1736:
1420:
1487:
882:, the house centipede, hatches with only four pairs of legs and in successive moults has 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 15, 15 and 15 pairs respectively, before becoming a sexually mature adult. Life stages with fewer than 15 pairs of legs are called larval stadia (there are about five stages). After the full complement of legs is achieved, the now postlarval stadia (about five more stages) develop gonopods, sensory pores, more antennal segments, and more ocelli. All mature lithobiomorph centipedes have 15 leg-bearing segments. The Craterostigmomorpha only have one phase of anamorphosis, with embryos having 12 pairs, and adults 15.
1375:
1705:
1674:
1481:
1756:
678:
515:
639:, and may play a role in mating rituals. Because glandular pores occur more frequently on ultimate legs than on the "walking" legs, they may serve a sensory role. They are sometimes used in defensive postures, and some species use them to capture prey, defend themselves against predators, or suspend themselves from objects such as branches, using the legs as pincers. Several species use their ultimate legs upon encountering another centipede, trying to grab the body of the other centipede.
804:
1380:
599:
164:
1442:
1844:
1644:
122:
1043:
1822:. Over the first 50 million years of the clade's evolutionary history, centipede venoms appear to have consisted of a simple cocktail of about four different components, and differentiation into specific venom types appears to have only occurred after the currently recognized five orders had developed. The evolution of the venom includes
1215:
496:. However, these eyes are only capable of discerning light from dark, and provide no true vision. In some species, the first pair of legs can function as sensory organs, similar to antennae; unlike the antennae of most other invertebrates, these point backwards. An unusual clustering of sensory organs found in some centipedes is the
4375:: It may often be seen darting across floors with great speed, occasionally stopping suddenly and remaining absolutely motionless, presently to resume its rapid movements, often darting directly at residents, particularly women, evidently with a desire to conceal itself beneath their dresses, creating much consternation.
901:
segments usually varies within species, often on a geographical basis, and in most cases, females bear more legs than males. The number of leg-bearing segments varies within each order (usually 21 or 23 in the
Scolopendromorpha; from 27 to 191 in the Geophilomorpha), but the total number of pairs is
564:
project forward from the first body segment, while the final two segments are small and legless. Each pair of legs is slightly longer than the pair preceding them, ensuring that they do not overlap, which reduces the chance that they will collide and trip the animal. The last pair of legs may be as
1607:
It was previously believed that
Chilopoda was split into Anamorpha (Lithobiomorpha and Scutigeromorpha) and Epimorpha (Geophilomorpha and Scolopendromorpha), based on developmental modes, with the relationship of the Craterostigmomorpha being uncertain. Recent phylogenetic analyses using combined
634:
Just as the first pair of legs are modified into forcipules, the back legs are modified into "ultimate legs", also called anal legs, caudal legs, and terminal legs. Their use varies between species, but does not include locomotion. The ultimate legs may be elongated and thin, thickened, or
909:
as in all arthropods. Secondly, pairs of segments are added at the tail (posterior) end by the creation of a prepattern unit, a double segment, which is then always divided into two. The repeated creation of these prepattern units is driven by an oscillator clock, implemented with the
1577:
The
Chilopoda are then split into two clades: the Notostigmophora including the Scutigeromorpha and the Pleurostigmophora including the other four orders. The following physical and developmental traits can be used to separate members of the Pleurostigmomorpha from Notostigmomorpha:
1903:
Even small centipedes that cannot pierce human skin are considered frightening by some humans due to their dozens of legs moving at the same time and their tendency to dart swiftly out of the darkness towards one's feet. A 19th-century
Tibetan poet warned his fellow
468:. The first pair of limbs stretch forward from the body over the mouth. These limbs, or forcipules, end in sharp claws and include venom glands that help the animal to kill or paralyze its prey. Their size ranges from a few millimetres in the smaller
1735:
1419:
897:, is epimorphic, meaning that all pairs of legs are developed in the embryonic stages, and offspring do not develop more legs between moults. This clade contains the longest centipedes. In the Geophilomorpha, the number of
500:. The organs, at the base of the antennae, consist of a disc-like structure and a central pore, with an encircling of sensitive cells. They are likely used for sensing vibrations, and may provide a weak form of hearing.
959:, and other centipedes. They are carnivorous; study of gut contents suggests that plant material is an unimportant part of their diets, although they eat vegetable matter when starved during laboratory experiments.
1105:
Some
Geophilomorph, Lithobiomorph, and Scolopendromorph centipedes produce sticky, toxic secretions to defend themselves. The various secretions ward off or entangle predators. Scolopendromorph secretions contain
674:, a pair of robust mandibles and a single pair of maxillae fused into a lip; centipedes have long, threadlike antennae, a pair of small mandibles, two pairs of maxillae and a pair of large venom claws.
1146:
Centipedes live in many different habitats including in soil and leaf litter; they are found in environments as varied as tropical rain forests, deserts, and caves. Some geophilomorphs are adapted to
838:
can live for over 10 years. The combination of a small number of eggs laid, long gestation period, and long time of development to reproduction has led authors to label lithobiomorph centipedes as
572:
Centipedes mainly use their antennae to seek out their prey. The digestive tract forms a simple tube, with digestive glands attached to the mouthparts. Like insects, centipedes breathe through a
4217:
1139:
of other arthropods, they are more susceptible to water loss via evaporation. Thus, centipedes are most commonly found in high-humidity environments to avoid dehydration, and are mostly
2037:"Variation and specialisation of the forcipular apparatus of centipedes (Arthropoda: Chilopoda): A comparative morphometric and microscopic investigation of an evolutionary novelty"
3307:
Jones, Tappey H.; Conner, William E.; Meinwald, Jerrold; Eisner, Hans E.; Eisner, Thomas (1976). "Benzoyl cyanide and mandelonitrile in the cyanogenetic secretion of a centipede".
666:
There are many differences between millipedes and centipedes. Both groups of myriapods have long, multi-segmented bodies, many legs, a single pair of antennae, and the presence of
2837:
2871:"Trophic niches, diversity and community composition of invertebrate top predators (Chilopoda) as affected by conversion of tropical lowland rainforest in Sumatra (Indonesia)"
1896:, and weakness, it is unlikely to be fatal. Bites can be dangerous to small children and those with allergies to bee stings. The venomous bite of larger centipedes can induce
1892:
Some species of centipedes can be hazardous to humans because of their bite. While a bite to an adult human is usually very painful and may cause severe swelling, chills,
552:, though they are used to subdue prey by injecting venom and gripping the prey animal. Venom glands run through a tube, from inside the head to the tip of each forcipule.
1486:
2501:
Albert, A. M. (1979). "Chilopoda as part of the predatory macroarthropod fauna in forests: abundance, life-cycle, biomass, and metabolism". In
Camatini, Marina (ed.).
1127:, an honest signal of the animal's toxicity. Many species raise and splay their ultimate legs and display the spines found on the legs in a defensive threat posture.
4981:
3010:
978:, are able to hunt for substantial prey items, including large invertebrates and sizable vertebrates, which could be larger than the myriapod itself. For instance,
823:
species are known. Females provide parental care, both by curling their bodies around eggs and young, and by grooming them, probably to remove fungi and bacteria.
5020:
4145:
5125:
2936:
Halpin, Luke R.; Terrington, Daniel I.; Jones, Holly P.; Mott, Rowan; Wong, Wei Wen; Dow, David C.; Carlile, Nicholas; Clarke, Rohan H. (2021-08-03).
