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from the
Chinese cross the level of difficulty reached levels of up to 100 moves for the first piece to be removed, a scale humans would struggle to grasp. The peak of this development is a puzzle in which the addition of a few pieces doubles the number of moves. Prior to the 2003 publication of the RD Design Project by Owen, Charnley and Strickland, puzzles without right angles could not be efficiently analyzed by computers.
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1204:: the neck of the container has many holes which make it possible to pour liquid into the container, but not out of it. Hidden to the puzzler's eye, there is a small tubular conduit all the way through the grip and along the upper rim of the container up to the nozzle. If one then blocks the opening at the upper end of the grip with one finger, it is possible to drink liquid from the container by sucking on the nozzle.
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1235:. The goal is to discover how these objects are made. Another well known puzzle is one consisting of a cube made of two pieces interlocked in four places by seemingly inseparable links. The solutions to these are to be found in different places. There are all kinds of objects which fit this description – "
1146:
Another folding puzzle is folding prospectuses and city maps. Despite the often visible folding direction at the folding points it can be extraordinarily difficult to put the paper back into the form with which it originally came. The reason these maps are difficult to restore to their original state
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With the help of computers, it became possible to analyze complete sets of games played. This process was begun by Bill Cutler with his analysis of all the
Chinese wood knots. From October 1987 to August 1990 all the 35,657,131,235 different variations were analyzed by computer. With shapes different
920:
The use of transparent materials enables the creation of puzzles, in which pieces have to be stacked on top of each other. The aim is to create a specific pattern, image or colour scheme in the solution. For example, one puzzle consists of several discs in which angular sections of varying sizes are
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with secret opening mechanisms, extremely popular in Japan, are included in this category. These caskets contain more or less complex, usually invisible opening mechanisms which reveal a small hollow space on opening. There is a vast variety of opening mechanisms, such as hardly visible panels which
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The two puzzles shown in the picture are especially good for social gatherings, since they appear to be very easily taken apart, but in reality many people cannot solve this puzzle. The problem here lies in the shape of the interlocking pieces – the mating surfaces are tapered, and thus can only be
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A pyramid puzzle consists of two or more component pieces which fit together to create a pyramid. Two-piece pyramid puzzles cannot form a regular pyramid and can only form a 4 faced tetrahedron pyramid. The solution involves facing the square faces to each other and twisting one upright to complete
1061:
So-called ring puzzles, of which the
Chinese rings are part, are a different type of Vexier. In these puzzles a long wire loop must be unsnarled from a mesh of rings and wires. The number of steps required for a solution often has an exponential relationship with the number of loops in the puzzle.
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since the 1960s. These made use of strips with either six or three edges. These kinds of puzzles often have extremely irregular components, which come together in a regular shape only at the last step. Furthermore, the 60° angles allow designs in which several objects have to be moved at the same
988:
In an interlocking puzzle, one or more pieces hold the rest together, or the pieces are mutually self-sustaining. The aim is to completely disassemble and then reassemble the puzzle. Both assembly and disassembly can be difficult – contrary to assembly puzzles, these puzzles usually do not just
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Computers aid in the design of new puzzles. A computer allows an exhaustive search for solution – with its help a puzzle may be designed in such a way that it has the fewest possible solutions, or a solution requiring the most steps possible. The consequence is that solving the puzzle can be very
996:
At the beginning of the 19th century the
Japanese took over the market for these puzzles. They developed a multitude of games in all kinds of different shapes – animals, houses and other objects – whereas the development in the western world revolved mainly around geometrical shapes.
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are a different sort of disentanglement puzzle – two or more metal wires, which have been intertwined, are to be untangled. They, too, spread with the general puzzle craze at the end of the 19th century. A large number of the
Vexiers still available today originate in this period.
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presented as a set of mechanically interlinked pieces in which the solution is to manipulate the whole object or parts of it. While puzzles of this type have been in use by humanity as early as the 3rd century BC, one of the most well-known mechanical puzzles of modern day is the
1323:. With a varying orientation of the axis of rotation a variety of puzzles with the same basic shape can be created. Furthermore, one can obtain further cuboidal puzzles by removing one layer from a cube. These cuboidal puzzles take irregular shapes when they are manipulated.
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The games listed in this category are not strictly puzzles as such, as dexterity and endurance are of more importance here. Often, the aim is to incline a box fitted with a transparent cover in just the right way as to cause one or more small balls to fall into holes.
