53:
31:
228:
This family differs from all other geophilomorphs insofar as the number of segments in mecistocephalids is generally fixed within each species and the same for each sex. The family includes centipedes with odd numbers of leg-bearing segments ranging from as few as 41 to as many as 101. A majority of
224:
projecting anteriorly into scapular points and displaced dorsally so that the coxopleural sutures run anteriorly on the dorsal side; metatergites of the posterior part of the trunk distinctly longer than those on the anterior part.
898:
333:, which has odd numbers of leg pairs ranging from 93 to 101. Other mecistocephalid species with many legs are known from samples too small to provide persuasive evidence of intraspecific invariance (e.g.,
580:"Evolutionary trends and patterns in centipede segment number based on a cladistic analysis of Mecistocephalidae (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha): Evolution of segment number in Mecistocephalidae"
216:
with relatively elongate coxosternite, and coxal projections much wider than telopodites, both ending with a distinctly hyaline part; second maxillae with small simple claws; elongate
190:. Most species in this family live in tropical or subtropical regions, but some occur in temperate regions. This family is the third most diverse in the order Geophiliomorpha (after
1273:
321:
Intraspecific variation in the number of leg-bearing segments within each sex has been recorded among the mecistocephalid species with the greatest number of legs:
611:"An exotic species spreads through Europe: Tygarrup javanicus (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Mecistocephalidae) is reported from the Slovakia and the Czech Republic"
1312:
233:
have 49 pairs of legs, a majority so large that most species in the family
Mecistocephalidae have 49 leg pairs, even though only one mecistocephalid species (
1247:
1286:
670:
808:"Morphology and distribution of the Middle Asian centipede genus Krateraspis Lignau, 1929 (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Mecistocephalidae)"
694:
510:
1351:
1096:
343:
has 53 leg pairs without intraspecific variation, which appears to be the maximum number evidently fixed by species in the class
659:
Bonato, Lucio; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Zapparoli, Marzio (2011). "Chilopoda – Taxonomic overview". In
Minelli, Alessandro (ed.).
52:
1291:
1299:
213:
754:"The centipede genus Mecistocephalus Newport 1843 in the Indian Peninsula (Chilopoda Geophilomorpha Mecistocephalidae)"
1379:
1182:
1169:
292:
286:
1226:
314:
1317:
937:
1239:
304:
250:
as well as in species distributed among five other genera, and 41 leg pairs, found in all species in the genera
212:
Species of this family are characterized by an elongated head with lateral margins converging backwards; first
1001:
1384:
339:
1122:
298:
1187:
1160:
39:
1050:
416:
1343:
610:
1356:
1208:
1002:"New data on the family Mecistocephalidae Bollman, 1893 (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha) from Middle Asia"
753:
409:
1078:
1031:
956:
781:
688:
638:
485:
423:
47:
456:"Phylogeny of Geophilomorpha (Chilopoda) inferred from new morphological and molecular evidence"
1325:
1195:
1070:
1023:
918:
843:
825:
773:
734:
676:
666:
630:
477:
1278:
1330:
1062:
1013:
948:
910:
879:
833:
815:
765:
726:
622:
591:
467:
169:
395:
200:
177:
1174:
870:, a centipede genus with a highly disjunct distribution (Chilopoda: Mecistocephalidae)".
579:
455:
1234:
1221:
866:
Bonato, Lucio; Dányi, László; Minelli, Alessandro (2010). "Morphology and phylogeny of
838:
807:
730:
180:
114:
1373:
1066:
1035:
975:
960:
883:
714:
595:
381:
280:
1082:
785:
642:
489:
769:
312:, and the other remaining numbers are even more rare (e.g., 43 leg pairs, found in
195:
938:"Arthropod Segments and Segmentation – Lessons from Myriapods, and Open Questions"
539:
244:
The next most common numbers are 45 leg pairs, found in most species in the genus
30:
1200:
1304:
1260:
1154:
626:
388:
191:
1145:
820:
952:
914:
1027:
1018:
922:
829:
777:
738:
680:
634:
337:, with 57 leg pairs in the only known specimen). The mecistocephalid species
1049:
Minelli, Alessandro; Chagas-Júnior, Amazonas; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2009).