1239:
3810:"Devonobiomorpha, a new order of centipeds (Chilopoda) from the Middle Devonian of Gilboa, New York State, USA, and the phylogeny of centiped orders"
4955:
4089:
420:, hunting for a variety of prey items that can be overpowered. They have a wide geographical range, which can be found in terrestrial habitats from
4994:
4225:
4342:
3071:
4464:
4418:
3903:
3398:
3236:
3169:
3100:"A new amphibious species of the genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 (Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae) from the Ryukyu Archipelago and Taiwan"
2772:
2735:
2617:
2514:
2403:
2019:
1986:
2789:
410:. Despite the name, no centipede has exactly 100 legs; the number of pairs of legs is an odd number that ranges from 15 pairs to 191 pairs.
4506:
4455:
3488:
4247:
2090:
Bonato, Lucio; Edgecombe, Gregory; Lewis, John; Minelli, Alessandro; Pereira, Luis; Shelley, Rowland; Zapparoli, Marzio (2010-11-18).
851:
670:. Centipedes have one pair of legs per segment, while millipedes have two. Their heads differ in that millipedes have short, elbowed
3783:"Centiped legs (Arthropoda, Chilopoda, Scutigeromorpha) from the Silurian and Devonian of Britain and the Devonian of North America"
2228:"Comparative morphology of ultimate and walking legs in the centipede Lithobius forficatus (Myriapoda) with functional implications"
944:
5092:
1300:, which was once thought to be the oldest insect fossil, is also found in the Rhynie Chert. Three species, one scutigeromorph (
905:
Centipede segments are developed in two phases. Firstly, the head gives rise to a fixed but odd number of segments, driven by
4999:
4449:
2869:
Klarner, Bernhard; Winkelmann, Helge; Krashevska, Valentyna; Maraun, Mark; Widyastuti, Rahayu; Scheu, Stefan (2017-08-01).
440:, therefore causing them to rapidly lose water. Accordingly, they avoid direct sunlight by staying under cover or by being
4351:
1374:
4121:
2359:
3037:
3025:
1863:, usually skewered and grilled or deep fried. They are often seen in street vendors’ stalls in large cities, including
4864:
4851:
2758:
2640:"The interaction between developmental bias and natural selection from centipede segmentation to a general hypothesis"
1935:
1525:
560:
Behind the head, the body consists of at least fifteen segments. Most of the segments bear a single pair of legs; the
497:
856:
Centipedes grow their legs at different points in their development. In the primitive condition, seen in the orders
4934:
4410:
4086:
Biodiversidad, Taxonomía y
Biogeografia de Artrópodos de México: Hacia una Síntesis de su Conocimiento, Volumen III
2764:
1273:
898:
524:
163:
20:
4273:
2977:
P.G. Guizze1, Samuel; Knysak1, Irene; C. Barbaro, Katia; Karam-Gemael, Manoela; Chagas-Jr, Amazonas (2016-11-26).
2162:"The ultimate legs of Chilopoda (Myriapoda): a review on their morphological disparity and functional variability"
1704:
1480:
1079:
species. They form an important item of diet for many species and the staple diet of some such as the
African ant
5025:
4947:
4439:
4371:
In 1902, C.L. Marlatt, an entomologist with the United States
Department of Agriculture writes in Circular #48 -
2979:"Predatory behavior of three centipede species of the order Scolopendromorpha (Arthropoda: Myriapoda: Chilopoda)"
1100:
220:
3748:
4499:
4472:
4133:
3465:
3157:
1823:
3970:"Pancrustacean Evolution Illuminated by Taxon-Rich Genomic-Scale Data Sets with an Expanded Remipede Sampling"
3675:
3543:
1673:
667:
2597:
4318:
4161:"Phylogenetic analyses suggest centipede venom arsenals were repeatedly stocked by horizontal gene transfer"
3735:
1864:
1319:
1228:
1194:
911:
834:
2531:
514:
4791:
1596:
1187:
1119:
1024:
869:
4078:
2724:"Evolutionary developmental biology does not offer a significant challenge to the neo-Darwinian paradigm"
346:
5056:
3604:
3004:
2831:
1755:
1583:
1175:
1087:
1048:
1018:
878:
626:
618:
577:
149:
131:
4301:
1656:
1608:
molecular and morphological characters supports the previous phylogeny. The
Epimorpha still exist as a
1524:
Within the myriapods, centipedes are believed to be the first of the extant classes to branch from the
248:
5074:
3731:"A new scolopendromorph centipede (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) of Brazil"
2036:
1379:
803:
5035:
4903:
4869:
4838:
4172:
4030:
3932:
3692:
3656:
3390:
3316:
3265:
2882:
2479:
2301:
2099:
2048:
1633:
1179:
980:
839:
828:
622:
573:
549:
457:
414:
380:
266:
236:
137:
4355:
3632:
1686:
677:
5120:
5097:
4492:
1699:
1529:
1030:
865:
654:
614:
598:
461:
421:
258:
4460:
3730:
5130:
4056:
3760:
3752:
3647:
3516:
3447:
3340:
3289:
2644:
2559:
1171:
1167:
915:
644:
158:
5061:
3576:
3139:
3099:
1282:
1085:, which feeds solely on geophilomorph centipedes, and the South African Cape black-headed snake
947:
predators, which means they are adapted to eat a broad range of prey. Common prey items include
602:
A collage showing the ultimate legs of various centipedes. From top left, proceeding clockwise:
3254:"Hydrogen cyanide-producing glands in a scolopender, Asanada n.sp. (Chilopoda, scolopendridae)"
1718:
1261:
902:
always odd, so there are never exactly 100 legs or 100 pairs, despite the group's common name.
5043:
4890:
4414:
4323:
4198:
4137:
4048:
3999:
3950:
3899:
3868:
3850:
3708:
3683:
3439:
3431:
3394:
3332:
3281:
3232:
3198:
3165:
2959:
2918:
2900:
2812:
2768:
2731:
2723:
2704:
2663:
2613:
2551:
2510:
2399:
2337:
2319:
2267:
2249:
2201:
2183:
2135:
2117:
2072:
2064:
2015:
1982:
1952:
1731:
1541:
1342:
The following cladogram shows the position of the Chilopoda within the arthropods as of 2019:
894:
671:
636:
581:
477:
453:
429:
271:
5084:
3887:
3228:
3221:
819:
for the female to take up. In temperate areas, egg laying occurs in spring and summer. A few
5048:
4313:
4188:
4180:
4038:
3989:
3981:
3940:
3895:
3858:
3840:
3790:
3744:
3700:
3628:
3600:
3572:
3525:
3423:
3324:
3273:
3143:
2990:
2949:
2908:
2890:
2804:
2696:
2653:
2605:
2543:
2470:
2393:
2327:
2309:
2294:"On the function of the ultimate legs of some Scolopendridae (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha)"
2257:
2239:
2191:
2173:
2125:
2107:
2056:
2007:
1944:
1441:
1107:
1081:
541:
428:. Within these habitats, centipedes require a moist microhabitat because they lack the waxy
396:
5012:
4986:
4251:
2790:"Exploring the myriapod body plan: expression patterns of the ten Hox genes in a centipede"
1843:
1586:
are located on the sides of the centipede (in Notostigmomorphs, they are located dorsally).
536:
Forcipules are unique to centipedes. The forcipules are modifications of the first pair of
4468:
4443:
3589:
3186:
1948:
1639:
1545:
1308:
1053:
861:
820:
610:
241:
4829:
4484:
3809:
4176:
4034:
3936:
3696:
3660:
3414:
Hasan, Shadi; Hassan, Kamal (2004-12-15). "Proteinuria associated with centipede bite".
