Ground sloth - Knowledge (XXG)

559:. Their skeletal anatomy suggests that they were incapable of running, and relied on other strategies to defend against predators, though they were likely significantly more active and agile than living tree sloths. Ground sloths were likely able to adopt a bipedal stance while stationary, allowing the forelimbs to be used to grasp vegetation as well as to use their claws for defence, though whether they were capable of moving in this posture is uncertain. Some ground sloths have been suggested to be able to climb. Some authors have suggested ground sloths were largely solitary animals, like living sloths, though other authors have argued that at least some ground sloths are likely to have engaged in gregarious behaviour. Whether or not ground sloths had a slow 522:. The number of teeth in the jaws is considerably reduced in comparison to other mammals, with most ground sloths only having 5 and 4 teeth in each half of the upper and lower jaws respectively, with some ground sloths exhibiting further tooth number reduction. These teeth were rootless and were continuously growing (hypselodont), and typically have a relatively simple morphology. Some ground sloths have canine-like teeth at the front of the jaws separated from the other teeth by a gap (diastema). The skull shapes of ground sloths are highly variable. Those with narrow muzzles are likely to have had prehensile lips, while those with wider muzzles are likely to have had mobile tongues. The hands of ground sloths have 943: 127: 1744: 551:, and some intermediate between the two as mixed feeders (both browsing and grazing), though a number of authors have argued that some ground sloths may have been omnivores. Sloths that had longer snouts are presumed to have had greater olfactory acuity, but appear to have also had less binocular vision and poorer ability to localize sounds. A number of extinct sloth species are thought to have had hearing abilities optimized for low frequencies, perhaps related to use of 452: 175: 591:, sloths diversified, with the major families of sloths appearing during this period, with diversity waxing and waning over the course of the Miocene. Megalonychid and mylodontid sloths had migrated into North America by the Late Miocene, around 10 million years ago. At the end of the Miocene, ground sloth diversity declined, though their diversity would remain largely stable throughout the 1730: 770: 1934:

Since ground sloths thrived in an environment filled with large predators, they evidently would have been able to also defend themselves against human predation, so there is no reason to expect that they would have been "easy pickings". When feeding, they had enough strength to use their long, sharp

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While ground sloths would have been relatively easy to spot and approach, big game hunters' weapons would have been useless from farther than 9.1 metres (30 ft) away. It would have been difficult to take down a ground sloth with a spear-thrower and would have required extensive knowledge of the

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Those who argue in favor of humans being the direct cause of the ground sloths' extinction point out that the few sloths that remain are small sloths that spend most of their time in trees, making it difficult for them to be spotted. Although these sloths were well hidden, they still would have been

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which are the largest known ground sloths, thought to have had body masses of 3.5-4 tons. The skeletal structure of these ground sloths indicates that the animals were massive. Their thick bones and even thicker joints (especially those on the hind legs) gave their appendages tremendous power that,

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have found that ground sloths often ate the foliage of trees, hard grasses, shrubs, and yucca; these plants were located in areas that would have exposed them, making them susceptible to human predation. Ground sloths were not only easy to spot, but had never interacted with humans before, so would

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It is difficult to find evidence that supports either claim on whether humans hunted the ground sloths to extinction. Removing large amounts of meat from large mammals such as the ground sloth requires no contact with the bones; tool-inflicted damage to bones is a key sign of human interaction with

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Semken, Holmes A.; Gregory McDonald, H.; Graham, Russell W.; Adrain, Tiffany; Artz, Joe Alan; Baker, Richard G.; Bryk, Alexander B.; Brenzel, David J.; Arthur Bettis, E.; Clack, Andrew A.; Grimm, Brittany L.; Haj, Adel; Horgen, Sarah E.; Mahoney, Meghann C.; Ray, Harold A. (2022-06-30).

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phalanges that indicate that they had well developed claws. In many ground sloth families (Megatheriidae, Mylodontidae, Scelidotheriidae and Nothrotheriidae), the hindfoot is inwardly rotated, meaning sole faces inwards and that the body weight was primarily borne on the fifth

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not have known how to react to them. Additionally, these large mammals waddled on their hind legs and front knuckles, keeping their claws turned in. Their movement and massive build (some weighed up to 3,000 kilograms (6,600 lb)) imply they were relatively slow mammals.

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ground sloths may record the scene of a hunt. The tracks are interpreted as showing seven instances of a sloth turning and rearing up on its hind legs to confront its pursuers, while the humans approach from multiple directions, possibly in an attempt to distract it.

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have been named; in fact it has been stated that "nearly every good specimen has been described as a different species". A broader perspective on the group, accounting for age, sex, individual and geographic differences, indicates that only three species are valid

1890:. Mosimann and Martin (1975) suggested the first of these nomads descended from hunting families who had acquired the skills to track down and kill large mammals. By this time, humans had developed proficient hunting weapons, including the 1898:

became widely used, which allowed them to throw spears with greater velocity. These inventions would have allowed hunters to put distance between them and their prey, potentially making it less dangerous to approach ground sloths.

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found with two juveniles of different ages, with the oldest juvenile suggested to be 3–4 years old. Juvenile ground sloths may have clung to the body of their mother for some time following birth, as occurs in living tree sloths.