976:"The geophilomorph centipedes of the Seychelles (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha)"
402:
360:
344:
270:
252:
217:
173:
166:
104:
94:
84:
64:
1074:
847:
481:
660:
1139:
518:
430:
246:
221:
184:
367:
258:
1265:
472:
74:
1252:
1116:
198:), with about 170 species, including about 130 species in the genus
1338:
374:
264:
460:
Cladistics. The
International Journal of the Willi Hennig Society
547:
1120:
578:
Bonato, Lucio; Foddai, Donatella; Minelli, Alessandro (2003).
1213:
1051:"Saltational evolution of trunk segment number in centipedes"
609:
Tuf, Ivan Hadrián; Mock, Andrej; Dvořák, Libor (2018-06-01).
284:; fewer mecistocephalid species have 47 leg pairs (e.g.,
899:"VI.—Myriapods collected in Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia"
713:
Minelli, Alessandro; Bortoletto, Stefano (1988-04-01).
1129:
806:Dyachkov, Yurii V.; Bonato, Lucio (2022-04-14).
715:"Myriapod metamerism and arthropod segmentation"
903:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
897:Evans, W. Edgar; Brolemann, Henry W. (1923).
8:
974:Bonato, Lucio; Minelli, Alessandro (2010).
1117:
355:The family contains the following genera:
29:
20:
1017:
872:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
837:
819:
719:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
471:
449:
447:
515:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
443:
686:
861:
859:
857:
654:
652:
7:
1344:E7175D5D-FFE8-FFF9-44AB-FB3A3838933C
1240:8caa15c1-ed2a-4543-bf12-e0bb23664154
801:
799:
797:
795:
708:
706:
704:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
329:, which has 63 or 65 leg pairs, and
665:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 363–443.
1097:"ITIS - Report: Mecistocephalidae"
731:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00448.x
615:Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology
14:
1067:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2009.00334.x
884:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00557.x
752:Bonato, L.; Minelli, A. (2004).
596:10.1046/j.1365-3113.2003.00217.x
325:, which has 57 or 59 leg pairs,
51:
183:. It is the only family in the
770:10.1080/03946975.2004.10531198
323:Mecistocephalus diversisternus
1:
945:Opuscula Zoologica (Budapest)
693:: CS1 maint: date and year (
278:as well as in two species of
235:Proterotaiwanella sculptulata
936:Minelli, Alessandro (2020).
1055:Evolution & Development
627:10.1016/j.aspen.2018.03.004
308:), found only in the genus
287:Mecistocephalus angusticeps
1401:
821:10.3897/zookeys.1095.80806
315:Dicellophilus carniolensis
1000:Dyachkov, Yu. V. (2019).
953:10.18348/opzool.2020.S2.7
915:10.1017/S0370164600023841
296:) or 51 leg pairs (e.g.,
229:the species in the genus
153:
148:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
28:
23:
1019:10.15298/arthsel.28.3.02
662:The Myriapoda. Volume 1
340:Krateraspis sselivanovi
454:Bonato, Lucio (2014).
584:Systematic Entomology
1235:Fauna Europaea (new)
241:shares this number.
237:) outside the genus
16:Family of centipedes
1380:Centipede families
1006:Arthropoda Selecta
220:coxosternite with
40:Tygarrup javanicus
24:Mecistocephalidae
1367:
1366:
1326:Open Tree of Life
1175:Mecistocephalidae
1161:Mecistocephalidae
1131:Mecistocephalidae
1123:Taxon identifiers
814:(1095): 143–164.
672:978-90-04-18826-6
473:10.1111/cla.12060
417:Proterotaiwanella
163:Mecistocephalidae
160:
159:
144:
139:Mecistocephalidae
130:
1392:
1360:
1359:
1347:
1346:
1334:
1333:
1321:
1320:
1308:
1307:
1305:NBNSYS0000160386
1295:
1294:
1282:
1281:
1269:
1268:
1256:
1255:
1243:
1242:
1230:
1229:
1217:
1216:
1204:
1203:
1191:
1190:
1178:
1177:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1118:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1021:
997:
991:
990:
980:
971:
965:
964:
947:. 51(S2): 7–21.