3320:
3269:
2886:
2482:
EXTension ENTOmology & UH-CTAHR Integrated Pest Management Program: Knowledge Master
2435:
2305:
2103:
2052:
4942:
4929:
4478:
4193:
4160:
3994:
3969:
3863:
3828:
3529:
3223:
Secret weapons: defenses of insects, spiders, scorpions and other many-legged creatures
2913:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2506:
2332:
2293:
2262:
2227:
2196:
2161:
2130:
2091:
2011:
1887:
1751:
1669:
1537:
1533:
890:
857:
722:
473:
469:
388:
315:
276:
253:
3617:
1643:
5114:
4713:
4708:
4678:
4585:
4060:
3764:
3216:
3024:
Molinari, Jesús; Gutiérrez, Eliécer E.; de Ascenção, Antonio A.; et al. (2005).
2938:"Arthropod Predation of Vertebrates Structures Trophic Dynamics in Island Ecosystems"
2754:
2547:
1323:
1286:, which is included in the extinct group Devonobiomorpha. Another Devonian site, the
1256:
1245:
1232:
1224:
1163:
816:
778:
593:
537:
341:
69:
3561:
3358:
3344:
3293:
3161:
3151:
2995:
2978:
2563:
4718:
4693:
4683:
4654:
3451:
3076:
1930:
1900:
in such people. Smaller centipedes are generally incapable of piercing human skin.
1609:
1600:
1553:
1464:
1314:
1296:
1287:
1140:
974:
923:
493:
441:
286:
4843:
710:
One pair per body segment; attached to sides of body; last pair extends backwards
4856:
4404:
3704:
3147:
2895:
2226:
Kenning, Matthes; Schendel, Vanessa; Müller, Carsten H. G.; Sombke, Andy (2019).
1123:, has a black head and tail, and an orange body; this conspicuous pattern may be
4968:
4895:
4823:
4698:
4612:
4563:
4300:
Bush, Sean P.; King, Bradley O.; Norris, Robert L.; Stockwell, Scott A. (2001).
3676:"Land Animals in the Silurian: Arachnids and Myriapods from Shropshire, England"
3510:
Lewis, J. G. E. (1961). "The life history and ecology of the littoral centipede
3046:
1897:
1848:
1392:
1359:
1124:
968:
948:
733:
561:
529:
121:
44:
4184:
4746:
4688:
4664:
4575:
4547:
4104:
4043:
4018:
3968:
Lozano-Fernandez, Jesus; Giacomelli, Mattia; Fleming, James F. (4 July 2019).
3921:"First Mesozoic Scutigeromorph Centipede, from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil"
3427:
2609:
2371:
2244:
2060:
1868:
1852:
1471:
1349:
1331:
1068:
1042:
985:
956:
649:
403:
399:
368:
89:
54:
4141:
3954:
3854:
3435:
3336:
3285:
3202:
2904:
2323:
2314:
2253:
2187:
2121:
2068:
1981:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 810–816.
5007:
4916:
4723:
4644:
4639:
4621:
4593:
4553:
4541:
4535:
4516:
3945:
3920:
2687:
1613:
1564:
1435:
1402:
1366:
1266:
989:
919:
741:
737:
694:
545:
519:
509:
488:
Many species of centipedes lack eyes, but some possess a variable number of
417:
376:
372:
356:
333:
304:
205:
195:
175:
143:
94:
38:
4814:
4327:
4202:
4106:
Red List and DNA barcoding of Carinthian and Styrian centipedes (Chilopoda)
4052:
4003:
3872:
3712:
3443:
2963:
2922:
2816:
2808:
2708:
2667:
2658:
2639:
2555:
2341:
2271:
2205:
2139:
2112:
2076:
1956:
3072:"Giant swimming, venomous centipede discovered by accident in world-first"
1276:
contains two species of centipede. One is a species of the scutigeromorph
718:
Generally adapted for burrowing or inhabiting small crevices; slow-moving
4877:
4808:
4733:
4673:
4634:
4598:
3985:
2602:
Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, Volume 1
2092:"A common terminology for the external anatomy of centipedes (Chilopoda)"
1905:
1827:
1819:
1327:
1302:
1270:
1219:
1151:
1147:
1060:
906:
437:
330:
281:
111:
107:
84:
79:
64:
59:
49:
2760:
How the Snake Lost its Legs. Curious Tales from the Frontier of Evo-Devo
2685:: what it can tell us about development and evolution of segmentation".
1908:, "if you enjoy frightening others, you will be reborn as a centipede."
1034:) are amphibious, believed to hunt aquatic or amphibious invertebrates.
309:
4751:
4741:
4703:
3845:
3756:
3328:
3277:
2700:
2178:
1872:
1136:
993:
952:
873:
782:
604:
383:) creatures with one pair of legs per body segment. All centipedes are
263:
99:
74:
4435:
3674:
Jeram, Andrew J.; Selden, Paul A.; Edwards, Dianne (2 November 1990).
565:
much as twice the length of the first pair. The final segment bears a
362:
4973:
4756:
4529:
3794:
3253:
1475:
1370:
1250:
1072:
1009:
808:
566:
489:
433:
425:
185:
4882:
4785:
3384:
2160:
Kenning, Matthes; Müller, Carsten H. G.; Sombke, Andy (2017-11-14).
1214:
815:
Centipede reproduction does not involve copulation. Males deposit a
580:, on each body segment. They excrete waste through a single pair of
379:
and other multi-legged animals. Centipedes are elongated segmented (
4960:
4921:
2954:
2937:
681:
A representative millipede and centipede (not necessarily to scale)
5069:
3782:
3489:"Cave centipede from hell is the deepest-dwelling ever discovered"
2035:
Dugon, Michel M.; Black, Alexander; Arthur, Wallace (2012-05-01).
1893:
1860:
1842:
1589:
The spiracles are deep, more complex, and always present in pairs.
1549:
1213:
1076:
1041:
1001:
997:
927:
886:
802:
747:
Primarily carnivores with front legs modified into venomous fangs
676:
597:
513:
407:
392:
384:
320:
4274:"Centipede vodka and fried crickets: Is this the future of food?"
2360:"Centipedes and millipedes with emphasis on North American fauna"
1878:
Large centipedes are steeped in alcohol to make centipede vodka.
652:
their leaf-like ultimate legs to distract or threaten predators.
4122:"Centipedes and Millipedes with Emphasis on North America Fauna"
2532:"Trunk segment numbers and sequential segmentation in myriapods"
2395:
Millipedes: Keys and Notes for the Identification of the Species
1064:
1013:
1005:
787:
Male produces spermatophore that is usually picked up by female
465:
464:. The first pair of maxillae form the lower lip, and bear short
326:
4789:
4488:
3888:"Fossil centipedes from the Devonian of New York State, U.S.A."
2429:
2427:
707:
Two pairs on most body segments; attached to underside of body
658:
makes a faint creaking sound when it swings its ultimate legs.
452:
Centipedes have a rounded or flattened head, bearing a pair of
4278:
3892:
Proceedings of the 7th International Congress of Myriapodology
406:
or toxicognaths, which are actually modified legs instead of
344:
4908:
3829:"The presumed oldest flying insect: more likely a myriapod?"
1560:
The first postcephalic appendage is modified to venom claws.
4694:
Malacostraca (woodlice, shrimps, crayfish, lobsters, crabs)
3749:
10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<0073:ANSCMC>2.0.CO;2
3122:
3120:
1931:"Evolutionary biology of centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda)"
3781:
Shear, William A.; Jeram, Andrew J.; Selden, Paul (1998).
3252:
Maschwitz, U.; Lauschke, Ursula; Würmli, M. (1979-11-01).
2681:
Arthur, Wallace; Chapman, Ariel D. (2005). "The centipede
1612:
group within the Pleurostigmophora, but the Anamorpha are
4388:
The Life of Shabkar: The Autobiography of a Tibetan Yogin
1859:
As a food item, certain large centipedes are consumed in
1573:
A spiral ridge occurs on the nucleus of the spermatozoon.
1330:, including scolopendromorphs and scutigeromorphs in the
4719:
Branchiopoda (fairy, tadpole, clam shrimps, water fleas)
3227:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press. pp.