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allow the creation of complex two-dimensional puzzles made of wood or acrylic plastic. In recent times this has become predominant and puzzles of extraordinarily decorative geometry have been designed. This makes use of the multitude of ways of subdividing areas into
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The picture shows another, less well-known example of this kind of puzzle. It is just easy enough that it can still be solved with a bit of trial and error, and a few notes, as opposed to Rubik's Cube which is too difficult to just solve by trial.
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The known history of these puzzles reaches back to the beginning of the 18th century. In 1803 a catalog by "Bastelmeier" contained two puzzles of this type. Professor
Hoffman's puzzle book mentioned above also contained two interlocking puzzles.
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The common type, which connects the rings to a bar with cords (or loose metal equivalents) has a movement pattern identical to the Gray binary code, in which only one bit changes from one code word relative to its immediate neighbor.
1169:) which have an unusual locking mechanism. The aim is to open the lock. If you are given a key, it will not open the lock in the conventional way. For some locks it may then be more difficult to restore the original situation.
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could be counted in this category. A better example is shown in the picture. The task is to fold the square piece of paper so that the four squares with the numbers lie next to each other without any gaps and form a square.
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and "Anker-puzzles" are all examples of this type of puzzle. Furthermore, problems in which a number of pieces have to be arranged so as to fit into a (seemingly too small) box are also classed in this category.
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time. The "Rosebud" puzzle is a prime example of this: in this puzzle 6 pieces have to be moved from one extreme position, in which they are only touching at the corners, to the center of the completed object.
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plays an important role with these puzzles. The image shows a version of the derringer puzzle. Although simple in appearance, it is quite challenging – most puzzle sites rank it among their hardest puzzles.
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in 1974. The puzzles are typically designed for a single player, where the goal is for the player to discover the principle of the object, rather than accidentally coming up with the right solution through
597:. It contained, among other things, more than 40 descriptions of puzzles with secret opening mechanisms. This book grew into a reference work for puzzle games and modern copies exist for those interested.
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fall apart easily. The level of difficulty is usually assessed in terms of the number of moves required to remove the first piece from the initial puzzle. Later puzzles introduced elements of rotation.
1239:" which contain objects that are far too large, Japanese hole coins with wooden arrows and rings through them, wooden spheres in a wooden frame with far too small openings and many more.
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founded the Slocum Puzzle
Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to educating the public on puzzles through puzzle collecting, exhibitions, publications, and communications.
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and appeared in the 3rd century BC. The game consists of a square divided into 14 parts, and the aim was to create different shapes from these pieces. This is not easy to do. (see
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The puzzles in this category are usually solved by opening or dividing them into pieces. This includes those puzzles with secret opening mechanisms, which are to be opened by
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removed in one direction. However, each piece has two oppositely sloping tapers mating with the two adjoining pieces so that the piece cannot be removed in either direction.
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These are vessels "with a twist". The aim is to either drink or pour from a container without spilling any of the liquid. Puzzle containers are an ancient form of game. The
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The
Chinese wood knot, a notorious interlocking puzzle. In this particular version designed by Bill Cutler, five moves are needed before the first piece can be removed.
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1093:. Although the puzzle is a disentanglement-type puzzle, it also has mechanical puzzle attributes, and the solution can be derived as a binary mathematical procedure.
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The apple and arrow in the picture are made of one piece of wood each. The hole is in effect too small to fit the arrow through it and there are no signs of gluing.
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The puzzles in this category require a repeated manipulation of the puzzle to get the puzzle to a certain target condition. Well-known puzzles of this sort are the
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made containers which had to be filled via an opening at the bottom. In the 9th century a number of different containers were described in detail in a
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By tilting the box, one must try to lead the ball along the line and to the goal without dropping it in one of the many strategically placed holes.
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is that the folds are designed for a paper-folding machine, in which the optimum folds are not of the sort an average person would try to use.
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The aim in this particular genre of puzzles is to fold a printed piece of paper in such a way as to obtain a target picture. In principle,
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Mechanical puzzle design by W. Altekruse, patented in 1890. The puzzle consists of twelve identical pieces which must be fitted together.
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The beginning of the 20th century was a time in which puzzles were greatly fashionable and the first patents for puzzles were recorded.
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need to be shifted, inclination mechanisms, magnetic locks, movable pins which need to be rotated into a certain position up and even
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differently coloured. The discs have to be stacked so as to create a colour circle (red->blue->green->red) around the discs.
