1013:. A large number of other more or less related plesiosaur fossils also show this disease in both the humerus and the femur. This is the result of ascent too quickly after a deep diving. It is nevertheless uncertain to deduce the depth to which the animal would have descended because it is also possible that the avascular necrosis would have been caused by a few very deep dives, or by a large number of relatively shallow descents. The vertebrae, however, do not show such damage, being, during the lifetime of plesiosaurs, probably protected by a superior blood supply, made possible by the
591:
4778:
1254:
4763:
152:
2754:
3865:
3207:
4771:
675:, previously unmentioned in Knight's work. However, Knight having written a considerable number of letters for many paleontologists of his time, these are then used by researchers as clues to make the reunion. It was therefore during the summer of 1996 that the type locality was finally found, corresponding to the Redwater Shale Member, located in the upper part of the Sundance formation, in the eastern
2759:
3219:
3213:
2254:
3859:
3871:
779:
607:
598:
130:
758:
stages of the Late
Jurassic. It was only in 1994 that Robert E. Weems and Robert B. Blodgett described this fossil in detail to which they referred it to the genus on the basis of comparisons made with the holotype specimen. However, as their description and comparison is only based on an isolated
695:
was exhumed and described in an article published in 2007. In 2008, it was a fully articulated and almost complete forelimb coming directly from the holotype specimen which was exhumed, and it is described in detail in 2010. Fossils coming possibly from two other specimens have also been reported.
906:. However, this classification was deliberately provisional, because the fossils were at that time unprepared to allow the specimen to have taxonomic clarification. It was in 1898 that Knight discovered that it was in fact a pliosaur, not hesitating to compare it to the
846:
published in 2009, Australian paleontologist Colin McHenry estimates the size of the animal at between 10 and 12 m (33 and 39 ft) long based on measurements of the femurs given by Knight in 1898. However, most recent estimates reduce the size of
841:
have been given throughout research. In 2006, Wahl gave the animal a length of approximately 13 m (43 ft), before the same author and his colleagues reduced its size to just 10 m (33 ft) the following year. In his
615:
511:, to which he provisionally classified it pending a more in-depth description. It was three years later, in 1898, that Knight described the specimen in more detail and erected the distinct genus
851:
to between 7.6 and 9.2 m (25 and 30 ft) long. The referred specimen from Alaska is smaller in measurement than the holotype specimen, although no estimate of its size has been given.
687:. After the rediscovery of this place, new excavations were launched in the field and additional fossils were found. About 20 m (66 ft) from the area where the first known fossils of
659:. During the collections, researchers came across a cast of the original forelimb originally discovered by Knight, the actual fossil being preserved at the Geological Museum of the
2189:
Valentin
Fischer; Michael W. Maisch; Darren Naish; Ralf Kosma; Jeff Liston; Ulrich Joger; Fritz J. Krüger; Judith Pardo Pérez; Jessica Tainsh; Robert M. Appleby (2012).
4916:
4857:
4921:
1045:) rocks of the Redwater Shale Member of the Sundance Formation. This member is about 30–60 meters (98–197 ft) thick. While mainly composed of grayish green
879:
and caudal vertebrae, a large part of the shoulder girdle and ribs, have also been lost, the only remaining descriptions of them being made by Knight in 1898.
590:
577:
thus due to the rather considerable measurements of this specimen for the time, which he judges according to his words to be "the largest known animal of the
2107:
933:, judging the holotype specimen to be non diagnostic and possibly representing a taxon better known in other localities around the world. However, the name
1993:"The occurrence of vertebrate and invertebrate fossils in a sequence stratigraphic context: The Jurassic Sundance Formation, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA"
2191:"New Ophthalmosaurid Ichthyosaurs from the European Lower Cretaceous Demonstrate Extensive Ichthyosaur Survival across the Jurassic–Cretaceous Boundary"
921:. However, Knight does not give any more precise classification of this genus. Studies published from the second half of the 20th century agree that
4844:
2288:
4931:
1678:
1105:
fossils, the temperature in the
Sundance Sea would have been 13–17 °C (55–63 °F) below and 16–20 °C (61–68 °F) above the
4777:
1645:"A revision of the classification of the Plesiosauria with a synopsis of the stratigraphical and geographical distribution of the group"
1482:
4911:
2154:
2050:
1949:
1807:
386:, the generic name literally translates to "large swimming lizard", due to the measurement of the fossils of the holotype specimen.
1860:
667:, began to take a particular interest in this taxon, which led him to open an investigation to find the location of the original
573:. Although no description of the meaning of this etymology was given in his 1898 description, Knight would likely have named the
1894:"Palaeoecology of the marine reptiles of the Redwater Shale Member of the Sundance Formation (Jurassic) of central Wyoming, USA"
1782:
1272:
809:
as the largest pliosaur to have been identified in the North
American continent of any period, but some related genera such as
719:
1345:
4926:
2145:
1708:"A juvenile plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) assemblage from the Sundance Formation (Jurassic), Natrona County, Wyoming"
1674:"The English Late Jurassic Plesiosauroidea (Reptilia) and a review of the phylogeny and classification of the Plesiosauria"
4762:
2753:
1803:"A new Cretaceous Pliosaurid (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) from the Carlile Shale (middle Turonian) of Russell County, Kansas"
1644:
1389:
708:
were made in this area over an additional period from 2009 until 2011, but these have not yet been officially described.