942:
933:
927:
926:
894:
888:
887:
863:
852:
851:
841:
823:
803:
790:
789:
758:Tropical Zoology
749:
743:
742:
710:
699:
698:
692:
684:
656:
647:
646:
606:
600:
599:
575:
558:
557:
555:
554:
536:
530:
529:
527:
525:
507:
501:
500:
498:
496:
475:
451:
142:
128:
56:
55:
33:
21:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1355:
1350:
1342:
1337:
1329:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1290:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1264:
1259:
1251:
1246:
1238:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1212:
1207:
1199:
1194:
1186:
1181:
1173:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1125:
1115:
1114:
1105:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1048:
1047:
1043:
999:
998:
994:
978:
973:
972:
968:
940:
935:
934:
930:
896:
895:
891:
865:
864:
855:
805:
804:
793:
751:
750:
746:
712:
711:
702:
685:
673:
658:
657:
650:
608:
607:
603:
577:
576:
561:
552:
550:
538:
537:
533:
523:
521:
509:
508:
504:
494:
492:
453:
452:
445:
440:
396:Mecistocephalus
353:
310:Mecistocephalus
239:Mecistocephalus
231:Mecistocephalus
210:
201:Mecistocephalus
143:(Bollman, 1893)
141:
127:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1398:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1385:Geophilomorpha
1382:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1348:
1335:
1322:
1309:
1296:
1283:
1270:
1257:
1244:
1231:
1222:Fauna Europaea
1218:
1205:
1192:
1179:
1166:
1151:
1135:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1088:
1061:(3): 318–322.
1041:
1012:(1): 368–373.
992:
966:
928:
889:
878:(3): 501–532.
853:
791:
744:
725:(4): 323–343.
700:
671:
648:
621:(2): 560–562.
601:
590:(4): 539–579.
559:
540:"Placodesmata"
531:
511:"Placodesmata"
502:
466:(5): 485–507.
442:
441:
439:
436:
435:
434:
427:
420:
413:
410:Partygarrupius
406:
399:
392:
385:
378:
371:
364:
352:
349:
293:M. tahitiensis
276:Partygarrupius
209:
206:
181:Geophilomorpha
158:
157:
151:
150:
146:
145:
136:
132:
131:
122:
118:
117:
115:Geophilomorpha
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1397:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
993:
988:
984:
977:
970:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
939:
932:
929:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
893:
890:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
868:Dicellophilus
862:
860:
858:
854:
849:
845:
840:
835:
831:
827:
822:
817:
813:
809:
802:
800:
798:
796:
792:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
748:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
709:
707:
705:
701:
696:
690:
682:
678:
674:
668:
664:
663:
655:
653:
649:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
605:
602:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
560:
549:
545:
541:
535:
532:
520:
516:
512:
506:
503:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
469:
465:
461:
457:
450:
448:
444:
437:
433:
432:
428:
426:
425:
421:
419:
418:
414:
412:
411:
407:
405:
404:
400:
398:
397:
393:
391:
390:
386:
384:
383:
382:Dicellophilus
379:
377:
376:
372:
370:
369:
365:
363:
362:
358:
357:
356:
350:
348:
346:
342:
341:
336:
332:
331:M. microporus
328:
324:
319:
317:
316:
311:
307:
306:
301:
300:
295:
294:
289:
288:
283:
282:
281:Dicellophilus
277:
273:
272:
267:
266:
261:
260:
255:
254:
249:
248:
242:
240:
236:
232:
226:
223:
219:
215:
207:
205:
203:
202:
197:
193:
189:
186:
182:
179:
175:
171:
168:
164:
156:
152:
147:
140:
137:
134:
133:
129:Bollman, 1893
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
42:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1130:
1104:. Retrieved
1101:www.itis.gov
1100:
1091:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1009:
1005:
995:
986:
982:
969:
944:
931:
906:
902:
892:
875:
871:
867:
811:
764:(1): 15–63.
761:
757:
747:
722:
718:
661:
618:
614:
604:
587:
583:
551:. Retrieved
544:www.gbif.org
543:
534:
522:. Retrieved
514:
505:
493:. Retrieved
463:
459:
429:
422:
415:
408:
401:
394:
387:
380:
373:
366:
359:
354:
338:
334:
330:
327:M. japonicus
326:
322:
320:
313:
309:
305:M. lifuensis
303:
297:
291:
285:
279:
275:
269:
263:
257:
251:
245:
243:
238:
234:
230:
227:
211:
199:
196:Schendylidae
188:Placodesmata
187:
167:monophyletic
162:
161:
154:
138:
125:Placodesmata
124:
38:
18:
1261:iNaturalist
1155:Wikispecies
424:Takashimaia
389:Krateraspis
208:Description
192:Geophilidae
91:Subphylum:
1374:Categories
1106:2022-12-28
553:2021-12-17
524:4 November
495:27 October
438:References
335:M. cyclops
218:forcipular
174:centipedes
121:Suborder:
85:Arthropoda
1036:216530363
1028:0136-006X
961:226561862
923:0370-1646
909:: 54–74.
830:1313-2970
778:0394-6975
739:0024-4066
689:cite book
681:812207443
635:1226-8615
403:Nannarrup
361:Agnostrup
345:Chilopoda
299:M. evansi
271:Nannarrup
253:Agnostrup
222:pleurites
155:See text
105:Chilopoda
95:Myriapoda
71:Kingdom:
65:Eukaryota
1146:Q4043879
1140:Wikidata
1083:40909871
1075:19469859
983:Phelsuma
848:35836682
786:85304657
643:89794909
519:itis.gov
490:86204188
482:34794246
431:Tygarrup
247:Tygarrup
214:maxillae
185:suborder
135:Family:
81:Phylum:
75:Animalia
61:Domain:
989:: 9–38.
839:9023436
812:ZooKeys
368:Anarrup
259:Anarrup
176:in the
149:Genera
111:Order:
101:Class:
1357:394586
1331:234031
1292:913871
1279:111246
1266:434535
1188:169131
1081:
1073:
1034:
1026:
959:
921:
846:
836:
828:
784:
776:
737:
679:
669:
641:
633:
488:
480:
351:Genera
274:, and
170:family
1352:WoRMS
1339:Plazi
1318:89975
1274:IRMNG
1227:11613
1079:S2CID
1032:S2CID
979:(PDF)
957:S2CID
941:(PDF)
782:S2CID
639:S2CID
486:S2CID
375:Arrup
265:Arrup
178:order
165:is a
1313:NCBI
1287:ITIS
1253:8267
1248:GBIF
1214:6380
1183:BOLD
1071:PMID
1024:ISSN
919:ISSN
844:PMID
826:ISSN
774:ISSN
735:ISSN
695:link
677:OCLC
667:ISBN
631:ISSN
548:GBIF
526:2021
497:2021
478:PMID
302:and
290:and
194:and
1300:NBN
1209:EoL
1201:CG7
1196:CoL
1170:AFD
1063:doi
1014:doi
949:doi
911:doi
880:doi
876:158
834:PMC
816:doi
766:doi
727:doi
623:doi
592:doi
468:doi
318:).
172:of
1376::
1354::
1341::
1328::
1315::
1302::
1289::
1276::
1263::
1250::
1237::
1224::
1211::
1198::
1185::
1172::
1157::
1142::
1099:.
1077:.
1069:.
1059:11
1057:.
1053:.
1030:.
1022:.
1010:28
1008:.
1004:.
987:18
985:.
981:.
955:.
943:.
917:.
907:42
905:.
901:.
874:.
856:^
842:.
832:.
824:.
810:.
794:^
780:.
772:.
762:17
760:.
756:.
733:.
723:33
721:.
717:.
703:^
691:}}
687:{{
675:.
651:^
637:.
629:.
619:21
617:.
613:.
588:28
586:.
582:.
562:^
546:.
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