1924:
1922:
1920:
721:
Generally adapted for running, except for the burrowing
569:, and includes the openings of the reproductive organs.
4319:
10.1580/1080-6032(2001)012[0093:CE]2.0.CO;2
4079:"Myriapod phylogeny and the relationships of Chilopoda"
2849:
2847:
826:
Centipedes are longer-lived than insects; the European
4019:"The Phylogeny and Evolutionary History of Arthropods"
2292:
Kronmüller, Christian; Lewis, John G.J. (2015-06-30).
1114:
are sticky and odorous, and contain hydrogen cyanide.
456:
at the forward margin. They have a pair of elongated
4084:. In Bousquets, J. Llorente; Morrone, J. J. (eds.).
1294:
fossils, and possible scutigeromorph head material.
872:: more segments and pairs of legs are grown between
4798:
4732:
4662:
4653:
4620:
4611:
4584:
4562:
3605:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T123669218A123674269.en
3220:
2002:Minelli, A.; Golovatch, S.I. (2017). "Myriapods".
1563:The embryonic cuticle on second maxilliped has an
1059:Many larger animals prey upon centipedes, such as
4218:"Eating Bugs/Insects in Donghuamen Night Market!"
3816:(2927) – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
1135:Because centipedes lack the waxy water-resistant
4436:Chilobase, a web resource for Chilopoda taxonomy
4017:Giribet, Gonzalo; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2019).
3030:, on three species of bats in a Venezuelan cave"
2836:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1929:Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2007).
832:may live for 5 to 6 years, and the wide-ranging
548:, just behind the head. Forcipules are not oral
476:to about 30 cm (12 in) in the largest
3886:Shear, William A.; Bonamo, Patricia M. (1990).
3633:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T201495A15280805.en
3517:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
3185:Rosenberg, Jörg; Müller, Carsten (2009-12-15).
2788:Hughes, Cynthia L.; Kaufman, Thomas C. (2002).
3827:Haug, Carolin; Haug, Joachim T. (2017-05-30).
3724:
3722:
2757:(2014). "Why the centipede has odd segments".
2726:. In Ayala, Francisco J.; Arp, Robert (eds.).
2353:
2351:
129:Various centipedes (clockwise from top left):
4500:
2728:Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Biology
1016:, catching them in midflight. Three species (
922:; it would be sufficient for the Notch clock
8:
4599:Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)
4072:
4070:
2749:
2747:
492:, sometimes clustered together to form true
16:Many-legged arthropods with elongated bodies
3645:Shear, W. A. (1992). "Early life on land".
3577:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20042A9138315.en
3009:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
360:
318:
307:
4786:
4659:
4617:
4568:
4507:
4493:
4485:
3359:"Insects, Spiders, Centipedes, Millipedes"
2819:. Archived from the original on 2019-08-23
1595:The centipedes can develop through either
1326:, 309–307 mya. More species appear in the
1110:. Among Geophilomorphs, the secretions of
918:with the legs of other arthropods such as
120:
27:
4317:
4192:
4042:
3993:
3944:
3862:
3844:
3808:Bonamo, P. M.; Shear, William A. (1988).
3219:; Eisner, Maria; Siegler, Melody (2005).
2994:
2953:
2912:
2894:
2730:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 213–226.
2657:
2331:
2313:
2261:
2243:
2195:
2177:
2129:
2111:
1240:Centipedes of the Mazon Creek fossil beds
984:(the Amazonian giant centipede) preys on
807:A centipede mother protecting her first
684:
4306:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
4090:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
3623:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3595:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3567:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3548:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2596:Minelli, Alessandro, ed. (2011-01-01),
1916:
1570:The trochanter–prefemur joint is fixed.
1265:), though they are rare throughout the
1178:species of centipede. For example, the
1117:The giant desert centipede of Arizona,
686:Millipede versus centipede differences
4248:"101 Strangest Foods Around the World"
4159:Undheim, E. A.; Jenner, R. A. (2021).
4077:Edgecombe, G. D.; Giribet, G. (2002).
3002:
2829:
2469:Yates III, Julian R. (December 1992).
576:, typically with a single opening, or
4699:Thecostraca (barnacles and relatives)
4341:Jacobs, Steven J. (19 October 2009).
3776:
3774:
3466:"Animal Fact Sheet: Desert Centipede"
3126:
2853:
2583:
2456:
2418:
2041:Arthropod Structure & Development
1949:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091326
1528:. The five orders of centipedes are:
966:, noticeably members from the genera
7:
5075:09C4D4DA-57F1-9FFD-C699-D3B9CD7D1E67
5036:bfeb0fc2-3644-4262-aed2-81ed7d35351c
4948:cfb2a34c-02db-456e-9df7-e54ae2db0e9c
3187:"Morphology in Chilopoda – a survey"
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
889:Epimorpha, consisting of the orders
375:, an arthropod group which includes
4390:. Albany: SUNY Press, 1994. p. 295.
1724:
1692:
1662:
1629:
1619:
1548:. These orders are united into the
1408:
1398:
1355:
1345:
4752:Diplura (two-pronged bristletails)
4120:Shelley, Rowland M. (March 1999).
3530:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1961.tb05900.x
2012:10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.02259-7
852:Evolutionary developmental biology
14:
5126:Extant Silurian first appearances
4714:Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimps)
4450:Debunking of some centipede myths
2530:Fusco, Giuseppe (December 2005).
2004:Reference Module in Life Sciences
635:pincer-like. They are frequently
4386:Zabs-Dkar Tshogs-Drug-Ran-Grol.
3890:. In Minelli, Alessandro (ed.).
3026:"Predation by giant centipedes,
2598:"Chilopoda – Taxonomic overview"
2548:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2005.05064.x
1826:, involving bacteria, fungi and
1754:
1734:
1703:
1672:
1642:
1485:
1479:
1440:
1418:
1378:
1373:
1318:), have been described from the
1195:Seychelles long-legged centipede
162:
3487:Dunning, Hayley (1 July 2015).
2996:10.1590/S1984-4689zool-20160026
4272:Monks, Kieron (27 July 2015).
3635:. Accessed on 10 January 2023.
3607:. Accessed on 10 January 2023.
3579:. Accessed on 10 January 2023.
3468:. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum
2438:. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum
1248:of centipedes extends back to
1:
4479:What do you call a centipede?
4352:Pennsylvania State University
2436:"Centipedes & Millipedes"
1616:, as shown in the cladogram:
1592:The head is somewhat flatter.
1306:) and two scolopendromorphs (
1150:habitats, where they feed on
943:Centipedes are predominantly
655:Rhysida immarginata togoensis
540:(the maxillipeds), forming a
413:Centipedes are predominantly
4452:– American Tarantula Society
3974:Genome Biology and Evolution
3705:10.1126/science.250.4981.658
3383:Lewbart, Gregory A. (2006).
3045:(2): 340–346. Archived from
3038:Caribbean Journal of Science
2896:10.1371/journal.pone.0180915
2722:Minelli, Alessandro (2009).
2398:. Brill Archive. p. 1.
2392:Blower, John Gordon (1985).
2364:The Kansas School Naturalist
2358:Shelley, Rowland M. (1999).
758:On the sides or top of body
4684:Pentastomida (tongue worms)
4594:Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs)
3919:Wilson, Heather M. (2001).
3309:Journal of Chemical Ecology
3258:Journal of Chemical Ecology
3148:"The specialized predators"
2604:, Brill, pp. 363–443,
2536:Evolution & Development
1936:Annual Review of Entomology
1552:Chilopoda by the following
662:Distinction from millipedes
5147:
4411:Cambridge University Press
4185:10.1038/s41467-021-21093-8
3729:Heather M. Wilson (2003).
3599:: e.T123669218A123674269.
3070:Holmes, O. (1 July 2016).
2765:Cambridge University Press
1977:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
1885:
1274:Panther Mountain Formation
1237:
1098:
849:
591:
525:Eupolybothrus cavernicolus
507:
345:
21:Centipede (disambiguation)
18:
4773:
4576:Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
4571:
4524:
4406:The Biology of Centipedes
4044:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.057
3814:American Museum Novitates
3787:American Museum Novitates
3428:10.1007/s00467-004-1685-8
3098:Sho, T. (12 April 2021).
2610:10.1163/9789004188266_020
2370:(3): 1–16. Archived from
2245:10.1186/s40851-018-0115-x
2061:10.1016/j.asd.2012.02.001
1797:
1749:
1729:
1722:
1697:
1690:
1667:
1660:
1637:
1627:
1468:
1433:
1413:
1406:
1396:
1363:
1353:
1101:Anti-predator adaptations
367:, "foot", describing the
233:
228:
159:Scientific classification
157:
128:
119:
30:
4747:Collembola (springtails)
4674:Ostracoda (seed shrimps)
4473:Tree of Life Web Project
4403:Lewis, J. G. E. (2007).
4302:"Centipede envenomation"
4134:Emporia State University
4126:Kansas School Naturalist
3491:. Natural History Museum
3158:Harvard University Press
2638:Arthur, Wallace (2002).
2315:10.3897/zookeys.510.8674
1847:Centipedes on sticks as
1824:horizontal gene transfer
1227:scutigeromorph from the
1180:Serpent Island centipede
912:Notch signalling pathway
387:and can inflict painful
4778:are paraphyletic groups
4456:Centipedes of Australia
3946:10.1111/1475-4983.00188
3736:Journal of Paleontology
3560:Pearce-Kelly, P. 1996.
2942:The American Naturalist
2473:Scolopendra subspinipes
1834:Interaction with humans
1320:Mazon Creek fossil beds
1253: million years ago
1231:. 1890 illustration by
1229:Mazon Creek fossil beds
1199:Seychellonema gerlachi)
930:, to create more legs.
835:Scolopendra subspinipes
781:into female, using his
777:Male generally inserts
774:Reproductive behaviour
336:belonging to the class
147:, a Geophilomorph; and
4689:Branchiura (fish lice)
4645:Diplopoda (millipedes)
4630:Chilopoda (centipedes)
4103:Svetnik, Ilja (2019).
3627:: e.T201495A15280805.
3619:Seychellonema gerlachi
2809:10.1242/dev.129.5.1225
2659:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800139
2113:10.3897/zookeys.69.737
1856:
1235:
1191:(Nothogeophilus turki)
1188:Turk's earth centipede
1120:Scolopendra polymorpha
1056:
812:
763:Reproductive openings
682:
631:
533:
361:
319:
308:
5057:Paleobiology Database
4165:Nature Communications
3931:(3). Wiley: 489–495.
3386:Invertebrate Medicine
3363:National Park Service
1846:
1312:and the poorly known
1238:Further information:
1217:
1201:are both endangered.
1184:Scolopendra abnormis)
1176:critically endangered
1131:Habitat and behaviour
1099:Further information:
1088:Aparallactus capensis
1049:Scolopendra cingulata
1045:
1019:Scolopendra cataracta
879:Scutigera coleoptrata
850:Further information:
806:
755:On underside of body
680:
642:Members of the genus
627:Scolopendra cingulata
601:
517:
229:Orders and suborders
153:, a Scolopendromorph
150:Scolopendra cataracta
132:Thereuopoda clunifera
4943:Fauna Europaea (new)
4519:classes by subphylum
3591:Nothogeophilus turki
3571:: e.T20042A9138315.
3563:Scolopendra abnormis
3416:Pediatric Nephrology
3391:Blackwell Publishing
3028:Scolopendra gigantea
2767:. pp. 69, 120.
2509:. pp. 215–231.
2480:University of Hawaii
1979:Invertebrate Zoology
1526:last common ancestor
1075:and some specialist
981:Scolopendra gigantea
829:Lithobius forficatus
623:Lithobius forficatus
422:tropical rainforests
138:Lithobius forficatus
135:, a Scutigeromorph;
19:For other uses, see
4742:Protura (coneheads)
4373:The House Centipede
4228:on 22 November 2016
4177:2021NatCo..12..818U
4092:. pp. 143–168.
4035:2019CBio...29.R592G
3937:2001Palgy..44..489W
3697:1990Sci...250..658J
3661:1992AmSci..80..444G
3321:1976JCEco...2..421J
3270:1979JCEco...5..901M
3129:, pp. 354–356.
2887:2017PLoSO..1280915K
2421:, pp. 252–298.
2306:2015ZooK..510..269K
2104:2010ZooK...69...17B
2053:2012ArtSD..41..231D
1818:All centipedes are
1814:Evolution of venoms
1700:Craterostigmomorpha
1530:Craterostigmomorpha
1186:is vulnerable, and
1052:) being eaten by a
914:. The segments are
866:Craterostigmomorpha
766:Third body segment
687:
668:postantennal organs
615:Scolopendra dehaani
460:, and two pairs of
371:) of the subphylum
259:Craterostigmomorpha
141:, a Lithobiomorph;
4467:2009-04-16 at the
4442:2017-11-06 at the
3986:10.1093/gbe/evz097
3898:. pp. 89–96.
3846:10.7717/peerj.3402
3648:American Scientist
3616:Gerlach, J. 2014.
3588:Macadam, C. 2022.
3512:Strigamia maritima
3329:10.1007/bf00988807
3278:10.1007/BF00990212
2701:10.1002/bies.20234
2683:Strigamia maritima
2232:Zoological Letters
2179:10.7717/peerj.4023
1898:anaphylactic shock
1857:
1520:Internal phylogeny
1338:External phylogeny
1236:
1158:Threatened species
1112:Geophilus vittatus
1057:
813:
769:Last body segment
685:
683:
637:sexually dimorphic
632:
619:Lithobius proximus
582:malpighian tubules
534:
498:organ of Tömösváry
391:, injecting their
5108:
5107:
5044:Open Tree of Life
4792:Taxon identifiers
4783:
4782:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4757:Insecta (insects)
4607:
4606:
4420:978-0-521-03411-1
4361:on 9 October 2011
4029:(12): R592–R602.
3905:978-90-04-08972-3
3691:(4981): 658–661.
3400:978-0-8138-1844-3
3238:978-0-674-01882-2
3171:978-0-674-04075-5
3144:Wilson, Edward O.
2774:978-1-107-62139-8
2737:978-1-4051-5999-9
2619:978-90-04-18826-6
2516:978-0-12-155750-8
2405:978-90-04-07698-3
2021:978-0-12-809633-8
1988:978-0-03-056747-6
1810:
1809:
1794:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1766:
1732:Scolopendromorpha
1657:Pleurostigmophora
1542:Scolopendromorpha
1516:
1515:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1497:
1454:
1453:
1162:According to the
895:Scolopendromorpha
868:, development is
791:
790:
613:trogloclaudatus,
478:scolopendromorphs
314:, "hundred", and
298:
297:
272:Scolopendromorpha
249:Pleurostigmophora
224:
114:
5138:
5101:
5100:
5088:
5087:
5078:
5077:
5065:
5064:
5052:
5051:
5039:
5038:
5029:
5028:
5016:
5015:
5003:
5002:
4990:
4989:
4977:
4976:
4964:
4963:
4951:
4950:
4938:
4937:
4925:
4924:
4912:
4911:
4899:
4898:
4886:
4885:
4873:
4872:
4860:
4859:
4847:
4846:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4787:
4660:
4618:
4569:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4486:
4424:
4391:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4368:
4366:
4360:
4354:. Archived from
4349:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4321:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4250:. Archived from
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4224:. Archived from
4222:Follow me Foodie
4213:
4207:
4206:
4196:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4144:. Archived from
4117:
4111:
4110:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4083:
4074:
4065:
4064:
4046:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3997:
3980:(8): 2055–2070.
