536:Cartooning
1500:Penmanship
1483:Pen Museum
1339:Rollerball
834:US 1130741
765:0307772438
701:Koh-i-Noor
580:Yard-O-Led
395:holder by
381:leadholder
215:of Japan;
100:sharpening
1551:Lettering
1515:Retipping
1440:Iron gall
1425:Alizarine
1359:Technical
1307:permanent
1292:dry erase
1247:Ballpoint
672:HB (US#2)
345:Kuru Toga
285:Staedtler
249:PaperMate
229:Staedtler
165:Eversharp
1402:Penknife
1395:flex nib
1272:Fountain
981:1 August
975:ぺんてる株式会社
955:1 August
929:Archived
910:30 March
888:8 August
707:See also
697:Uni-ball
679:Pigments
662:Hardness
463:Diameter
458:Diameter
415:Diameter
353:DelGuard
332:friction
255:of USA;
209:Uni-ball
85:graphite
1596:Pencils
1575:Narayam
1524:Related
1495:Pen gun
1445:Stark's
1385:Inkwell
1329:Rastrum
1262:Digital
1122:31 July
1097:29 July
1072:28 July
685:Crayola
601:(0.055)
590:(0.051)
542:(0.031)
520:(0.024)
498:(0.016)
476:(0.008)
324:Ratchet
304:Rotring
225:Rotring
146:Britain
130:Pandora
111:History
89:erasers
38:ratchet
1563:Pencil
1546:Inking
1541:Comics
1407:Pounce
1354:Stylus
1344:Ruling
1287:Marker
1242:Active
839:
763:
738:13 May
695:, and
689:Pentel
654:Length
446:Pentel
437:Pentel
393:crayon
273:Pentel
253:Parker
241:Monami
205:Tombow
197:Pentel
158:spring
79:. The
54:pencil
1456:Other
1435:India
1324:Quill
1319:Qalam
1302:paint
1282:Light
1252:Brush
1235:Types
1006:7 May
693:Pilot
564:0.040
553:0.036
531:0.028
487:0.012
468:Uses
314:Screw
213:Zebra
201:Pilot
185:Sharp
177:Japan
52:is a
1417:Inks
1349:Skin
1334:Reed
1228:Pens
1124:2023
1099:2023
1074:2023
1034:2010
1008:2017
983:2023
957:2023
912:2009
890:2015
820:2009
798:2008
761:ISBN
740:2022
631:5.60
620:3.15
609:2.00
598:1.40
587:1.30
572:1.18
561:1.00
550:0.90
539:0.80
528:0.70
517:0.60
509:0.02
506:0.50
495:0.40
484:0.30
473:0.20
465:(in)
460:(mm)
405:lead
251:and
227:and
221:Lamy
211:and
140:and
128:HMS
81:lead
1390:Nib
1277:Gel
1267:Dip
648:JIS
243:of
237:Bic
144:in
48:or
1592::
1312:UV
1115:.
1090:.
1064:.
999:.
973:.
948:.
880:.
869:^
859:.
847:^
755:,
691:,
283:A
271:A
247:;
223:,
219:,
207:,
203:,
199:,
187:.
91:.
44:A
1220:e
1213:t
1206:v
1126:.
1101:.
1076:.
1050:.
1036:.
1010:.
985:.
959:.
914:.
892:.
822:.
800:.
742:.
399:.
383:.
75:/
72:d
69:ɛ
66:l
63:ˈ
60:/
20:)
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