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950:. Furthermore, puzzles consisting of several metal pieces linked together in some fashion are also considered part of this category.
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began producing large amounts of
Tangram-like puzzles of different shapes, the so-called "Anker-puzzles" in about 1891.
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caused an unprecedented boom of this category. A large number of variants have been produced. Cubes of dimensions from
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Impossible objects are objects which at first sight do not seem possible. The most well known impossible object is the
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571:. In 1742 there is a mention of a game called "Sei Shona-gon Chie No-Ita" in a book. Around the year 1800 the
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A disentanglement puzzle. The object is to remove the string with the two balls from the wire construction.
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In this category, the puzzle is present in component form, and the aim is to produce a certain shape. The
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in which an object has to be held in a given position until a liquid has filled up a certain container.
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click a green arrow to drop a ball and a black arrow to reset the puzzle to either starting position
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would give these to their wives as a present, so that in their absence they may fill their time.
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A solution to
Hoffman's packing puzzle with 4×5×6 cuboids (1), exploded to show each layer (2)
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For puzzles of this kind, the goal is to disentangle a metal or string loop from an object.
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book. In the 18th century the Chinese also produced these kinds of drinking containers.
1599:"Social Studies around the Blacksmith's Forge: Interdisciplinary Teaching and Learning"
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or the Renaissance puzzle was mentioned in circa 1500 as Problem 107 of the manuscript
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While many computer games and computer puzzles simulate mechanical puzzles, these
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the four faced tetrahedronic pyramid. There are also four-piece pyramid puzzles.
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Ingenious & Diabolical Puzzles, by Jerry Slocum & Jack Botermans, 1994
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became popular, and 20 years later it had spread through Europe and America.
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to 33×33×33 have been made, as well as many other geometric shapes such as
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Hong-Yeop Song; Jong-Seon No; P. Vijay Kumar; Tor Helleseth, eds. (2012).
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The Universal Book of Mathematics: From Abracadabra to Zeno's Paradoxes
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Mathematical Properties of Sequences and Other Combinatorial Structures
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A noteworthy puzzle, known as the Chinese rings, Cardans' rings, the
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New Book of Puzzles, by Jerry Slocum & Jack Botermans, 1992
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Puzzles Old and New, by Jerry Slocum & Jack Botermans, 1986
593:, using the pen name "Professor Hoffman", wrote a book called
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are usually not strictly classified as mechanical puzzles.
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The Chinese rings are associated with the tale that in the
901:– the box would then have to have the dimensions 30×30×30.
564:"puzzle-locks" were made as early as the 17th century AD.
1403:– produced many figurative and abstract puzzle sculptures
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The 15 Puzzle, by Jerry Slocum & Dic Sonneveld, 2006
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Example of a fold puzzle, created by Vesa Timonen (2002)
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manufacture of many puzzles became easier and cheaper.
1616:, No.3 May–June 2007, pp.99–104, Heldref Publications
1376:: manipulate mechanically connected parts of a barrel
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corresponding article in the German Knowledge (XXG)
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1637:Puzzles Old & New, by Professor Hoffmann, 1893
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27:Mechanically-interlinked pieces to be manipulated
533:. With this in mind, they are often used as an
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1370:: Recursive iron ring manipulation (ancient)
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567:The next known occurrence of puzzles is in
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1019:has been creating puzzles based upon the
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1649:The Tangram Book, by Jerry Slocum, 2003
1560:, page 49, John Wiley & Sons, 2004
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643:and the aforementioned laying puzzles
524:, invented by the Hungarian architect
1081:. The puzzle is again referred to by
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1114:used disentanglement puzzles called
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1382:: mechanical puzzle popular in the
1656:This article draws heavily on the
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1118:to demonstrate the properties of
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1362:Other notable mechanical puzzles
1085:in the 1550 edition of his book
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1506:"Four Piece Pyramid, Version 1"
45:needs additional citations for
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731:, subject to two constraints:
659:The image shows an example of
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957:Boxes called secret boxes or
894:{\displaystyle A=9,B=10,C=11}
603:With the invention of modern
1356:simulated mechanical puzzles
1374:Nintendo Ten Billion Barrel
1207:Other examples include the
1161:These puzzles, also called
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1529:Focus on Dyslexia Research
1334:A simulation of the 1960s
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699:into a box of side length
1342:the interactive SVG file,
1181:Example of a trick vessel
851:One possibility would be
841:{\displaystyle (A+B+C)/4}
582:The company Richter from
1622:10.3200/TSSS.98.3.99-104
1586:archived 3 November 2012
1526:Henry D. Tobias (2004).