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around 12,000 years ago, simultaneously along with the majority of other large animals in the Americas. Their extinction has been posited to be the result of hunting by recently arrived humans and/or climate change. A number of

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claws to tear apart tree branches; presumably their strength and formidable claws would be dangerous for hunters that attempted to attack them at close quarters. But fossilized evidence of humans hunting on ground sloth in

669:. Some West Indian island species were as small as a large cat; their dwarf condition typified both tropical adaptation and their restricted island environment. This small size also enabled them a degree of arboreality. 4297:

Bustos, D.; Jakeway, J.; Urban, T.M.; Holliday, V.T.; Fenerty, B.; Raichlen, D.A.; Budka, M.; Reynolds, S.C.; Allen, B.D.; Love, D.W.; Santucci, V.L.; Odess, D.; Willey, P.; McDonald, H.G.; Bennett, M.R. (2018-04-25).

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Mosimann, J.E.; Martin, P.S. (May–June 1975). "Simulating overkill by paleoindians: Did man hunt the giant mammals of the New World to extinction? Mathematical models show that the hypothesis is feasible".

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Poinar, H.N.; Hofreiter, M.; Spaulding, W.G.; Martin, P.S.; Stankiewicz, B.A.; Bland, H.; Evershed, R.P.; Possnert, G.; Pääbo, S. (1998). "Molecular coproscopy: Dung and diet of the extinct ground sloth

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allowed a dispersal of some species into North America. They were hardy as evidenced by their high species diversity and their presence in a wide variety of environments, extending from the far south of

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Like living sloths, ground sloths likely only gave birth to a single offspring at a time, with likely several years between the birth of offspring. At least some ground sloths engaged in long-term

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Yizcaino,S.F.,Zdrate, M., Bargo, M.S., & Dondas, A. 2001. Pleistocene burrows in the Mar del Plata area (Argentina) and their probable builders. - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 46, 2, 289-301

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van Geel, Bas; van Leeuwen, Jacqueline F.N.; Nooren, Kees; Mol, Dick; den Ouden, Natasja; van der Knaap, Pim W.O.; Seersholm, Frederik V.; Rey-Iglesia, Alba; Lorenzen, Eline D. (January 2022).

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Tomassini, Rodrigo L.; Montalvo, Claudia I.; Garrone, Mariana C.; Domingo, Laura; Ferigolo, Jorge; Cruz, Laura E.; Sanz-Pérez, Dánae; Fernández-Jalvo, Yolanda; Cerda, Ignacio A. (2020-07-02).

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Tomassini, Rodrigo L.; Montalvo, Claudia I.; Garrone, Mariana C.; Domingo, Laura; Ferigolo, Jorge; Cruz, Laura E.; Sanz-Pérez, Dánae; Fernández-Jalvo, Yolanda; Cerda, Ignacio A. (2020-07-02).

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Certain characteristics and behavioral traits of the ground sloths made them easy targets for human hunting and provided hunter-gatherers with strong incentives to hunt these large mammals.

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Ground sloths varied widely in size from under 100 kilograms (220 lb) in the Caribbean ground sloths, to 3,700–4,100 kilograms (8,200–9,000 lb) in the largest ground sloth genera

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skeleton dubbed the "Firelands Ground Sloth" has cut marks indicative of butchery, dating to 13,738 to 13,435 years BP. At the Santa Elina rockshelter in Mato Grosso Brazil, a specimen of

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when they could procure a young ground sloth, to raise the animal to butchering size. However, radiocarbon dates do not support simultaneous occupation of the site by humans and sloths.

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Cuvier, G. (1796). "Notice sur le squellette d'une très grande espèce de quadrupède inconnue jusqu'à présent, trouvé au Paraquay, et déposé au cabinet d'histoire naturelle de Madrid".

970:, the second radiation of ground sloths. The discovery of their fossils in caverns associated with human occupation led some early researchers to theorize that the early humans built 3299:"Paleobiology of Jefferson's Ground Sloth ( Megalonyx jeffersonii ) derived from three contemporaneous, ontogenetically distinct individuals recovered from Southwestern Iowa, U.S.A." 603:, additional lineages of sloths migrated into Central and North America. Prior to their extinction, there were over 30 living species of ground sloths across the Americas during the 2787:

Blanco, R.E.; Rinderknecht, A. (2012). "Fossil evidence of frequency range of hearing independent of body size in South American Pleistocene ground sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra)".

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was demoted in 1995 to the subfamily Scelidotheriinae within Mylodontidae. Based on collagen sequence data showing that its members are more distant from other mylodontids than

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of South America, while the continent was isolated. At their earliest appearance in the fossil record, they were already distinct at the family level. Sloths dispersed into the

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Tejada, Julia V.; Flynn, John J.; MacPhee, Ross; O’Connell, Tamsin C.; Cerling, Thure E.; Bermudez, Lizette; Capuñay, Carmen; Wallsgrove, Natalie; Popp, Brian N. (2021-10-07).

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Tejada, Julia V; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Münch, Philippe; Billet, Guillaume; Hautier, Lionel; Delsuc, Frédéric; Condamine, Fabien L (2023-12-02). Wright, April (ed.).

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Blanco, R.E.; Jones, W.W. (2014). "Estimation of hearing capabilities of Early Miocene sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Folivora) and palaeobiological implications".

652:. Some lineages of megalonychids increased in size as time progressed. The first species of these were small and may have been partly tree-dwelling, whereas the 5181: 5176: 4357:"Combination of humans, climate, and vegetation change triggered Late Quaternary megafauna extinction in the Última Esperanza region, southern Patagonia, Chile" 723:) in the late Pliocene and Pleistocene of North America, although work by McDonald lists five species. Jefferson's ground sloth has a special place in modern 1910:

Ground sloths often fed in open fields. Recent studies have attempted to discover the diet of ground sloths through fossils of their dung. Analysis of these

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Stinnesbeck, Sarah R.; Frey, Eberhard; Avilés Olguín, Jerónimo; González, Arturo González; Velázquez Morlet, Adriana; Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang (2021-11-02).