151:
3575:
2109:
Oxygen
Isotopic Analysis of Belemnites: Implications for Water Temperature and Life Habits in the Jurassic Sundance Sea
1992:
981:, proving that these were common food sources for marine reptiles of the Sundance Formation. Being a large pliosaurid,
2281:
1529:
394:
1208:
is the only pliosaurid identified in the
Sundance Formation. The other plesiosaurs known from this formation are the
714:
was then historically only known from
Wyoming, but another specimen referred to the genus was discovered in southern
3864:
643:
by paleontologists has generally been "forgotten", being only very briefly mentioned in 20th and early 21st century
2124:
1267:
2071:
360:
in 1895, before being given its own genus by the same author in 1898. The only species identified to date is
4770:
3870:
664:
563:
2758:
4797:
3218:
3212:
2274:
648:
3206:
4883:
3858:
1074:
722:
received two bone fragments from a certain Jack Mason. These two bone fragments were collected from the
660:
644:
520:
464:
440:
357:
252:
3079:
2553:
1673:
1524:
3065:
2204:
2059:
2007:
997:
marks on the bones of one of its flippers, although their origins have not been formally determined.
969:
bones. Similar stomach contents have also been documented in other contemporary plesiosaurs, such as
926:
335:
279:
256:
1937:
1851:
4835:
3149:
2373:
2258:
1898:
1259:
986:
766:, the authors being uncertain as to whether the specimen would belong to another species or to the
2703:
750:
unit to which this specimen was discovered corresponds to the Snug Harbor
Siltstone Member of the
4463:
3686:
2675:
2546:
2171:
2144:
F. Robin O'Keefe; Hallie P. Street; Benjamin C. Wilhelm; Courtney D. Richards; Helen Zhu (2011).
2116:
2083:
2075:
2023:
1966:
1915:
1832:
1824:
1496:
1450:
1062:
1010:
876:
872:
656:
367:
289:
146:
4888:
2538:
1778:: a newly recognized occurrence in the Upper Jurassic Naknek Formation of the Alaska Peninsula"
701:
431:, although it is not excluded that it would have attacked and fed on contemporary plesiosaurs.
4870:
4862:
3658:
3349:
2821:
2567:
2499:
2232:
1442:
1425:
1038:
811:
680:
485:
328:
45:
4875:
4638:
4563:
4337:
3767:
3651:
3495:
3428:
3311:
2982:
2909:
2873:
2222:
2212:
2163:
2067:
2015:
1958:
1907:
1816:
1585:
1486:
1434:
937:
is still preserved in studies published subsequently, without mentioning McHenry's opinion.
900:
816:
751:
727:
490:
375:
483:. The same year, Knight formalized his discovery via an announcement that was published by
4702:
4495:
4393:
4328:
4310:
4255:
4218:
4017:
3928:
3732:
3705:
3607:
3509:
3467:
3086:
2859:
2789:
2776:
2725:
2696:
2528:
2517:
2509:
2479:
1228:
1187:
1070:
676:
652:
578:
476:
1479:
Devourer of Gods: The palaeoecology of the
Cretaceous pliosaur Kronosaurus queenslandicus
1097:
was alive, most of the
Sundance Sea was less than 40 meters (130 ft) deep. Based on
489:, where he briefly described certain fossils. As the fossils were not exhumed from their
2208:
2063:
2011:
4693:
4667:
4653:
4596:
4585:
4533:
4484:
4407:
4379:
4227:
4200:
4115:
3999:
3976:
3904:
3808:
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3739:
3718:
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3623:
3554:
3540:
3520:
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3421:
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3400:
3328:
3292:
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3101:
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2916:
2902:
2624:
2227:
2190:
1554:
1201:
1042:
903:
668:
627:
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4289:
4282:
4273:
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4103:
4048:
4026:
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1802:
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339:
206:
87:
41:
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1970:
1454:
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4556:
4549:
4456:
4428:
4186:
4162:
4154:
4139:
4124:
4082:
4033:
3985:
3965:
3937:
3888:
3826:
3801:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3725:
3616:
3547:
3488:
3460:
3440:
3414:
3393:
3342:
3335:
3320:
3263:
3163:
3008:
2944:
2888:
2851:
2810:
2710:
2682:
2599:
1297:
1209:
1148:
1125:
1066:
767:
755:
747:
723:
416:
366:, known from several specimens identified in the Redwater Shale Member, within the
332:
264:
232:
49:
17:
2217:
2167:
1820:
4829:
4723:
4681:
4609:
4578:
4508:
4470:
4435:
4414:
4344:
4303:
4296:
4262:
4131:
4095:
3958:
3637:
3568:
3533:
3364:
3156:
3142:
3072:
3058:
3017:
2830:
2689:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2640:
2586:
2471:
2342:
1611:
1224:
1219:
1184:
1106:
977:
917:
833:
778:
697:
407:
62:
4820:
2253:
1438:
493:
at the time of publication of his announcement, Knight was uncertain about the
4674:
4646:
4515:
4442:
4351:
4193:
4068:
4040:
4006:
3951:
3794:
3596:
3589:
3474:
3386:
3379:
3371:
3285:
3277:
3249:
3236:
3174:
3128:
3121:
3024:
2880:
2803:
2487:
2358:
2327:
1911:
1249:
1234:
1213:
1172:
1086:
1082:
971:
962:
911:
907:
864:
798:
424:
219:
107:
72:
4730:
4716:
4449:
3787:
2969:
2837:
1102:
1054:
1050:
828:
691:
were discovered, a large bone fragment probably coming from the shoulder or
163:
129:
112:
56:
2236:
1446:
1204:
are uncommon, but are represented by four species. