Pencil - Knowledge (XXG)

556: 1134:

and allowing some external force, usually gravity, to pull it out of the body). The erasers (sometimes replaced by a sharpener on pencils with larger lead sizes) are also removable (and thus replaceable), and usually cover a place to store replacement leads. Mechanical pencils are popular for their longevity and the fact that they may never need sharpening. Lead types are based on grade and size; with standard sizes being 2.00 mm (0.079 in), 1.40 mm (0.055 in), 1.00 mm (0.039 in), 0.70 mm (0.028 in), 0.50 mm (0.020 in), 0.35 mm (0.014 in), 0.25 mm (0.0098 in), 0.18 mm (0.0071 in), and 0.13 mm (0.0051 in) (

1115: 950: 796: 812: 1123: 466: 55: 724: 284: 1254: 567: 70: 804: 1807: 1849:, a major German stationery company which has plants in those countries. In southern European countries, pencils tend to be dark red or black with yellow lines, while in Australia, they are red with black bands at one end. In India, the most common pencil colour scheme was dark red with black lines, and pencils with a large number of colour schemes are produced. 1272: 1873: 40: 778:...the pencil stub can be inserted into the end of a shaft...Extenders were especially common among engineers and draftsmen, whose favorite pencils were priced dearly. The use of an extender also has the advantage that the pencil does not appreciably change its heft as it wears down." Artists use extenders to maximize the use of their 1150:, stackable pencils or non-sharpening pencils. It is a type of pencil where many short pencil tips are housed in a cartridge-style plastic holder. A blunt tip is removed by pulling it from the writing end of the body and re-inserting it into the open-ended bottom of the body, thereby pushing a new tip to the top. 1830:. It was intended to be the world's best and most expensive pencil, as the ends of the pencil was dipped in 14-carat gold, and at a time when most pencils were either painted in dark colours or not at all, the Koh-I-Noor was yellow. As well as simply being distinctive, the colour may have been inspired by the 2217:, p. 157). It is believed that Thoreau developed independently his method of mixing clay and graphite, and his use of numbers to designate grades is evidence that he was at least aware of Conté methods and tried to reverse engineer them. Thoreau offered pencils graduated from 1 to 4 in the mid-1800s ( 840:

Solid graphite pencils are solid sticks of graphite and clay composite (as found in a 'graphite pencil'), about the diameter of a common pencil, which have no casing other than a wrapper or label. They are often called "woodless" pencils. They are used primarily for art purposes as the lack of casing

1290:

and their darkness varies from black to light grey. A higher amount of clay added to the pencil makes it harder, leaving lighter marks. There is a wide range of grades available, mainly for artists who are interested in creating a full range of tones from light grey to black. Engineers prefer harder

1793:

Graded pencils can be used for a rapid test that provides relative ratings for a series of coated panels but cannot be used to compare the pencil hardness of different coatings. This test defines a "pencil hardness" of a coating as the grade of the hardest pencil that does not permanently mark the

1133:

use mechanical methods to push lead through a hole at the end. These can be divided into two groups: with propelling pencils an internal mechanism is employed to push the lead out from an internal compartment, while clutch pencils merely hold the lead in place (the lead is extended by releasing it

984:

Unlike wax-based colored pencils, the erasable variants can be easily erased. Their main use is in sketching, where the objective is to create an outline using the same color that other media (such as wax pencils, or watercolor paints) would fill or when the objective is to scan the color sketch.

985:

Some animators prefer erasable color pencils as opposed to graphite pencils because they do not smudge as easily, and the different colors allow for better separation of objects in the sketch. Copy-editors find them useful too as markings stand out more than those of graphite, but can be erased.

964:

copying and as a practical substitute for fountain pens. Their markings are often visually indistinguishable from those of standard graphite pencils, but when moistened their markings dissolve into a coloured ink, which is then pressed into another piece of paper. They were widely used until the

773:

Historian Henry Petroski notes that while ever more efficient means of mass production of pencils has driven the replacement cost of a pencil down, before this people would continue to use even the stub of a pencil. For those who did not feel comfortable using a stub, pencil extenders were sold.

1158:

Invented by Harold Grossman for the Empire Pencil Company in 1967, plastic pencils were subsequently improved upon by Arthur D. Little for Empire from 1969 through the early 1970s; the plastic pencil was commercialised by Empire as the "EPCON" Pencil. These pencils were co-extruded, extruding a

1215:

powders. Before the two substances are mixed, they are separately cleaned of foreign matter and dried in a manner that creates large square cakes. Once the cakes have fully dried, the graphite and the clay squares are mixed together using water. The amount of clay content added to the graphite

448:

for stability. England would enjoy a monopoly on the production of pencils until a method of reconstituting the graphite powder was found in 1662 in Germany. However, the distinctively square English pencils continued to be made with sticks cut from natural graphite into the 1860s. The town of

512:; France, under naval blockade imposed by Great Britain, was unable to import the pure graphite sticks from the British Grey Knotts mines – the only known source in the world. France was also unable to import the inferior German graphite pencil substitute. It took the efforts of an officer in 1236:

plank with several long parallel grooves is cut to fashion a "slat," and the graphite/clay strings are inserted into the grooves. Another grooved plank is glued on top, and the whole assembly is then cut into individual pencils, which are then varnished or painted. Many pencils feature an

2186:

Pencil grades vary "depending upon the manufacturer, when the pencils are made, and the source of graphite and clay. One analyst found that graphitic carbon content, for example, to vary from about 30 to about 65 in a variety of different pencils bearing the same designation."

696:, when dyed and perfumed to resemble Red Cedar, was a suitable alternative. Most pencils today are made from this timber, which is grown in managed forests. Over 14 billion pencils are manufactured worldwide annually. Less popular alternatives to cedar include 889:, but are sometimes blended with charcoal or graphite depending on the darkness and manufacturer. They produce a fuller black than graphite pencils, are smoother than charcoal, and have minimal dust and smudging. They also blend very well, much like charcoal. 4343: 1096:

unveiled his giant US$ 20,000 pencil – 23 metres (76 ft) long, 8,200 kilograms (18,000 lb) with over 2,000 kilograms (4,500 lb) for the graphite centre – after three weeks of creation in August 2007 as a birthday gift for teacher

940:

are pencils that have two main properties: their shape prevents them from rolling, and their graphite is strong. The oldest surviving pencil is a German carpenter's pencil dating from the 17th Century and now in the Faber-Castell collection.

911:

can write on virtually any surface (including glass, plastic, metal and photographs). The most commonly found grease pencils are encased in paper (Berol and Sanford Peel-off), but they can also be encased in wood (Staedtler Omnichrom).

3379: 688:

One effect of this was that "during World War II rotary pencil sharpeners were outlawed in Britain because they wasted so much scarce lead and wood, and pencils had to be sharpened in the more conservative manner – with knives."

1294:

Manufacturers distinguish their pencils by grading them, but there is no common standard. Two pencils of the same grade but different manufacturers will not necessarily make a mark of identical tone nor have the same hardness.

2683: 639:. He used the first circular saw in pencil production. He constructed the first of the hexagon- and octagon-shaped wooden casings. Ebenezer did not patent his invention and shared his techniques with anyone. One of those was 841:

allows for covering larger spaces more easily, creating different effects, and providing greater economy as the entirety of the pencil is used. They are available in the same darkness range as wood-encased graphite pencils.

3657: 1842:. Other companies then copied the yellow colour so that their pencils would be associated with this high-quality brand, and chose brand names with explicit Oriental references, such as Mikado (renamed Mirado) and Mongol. 1198:

from pencils was not uncommon. Until the middle of the 20th century the paint used for the outer coating could contain high concentrations of lead, and this could be ingested when the pencil was sucked or chewed.

1016:, are expected to be very reliable, and their lead is break-proof. Nevertheless, steno pencils are sometimes sharpened at both ends to enhance reliability. They are round to avoid pressure pain during long texts. 267:, permanently bonded to the core. Casings may be of other materials, such as plastic or paper. To use the pencil, the casing must be carved or peeled off to expose the working end of the core as a sharp point. 684:

and did not splinter when sharpened. In the early 20th century supplies of Red Cedar were dwindling so that pencil manufacturers were forced to recycle the wood from cedar fences and barns to maintain supply.