3965:
3959:
3958:
3948:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3896:Brill Publishers
3883:
3877:
3876:
3866:
3848:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3778:
3769:
3768:
3726:
3717:
3716:
3680:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3642:
3636:
3614:
3608:
3586:
3580:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3226:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3197:(3): 1–55–1–55.
3182:
3176:
3175:
3140:Hölldobler, Bert
3136:
3130:
3124:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3051:
3034:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3008:
3000:
2998:
2989:(6): e20160026.
2974:
2968:
2967:
2957:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2916:
2898:
2866:
2857:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2835:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2803:(5): 1225–1238.
2794:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2661:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2503:Myriapod biology
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2434:Lizotte, Renée.
2431:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2335:
2317:
2300:(510): 269–278.
2289:
2276:
2275:
2265:
2247:
2223:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2181:
2157:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2115:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2032:
2026:
2025:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1974:
1961:
1960:
1926:
1758:
1738:
1725:
1708:
1707:
1693:
1676:
1663:
1646:
1630:
1620:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1445:
1444:
1422:
1409:
1399:
1382:
1377:
1356:
1346:
1254:
1166:, there are one
1108:hydrogen cyanide
1082:Amblyopone pluto
964:Scolopendromorph
926:, as it does in
688:
366:
350:
349:
324:
313:
219:
167:
166:
124:
105:
104:
41:
34:Temporal range:
28:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5096:
5091:
5083:
5081:
5073:
5068:
5060:
5055:
5047:
5042:
5034:
5032:
5024:
5019:
5011:
5006:
4998:
4993:
4985:
4980:
4972:
4967:
4959:
4954:
4946:
4941:
4933:
4928:
4920:
4915:
4907:
4902:
4894:
4889:
4881:
4876:
4868:
4863:
4855:
4850:
4842:
4837:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4794:
4784:
4779:
4761:
4728:
4649:
4603:
4580:
4558:
4520:
4513:
4483:
4469:Wayback Machine
4444:Wayback Machine
4431:
4421:
4402:
4399:
4394:
4385:
4381:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4347:
4344:House Centipede
4340:
4339:
4335:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4282:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4257:
4255:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4231:
4229:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4148:on 12 Nov 2016.
4119:
4118:
4114:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4081:
4076:
4075:
4068:
4023:Current Biology
4016:
4015:
4011:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3780:
3779:
3772:
3728:
3727:
3720:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3615:
3611:
3587:
3583:
3559:
3555:
3550:. 28 July 2024.
3542:
3541:
3537:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3494:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3393:. p. 198.
3382:
3381:
3377:
3368:
3366:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3125:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3032:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3001:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2881:(8): e0180915.
2868:
2867:
2860:
2852:
2845:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2486:
2484:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2377:
2375:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2291:
2290:
2279:
2225:
2224:
2213:
2159:
2158:
2147:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1976:
1975:
1964:
1928:
1927:
1918:
1914:
1890:
1884:
1841:
1836:
1816:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1702:
1640:Scutigeromorpha
1634:Notostigmophora
1546:Scutigeromorpha
1522:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1478:
1455:
1439:
1367:horseshoe crabs
1340:
1309:Mazoscolopendra
1280:. The other is
1249:
1242:
1212:
1207:
1160:
1133:
1103:
1097:
1054:European roller
1040:
941:
936:
876:. For example,
862:Scutigeromorpha
854:
848:
821:parthenogenetic
801:
796:
723:soil centipedes
664:
611:Scolopocryptops
596:
590:
574:tracheal system
558:
512:
506:
486:
450:
442:active at night
267:Devonobiomorpha
242:Scutigeromorpha
237:Notostigmophora
218:
161:
115:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
36:
35:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5144:
5142:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5113:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5089:
5079:
5066:
5053:
5040:
5030:
5017:
5004:
4991:
4978:
4965:
4952:
4939:
4930:Fauna Europaea
4926:
4913:
4900:
4887:
4874:
4861:
4848:
4835:
4820:
4804:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4781:
4780:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4670:
4668:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4626:
4624:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4590:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4550:
4544:
4538:
4532:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4489:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4458:
4453:
4447:
4432:
4430:
4429:External links
4427:
4426:
4425:
4419:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4379:
4333:
4292:
4264:
4239:
4208:
4151:
4112:
4095:
4066:
4009:
3960:
3911:
3904:
3878:
3819:
3800:
3770:
3718:
3666:
3655:(5): 444–456.
3637:
3609:
3581:
3553:
3535:
3524:(2): 221–248.
3502:
3479:
3457:
3422:(4): 550–551.
3406:
3399:
3375:
3350:
3315:(4): 421–429.
3299:
3264:(6): 901–907.
3244:
3237:
3217:Eisner, Thomas
3208:
3191:Soil Organisms
3177:
3170:
3131:
3116:
3090:
3062:
3016:
2969:
2955:10.1086/715702
2948:(4): 540–550.
2928:
2858:
2856:, p. 168.
2843:
2780:
2773:
2755:Held, Lewis I.
2743:
2736:
2714:
2695:(6): 653–660.
2673:
2652:(4): 239–246.
2630:
2618:
2588:
2576:
2542:(6): 608–617.
2522:
2515:
2507:Academic Press
2493:
2461:
2459:, p. 328.
2449:
2423:
2411:
2404:
2384:
2347:
2277:
2211:
2145:
2082:
2047:(3): 231–243.
2027:
2020:
1994:
1987:
1962:
1943:(1): 151–170.
1915:
1913:
1910:
1888:Centipede bite
1886:Main article:
1883:
1880:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1752:Geophilomorpha
1748:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1687:Phylactometria
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1670:Lithobiomorpha
1666:
1661:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1636:
1628:
1626:
1618:
1605:
1604:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1561:
1554:synapomorphies
1538:Lithobiomorpha
1534:Geophilomorpha
1521:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1362:
1354:
1352:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1211:
1210:Fossil history
1208:
1206:
1203:
1159:
1156:
1132:
1129:
1096:
1093:
1039:
1036:
940:
937:
935:
932:
891:Geophilomorpha
858:Lithobiomorpha
847:
844:
800:
797:
795:
792:
789:
788:
785:
775:
771:
770:
767:
764:
760:
759:
756:
753:
749:
748:
745:
730:
726:
725:
719:
716:
712:
711:
708:
705:
701:
700:
697:
692:
663:
660:
592:Main article:
589:
586:
557:
554:
508:Main article:
505:
502:
485:
484:Sensory organs
482:
474:geophilomorphs
470:lithobiomorphs
449:
446:
296:
295:
294:
293:
292:
291:
290:
289:
284:
277:Geophilomorpha
274:
269:
261:
256:
254:Lithobiomorpha
246:
245:
244:
231:
230:
226:
225:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
155:
154:
126:
125:
117:
116:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
42:
33:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5143:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5080:
5076:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5031:
5027:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4831:
4825:
4821:
4816:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4788:
4777:
4772:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4709:Tantulocarida
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4679:Mystacocarida
4677:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4586:Euchelicerata
4583:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4518:
4510:
4505:
4503:
4498:
4496:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4374:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4345:
4337:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4296:
4293:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4268:
4265:
4254:on 2016-11-16
4253:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4216:Pak, Mijune.
4212:
4209:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4155:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4113:
4108:
4107:
4099:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3964:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3925:Palaeontology
3922:
3915:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3677:
3670:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3506:
3503:
3490:
3483:
3480:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3379:
3376:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3091:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3066:
3063:
3052:on 2010-10-09
3048:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3031:
3029:
3020:
3017:
3012:
3006:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2589:
2586:, p. 27.
2585:
2580:
2577:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2494:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2437:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2388:
2385:
2374:on 2016-11-12
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:(69): 17–51.
2097:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
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1806:
1805:
1790:
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1772:
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1747:
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1737:
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1701:
1695:
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1547:
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1503:
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1462:
1459:
1458:
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1449:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1431:
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1427:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1411:
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1404:
1401:
1400:
1394:
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1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:Carboniferous
1321:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1290:, also bears
1289:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1257:Late Silurian
1255:, during the
1252:
1247:
1246:fossil record
1241:
1234:
1233:J. H. Emerton
1230:
1226:
1225:Carboniferous
1222:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:IUCN Red List
1157:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1046:A centipede (
1044:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
982:
977:
976:
971:
970:
965:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
938:
933:
931:
929:
925:
924:to run faster
921:
917:
913:
908:
903:
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
880:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
853:
845:
843:
841:
837:
836:
831:
830:
824:
822:
818:
817:spermatophore
810:
805:
798:
793:
786:
784:
780:
779:spermatophore
776:
773:
772:
768:
765:
762:
761:
757:
754:
751:
750:
746:
743:
739:
735:
731:
728:
727:
724:
720:
717:
714:
713:
709:
706:
703:
702:
698:
696:
693:
690:
689:
679:
675:
673:
669:
661:
659:
657:
656:
651:
647:
646:
640:
638:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
606:
600:
595:
594:Ultimate legs
588:Ultimate legs
587:
585:
583:
579:
575:
570:
568:
563:
555:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
531:
527:
526:
521:
516:
511:
503:
501:
499:
495:
494:compound eyes
491:
483:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
447:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
364:
358:
355:, "lip", and
354:
348:
343:
342:Ancient Greek
339:
335:
332:
328:
323:
322:
317:
312:
311:
306:
302:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
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275:
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268:
265:
262:
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257:
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217:
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211:
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197:
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184:
181:
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177:
174:
171:
170:
165:
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156:
152:
151:
146:
145:
140:
139:
134:
133:
127:
123:
118:
113:
109:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:
29:
26:
22:
4799:
4775:
4663:
4655:Pancrustacea
4629:
4552:Superphylum
4405:
4387:
4382:
4372:
4370:
4363:. Retrieved
4356:the original
4343:
4336:
4312:(2): 93–99.
4309:
4305:
4295:
4283:. Retrieved
4277:
4267:
4256:. Retrieved
4252:the original
4242:
4230:. Retrieved
4226:the original
4221:
4211:
4168:
4164:
4154:
4146:the original
4129:
4125:
4115:
4105:
4098:
4085:
4026:
4022:
4012:
3977:
3973:
3963:
3928:
3924:
3914:
3891:
3881:
3836:
3832:
3822:
3813:
3803:
3786:
3743:(1): 73–77.
3740:
3734:
3688:
3682:
3669:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3547:
3538:
3521:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3493:. Retrieved
3482:
3470:. Retrieved
3460:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3385:
3378:
3367:. Retrieved
3365:. 2017-10-17
3362:
3353:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3261:
3257:
3247:
3222:
3211:
3194:
3190:
3180:
3152:
3134:
3107:. Retrieved
3103:
3093:
3081:. Retrieved
3077:The Guardian
3075:
3065:
3054:. Retrieved
3047:the original
3042:
3036:
3027:
3019:
3005:cite journal
2986:
2982:
2972:
2945:
2941:
2931:
2878:
2874:
2832:cite journal
2821:. Retrieved
2800:
2796:
2783:
2759:
2727:
2717:
2692:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2649:
2643:
2633:
2623:, retrieved
2601:
2591:
2579:
2567:. Retrieved
2539:
2535:
2525:
2502:
2496:
2485:. Retrieved
2478:
2472:
2464:
2452:
2440:. Retrieved
2414:
2394:
2387:
2376:. Retrieved
2372:the original
2367:
2363:
2297:
2235:
2231:
2169:
2165:
2095:
2085:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2006:. Elsevier.
2003:
1997:
1978:
1940:
1934:
1902:
1891:
1877:
1858:
1817:
1750:
1730:
1698:
1668:
1638:
1623:
1614:paraphyletic
1610:monophyletic
1606:
1601:epimorphosis
1597:anamorphosis
1576:
1523:
1469:
1465:Pancrustacea
1434:
1415:
1414:
1364:
1341:
1322:, which are
1315:Palenarthrus
1313:
1307:
1301:
1297:Rhyniognatha
1295:
1291:
1288:Rhynie chert
1281:
1277:
1260:
1243:
1218:
1198:
1190:
1183:
1174:, and three
1161:
1145:
1134:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1086:
1080:
1058:
1047:
1029:
1023:
1017:
979:
975:Ethmostigmus
973:
967:
963:
961:
957:collembolans
955:fly larvae,
951:earthworms,
942:
904:
884:
877:
855:
833:
827:
825:
814:
799:Reproduction
734:detritivores
665:
653:
643:
641:
633:
609:
603:
571:
559:
535:
523:
487:
451:
412:
352:
337:
300:
299:
287:Placodesmata
215:
148:
142:
136:
130:
25:
4969:iNaturalist
4824:Wikispecies
4613:Mandibulata
4564:Chelicerata
4548:Protostomia
4546:(unranked)
4540:(unranked)
4534:Subkingdom
4285:14 November
4232:14 November
3544:"IUCN 2024"
3160:. pp.
2797:Development
1871:markets in
1849:street food
1800:"Anamorpha"
1472:crustaceans
1438:and allies
1393:Mandibulata
1360:Chelicerata
1069:salamanders
1025:S. paradoxa
1012:, and even
969:Scolopendra
962:Species of
846:Development
744:; no venom
715:Locomotion
699:Centipedes
562:maxillipeds
530:Lithobiidae
448:Description
418:carnivorous
397:pincer-like
202:Subphylum:
37:430–0
5121:Centipedes
5115:Categories
4517:Arthropoda
4258:2015-06-28
4171:(1): 818.
3514:(Leach)".
3369:2023-05-10
3127:Lewis 2007
3109:2022-01-10
3056:2011-02-20
2854:Lewis 2007
2823:2023-05-03
2625:2024-02-29
2584:Lewis 2007
2487:2016-12-24
2457:Lewis 2007
2419:Lewis 2007
2378:2013-10-14
1912:References
1869:Wangfujing
1865:Donghuamen
1853:Wangfujing
1436:millipedes
1350:Arthropoda
1332:Cretaceous
1283:Devonobius
1172:endangered
1168:vulnerable
1125:aposematic
1031:S. alcyona
986:tarantulas
945:generalist
920:trilobites
916:homologous
870:anamorphic
840:K-selected
794:Life cycle
752:Spiracles
742:carnivores
738:herbivores
732:Primarily
695:Millipedes
650:stridulate
550:mouthparts
520:forcipules
504:Forcipules
415:generalist
404:forcipules
400:appendages
377:millipedes
369:forcipules
334:arthropods
321:pes, pedis
301:Centipedes
196:Arthropoda
5131:Myriapods
5008:MilliBase
4857:Chilopoda
4844:Chilopoda
4830:Chilopoda
4800:Chilopoda
4724:Remipedia
4665:Crustacea
4640:Pauropoda
4622:Myriapoda
4554:Ecdysozoa
4542:Bilateria
4536:Eumetazoa
4461:Chilopoda
4142:0022-877X
4109:(Thesis).
4061:189926344
3955:0031-0239
3855:2167-8359
3839:: e3402.
3795:2246/3370
3765:130297755
3436:0931-041X
3337:0098-0331
3286:1573-1561
3203:2509-9523
2905:1932-6203
2688:BioEssays
2569:25 August
2324:1313-2970
2254:2056-306X
2188:2167-8359
2172:: e4023.
2122:1313-2970
2069:1467-8039
1906:Buddhists
1828:oomycetes
1719:Epimorpha
1624:Chilopoda
1584:spiracles
1565:egg tooth
1416:Chilopoda
1403:Myriapoda
1292:Crussolum
1278:Crussolum
1267:Paleozoic
1262:Crussolum
1205:Evolution
1152:barnacles
1141:nocturnal
1061:mongooses
1038:Predators
990:scorpions
949:lumbricid
907:Hox genes
811:offspring
546:appendage
510:Forcipule
458:mandibles
438:arachnids
402:known as
381:metameric
373:Myriapoda
357:Neo-Latin
338:Chilopoda
331:predatory
305:Neo-Latin
221:Latreille
216:Chilopoda
206:Myriapoda
182:Kingdom:
176:Eukaryota
144:Geophilus
31:Centipede
4878:BugGuide
4809:Wikidata
4734:Hexapoda
4704:Copepoda
4635:Symphyla
4530:Animalia
4528:Kingdom
4465:Archived
4440:Archived
4328:11434497
4203:33547293
4053:31211983
4004:31270537
3873:28584727
3789:(3231).
3713:17810866
3444:15599772
3345:20051462
3294:29951682
3153:The Ants
3146:(1990).
2983:Zoologia
2964:34559614
2923:28763453
2875:PLOS ONE
2817:11874918
2709:15892117
2668:12242638
2645:Heredity
2564:21401688
2556:16336414
2475:(Leach)"
2342:26257548
2272:30656061
2206:29158971
2140:21594038
2077:22370199
1957:16872257
1820:venomous
1328:Mesozoic
1303:Latzelia
1271:Devonian
1220:Latzelia
1193:and the
1148:littoral
1095:Defences
953:dipteran
899:thoracic
783:gonopods
729:Feeding
672:antennae
578:spiracle
462:maxillae
454:antennae
395:through
385:venomous
282:Adesmata
192:Phylum:
186:Animalia
172:Domain:
108:Silurian
5085:8327591
4515:Extant
4397:Sources
4365:26 July
4194:7864903
4173:Bibcode
4031:Bibcode
3995:6684935
3933:Bibcode
3864:5452959
3757:4094718
3693:Bibcode
3684:Science
3657:Bibcode
3452:3120582
3317:Bibcode
3266:Bibcode
3162:557–572
3104:Biotaxa
2914:5538669
2883:Bibcode
2333:4523778
2302:Bibcode
2298:ZooKeys
2263:6330759
2197:5691793
2131:3088443
2100:Bibcode
2096:ZooKeys
2049:Bibcode
1873:Beijing
1839:As food
1476:insects
1371:spiders
1137:cuticle
1073:beetles
994:lizards
934:Ecology
736:, some
605:Rhysida
434:insects
430:cuticle
426:deserts
359:suffix
353:kheilos
329:") are
212:Class:
112:present
5082:uBio:
5062:290412
5049:551565
5033:NZOR:
5000:154400
4922:1CHILC
4815:Q43447
4776:italic
4417:
4326:
4201:
4191:
4140:
4059:
4051:
4002:
3992:
3953:
3902:
3871:
3861:
3853:
3763:
3755:
3711:
3450:
3442:
3434:
3397:
3343:
3335:
3292:
3284:
3235:
3201:
3168:
3083:1 July
2962:
2921:
2911:
2903:
2815:
2771:
2734:
2707:
2666:
2616:
2562:
2554:
2513:
2402:
2340:
2330:
2322:
2270:
2260:
2252:
2204:
2194:
2186:
2138:
2128:
2120:
2075:
2067:
2018:
1985:
1955:
1882:Hazard
1855:market
1544:, and
1269:. The
1170:, six
1028:, and
1010:snakes
928:snakes
874:moults
864:, and
809:instar
740:, few
691:Trait
645:Alipes
608:spp.,
567:telson
544:-like
542:pincer
490:ocelli
389:stings
347:χεῖλος
310:centi-
303:(from
223:, 1817
5093:WoRMS
5070:Plazi
4982:IRMNG
4974:49556
4935:11598
4359:(PDF)
4348:(PDF)
4132:(3).
4082:(PDF)
4057:S2CID
3833:PeerJ
3761:S2CID
3753:JSTOR
3679:(PDF)
3495:2 May
3472:2 May
3448:S2CID
3341:S2CID
3290:S2CID
3229:33–36
3050:(PDF)
3033:(PDF)
2793:(PDF)
2560:S2CID
2442:2 May
2238:: 3.
2166:PeerJ
1894:fever
1861:China
1550:clade
1470:inc.
1365:inc.
1077:snake
1002:birds
998:frogs
887:clade
704:Legs
466:palps
408:fangs
393:venom
363:-poda
316:Latin
106:Late
5098:1304
5026:7540
5021:NCBI
5013:1304
4995:ITIS
4987:1272
4956:GBIF
4917:EPPO
4865:BOLD
4415:ISBN
4367:2012
4324:PMID
4287:2022
4234:2022
4199:PMID
4138:ISSN
4049:PMID
4000:PMID
3951:ISSN
3900:ISBN
3869:PMID
3851:ISSN
3709:PMID
3625:2014
3597:2022
3569:1996
3497:2023
3474:2023
3440:PMID
3432:ISSN
3395:ISBN
3333:ISSN
3282:ISSN
3233:ISBN
3199:ISSN
3166:ISBN
3114:>
3085:2016
3011:link
2960:PMID
2919:PMID
2901:ISSN
2838:link
2813:PMID
2769:ISBN
2732:ISBN
2705:PMID
2664:PMID
2614:ISBN
2571:2020
2552:PMID
2511:ISBN
2444:2023
2400:ISBN
2338:PMID
2320:ISSN
2268:PMID
2250:ISSN
2202:PMID
2184:ISSN
2136:PMID
2118:ISSN
2073:PMID
2065:ISSN
2016:ISBN
1983:ISBN
1953:PMID
1867:and
1582:The
1474:and
1369:and
1244:The
1223:, a
1065:mice
1014:bats
1006:mice
972:and
939:Diet
893:and
885:The
648:can
556:Body
538:legs
518:The
472:and
436:and
327:foot
45:PreꞒ
4961:360
4909:576
4904:EoL
4891:CoL
4852:AFD
4839:ADW
4314:doi
4279:CNN
4189:PMC
4181:doi
4039:doi
3990:PMC
3982:doi
3941:doi
3859:PMC
3841:doi
3791:hdl
3745:doi
3701:doi
3689:250
3629:doi
3601:doi
3573:doi
3526:doi
3522:137
3424:doi
3325:doi
3274:doi
2991:doi
2950:doi
2946:198
2909:PMC
2891:doi
2805:doi
2801:129
2697:doi
2654:doi
2606:doi
2544:doi
2328:PMC
2310:doi
2258:PMC
2240:doi
2192:PMC
2174:doi
2126:PMC
2108:doi
2057:doi
2008:doi
1945:doi
1851:at
1599:or
1251:430
522:of
432:of
424:to
351:,
325:, "
110:to
5117::
5095::
5072::
5059::
5046::
5023::
5010::
4997::
4984::
4971::
4958::
4945::
4932::
4919::
4906::
4896:93
4893::
4883:20
4880::
4870:75
4867::
4854::
4841::
4826::
4811::
4471:.
4463:.
4438:.
4413:.
4409:.
4369:.
4350:.
4322:.
4310:12
4308:.
4304:.
4276:.
4220:.
4197:.
4187:.
4179:.
4169:12
4167:.
4163:.
4136:.
4130:45
4128:.
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