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Resar, N. A., Green, J. L., & McAfee, R. K. (2013). Reconstructing paleodiet in ground sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra) using dental microwear analysis.

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These reasonable after-the-fact inferences from the evidence might explain why ground sloths would have been easy prey for hunters, but are not certain.

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Radiocarbon dating places the disappearance of ground sloths in what is now the United States at around 11,000 years ago. The Shasta ground sloth (

3248:"Description of a fetal skeleton of the extinct sloth Nothrotherium maquinense (Xenarthra, Folivora): Ontogenetic and palaeoecological interpretations" 4894: 1817:

survived for approximately 6,000 years longer, which correlates with the fact that these islands were not colonized by humans until about 5500 yr BP.

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set out, Jefferson instructed Meriwether Lewis to keep an eye out for ground sloths. He was hoping they would find some living in the Western range.

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A number of kill sites are known for ground sloths in the Americas, these include Campo Laborde in the Pampas of Argentina, where an individual of

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preserved in New Mexico (probably dating from 10 to 15.6 thousand years ago) that appear to show a group of humans chasing or harassing three

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land bridge. With more than five tons in weight, 6 meters in length, and able to reach as high as 17 feet (5.2 m), it was larger than an

693:. An adult was found in direct association with two juveniles of different ages, suggesting that adults cared for young of different generations. 2301:"Limb bone proportions, strength and digging in some Lujanian (Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene) mylodontid ground sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra)" 1043:

is an ancestral and very plesiomorphic member of this subfamily and does not belong to the main group of closely related genera, which include

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The bodies of ground sloths were generally barrel-shaped, with a broad pelvis. Like other xenarthrans, the adult teeth of ground sloths lacked

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affected by the climate changes that others claim wiped out the ground sloths. Additionally, after the continental ground sloths disappeared,

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anteater in an upright defensive stance similar to those presumed to have been adopted by ground sloths, per trackways preserved in New Mexico

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argue that it is no coincidence that studies have shown that ground sloths disappeared from an area a few years after the arrival of humans.

367: 798:. Megatheriids appeared later in the Oligocene, some 30 million years ago, also in South America. The group includes the heavily built 648:, about 35 million years ago, in Patagonia. Megalonychids first reached North America by island-hopping, prior to the formation of the 3032:"Concurrent evidence from ichnology and anatomy: the scelidotheriine ground sloths (Xenarthra, Folivora) from the Pleistocene of Argentina" 587:. Ground sloths had dispersed into the Caribbean already by 31 million years ago, as evidenced by a femur found in Puerto Rico. During the 5092: 3897: 1781: 979: 780: 134: 5102: 3755: 5146: 4958: 4944: 4792: 4567:"New evidence for Late Pleistocene human exploitation of Jefferson's Ground Sloth ( Megalonyx jeffersonii ) from northern Ohio, USA" 4208: 3632: 905: 4890:"A new giant megatheriine ground sloth (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Megatheriidae) from the late Blancan to early Irvingtonian of Florida" 1063:

The following sloth family phylogenetic tree is based on collagen and mitochondrial DNA sequence data (see Fig. 4 of Presslee

3503:"Phylogeny, Macroevolutionary Trends and Historical Biogeography of Sloths: Insights From a Bayesian Morphological Clock Analysis" 2065: 5166: 4242: 2300: 865:, and together the two form the superfamily Megatherioidea. The most prominent members of the group are the South American genus 3944:"An Overview of the Presence of Osteoderms in Sloths: Implications for Osteoderms as a Plesiomorphic Character of the Xenarthra" 4971:

White, J.L. (1993). "Indicators of locomotor habits in Xenarthrans: Evidence for locomotor heterogeneity among fossil sloths".

2615:"Diet and environment of Mylodon darwinii based on pollen of a Late-Glacial coprolite from the Mylodon Cave in southern Chile" 5161: 4780: 4200: 3444:"Bayesian Total-Evidence Dating Revisits Sloth Phylogeny and Biogeography: A Cautionary Tale on Morphological Clock Analyses" 2060:

Fiedal, Stuart (2009). "Sudden deaths: The chronology of terminal Pleistocene megafaunal extinction". In Haynes, Gary (ed.).

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dung deposit, and seemed to be flourishing from 13,000 until 11,000 BP, when the deposition suddenly stopped. Steadman

3402:"A Paleogeographic Overview of Tropical Fossil Sloths: Towards an Understanding of the Origin of Extant Suspensory Sloths?" 5171: 2561: 956: 4853: 3889: 5156: 5151: 3861: 3771: 2128: 397: 4415:

Borrero, L.A.; Martin, F.M. (2012). "Ground sloths and humans in southern Fuego-Patagonia: Taphonomy and archaeology".

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Lopes, Renato Pereira; Frank, Heinrich Theodor; Buchmann, Francisco Sekiguchi de Carvalho; Caron, Felipe (2017-04-03).

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with fractured and burned bones associated with human activity has been dated to approximately 12,766–12,354 years BP.

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kill site being Arroyo Seco 2 in the same region, dating to approximately 14,782–11,142 cal yr BP. In northern Ohio, a

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ground sloths are relatives of the megalonychids; these two families, along with the family Nothrotheriidae, form the

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Gaudin, T.J. (1995-09-14). "The Ear Region of Edentates and the Phylogeny of the Tardigrada (Mammalia, Xenarthra)".

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Varela, Luciano; Tambusso, P Sebastián; McDonald, H Gregory; Fariña, Richard A (2019-03-01). Fieldman, Matt (ed.).

1894:, which were narrow, carved stone projectiles used specifically for big game. A couple of hundred years later, the 942: 600: 389:

even adapted for marine life along the Pacific coast of South America during the late Miocene and Pliocene epochs.

375: 2188:; MacPhee, R.D.E.; Jull, A.J.T.; McDonald, H.G.; Woods, C.A.; Iturralde-Vinent, M.; Hodgins, G.W.L. (2005-08-16). 996:

embedded within their skin, though osteoderms were only present in a handful of genera and absent in many others.

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Picture and information about a ground sloth skeleton on display at the University of Georgia's Science Library.

3683: 2576:"Tooth wear and diets of extant and fossil xenarthrans (Mammalia, Xenarthra) – Applying a new mesowear approach" 2316: 4824: 2098: 463: 3355:"Inferring differential behavior between giant ground sloth adults and juveniles through scapula morphology" 2664:"Recent Advances on Variability, Morpho-Functional Adaptations, Dental Terminology, and Evolution of Sloths" 702:, lived in the southern U.S. about 9 million years ago and is believed to have been the predecessor of 374:. Sloths, and xenarthrans as a whole, represent one of the more successful South American groups during the 4064: 1939:

suggests that the slow-moving giant sloths were likely easy prey for early humans possibly hurling spears.

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Presslee, S.; Slater, G.J.; Pujos, F.; Forasiepi, A.M.; Fischer, R.; Molloy, K.; et al. (2019).

4091: 4002: 3826: 3775: 3581: 3366: 3354: 3309: 3192: 3098: 3086: 3043: 3031: 2879: 2868:"Megaichnus igen. nov.: Giant Paleoburrows Attributed to Extinct Cenozoic Mammals from South America" 2867: 2796: 2735: 2626: 2587: 2527: 2515: 2412: 2207: 1977: 1887: 1850: 1353: 544: 1743: 438:

than on the American mainland, which correlates with the later colonization of this area by humans.

4768: 4186: 2260:"A Tale of Two Continents (and a Few Islands): Ecology and Distribution of Late Pleistocene Sloths" 2185: 1804: 1590: 947: 678: 677:, which means "giant claw", was a widespread North American genus that lived past the close of the 656:(about 5 to 2 million years ago) species were already approximately half the size of the huge 548: 4566: 3133: 4849: 4750: 4657: 4622: 4594: 4547: 4519: 4432: 4387: 4168: 4107: 3971: 3918: 3842: 3787: 3335: 3275: 3161: 3067: 2913: 2839: 2701: 2644: 2575: 2562:

Biomechanical inferences of locomotion in ground sloths: integrating morphological and track data

2401:"The hidden teeth of sloths: evolutionary vestiges and the development of a simplified dentition" 2149: 1029: 989: 421: 335: 169: 3795: 1027:, it was elevated back to full family status in 2019. Together with Mylodontidae, the enigmatic 921: 681:, when so many large mammals died out. Remains have been found as far north as Alaska and the 451: 5025: 5003: 4954: 4940: 4798: 4788: 4742: 4586: 4565:

Redmond, Brian G.; McDonald, H Gregory; Greenfield, Haskel J.; Burr, Matthew L. (March 2012).

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Politis, Gustavo G.; Messineo, Pablo G.; Stafford, Thomas W.; Lindsey, Emily L. (March 2019).

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Pujos, François; De Iuliis, Gerardo; Vilaboim Santos, Luciano; Cartelle, Cástor (2023-07-11).

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Bargo, M. Susana; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Archuby, Fernando M.; Blanco, R. Ernesto (2000-09-25).

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combined with their size and fearsome claws, provided a formidable defense against predators.

649: 4784: 4452:"Campo Laborde: A Late Pleistocene giant ground sloth kill and butchering site in the Pampas" 4190: 2021:"The Ground Sloth, Megalonyx, from Pleistocene Deposits of the Old Crow Basin, Yukon, Canada" 5066: 5017: 4988: 4903: 4734: 4649: 4578: 4539: 4487: 4471: 4424: 4379: 4327: 4319: 4152: 4099: 4036: 4018: 4010: 3955: 3834: 3779: 3647: 3589: 3514: 3473: 3455: 3413: 3374: 3317: 3259: 3218: 3200: 3145: 3106: 3051: 3002: 2986: 2947: 2895: 2887: 2831: 2804: 2759: 2743: 2683: 2675: 2662:

Pujos, François; Gaudin, Timothy J.; De Iuliis, Gerardo; Cartelle, Cástor (September 2012).

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Hautier, Lionel; Gomes Rodrigues, Helder; Billet, Guillaume; Asher, Robert J. (2016-06-14).

2354: 2312: 2271: 2225: 2215: 2141: 2069: 2032: 1985: 1617: 1563: 1434: 1020: 1014: 728: 657: 623: 604: 528: 475: 469: 393: 350: 282: 5097: 3633:"The Ground Sloth Megalonyx from Pleistocene Deposits of the Old Crow Basin, Yukon, Canada" 3502: 3087:"Life and death of the ground sloth Xibalbaonyx oviceps from the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico" 4640:

Raymond, A. (1986). "Experiments in the function and performance of the weighted atlatl".

4300:"Footprints preserve terminal Pleistocene hunt? Human-sloth interactions in North America" 3687: 2936:"Evolution of the Pedolateral Foot in Ground Sloths: Patterns of Change in the Astragalus" 1265: 858: 852: 748: 270: 3817:

Bell, C.M. (2002). "Did elephants hang from trees? - the giant sloths of South America".

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periods, up until their extinction. During the Pliocene and Pleistocene, as part of the

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are known where humans butchered ground sloths dating just prior to their extinction.

5135: 4773: 4598: 4551: 4172: 3975: 3943: 3846: 3838: 3783: 3401: 3339: 3279: 3071: 2935: 2917: 2705: 2663: 2648: 2358: 2124:"Prehistoric Sloth Extinctions in Cuba: Implications of a New 'Last' Appearance Date" 1856: 1637: 1522: 1514: 1295: 1024: 967: 862: 832: 788: 764: 567: 264: 160: 73: 5055:

and associated mammals from a cavern near Consuelo Cove, Last Hope Inlet, Patagonia"

4926: 4661: 4543: 4436: 4391: 3791: 3165: 2843: 2153: 4992: 4754: 4247: 4103: 2975:"The inner ear of Megatherium and the evolution of the vestibular system in sloths" 2724:"Isotope data from amino acids indicate Darwin's ground sloth was not an herbivore" 2639: 2614: 1891: 1793: 1544: 1375: 1367: 1091: 1039: 978:

remains like coproliths, fur and skin have been discovered in some quantities. The

963: 937: 917: 867: 810: 775: 740: 724: 515: 509: 409: 384: 320: 276: 251: 4653: 3378: 3322: 3298: 3110: 3055: 2891: 2539: 5042: 5007: 4738: 4582: 4428: 4194: 3149: 3134:"Ground sloths and humans in southern Fuego-Patagonia: taphonomy and archaeology" 2835: 2599: 1965: 1860:

is associated with hearths and stone tools, dating to 11,833–11,804 years BP. At

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The earliest unambiguous fossil evidence of ground sloths comes from the early

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Billet, G.; Germain, D.; Ruf, I.; de Muizon, C.; Hautier, L. (December 2013).

2951: 2679: 2516:"Ungual phalanges analysis in Pleistocene ground sloths (Xenarthra, Folivora)" 1927:

species. Additionally, the ground sloths' already thick hide was fortified by

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dung has remained undisturbed in some caves. One of the skeletons, found in a

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which arrived 2.2 million years ago, after crossing the recently formed

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suggests an age of between 2819 and 2660 BCE for the last occurrence of

5013: 4802: 4218: 3518: 2469:"Muzzle of South American Pleistocene ground sloths (Xenarthra, Tardigrada)" 2220: 1928: 1911: 1785: 1747: 975: 889: 885: 673: 584: 532: 435: 402: 363: 354: 342: 331: 309: 186: 153: 98: 42: 4501: 4475: 4341: 4323: 4164: 4050: 3601: 3534: 3487: 3232: 3016: 2773: 2500: 2450: 2239: 2145: 2005: 1840:

was butchered at the edge of a swamp, dating to approximately 12,600 years

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Ground sloths, which were represented by over 30 living species during the

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Twilight of the Mammoths: Ice Age extinctions and the rewilding of America

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Twilight of the Mammoths: Ice Age extinctions and the rewilding of America

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ground sloths together with their relatives the scelidotheriids form the

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dung can be found in the collections of the Smithsonian Museum. Another

455:

Size comparison of various ground sloths compared to a human, including

4518:

Bampi, Hugo; Barberi, Maira; Lima-Ribeiro, Matheus S. (December 2022).

4383: 4274:"Giant sloth vs. ancient man: fossil footprints track prehistoric hunt" 4111: 3651: 3646:(3). Calgary, Alberta: The Arctic Institute of North America: 213–220. 2688: 2484: 2467:

Bargo, M. Susana; Toledo, Néstor; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (February 2006).

2037: 2020: 1866: 1777: 1757: 1164: 1110: 1051: 984: 588: 487: 358: 346: 296: 103: 78: 5115: 4874:

Magasin encyopédique, ou Journal des Sciences, des Lettres et des Arts

3631:

McDonald, H.G.; Harington, C.R.; de Iuliis, G. (September 2000).

2990: 2424: 382:

with a number of ground sloth genera migrating northwards. One genus,

5125: 5004:"The sloths of the West Indies: a systematic and phylogenetic review" 3680: 1895: 971: 824: 645: 619: 556: 523: 519: 371: 303: 226: 216: 196: 111: 3400:

Pujos, François; De Iuliis, Gerardo; Cartelle, Cástor (March 2017).

2122:

MacPhee, R.D.E.; Iturralde-Vinent, M.A.; Vázquez, O.J. (June 2007).

843:

had five fingers, four of them with claws up to nearly a foot long.

543:

Ground sloths are generally regarded as herbivores, with some being

312:. They varied widely in size with the largest, belonging to genera 1742: 1728: 941: 768: 682: 450: 396:, abruptly became extinct on the American mainland as part of the 299: 236: 4243:"Footprints prove humans hunted giant sloths during the Ice Age" 992:". Mylodontids are the only ground sloths confirmed to have had 686: 555:

for communication. Some ground sloths are suggested to have dug

431: 413: 378:

after the connection of North and South America during the late

341:

The early evolution of ground sloths took place during the late

2564:. New Mexico Mus Nat. Hist. Sci. Bull., 42 (2007), pp. 201-208 563:

like living xenarthrans (including living sloths) is debated.

4920:

Yukon Beringia Interpretive Center – Jefferson's Ground Sloth

2062:

American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene

2019:

McDonald, H.G.; Harington, C.R.; De Iuliis, G. (2000-01-01).

4855:

Fossils: What they tell us of plants and animals of the past

904:, still had skin and hair preserved, and is now at the Yale 3862:"Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to George Herbert Sherwood" 3132:

Borrero, Luis Alberto; Martin, Fabiana María (March 2012).

2317:

10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0601:LBPSAD]2.0.CO;2

518:, with the tooth surface being composed of relatively soft 5009:

Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives

4520:"Megafauna kill sites in South America: A critical review" 1037:, the scelidotheriids form the superfamily Mylodontoidea. 988:

dung from Argentina with a note that reads "deposited by

685:. Ongoing excavations at Tarkio Valley in southwestern 5012:. Boca Raton, London, New York, and Washington, D.C.: 2514:

Patiño, Santiago J.; Fariña, Richard A. (2017-11-17).

1878:

Humans are believed to have entered the New World via

3566:

Stock, C. (29 May 1942). "A ground sloth in Alaska".

880:

The last ground sloths in North America belonging to

434:. They survived 5,000–6,000 years longer in the 1633: 1613: 1586: 1559: 1541: 1470: 1449: 1431: 1349: 1338: 1303: 1292: 1273: 1262: 1189: 1160: 1140: 1106: 1088: 3699:Semken; Brenzel (2007). "One Sloth Becomes Three". 242: 168: 34: 4951:Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. 4772: 1886:which connected Asia and North America during the 1784:) seasonally, leaving behind a massive stratified 4967:(Vol. 2). Johns Hopkins University Press, London. 4949:McKenna, Malcolm C. & Bell, Susan K. (1997): 2580:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2064:. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. 831:bull. Unlike relatives, this species retained a 755:was appropriately named after Thomas Jefferson. 696:The earliest known North American megalonychid, 5126:Western Center for Archaeology and Paleontology 5059:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 4130:"Palaeoproteomics resolves sloth relationships" 4123: 4121: 3030:Toledo, Nestor; Arregui, Mariano (2023-02-01). 2195:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 839:had four fingers with only two or three claws, 5116:Have some ground sloths survived in Argentina? 5093:Academy of Natural Sciences ground sloth page. 4410: 4408: 4236: 4234: 819:The earliest megatheriid in North America was 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 1864:in southern Chilean Patagonia, a specimen of 743:in August 1796, marked the beginning of 689:may reveal something of the familial life of 8: 4267: 4265: 3701:Newsletter of the Iowa Archeological Society 2574:Saarinen, Juha; Karme, Aleksis (June 2017). 4935:Kurtén, Björn and Anderson, Elaine (1980): 2204:United States National Academy of Sciences 125: 31: 4907: 4895:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 4888:de Iuliis, G.; Cartelle, C. (1999). 4491: 4355:Villavicencio, N.A.; et al. (2016). 4331: 4040: 4022: 3477: 3459: 3321: 3222: 3204: 3006: 2899: 2763: 2687: 2638: 2440: 2275: 2229: 2219: 2099:"Humans Drove Giant Sloths to Extinction" 2036: 420:, possibly until 1550 BCE. However, 5098:Illinois State Museum ground sloth page. 5006:. In Woods, C.A.; Sergile, F.E. (eds.). 3547:Modified from McKenna & Bell (1997) 2934:McDonald, H. Gregory (September 2012). 1947: 1776:) visited Rampart Cave (located on the 1245: Megatherioidea 861:are often associated with those of the 4251:. Society for Science & the Public 3942:McDonald, H. Gregory (December 2018). 2462: 2460: 1414: Mylodontoidea 857:Recently recognized, ground sloths of 412:, the most recent survivors, lived on 27:Diverse group of extinct sloth species 5002:White, J.L.; MacPhee, R.D.E. (2001). 4953:Columbia University Press, New York. 4939:Columbia University Press, New York. 4937:Pleistocene Mammals of North America. 4681:: Skull shape, bite forces, and diet" 4513: 4511: 3437: 3435: 3291: 3289: 2929: 2927: 2717: 2715: 2619:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 2394: 2392: 2336: 2334: 570:, with one adult (presumably female) 7: 5182:Prehistoric mammals of North America 5177:Prehistoric mammals of South America 3717:Kurtén & Anderson, 1980, p. 136. 2253: 2251: 2249: 1931:, making it difficult to penetrate. 747:paleontology in North America. When 644:ground sloths first appeared in the 4858:. New York, NY: University Society. 2258:McDonald, H. Gregory (2023-06-06). 2136:(1). College of Arts and Sciences, 1606: 1579: 1552: 1509: 1442: 1425: 1418: 1332: 1256: 1249: 1241: 1234: 1133: 1126: 1099: 1082: 1070: 835:extra claw. While other species of 5071:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1890.tb01704.x 4973:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4909:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1999.tb01383.x 4191:"Chapter 4. Ground Sloths at Home" 4084:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3898:American Museum of Natural History 3681:http://slothcentral.com/?page_id=2 3359:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3302:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2305:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1782:Lake Mead National Recreation Area 980:American Museum of Natural History 781:National Museum of Natural History 368:Cueva del Milodón Natural Monument 135:American Museum of Natural History 25: 804:(given its name 'great beast' by 4823:Naish, Darren (30 August 2012). 3839:10.1046/j.1365-2451.2002.00334.x 3784:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2005.00538.x 2359:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2005.00538.x 398:end-Pleistocene extinction event 173: 4544:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107851 2341:Naish, Darren (November 2005). 2097:Mason, Betsy (August 1, 2005). 1815:insular sloths of the Caribbean 871:, known for being aquatic, and 4993:10.1080/02724634.1993.10011502 4781:University of California Press 4201:University of California Press 4137:Nature Ecology & Evolution 4104:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011255 4065:"Scelidotheriinae, basic info" 3948:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 3860:Roosevelt, T.R. (1915-01-04). 3756:"Fossils explained 51: Sloths" 3406:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 3252:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 2940:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 2668:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 2640:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104549 2343:"Fossils explained 51: Sloths" 737:American Philosophical Society 1: 4965:Walker's Mammals of the World 4688:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 4654:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979996 3754:Naish, Darren (28 Nov 2005). 3735:De Iuliis and Cartelle (1999) 3379:10.1080/02724634.2019.1569018 3353:Grass, Andy D. (2019-01-02). 3323:10.1080/02724634.2022.2124115 3111:10.1080/08912963.2020.1819998 3056:10.1080/08912963.2022.2035379 2892:10.1080/10420940.2016.1223654 2540:10.1080/08912963.2017.1286653 1964:Stock, Chester (1942-05-29). 1844:(BP), with another potential 957:University of Texas at Austin 622:of ground sloths to multiple 4739:10.1126/science.281.5375.402 4583:10.1080/00438243.2012.647576 4429:10.1080/00438243.2012.646145 3772:Geological Society of London 3150:10.1080/00438243.2012.646145 2836:10.1080/08912963.2014.946415 2600:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.03.027 2129:Caribbean Journal of Science 884:died so recently that their 334:. Ground sloths represent a 3866:theodorerooseveltcenter.org 3594:10.1126/science.95.2474.552 2074:10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_2 1990:10.1126/science.95.2474.552 679:last (Wisconsin) glaciation 330:, being around the size of 5203: 4524:Quaternary Science Reviews 4241:Garisto, D. (2018-04-25). 4015:10.1038/s41598-020-67863-0 3870:Dickinson State University 3264:10.1007/s10914-023-09665-5 3206:10.1038/s41598-020-67863-0 2809:10.1016/j.crpv.2012.07.003 2748:10.1038/s41598-021-97996-9 1966:"A Ground Sloth in Alaska" 1012: 999:The largest mylodontid is 982:has exhibited a sample of 935: 850: 762: 633: 601:Great American Interchange 376:Great American Interchange 5121:Ground sloths in general. 5103:Ground sloths at La Brea. 4918:Harrington, C.R. (1993): 4715:Nothrotheriops shastensis 4157:10.1038/s41559-019-0909-z 3960:10.1007/s10914-017-9415-8 3917:Warren, D. (2016-05-28). 3418:10.1007/s10914-016-9330-4 2952:10.1007/s10914-011-9182-x 2680:10.1007/s10914-012-9189-y 2138:University of Puerto Rico 1937:White Sands National Park 1631: 1611: 1604: 1584: 1577: 1557: 1550: 1519: 1507: 1468: 1447: 1440: 1423: 1416: 1372: 1347: 1330: 1301: 1278:Nothrotheriops shastensis 1271: 1254: 1247: 1239: 1232: 1187: 1158: 1138: 1131: 1124: 1104: 1097: 1080: 908:. The largest samples of 618:assign more than 80 247: 170:Scientific classification 133: 124: 18:Megalonychid ground sloth 5147:Eocene first appearances 5022:10.1201/9781420039481-14 4922:. Retrieved 2008-JAN-24. 4272:Stock, M. (2018-04-25). 3825:(2): 63–66 (see p. 66). 1825:Hunting of ground sloths 1387:(three-fingered sloths) 1019:The ground sloth family 699:Pliometanastes protistus 464:Eremotherium laurillardi 5167:Pleistocene xenarthrans 5041:Woodward, A.S. (1900). 4932:. Retrieved 2008-APR-13 4825:"The anatomy of sloths" 3890:"Roosevelt Collections" 3768:Geologists' Association 2221:10.1073/pnas.0502777102 410:Caribbean ground sloths 295:are a diverse group of 4679:Megatherium americanum 4476:10.1126/sciadv.aau4546 4324:10.1126/sciadv.aar7621 3461:10.1093/sysbio/syad069 2789:Comptes Rendus Palevol 2146:10.18475/cjos.v43i1.a9 1837:Megatherium americanum 1765: 1756:dung in Rampart Cave, 1740: 1638:Glossotherium robustus 1532:(two-fingered sloths) 1308:Megatherium americanum 959: 821:Eremotherium eomigrans 784: 492: 488:Catonyx cf. C. cuvieri 482:Glossotherium robustum 458:Megatherium americanum 137:mounts of (from left) 5162:Oligocene xenarthrans 4069:PaleoBiology Database 3744:A. S. Woodward (1900) 3519:10.1093/sysbio/syy058 2473:Journal of Morphology 1746: 1732: 953:Texas Memorial Museum 945: 829:African bush elephant 772: 753:Megalonyx jeffersonii 706:. Several species of 662:Megalonyx jeffersonii 485:(E, bottom left) and 454: 5172:Pliocene xenarthrans 5043:"On some remains of 5016:. pp. 201–235. 4963:Nowak, R.M. (1999): 4925:Hogan, C.M. (2008): 4675:Bargo, M.S. (2001). 3894:amnh.org/exhibitions 3776:Blackwell Publishing 3679:Semken and Brenzel, 2277:10.3390/land12061192 1888:last glacial maximum 1851:Megalonyx jeffersoni 1354:Megalonyx jeffersoni 877:from North America. 5157:Miocene xenarthrans 5152:Mammal common names 4985:1993JVPal..13..230W 4930:, Megalithic Portal 4829:Scientific American 4731:1998Sci...281..402P 4536:2022QSRv..29807851B 4468:2019SciA....5.4546P 4376:2016Ecogr..39..125V 4316:2018SciA....4.7621B 4149:2019NatEE...3.1121P 4096:1995JVPal..15..672G 4007:2020NatSR..1010955T 3831:2002GeolT..18...63B 3586:1942Sci....95..552S 3371:2019JVPal..39E9018G 3314:2022JVPal..42E4115S 3197:2020NatSR..1010955T 3103:2021HBio...33.2610S 3048:2023HBio...35..284T 2884:2017Ichno..24..133L 2801:2012CRPal..11..549B 2740:2021NatSR..1118944T 2631:2022RPaPa.29604549V 2592:2017PPP...476...42S 2532:2017HBio...29.1065P 2417:2016NatSR...627763H 2212:2005PNAS..10211763S 1982:1942Sci....95..552S 1591:Paramylodon harlani 948:Paramylodon harlani 5187:Prehistoric sloths 4677:"The ground sloth 4615:American Scientist 4384:10.1111/ecog.01606 4203:. pp. 85–87. 3995:Scientific Reports 3923:Essays in Idleness 3919:"The ground sloth" 3686:2009-01-01 at the 3652:10.14430/arctic852 3507:Systematic Biology 3448:Systematic Biology 3185:Scientific Reports 3091:Historical Biology 3036:Historical Biology 2979:Journal of Anatomy 2824:Historical Biology 2728:Scientific Reports 2520:Historical Biology 2485:10.1002/jmor.10399 2405:Scientific Reports 2068:. pp. 21–37. 2038:10.14430/arctic852 1766: 1741: 1523:2 living spp. 1376:5 living spp. 1223:(Caribbean sloths) 1030:Pseudoprepotherium 990:Theodore Roosevelt 960: 785: 735:, read before the 493: 479:(D, middle right) 422:radiocarbon dating 336:paraphyletic group 5142:Clawed herbivores 5031:978-0-8493-2001-9 4928:Cueva del Milodon 4725:(5375): 402–406. 4642:World Archaeology 4571:World Archaeology 4417:World Archaeology 3798:on 8 October 2012 3621:Harrington (1993) 3556:J.L. White (1993) 3138:World Archaeology 3097:(11): 2610–2626. 2991:10.1111/joa.12114 2425:10.1038/srep27763 2083:978-1-4020-8792-9 1976:(2474): 552–553. 1954:C.M. Hogan (2008) 1721: 1720: 1712: 1711: 1703: 1702: 1694: 1693: 1685: 1684: 1676: 1675: 1667: 1666: 1658: 1657: 1649: 1648: 1496: 1495: 1487: 1486: 1404: 1403: 1395: 1394: 1319: 1318: 1214: 1213: 1205: 1204: 1176: 1175: 916:was excavated at 783:, Washington, DC. 650:Isthmus of Panama 491:(F, bottom right) 473:(C, middle left) 290: 289: 119: 118: 16:(Redirected from 5194: 5074: 5035: 4996: 4913: 4911: 4881: 4860: 4859: 4850:Lull, Richard S. 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4778: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4685: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4515: 4506: 4505: 4495: 4456:Science Advances 4447: 4441: 4440: 4412: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4394:. Archived from 4361: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4335: 4304:Science Advances 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4284: 4269: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4256: 4238: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4225: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4143:(7): 1121–1130. 4134: 4125: 4116: 4115: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4044: 4026: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3929: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3876: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3794:. Archived from 3751: 3745: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3727: 3726:G. Cuvier (1796) 3724: 3718: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3696: 3690: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3660: 3654:. 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McDonald 2553: 2506: 2479:(2): 248–263. 2456: 2388: 2372: 2353:(6): 232–238. 2330: 2311:(3): 601–610. 2291: 2245: 2182:Steadman, D.W. 2166: 2114: 2089: 2082: 2052: 2011: 1956: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1923: 1920: 1904: 1901: 1875: 1872: 1842:Before Present 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1799:Nothrotheriops 1772:Nothrotheriops 1752:Nothrotheriops 1726: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1518: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1454:Scelidotherium 1446: 1441: 1439: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1393: 1392: 1385: 1382: 1381: 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794: 790: 782: 778: 777: 771: 766: 765:Megatheriidae 759:Megatheriidae 758: 756: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 731:'s letter on 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 709: 705: 701: 700: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 675: 670: 668: 664: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 637: 629: 627: 625: 621: 617: 610: 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 578: 576: 573: 569: 568:parental care 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 538: 536: 534: 530: 525: 521: 517: 513: 511: 506: 505: 500: 499: 490: 489: 484: 483: 478: 477: 472: 471: 466: 465: 460: 459: 453: 446: 441: 439: 437: 433: 429: 428: 423: 419: 415: 411: 406: 404: 399: 395: 390: 388: 386: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 339: 337: 333: 329: 328: 323: 322: 317: 316: 311: 308: 305: 301: 298: 294: 293:Ground sloths 284: 280: 278: 274: 272: 268: 266: 265:Megatheriidae 262: 260: 256: 253: 249: 248: 246: 241: 238: 235: 232: 231: 228: 225: 222: 221: 218: 215: 212: 211: 208: 205: 202: 201: 198: 195: 192: 191: 188: 185: 182: 181: 176: 171: 167: 164: 162: 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