1310:(usually taken to mean "fineness", although F pencils are no more fine or more easily sharpened than any other grade. Also referred as "firm" by many manufacturers). The standard writing pencil is graded 484:

wood. Shortly thereafter, a superior technique was discovered: two wooden halves were carved, a graphite stick inserted, and the halves then glued together—essentially the same method in use to this day.

2295:

Eagle Pencil Company applied for the trademark Mirado in 1947 (US Trademark 71515261). It is common belief that this was an attempt to disassociate the pencil brand from Japan, as one of the meanings of

398:"). Because the pencil core is still referred to as "lead", or "a lead", many people have the misconception that the graphite in the pencil is lead, and the black core of pencils is still referred to as 152: 924:

techniques. Their cores can be diluted by water. The pencils can be used by themselves for sharp, bold lines. Strokes made by the pencil can also be saturated with water and spread with brushes.

382:. This particular deposit of graphite was extremely pure and solid, and it could easily be sawn into sticks. It remains the only large-scale deposit of graphite ever found in this solid form. 570:

Pencil manufacturing. The top sequence shows the old method that required pieces of graphite to be cut to size; the lower sequence is the new, current method using rods of graphite and clay.

1781:, in the 19th century. Although Conté/Thoreau's equivalence table is widely accepted, not all manufacturers follow it; for example, Faber-Castell uses a different equivalence table in its 275:

cores that can be extended or retracted (usually through the casing's tip) as needed. These casings can be reloaded with new cores (usually graphite) as the previous ones are exhausted.

4046: 2667: 861:. Scripto's liquid graphite formula came out about three months before Parker's liquid lead formula. To avoid a lengthy patent fight the two companies agreed to share their formulas. 3548: 3197: 2270:

for a description of the test. However the hardness of pencils is not standardised. For this reason the standard specifies various brands of pencils that are to be used in this test.

1220:(lower proportions of clay makes the core softer), and the amount of time spent on grinding the mixture determines the quality of the lead. The mixture is then shaped into long 528:. By varying the ratio of graphite to clay, the hardness of the graphite rod could also be varied. This method of manufacture, which had been earlier discovered by the Austrian 1314:. This designation, in the form "H. B.", was in use at least as early as 1814. Softer or harder pencil grades were described by a sequence or successive Bs or Hs such as 3621: 555: 997:

pencils, the non-reproducing types make marks that are not reproducible by photocopiers (examples include "Copy-not" by Sanford and "Mars Non-photo" by Staedtler) or by

873:

and provide fuller blacks than graphite pencils, but tend to smudge easily and are more abrasive than graphite. Sepia-toned and white pencils are also available for

1353:

As of 2021, a set of pencils ranging from a very soft, black-marking pencil to a very hard, light-marking pencil usually ranges from softest to hardest as follows:

1228:. The resulting strings are dipped in oil or molten wax, which seeps into the tiny holes of the material and allows for the smooth writing ability of the pencil. A 2245: 3715: 1241:

on the top and so the process is usually still considered incomplete at this point. Each pencil has a shoulder cut on one end of the pencil to allow for a metal

4096: 440:

The usefulness of graphite for pencils was discovered as well, but graphite for pencils had to be smuggled. Because graphite is soft, it requires some form of

236:, but are typically regarded as art supplies, especially those with cores made from wax-based binders that tend to smear when erasers are applied to them. 965:

mid-20th century when ball pens slowly replaced them. In Italy their use is still mandated by law for voting paper ballots in elections and referendums.

2213:

Conté used integer numbers that started at 1, with higher numbers indicating softer leads, while Thoreau used higher numbers to designate harder leads (

547:'s first successful invention (1838) was a method of compressing graphite powder into solid graphite thus allowing the waste from sawing to be reused. 3672: 3166: 2830: 3988: 3500: 1845:

Not all countries use yellow pencils. German and Brazilian pencils, for example, are often green, blue or black, based on the trademark colours of

4718: 2852: 3448: 3211: 1146:

Pioneered by Taiwanese stationery manufacturer Bensia Pioneer Industrial Corporation in the early 1970s, Pop a Point Pencils are also known as

3340: 2459: 960:(or indelible pencils) are graphite pencils with an added dye that creates an indelible mark. They were invented in the late 19th century for 3418: 3149: 2874: 2438: 2263: 476:

Around 1560, an Italian couple named Simonio and Lyndiana Bernacotti made what are likely the first blueprints for the modern, wood-encased

437:

and were guarded. When sufficient stores of graphite had been accumulated, the mines were flooded to prevent theft until more was required.

4025: 3552: 4173: 4071: 4058: 3773: 3254: 2333: 3640: 2713: 2407: 2938: 2773: 1175: 4633: 3189: 3083: 756: 3689: 3522: 2357: 1770:

offers twenty-two grades from 10H to 10B for its Hi-uni range. Derwent produces twenty grades from 9H to 9B for its graphic pencils.

743:

to the end of a pencil. In 1862, Lipman sold his patent to Joseph Reckendorfer for $ 100,000, who went on to sue pencil manufacturer

4258: 2743: 2628: 2490: 1944: 636: 3811: 3113: 3618: 3574: 1245:

to be secured onto the wood. A rubber plug is then inserted into the ferrule for a functioning eraser on the end of the pencil.

711:

may be used to create pencils (though the use of this rainforest species is controversial). Environmentalists prefer the use of

2252: 1885: 3739: 2510: 4771: 4706: 4379: 4118: 3865: 3935: 3841: 3602: 3296: 3955:

Memoirs, Including Original Journals, Letters, Papers, and Antiquarian Tracts, of the Late Charles Alfred Stothard, F.S.A.

3358: 2551: 666: 644: 323:) originally referred to an artist's fine brush of camel hair, also used for writing before modern lead or chalk pencils. 3953: 3061: 2908: 2224: 1135: 900:, or pencil crayons, have wax-like cores with pigment and other fillers. Several colors are sometimes blended together. 3396: 676:

By the end of the 19th century, over 240,000 pencils were used each day in the US. The favoured timber for pencils was

453:, near the original findings of block graphite, still manufactures pencils, the factory also being the location of the 3911: 2968: 480:. Their version was a flat, oval, more compact type of pencil. Their concept involved the hollowing out of a stick of 3035: 3322: 3239: 1024:

Golf pencils are usually short (a common length is 9 cm or 3.5 in) and very cheap. They are also known as

425:

The value of graphite would soon be realised to be enormous, mainly because it could be used to line the moulds for

4335: 2856: 2577: 2326: 976:

pencils are used for make-up. Unlike traditional copying pencils, eyeliner pencils usually contain non-toxic dyes.

597: 1114: 4756: 4010: 3873: 3470: 2994: 2385: 2279:

75% of the 2.8 billion pencils made in the US are painted yellow (Steve Ritter "Pencils & Pencil Lead",

1908: 658: 62: 1343: 1831: 536:

in 1790, remains in use. In 1802, the production of graphite leads from graphite and clay was patented by the

517: 824:

Graphite pencils are the most common types of pencil, and are encased in wood. They are made of a mixture of

204:

binder. Graphite pencils (traditionally known as "lead pencils") produce grey or black marks that are easily

3669: 2799: 650: 31: 3174: 2305: 1101:. It is longer than the 20-metre (65 ft) pencil outside the Malaysia HQ of stationers Faber-Castell. 624:; this invention was prompted by his father's pencil factory in Concord, which employed graphite found in 601: 2822: 2641: 4623: 3984: 3496: 832:

and their darkness varies from light grey to black. Their composition allows for the smoothest strokes.

454: 371: 233: 217: 178: 170:

core in a protective casing that reduces the risk of core breakage and keeps it from marking the user's

2860: 949: 937: 3444: 1794:

coating when pressed firmly against it at a 45 degree angle. For standardized measurements, there are

795: 4638: 4567: 2021: 1823: 1763: 1331: 677: 632: 584: 537: 533: 513: 347: 271:

have more elaborate casings which are not bonded to the core; instead, they support separate, mobile

3218: 4766: 4628: 2455: 1778: 748: 617: 575: 260: 4276: 3422: 2878: 465: 4372: 4349: 4304: 2260: 1984: 1138:)—the 0.90 mm (0.035 in) size is available, but is not considered a standard ISO size. 712: 4014: 2248:

as standard ISO 15184:1998 Paints and varnishes – Determination of film hardness by pencil test

283: 4169: 4075: 3777: 3258: 2430: 2330: 1350:

for Franz Hardtmuth, who was responsible for technological improvements in pencil manufacture.

4728: 4296: 4254: 3637: 3145: 2705: 2675: 2624: 2486: 2434: 2401: 2008: 1957: 1857: 1572: 1257:

Two graphite pencils. Both are labelled "HB", but the numeric label differs between "2" and "2

1187:

Residual graphite from a pencil stick is not poisonous, and graphite is harmless if consumed.

1130: 1038: 811: 670: 621: 613: 589: 579: 268: 2930: 2765: 4761: 4590: 4467: 4417: 4288: 2422: 2297: 2155: 1861: 529: 477: 450: 403: 379: 229: 225: 120: 3693: 2354: 1122: 457:. The meaning of "graphite writing implement" apparently evolved late in the 16th century. 54: 4219: 3939: 3869: 3720: 3676: 3644: 3625: 3606: 3526: 2361: 2337: 2267: 2256: 1819: 768: 723: 708: 669:

was the world's largest dealer and consumer of graphite and later became the contemporary

662: 631:

Munroe's method of making pencils was painstakingly slow, and in the neighbouring town of

509: 58: 3087: 3016: 2735: 3815: 2284: 799:

Two solid, or "woodless", graphite pencils, two charcoal pencils, and two grease pencils

608:

pencils in 1812. This was not the only pencil-making occurring in Concord. According to

4605: 4535: 4499: 4248: 4196: 3109: 2350: 2150: 1877: 1815: 1298:

Most manufacturers, and almost all in Europe, designate their pencils with the letters

1195: 1093: 994: 961: 957: 897: 779: 640: 609: 560: 544: 221: 4750: 4650: 4600: 4585: 4519: 4407: 4365: 4308: 3578: 2423: 2201: 2140: 2070: 1970: 1846: 1795: 1777:

Numbers as designation were first used by Conté and later by John Thoreau, father of

1378: 1233: 908: 744: 635:, a pencil mill owner named Ebenezer Wood set out to automate the process at his own 625: 469: 237: 2249: 1253: 4670: 4665: 4540: 4462: 4432: 3735: 3354: 2506: 1881: 732: 593: 362:

or leadpoint until in 1565 (some sources say as early as 1500), a large deposit of

343: 4110: 3862: 1271: 566: 3932: 3599: 4691: 4457: 4422: 3837: 3392: 3292: 2145: 1864:

are typically oval or rectangular, so they cannot easily roll away during work.

1663: 1658: 1098: 858: 654: 620:

discovered how to make a good pencil out of inferior graphite using clay as the

367: 359: 2547: 1084: in) A standard, "#2", hexagonal pencil is 19 cm (7.5 in) long. 493:

The first attempt to manufacture graphite sticks from powdered graphite was in

4696: 4660: 4643: 4504: 4452: 4447: 4402: 4329: 4153: 2078: 1931: 1835: 1827: 1806: 1668: 1064:

A standard, hexagonal, "#2 pencil" is cut to a hexagonal height of 6 mm (

998: 921: 886: 803: 693: 441: 426: 375: 339: 327: 300: 4300: 4292: 3235: 3057: 2900: 2679: 4711: 4675: 4595: 4550: 4472: 4442: 3474: 2599: 2322: 2166: 2160: 2097: 1891:

Prominent global manufacturers of wood-cased (including wood-free) pencils:

1853: 1771: 1221: 1009: 973: 494: 434: 383: 245: 69: 43: 2960: 2317:

Mikado/Mirado pencils were originally made by Eagle Pencil Company – today

17: 3031: 4562: 4555: 4509: 4494: 3318: 2045: 1818:, this tradition began in 1890 when the L. & C. Hardtmuth Company of 1767: 1287: 1208: 1074: in), but the outer diameter is slightly larger (about 7 mm or 870: 829: 697: 502: 363: 264: 240:

have a softer, oily core that can leave marks on smooth surfaces such as

209: 197: 78: 47: 3679:, adlittlechronicles.blogspot.com, for information about this invention. 2573: 1814:

The majority of pencils made in the US are painted yellow. According to

1334:

pencil manufacturers claim to have first used the HB designations, with

4735: 4655: 4545: 4489: 4437: 4427: 4412: 3889: 2364:

Timberlines Blog "Mongolized" 31 August 2005. Retrieved 23 August 2007.

2230: 1872: 1839: 1535: 1242: 1229: 1194:

has not been used for writing since antiquity, such as in Roman styli,

874: 854: 508:

English and German pencils were not available to the French during the

498: 481: 445: 335: 272: 256: 213: 167: 163: 159: 99: 39: 2990: 2421:

Zumdahl, Steven S. & Zumdahl, Susan A. (2008). "No lead pencils".

358:

As a technique for drawing, the closest predecessor to the pencil was

4701: 4514: 2766:"Lead Facts - Uses, Properties, Element Pb, Plumbing, Pipes, Weights" 2110: 1383: 1373: 1238: 740: 736: 430: 331: 205: 104: 1291:

pencils which allow for a greater control in the shape of the lead.

181:, leaving a trail of solid core material that adheres to a sheet of 543:

In England, pencils continued to be made from whole sawn graphite.

4484: 4479: 2318: 1965:

Dixon, Oriole, Ticonderoga brands (manufactured in Mexico, China)

1871: 1805: 1270: 1252: 1121: 1113: 1028:, as many libraries offer them as disposable writing instruments. 948: 810: 802: 794: 722: 701: 681: 565: 554: 464: 307: 282: 241: 182: 93: 68: 53: 38: 2795: 386:

was in its infancy and the substance was thought to be a form of

30:

This article is about the writing implement. For other uses, see

1283: 1225: 1224:-like strings, straightened, dried, cut, and then tempered in a 1212: 1191: 825: 605: 574:

American colonists imported pencils from Europe until after the

525: 521: 387: 252: 201: 171: 88: 4361: 2406:. 3. Vol. 12. Oxford University Press. 1868. p. 419. 4577: 4388: 4155:

Why the pencil is perfect | Small Thing Big Idea, a TED series

3549:"Sanford Col-Erase Copy Not Pencils-You Can't Copy This Baby!" 2509:. Department of Physics at Michigan Technological University. 2058: 850: 395: 190: 186: 3212:"Forest Management Public Summary for: PT Xylo Indah Pratama" 715:– another wood native to the region in pencil manufacturing. 2304:

states that Eagle Pencil Company changed the name after the

1774:

produces 24 from 10H to 12B for its Mars Lumograph pencils.

592:

used a three-inch (7.5 cm) pencil when he surveyed the

524:

and forming the mixture into rods that were then fired in a

3190:"In World Of Politically Right, Pencils Can Be Wrong Stuff" 1979:

Plants in Germany, Indonesia, Costa Rica, Brazil, Malaysia

885:

Carbon pencils are generally made of a mixture of clay and

138: 129: 1357:

Graphite pencil hardness grading and typical applications

759:

ruled against Reckendorfer, declaring the patent invalid.

1766:

offers twenty grades from 10H to 8B for its 1500 series.

3716:"Pencils, paint and pottery can give you lead poisoning" 220:

and natural aging. Other types of pencil cores, such as

4357: 3255:"US Patent 19783 Combination of Lead-Pencil and Eraser" 1159:

plasticised graphite mix within a wood-composite core.

953:

Obliteration by indelible pencil to censor mail in 1943

2507:"Graphite from the Plumbago Mine, Borrowdale, England" 2483:

A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, Western Fells

444:. Graphite sticks were initially wrapped in string or 4341:

Payne, Christopher; Anderson, Sam (12 January 2018).

2706:"Pencil swallowing: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia" 727:

Attached eraser on the left; Pencil lead on the right

520:

discovered a method of mixing powdered graphite with

135: 132: 3724:. Vol. 73, no. 1. 7 July 1972. p. 46. 3217:. Rainforest Alliance. 15 March 2000. Archived from 2456:"Old Cumbria Gazetteer, black lead mine, Seathwaite" 849:

Liquid graphite pencils are pencils that write like

559:

Pencil, perhaps made by Henry David Thoreau, in the

141: 126: 4684: 4616: 4576: 4528: 4395: 3692:. Dynamic Inventions. 11 March 2013. Archived from 1838:at a time when the best-quality graphite came from 497:, Germany, in 1662. It used a mixture of graphite, 123: 4342: 3236:"Fantasia – The Quality Pencil Company – About Us" 2329:as Sanford owns Berol and the trademark Papermate 2321:– but can also be found today under the trademark 2283:, Volume 79, Number 42 page 35, 15 October 2001). 2623:, Publications International LTD, (1989), p.189, 1992:Temagraph, Lyra, Dixon, Ticonderoga, DOMS brands 1207:The lead of the pencil is a mix of finely ground 1001:copiers (such as "Mars Non-Print" by Staedtler). 653:, an inventor and entrepreneur involved with the 82: 4250:The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance 3142:The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance 1785:pencils: 1 = 2B, 2 = B, 2½ = HB, 3 = H, 4 = 2H. 287:Old Soviet colored pencils with box (circa 1959) 4344:"Inside one of America's last pencil factories" 2530: 2528: 2458:. Portsmouth University: Geography Department. 1217: 853:. The technology was first invented in 1955 by 3523:"Tools of the Trade Papers Pencils and Erases" 3021:, London, Offices of "Engineering," Chapter 3. 2223:John H. Lienhard (1989). "Thoreau's Pencils". 1876:A collection of pencils (12) by Bohemia Works 4373: 4281:American Heritage of Invention and Technology 3336: 3334: 3332: 2353:the Mongol trademark is now owned by Sanford 920:Watercolor pencils are designed for use with 8: 2390:(3 ed.). Oxford University Press. 2005. 2092:Division of California Cedar Products, USA; 647:and became the leader in pencil production. 334:, a thin metal stick used for scratching in 3985:"Interesting information about the company" 3619:World's largest pencil unveiled in New York 3171:The Point of it All – History of the Pencil 3135: 3133: 3131: 3086:. Dixon Ticonderoga Company. Archived from 3018:Sir Henry Bessemer, F.R.S: An Autobiography 418:), and some other languages literally mean 310: 4380: 4366: 4358: 4220:"List Of Top Rated Pencil Brands In India" 3575:"Paper and Pencil Blog 'Reporter Pencils'" 3380:"History Pencils & Historic Packaging" 3293:"Reckendorfer v. Faber 92 U.S. 347 (1875)" 3058:"Acton Conservation Lands, Pencil Factory" 2961:"Gyaat:The weapon we use from adolescence" 2736:"graphite pencils | The Weekend Historian" 2668:"Ever wondered about the lead in pencils?" 1893: 1355: 232:are sometimes used by teachers or editors 2429:. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. p. 1880:from the Ministry of Construction of the 185:or other surface. They are distinct from 4099:Staedtler.com. Retrieved 25 August 2019. 2991:"History of Koh-i-noor Hardmuth company" 1302:(commonly interpreted as "hardness") to 1279: 1171:By casing material: wood, paper, plastic 1168:By factory state: sharpened, unsharpened 774:These devices function something like a 2875:"Timeline Outline ViewEra: 1500 - 1550" 2666:Bennett, Howard J. (26 November 2014). 2454:Norgate, Martin; Norgate, Jean (2008). 2376: 2244:This testing method is approved by the 2179: 1371: 1360: 4121:from the original on 28 September 2007 3325:from the original on 6 September 2017. 3200:from the original on 22 February 2014. 2997:from the original on 10 September 2015 2877:. Historyofscience.com. Archived from 406:lead. The words for pencil in German ( 251:The most common pencil casing is thin 3503:from the original on 27 February 2009 3451:from the original on 17 November 2017 3399:from the original on 20 February 2009 3361:from the original on 27 February 2009 3341:Categories of Wax-Based Drawing Media 3064:from the original on 27 February 2024 2971:from the original on 23 November 2015 2941:from the original on 23 November 2015 2621:The big book of questions and answers 2410:from the original on 17 January 2018. 2229:. Episode 339. NPR. KUHF-FM Houston. 1275:A grading chart ranging from 9B to 9H 402:, even though it never contained the 7: 4195:O'Shaughnessy, Lynn (22 July 2010). 4152:Weaver, Caroline (3 November 2018). 3991:from the original on 13 October 2016 3844:from the original on 6 February 2017 3242:from the original on 25 August 2013. 2776:from the original on 30 October 2016 2686:from the original on 6 November 2015 1926:"Chung hwa" and "Great Wall" brands 1176:P&P Office Waste Paper Processor 637:pencil mill located at Nashoba Brook 4719:List of types, brands and companies 4047:Koh-i-noor Catalog: Graphite Pencis 3933:"Graphite Grading Scales Explained" 3838:"Graphite Grading Scales Explained" 3038:from the original on 9 October 2016 3032:"Famous Pencil Users - Pencils.com" 2833:from the original on 23 August 2012 2746:from the original on 7 October 2015 2716:from the original on 6 October 2015 2642:"Have pencils ever contained lead?" 2580:from the original on 13 August 2007 2534: 2462:from the original on 7 January 2009 1322:for successively softer leads, and 1306:(commonly "blackness"), as well as 582:advertised pencils for sale in his 4139: 3971: 3799: 3760: 3742:from the original on 21 March 2012 3393:"Oldest Known Pencil in Existence" 3279: 3144:. New York, NY: Random House LLC. 3116:from the original on 18 April 2009 2802:from the original on 3 August 2009 2554:from the original on 15 March 2008 2513:from the original on 14 March 2008 2301: 2218: 2214: 2188: 1330:for successively harder ones. The 757:Supreme Court of the United States 366:was discovered on the approach to 330:pencil was an artist's brush, the 224:, are mainly used for drawing and 25: 4176:from the original on 8 April 2009 3525:. smackjeeves.com. Archived from 3257:. Patft.uspto.gov. Archived from 1945:Derwent Cumberland Pencil Company 673:pencil and art supplies company. 516:'s army to change this. In 1795, 177:Pencils create marks by physical 4097:Staedtler Mars Lumograph Pencils 4028:from the original on 5 June 2016 3690:"P&P Office Waste Processor" 3577:. Penciltalk.org. Archived from 3299:from the original on 8 June 2009 3188:Poe, Janita (1 September 1993). 2911:from the original on 24 May 2012 2821:Harper, Douglas (27 June 2012). 1798:testing pencils on the market. 119: 4170:"Eberhard Faber Pencil Gallery" 4074:. Pencils.co.uk. Archived from 3814:. Pencils.co.uk. Archived from 3812:"Derwent Manufacturing Process" 3736:"The HB Graphite Grading Scale" 2993:. Koh-i-noor Hardmuth company. 2281:Chemical & Engineering News 189:, which dispense liquid or gel 3890:"KOH-I-NOOR HARDTMUTH HISTORY" 3551:. Epinions.com. Archived from 3497:"Sketch to Paint in Photoshop" 3473:. Mccannas.com. Archived from 1342:for the company's location of 1037:Triangular (more accurately a 390:. Consequently, it was called 342:, was used extensively by the 196:Most pencil cores are made of 77:Solid pigment core (typically 1: 4253:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 3445:"Gel Eyeliner Pencil by ULTA" 2550:. cumbria-industries.org.uk. 2098:Staedtler Mars GmbH & Co. 1810:A typical yellow no. 2 pencil 869:Charcoal pencils are made of 667:Joseph Dixon Crucible Company 208:, but otherwise resistant to 73:A typical modern-day pencil. 4024:. Condé Nast. p. 2:35. 3253:Lipman, L. (30 March 1858). 2548:"Lakeland's Mining Heritage" 2226:The Engines of Our Ingenuity 1852:Pencils are commonly round, 1834:; it was also suggestive of 1362:Tone and grade designations 1012:'s pencils, also known as a 707:In Southeast Asia, the wood 692:It was soon discovered that 354:Graphite deposit discoveries 4109:Simmons, Mac (April 2000). 3499:. Digitalartsonline.co.uk. 3419:"L. 6 febbraio 1948, n. 29" 3110:"Tantiusques Graphite Mine" 2827:Online Etymology Dictionary 2481:Wainwright, Alfred (2005). 2200:This is not related to the 2003:General's, Kimberly brands 1178:recycles paper into pencils 1118:Lead for mechanical pencils 1050:Bendable (flexible plastic) 628:in 1821 by Charles Dunbar. 4788: 4111:"The Pencil Hardness Test" 4015:"Comma Queen: On "Impact"" 3952:Stothard, Charles (1823). 2857:Rocket City Space Pioneers 2853:"Who invented the pencil?" 2646:BBC Science Focus Magazine 1249:Grading and classification 766: 604:, made the first American 259:in section, but sometimes 234:to correct submitted texts 29: 4277:"H. D. Thoreau, Engineer" 4197:"Why Are Pencils Yellow?" 3874:Mitsubishi Pencil Company 3774:"Staedtler Pencil, video" 3660:, issued 26 December 1967 3382:. Faber Castell Australia 3343:, palimpsest.stanford.edu 2387:Oxford English Dictionary 2336:29 September 2007 at the 2266:29 September 2007 at the 2221:, p. 119), see also 2046:Mitsubishi Pencil Company 1802:External colour and shape 1709: 1654: 1649: 1612:graphical representations 1606: 1603: 1569: 1566: 1532: 1529: 1486: 1483: 1403: 1398: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1282:are made of a mixture of 659:Sturbridge, Massachusetts 193:onto the marked surface. 4293:10.1215/00382876-90-1-39 4275:Petroski, Henry (1991). 4247:Petroski, Henry (1990). 4061:, mpuni.co.jp (Japanese) 3987:. Koh-I-Noor Hardtmuth. 3670:The Epcon Plastic Pencil 3605:29 December 2008 at the 3140:Petroski, Henry (2010). 3084:"Joseph Dixon 1799–1869" 2740:umeshmadan.wordpress.com 2600:"Definition of Plumbago" 2574:"Definition of Plumbago" 2355:Timberlines.blogspot.com 2053:Mitsu-Bishi, Uni brands 1609:technical detailed plans 1338:standing for Hardtmuth, 1216:depends on the intended 489:Graphite powder and clay 3938:6 February 2017 at the 3912:"Castell 9000 brochure" 3167:"Famous Pencil Pushers" 3015:Bessemer, Henry (1905) 2796:"Keswick Pencil Museum" 2602:. Thefreedictionary.com 2255:26 October 2017 at the 2059:Musgrave Pencil Company 2016:Apsara, Nataraj brands 1826:brand, named after the 1404:for artistic purposes: 661:, developed a means to 166:implement with a solid 32:Pencil (disambiguation) 3892:. Koh-I-Noor Hardtmuth 3868:3 October 2015 at the 3647:(video). Metacafe.com. 3643:5 January 2009 at the 3638:World's largest pencil 3600:World's largest pencil 3295:. Supreme.justia.com. 2798:. Pencilmuseum.co.uk. 2306:Attack on Pearl Harbor 1920:China First Pencil Co. 1888: 1811: 1655:for special purposes: 1276: 1268: 1127: 1119: 954: 816: 808: 800: 728: 665:pencils. By 1870, The 602:Concord, Massachusetts 571: 563: 473: 470:Palomino Blackwing 602 311: 288: 110: 66: 51: 4772:Visual arts materials 4624:Ballpoint pen artwork 4199:. CBS News MoneyWatch 3355:"Carpenter's Pencils" 3353:Martin, Doug (2000). 2770:www.sciencekids.co.nz 2300:is emperor of Japan. 2034:Lyra Bleistift-Fabrik 1875: 1832:Austro-Hungarian flag 1809: 1368:Application examples 1274: 1256: 1125: 1117: 1092:On 3 September 2007, 952: 814: 806: 798: 753:Reckendorfer v. Faber 726: 569: 558: 532:, the founder of the 518:Nicolas-Jacques Conté 468: 455:Derwent Pencil Museum 348:palm-leaf manuscripts 315:a "little tail" (see 286: 218:ultraviolet radiation 72: 57: 42: 4639:Birmingham pen trade 4634:Counterfeit banknote 4331:How A Pencil Is Made 3224:on 29 December 2009. 2937:. 10 February 2015. 2360:4 March 2016 at the 2331:Brandnamepencils.com 2118:includes MONO brand 2022:Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth 1884:in the stock of the 1577:mathematical drawing 1492:writing (restricted) 1332:Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth 600:, a cabinetmaker in 585:Pennsylvania Gazette 414:), Arabic (قلم رصاص 200:powder mixed with a 4629:Ballpoint pen knife 4172:. Pencilpages.com. 3959:(letter dated 1814) 3840:. 8 November 2014. 3675:8 July 2011 at the 3658:US Patent 3,360,489 3628:. Sri Chinmoy News. 3624:17 May 2017 at the 3609:. The Pencil Pages. 3395:. Pencilpages.com. 3357:. Pencilpages.com. 3112:. Thetrustees.org. 3060:. Actontrails.org. 2881:on 31 December 2010 2863:on 22 October 2011. 2672:The Washington Post 2485:. Frances Lincoln. 2349:Originally made by 2040:Parent: FILA Group 1862:Carpenters' pencils 1779:Henry David Thoreau 1358: 938:Carpenter's pencils 815:Promotional pencils 791:By marking material 735:received the first 731:On March 30, 1858, 645:factory in New York 618:Henry David Thoreau 576:American Revolution 540:company in Vienna. 433:were taken over by 370:from the hamlet of 4350:The New York Times 4142:, pp. 162–163 3780:on 21 January 2013 3696:on 13 January 2014 3656:Grossman, Harold. 3477:on 28 January 2013 3319:"Vintage Pen Blog" 3090:on 13 October 2007 2905:www.fact-index.com 1997:General Pencil Co. 1889: 1812: 1356: 1277: 1269: 1131:Mechanical pencils 1128: 1120: 955: 817: 809: 801: 729: 572: 564: 474: 289: 269:Mechanical pencils 111: 81:, commonly called 67: 52: 4744: 4743: 4729:Mechanical pencil 4072:"Derwent Graphic" 4013:(28 April 2016). 3425:on 9 October 2012 3165:Franco, Michael. 3151:978-0-307-77243-5 2935:Borrowdale Points 2440:978-0-547-12532-9 2403:Notes and Queries 2204:hardness unit HB. 2132: 2131: 2111:Tombow Pencil Co. 2029:Koh-i-Noor brand 2009:Hindustan Pencils 1958:Dixon Ticonderoga 1900:Country of origin 1822:introduced their 1768:Mitsubishi Pencil 1761: 1760: 1573:technical drawing 1039:Reuleaux triangle 980:Erasable coloring 739:for attaching an 719:Eraser attachment 671:Dixon Ticonderoga 657:graphite mine in 614:transcendentalist 590:George Washington 580:Benjamin Franklin 394:(Latin for "lead 376:Borrowdale parish 222:those of charcoal 27:Writing implement 16:(Redirected from 4779: 4757:Office equipment 4382: 4375: 4368: 4359: 4354: 4346: 4332: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4264: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4019: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3949: 3943: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3886: 3880: 3878: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3808: 3802: 3797: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3776:. Archived from 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3686: 3680: 3667: 3661: 3654: 3648: 3635: 3629: 3616: 3610: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3421:. Archived from 3415: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3327: 3326: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3216: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3177:on 17 June 2009. 3173:. Archived from 3162: 3156: 3155: 3137: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3028: 3022: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2859:. Archived from 2849: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2638: 2632: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2428: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2381: 2365: 2347: 2341: 2315: 2309: 2293: 2287: 2277: 2271: 2242: 2236: 2234: 2211: 2205: 2198: 2192: 2184: 2156:Plumbago drawing 2105:Staedtler brand 1894: 1757: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1741: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1725: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1489:freehand drawing 1359: 1280:Graphite pencils 1266: 1265: 1261: 1126:Flexible pencils 1083: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1072: 1068: 989:Non-reproduction 807:Coloured pencils 643:, which built a 530:Joseph Hardtmuth 478:carpentry pencil 380:Cumbria, England 314: 230:Coloured pencils 157: 156: 155: 154: 147: 144: 143: 140: 137: 134: 131: 128: 125: 59:Coloured pencils 21: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4680: 4612: 4572: 4529:Parts and tools 4524: 4391: 4386: 4340: 4330: 4326: 4313: 4311: 4274: 4271: 4269:Further reading 4261: 4246: 4243: 4238: 4228: 4226: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4179: 4177: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4078:on 19 June 2009 4070: 4069: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4049:, koh-i-noor.cz 4045: 4041: 4031: 4029: 4017: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3994: 3992: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3970: 3966: 3958: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3940:Wayback Machine 3931: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3914:. Faber-Castell 3910: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3876: 3870:Wayback Machine 3861: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3821: 3819: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3798: 3794: 3783: 3781: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3738:. Pencils.com. 3734: 3733: 3729: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3699: 3697: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3677:Wayback Machine 3668: 3664: 3655: 3651: 3645:Wayback Machine 3636: 3632: 3626:Wayback Machine 3617: 3613: 3607:Wayback Machine 3598: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3581:on 28 July 2014 3573: 3572: 3568: 3558: 3556: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3532: 3530: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3506: 3504: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3454: 3452: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3402: 3400: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3339: 3330: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3221: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3194:Chicago Tribune 3187: 3186: 3182: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3152: 3139: 3138: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2836: 2834: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2805: 2803: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2779: 2777: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2749: 2747: 2734: 2733: 2729: 2719: 2717: 2710:www.nlm.nih.gov 2704: 2703: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2619: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2583: 2581: 2576:. Answers.com. 2572: 2571: 2567: 2557: 2555: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2526: 2516: 2514: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2493: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2465: 2463: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2441: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2368: 2362:Wayback Machine 2348: 2344: 2338:Wayback Machine 2316: 2312: 2294: 2290: 2278: 2274: 2268:Wayback Machine 2257:Wayback Machine 2243: 2239: 2222: 2212: 2208: 2199: 2195: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2137: 1934:Bleistiftfabrik 1870: 1856:, or sometimes 1820:Austria-Hungary 1804: 1791: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1743: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1727: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1651: 1650:extremely hard, 1400: 1399:extremely soft, 1263: 1259: 1258: 1251: 1218:pencil hardness 1205: 1185: 1165: 1156: 1144: 1112: 1107: 1090: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1057: 1034: 1026:library pencils 1022: 1007: 991: 982: 971: 958:Copying pencils 947: 935: 930: 918: 906: 898:Colored pencils 895: 883: 867: 847: 838: 822: 793: 788: 780:colored pencils 771: 769:Pencil extender 765: 721: 553: 510:Napoleonic Wars 491: 463: 461:Wood encasement 356: 294: 281: 151: 150: 149: 122: 118: 109: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4785: 4783: 4775: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4749: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4721: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4699: 4694: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4582: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4536:Blotting paper 4532: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4476: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4392: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4377: 4370: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4338: 4325: 4324:External links 4322: 4321: 4320: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4259: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4210: 4187: 4161: 4144: 4132: 4101: 4089: 4063: 4051: 4039: 4022:The New Yorker 4002: 3976: 3964: 3944: 3942:. Pencils.com. 3925: 3903: 3881: 3855: 3829: 3818:on 17 May 2013 3803: 3792: 3765: 3753: 3727: 3707: 3681: 3662: 3649: 3630: 3611: 3592: 3566: 3555:on 24 May 2008 3540: 3529:on 8 July 2007 3514: 3488: 3471:"Art Supplies" 3462: 3436: 3410: 3384: 3372: 3345: 3328: 3321:. GoPens.com. 3310: 3284: 3272: 3245: 3227: 3203: 3180: 3157: 3150: 3127: 3101: 3075: 3049: 3023: 3008: 2982: 2952: 2922: 2892: 2866: 2844: 2813: 2787: 2757: 2727: 2697: 2658: 2633: 2613: 2591: 2565: 2539: 2537:, pp. 168, 358 2535:Petroski, 1990 2524: 2498: 2491: 2473: 2446: 2439: 2413: 2393: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2351:Eberhard Faber 2342: 2310: 2288: 2272: 2237: 2206: 2193: 2178: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2151:Pencil drawing 2148: 2143: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2076: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2026:Czech Republic 2024: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2005: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1952:Derwent brand 1950: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1878:Czech Republic 1869: 1866: 1828:famous diamond 1816:Henry Petroski 1803: 1800: 1790: 1787: 1759: 1758: 1710:Also seen as 2 1707: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1653: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1540:linear drawing 1538: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1402: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1250: 1247: 1204: 1201: 1196:lead poisoning 1184: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1172: 1169: 1164: 1161: 1155: 1152: 1148:Bensia Pencils 1143: 1140: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1105:By manufacture 1103: 1094:Ashrita Furman 1089: 1086: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1033: 1030: 1021: 1018: 1006: 1003: 995:non-photo blue 993:Also known as 990: 987: 981: 978: 970: 967: 946: 943: 934: 931: 929: 926: 917: 914: 909:Grease pencils 905: 902: 894: 891: 882: 881:Carbon pencils 879: 866: 863: 846: 843: 837: 834: 821: 818: 792: 789: 787: 784: 767:Main article: 764: 761: 720: 717: 641:Eberhard Faber 610:Henry Petroski 598:William Munroe 561:Concord Museum 552: 549: 545:Henry Bessemer 490: 487: 462: 459: 355: 352: 293: 290: 280: 277: 238:Grease pencils 108: 107: 102: 97: 91: 86: 74: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4784: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4651:Pen computing 4649: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4378: 4376: 4371: 4369: 4364: 4363: 4360: 4352: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4262: 4260:0-394-57422-2 4256: 4252: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4211: 4198: 4191: 4188: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4157: 4156: 4148: 4145: 4141: 4140:Petroski 1990 4136: 4133: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4090: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4040: 4027: 4023: 4016: 4012: 4006: 4003: 3990: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3974:, p. 157 3973: 3972:Petroski 1990 3968: 3965: 3957: 3956: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3934: 3929: 3926: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3891: 3885: 3882: 3877:(in Japanese) 3875: 3871: 3867: 3864: 3859: 3856: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3830: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3800:Petroski 1990 3796: 3793: 3790:Staedtler.com 3779: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3763:, "Appendix A 3762: 3761:Petroski 1990 3757: 3754: 3741: 3737: 3731: 3728: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3711: 3708: 3695: 3691: 3685: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3671: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3620: 3615: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3601: 3596: 3593: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3567: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3541: 3528: 3524: 3518: 3515: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3463: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3424: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3373: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3311: 3298: 3294: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3280:Petroski 1990 3276: 3273: 3261:on 2 May 2017 3260: 3256: 3249: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3220: 3213: 3207: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3161: 3158: 3153: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3115: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3076: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3012: 3009: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2970: 2966: 2965:www.gyaat.com 2962: 2956: 2953: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2817: 2814: 2801: 2797: 2791: 2788: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2758: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2662: 2659: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2629:0-88176-670-4 2626: 2622: 2617: 2614: 2601: 2595: 2592: 2579: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2494: 2492:0-7112-2460-9 2488: 2484: 2477: 2474: 2461: 2457: 2450: 2447: 2442: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2426: 2417: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2404: 2397: 2394: 2389: 2388: 2384:"pencil, n". 2380: 2377: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2356: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2340:Mirado Pencil 2339: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2262: 2261:pra-world.com 2258: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2241: 2238: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2220: 2219:Petroski 1990 2216: 2215:Petroski 1990 2210: 2207: 2203: 2202:Brinell scale 2197: 2194: 2190: 2189:Petroski 1990 2183: 2180: 2173: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2141:Blackwing 602 2139: 2138: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2071:Newell Brands 2069: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1971:Faber-Castell 1969: 1968: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1868:Manufacturers 1867: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1847:Faber-Castell 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1808: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1796:Mohs hardness 1789:Hardness test 1788: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1273: 1255: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1234:incense-cedar 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1163:Other aspects 1162: 1160: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1132: 1124: 1116: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1095: 1087: 1085: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1004: 1002: 1000: 996: 988: 986: 979: 977: 975: 968: 966: 963: 959: 951: 944: 942: 939: 932: 927: 925: 923: 915: 913: 910: 903: 901: 899: 892: 890: 888: 880: 878: 876: 872: 864: 862: 860: 856: 852: 844: 842: 835: 833: 831: 827: 819: 813: 805: 797: 790: 785: 783: 781: 777: 770: 762: 760: 758: 754: 750: 746: 745:Faber-Castell 742: 738: 734: 725: 718: 716: 714: 710: 705: 703: 699: 695: 694:incense cedar 690: 686: 683: 679: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 629: 627: 626:New Hampshire 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 588:in 1729, and 587: 586: 581: 577: 568: 562: 557: 551:United States 550: 548: 546: 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 506: 504: 500: 496: 488: 486: 483: 479: 471: 467: 460: 458: 456: 452: 447: 443: 438: 436: 432: 428: 423: 421: 417: 413: 412:peann luaidhe 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 353: 351: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 324: 322: 318: 313: 309: 305: 302: 298: 291: 285: 278: 276: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 249: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 194: 192: 188: 184: 180: 175: 173: 169: 165: 161: 153: 146: 116: 106: 103: 101: 98: 95: 92: 90: 87: 84: 80: 76: 75: 71: 64: 60: 56: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 4723: 4671:Pen spinning 4666:Pen painting 4591:Fountain pen 4418:Demonstrator 4348: 4312:. Retrieved 4284: 4280: 4249: 4241:Bibliography 4227:. Retrieved 4223: 4213: 4201:. Retrieved 4190: 4178:. Retrieved 4164: 4154: 4147: 4135: 4125:13 September 4123:. Retrieved 4114: 4104: 4092: 4080:. Retrieved 4076:the original 4066: 4054: 4042: 4030:. Retrieved 4021: 4011:Norris, Mary 4005: 3993:. Retrieved 3979: 3967: 3954: 3947: 3928: 3916:. Retrieved 3906: 3894:. Retrieved 3884: 3858: 3846:. Retrieved 3832: 3820:. Retrieved 3816:the original 3806: 3795: 3782:. Retrieved 3778:the original 3768: 3756: 3744:. Retrieved 3730: 3719: 3710: 3698:. Retrieved 3694:the original 3684: 3665: 3652: 3633: 3614: 3595: 3583:. Retrieved 3579:the original 3569: 3557:. Retrieved 3553:the original 3543: 3531:. Retrieved 3527:the original 3517: 3505:. Retrieved 3491: 3479:. Retrieved 3475:the original 3465: 3453:. Retrieved 3439: 3427:. Retrieved 3423:the original 3413: 3401:. Retrieved 3387: 3375: 3363:. Retrieved 3348: 3313: 3301:. Retrieved 3287: 3275: 3263:. Retrieved 3259:the original 3248: 3230: 3219:the original 3206: 3193: 3183: 3175:the original 3170: 3160: 3141: 3118:. Retrieved 3104: 3092:. Retrieved 3088:the original 3078: 3066:. Retrieved 3052: 3040:. Retrieved 3026: 3017: 3011: 3001:11 September 2999:. Retrieved 2985: 2973:. Retrieved 2964: 2955: 2943:. Retrieved 2934: 2925: 2913:. Retrieved 2904: 2895: 2883:. Retrieved 2879:the original 2869: 2861:the original 2847: 2835:. Retrieved 2826: 2816: 2804:. Retrieved 2790: 2778:. Retrieved 2769: 2760: 2748:. Retrieved 2739: 2730: 2718:. Retrieved 2709: 2700: 2688:. Retrieved 2671: 2661: 2649:. Retrieved 2645: 2636: 2620: 2616: 2604:. Retrieved 2594: 2582:. Retrieved 2568: 2556:. Retrieved 2542: 2515:. Retrieved 2501: 2482: 2476: 2464:. Retrieved 2449: 2424: 2416: 2402: 2396: 2386: 2379: 2345: 2313: 2291: 2285:Pubs.acs.org 2280: 2275: 2240: 2225: 2209: 2196: 2182: 2165: 1909:Caran d'Ache 1897:Manufacturer 1890: 1860:in section. 1851: 1844: 1813: 1792: 1782: 1776: 1762: 1352: 1347: 1339: 1335: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1278: 1206: 1189: 1186: 1157: 1147: 1145: 1129: 1091: 1063: 1025: 1023: 1014:steno pencil 1013: 1010:Stenographer 1008: 992: 983: 972: 956: 936: 919: 907: 896: 884: 877:techniques. 868: 848: 839: 823: 776:porte-crayon 775: 772: 755:(1875), the 752: 749:infringement 733:Hymen Lipman 730: 706: 691: 687: 675: 663:mass-produce 651:Joseph Dixon 649: 630: 616:philosopher 594:Ohio Country 583: 573: 542: 507: 492: 475: 439: 424: 419: 415: 411: 407: 399: 391: 357: 325: 320: 316: 306:, from late 303: 296: 295: 250: 195: 176: 114: 112: 63:Caran d'Ache 36: 4692:Calligraphy 4541:Ink blotter 4458:highlighter 4287:(2): 8–16. 4229:28 December 4218:Khatabook. 3455:15 November 3068:27 February 3042:8 September 2975:23 November 2945:23 November 2915:23 November 2146:IKEA pencil 1913:Switzerland 1664:cartography 1659:lithography 1652:light grey 1203:Manufacture 1142:Pop a Point 1099:Sri Chinmoy 1005:Stenography 859:Parker Pens 655:Tantiusques 427:cannonballs 416:qalam raṣāṣ 368:Grey Knotts 360:silverpoint 340:wax tablets 326:Though the 261:cylindrical 83:pencil lead 18:Pencil lead 4767:Stationery 4751:Categories 4697:Cartooning 4661:Penmanship 4644:Pen Museum 4500:Rollerball 3995:12 October 3961:. Longman. 3863:えんぴつのナゾを解く 3848:5 February 3700:12 January 2780:29 October 2372:References 2231:Transcript 2079:Paper Mate 1985:FILA Group 1932:Cretacolor 1858:triangular 1836:the Orient 1824:Koh-I-Noor 1764:Koh-i-noor 1669:xylography 1604:very hard 1365:Character 1344:Budějovice 1136:ISO 9175-1 1110:Mechanical 999:whiteprint 922:watercolor 916:Watercolor 887:lamp black 680:as it was 538:Koh-I-Noor 534:Koh-I-Noor 442:encasement 410:), Irish ( 372:Seathwaite 328:archetypal 312:penicillus 301:Old French 292:Camel hair 265:triangular 255:, usually 4712:Lettering 4676:Retipping 4601:Iron gall 4586:Alizarine 4520:Technical 4468:permanent 4453:dry erase 4408:Ballpoint 4309:257782890 4301:0038-2876 4224:Khatabook 2931:"Pencils" 2885:18 August 2750:5 October 2720:5 October 2690:5 October 2680:0190-8286 2651:27 August 2425:Chemistry 2323:Papermate 2167:I, Pencil 2161:Tortillon 1854:hexagonal 1783:Grip 2001 1772:Staedtler 1222:spaghetti 1190:Although 1044:Hexagonal 974:Eye liner 933:Carpentry 763:Extenders 678:Red Cedar 596:in 1762. 495:Nuremberg 446:sheepskin 435:the Crown 408:Bleistift 384:Chemistry 321:pincellus 257:hexagonal 246:porcelain 226:sketching 44:Staedtler 4563:Penknife 4556:flex nib 4433:Fountain 4174:Archived 4119:Archived 4115:Woodwork 4026:Archived 3989:Archived 3936:Archived 3866:Archived 3842:Archived 3746:14 March 3740:Archived 3673:Archived 3641:Archived 3622:Archived 3603:Archived 3501:Archived 3449:Archived 3429:1 August 3397:Archived 3359:Archived 3323:Archived 3297:Archived 3282:, p. 171 3240:Archived 3198:Archived 3114:Archived 3062:Archived 3036:Archived 2995:Archived 2969:Archived 2939:Archived 2909:Archived 2901:"Pencil" 2831:Archived 2823:"pencil" 2800:Archived 2774:Archived 2744:Archived 2714:Archived 2684:Archived 2606:21 April 2584:21 April 2578:Archived 2558:27 March 2552:Archived 2517:27 March 2511:Archived 2460:Archived 2408:Archived 2358:Archived 2334:Archived 2302:Petroski 2264:Archived 2253:Archived 2191:, p. 229 2135:See also 2126:Portugal 2086:Palomino 1742:, 2.5, 2 1407:sketches 1288:graphite 1209:graphite 1032:By shape 969:Eyeliner 871:charcoal 865:Charcoal 830:graphite 820:Graphite 709:Jelutong 698:basswood 682:aromatic 514:Napoleon 503:antimony 420:lead pen 392:plumbago 364:graphite 346:and for 214:solvents 210:moisture 198:graphite 179:abrasion 79:graphite 48:graphite 4762:Pencils 4736:Narayam 4685:Related 4656:Pen gun 4606:Stark's 4546:Inkwell 4490:Rastrum 4423:Digital 4336:YouTube 4203:24 July 4180:23 July 4082:23 July 4018:(Video) 3822:23 July 3784:23 July 3585:23 July 3559:23 July 3533:23 July 3507:23 July 3481:23 July 3403:23 July 3365:23 July 3303:23 July 3265:23 July 3120:23 July 3094:23 July 2837:27 June 2806:23 July 2327:Sanford 2250:ISO.org 2102:Germany 2037:Germany 1976:Germany 1937:Austria 1903:Remark 1840:Siberia 1756:⁠ 1744:⁠ 1740:⁠ 1728:⁠ 1724:⁠ 1712:⁠ 1536:writing 1530:medium 1410:studies 1262:⁄ 1243:ferrule 1230:juniper 1154:Plastic 1088:Biggest 1079:⁄ 1069:⁄ 1060:Typical 1055:By size 945:Copying 893:Colored 875:duotone 855:Scripto 499:sulphur 482:juniper 472:pencils 451:Keswick 404:element 336:papyrus 299:, from 279:History 273:pigment 212:, most 168:pigment 164:drawing 160:writing 158:) is a 100:Ferrule 94:Painted 50:pencils 4724:Pencil 4707:Inking 4702:Comics 4568:Pounce 4515:Stylus 4505:Ruling 4448:Marker 4403:Active 4314:3 June 4307: 4299: 4257: 4117:: 76. 4032:14 May 3918:5 July 3896:5 July 3148: 2678: 2627: 2489: 2466:19 May 2437: 2298:Mikado 2259:. See 2235:uh.edu 2123:Viarco 2081:brand 1413:drafts 1401:black 1374:Europe 1346:, and 1239:eraser 1183:Health 928:By use 904:Grease 845:Liquid 741:eraser 737:patent 622:binder 501:, and 429:; the 344:Romans 332:stylus 304:pincel 297:Pencil 206:erased 115:pencil 105:Eraser 4617:Other 4596:India 4485:Quill 4480:Qalam 4463:paint 4443:Light 4413:Brush 4396:Types 4305:S2CID 3222:(PDF) 3215:(PDF) 2319:Berol 2174:Notes 2115:Japan 2050:Japan 2013:India 1989:Italy 1923:China 1567:hard 1484:soft 1047:Round 962:press 836:Solid 786:Types 751:. In 713:Pulai 702:alder 633:Acton 431:mines 317:penis 308:Latin 242:glass 183:paper 148: 4578:Inks 4510:Skin 4495:Reed 4389:Pens 4316:2023 4297:ISSN 4255:ISBN 4231:2023 4205:2021 4182:2009 4127:2007 4084:2009 4059:コード表 4034:2016 3997:2016 3920:2024 3898:2024 3850:2017 3824:2009 3786:2009 3748:2012 3721:Life 3702:2014 3587:2009 3561:2009 3535:2009 3509:2009 3483:2009 3457:2017 3431:2011 3405:2009 3367:2009 3305:2009 3267:2009 3146:ISBN 3122:2009 3096:2009 3070:2024 3044:2016 3003:2015 2977:2015 2947:2015 2917:2015 2887:2012 2839:2012 2808:2009 2782:2016 2752:2015 2722:2015 2692:2015 2676:ISSN 2653:2020 2625:ISBN 2608:2007 2586:2007 2560:2008 2519:2008 2487:ISBN 2468:2008 2435:ISBN 2325:and 1326:and 1318:and 1286:and 1284:clay 1226:kiln 1213:clay 1211:and 1192:lead 1174:The 1020:Golf 857:and 851:pens 828:and 826:clay 747:for 700:and 606:wood 526:kiln 522:clay 400:lead 388:lead 253:wood 202:clay 187:pens 172:hand 96:body 89:Wood 4551:Nib 4438:Gel 4428:Dip 4334:on 4289:doi 2431:343 2246:ISO 2089:USA 2075:USA 2063:USA 2000:USA 1962:USA 1886:MEK 1882:GDR 1726:, 2 1601:3T 1590:2T 1550:#2½ 1527:TM 1505:2М 1481:3M 1384:RUS 1379:USA 1328:HHH 1320:BBB 1232:or 396:ore 374:in 338:or 263:or 244:or 191:ink 162:or 46:HB 4753:: 4473:UV 4347:. 4303:. 4295:. 4283:. 4279:. 4222:. 4113:. 4020:. 3872:. 3718:. 3447:. 3331:^ 3238:. 3196:. 3192:. 3169:. 3130:^ 3034:. 2967:. 2963:. 2933:. 2907:. 2903:. 2855:. 2829:. 2825:. 2772:. 2768:. 2742:. 2738:. 2712:. 2708:. 2682:. 2674:. 2670:. 2644:. 2527:^ 2433:. 1973:AG 1949:UK 1753:10 1705:– 1699:9H 1694:– 1688:8H 1683:– 1677:7H 1647:– 1641:6H 1636:– 1630:5H 1625:– 1619:4H 1595:3H 1587:#4 1584:2H 1564:T 1561:#3 1553:– 1524:#2 1521:HB 1516:M 1513:#1 1502:#0 1499:2B 1475:3B 1470:– 1464:4B 1459:– 1453:5B 1448:– 1442:6B 1437:– 1431:7B 1426:– 1420:8B 1396:– 1390:9B 1324:HH 1316:BB 1312:HB 1267:". 1081:32 782:. 704:. 612:, 578:. 505:. 422:. 378:, 350:. 319:; 248:. 228:. 216:, 174:. 113:A 4381:e 4374:t 4367:v 4353:. 4318:. 4291:: 4285:5 4263:. 4233:. 4207:. 4184:. 4158:. 4129:. 4086:. 4036:. 3999:. 3922:. 3900:. 3879:. 3852:. 3826:. 3788:. 3750:. 3704:. 3589:. 3563:. 3537:. 3511:. 3485:. 3459:. 3433:. 3407:. 3369:. 3307:. 3269:. 3154:. 3124:. 3098:. 3072:. 3046:. 3005:. 2979:. 2949:. 2919:. 2889:. 2841:. 2810:. 2784:. 2754:. 2724:. 2694:. 2655:. 2631:. 2610:. 2588:. 2562:. 2521:. 2495:. 2470:. 2443:. 2308:. 2233:. 1750:/ 1747:5 1737:8 1734:/ 1731:4 1721:4 1718:/ 1715:2 1702:– 1691:– 1680:– 1644:– 1633:– 1622:– 1598:– 1558:H 1547:F 1510:B 1478:– 1467:– 1456:– 1445:– 1434:– 1423:– 1393:– 1348:F 1340:B 1336:H 1308:F 1304:B 1300:H 1264:2 1260:1 1077:9 1071:4 1067:1 1041:) 145:/ 142:l 139:ə 136:s 133:n 130:ɛ 127:p 124:ˈ 121:/ 117:( 85:) 65:) 61:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index