663:. The aim is to pack 27
661:Hoffman's packing puzzle
1271:A puzzle with the name
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1227:An "impossible" object
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1073:De Viribus Quantitatis
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1034:Disentanglement puzzle
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1582:"Historical overview"
1534:Nova Biomedical Books
1401:Miguel Ortiz Berrocal
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724:{\displaystyle A+B+C}
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692:{\displaystyle A,B,C}
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557:loculus Archimedius)
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1584:, IBM Research 1997
1578:The Burr Puzzle Site
1458:. pp. 114–115.
1380:Hedgehog in the Cage
1350:Simulated mechanical
1304:are other examples.
1021:rhombic dodecahedron
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802:must be larger than
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595:Puzzles; Old and New
54:improve this article
1368:Chinese Ring Puzzle
1296:is the best known.
1280:Combination puzzles
1263:Sequential movement
1200:One example is the
1165:, are locks (often
942:Disassembly puzzles
770:2) The smallest of
461:Nikoli puzzle types
143:Part of a series on
69:"Mechanical puzzle"
1678:Mechanical puzzles
1610:The Social Studies
1597:Ronald V. Morris,
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1237:impossible bottles
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1219:Impossible objects
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466:Puzzle video games
451:Impossible puzzles
347:Puzzle video games
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18:Mechanical puzzles
1480:"Pyramid Puzzles"
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767:must not be equal
591:Angelo John Lewis
535:intelligence test
513:mechanical puzzle
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1428:"Wooden Puzzle"
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43:This article
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1509:. Retrieved
1504:Jim Storer.
1499:
1487:. Retrieved
1483:
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1450:
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1426:Rea Gibson.
1421:
1353:
1325:
1321:dodecahedral
1309:Rubik's Cube
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1286:Rubik's Cube
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1209:fuddling cup
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1067:Baguenaudier
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970:Interlocking
959:puzzle boxes
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612:Jerry Slocum
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575:puzzle from
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522:Rubik's Cube
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390:Brain teaser
261:
246:Construction
231:
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1456:Springer US
1407:Puzzle ring
1396:Bedlam cube
1336:Think-a-Dot
1317:tetrahedral
1191:Phoenicians
1163:trick locks
1157:Lock puzzle
1098:Middle Ages
1006:Burr puzzle
976:Burr puzzle
934:Disassembly
917:difficult.
555:Ostomachion
365:Metapuzzles
241:Combination
1667:Categories
1566:0471667005
1413:References
1202:puzzle jug
1112:Niels Bohr
964:time locks
618:Categories
584:Rudolstadt
541:training.
526:Ernő Rubik
425:Puzzlehunt
310:Logic maze
232:Mechanical
218:Logic grid
208:Dissection
80:newspapers
1298:Rush Hour
1246:Dexterity
1213:pot crown
1116:Tangloids
637:Pentomino
633:Piet Hein
629:Soma cube
610:In 1993,
589:In 1893,
430:Syllogism
333:Crossword
213:Induction
190:Situation
1602:Archived
1511:20 April
1489:20 April
1433:20 April
1390:See also
1294:N-puzzle
1288:and the
1211:and the
1167:padlocks
1048:Topology
631:made by
623:Assembly
605:polymers
264:problems
176:Guessing
1673:Puzzles
1302:Sokoban
1195:Turkish
1102:knights
1055:Vexiers
665:cuboids
645:Tangram
573:Tangram
545:History
415:Paradox
395:Dilemma
308: (
295:Sliding
269:Folding
149:Puzzles
94:scholar
1614:vol.98
1564:
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1187:Greeks
635:, the
551:Greece
537:or in
517:puzzle
381:Topics
338:Sudoku
324:Number
279:Tiling
185:Riddle
96:
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67:
1313:2×2×2
1273:Skewb
577:China
569:Japan
515:is a
444:Lists
356:Mazes
300:Chess
274:Stick
199:Logic
167:Types
101:JSTOR
87:books
1562:ISBN
1538:ISBN
1513:2021
1491:2021
1460:ISBN
1435:2021
1319:and
1307:The
1189:and
1151:Lock
1126:Fold
1120:spin
562:Iran
400:Joke
322:and
320:Word
306:Maze
290:Tour
256:Lock
73:news
1618:doi
1340:in
1300:or
1077:by
735:1)
639:by
560:In
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262:Go
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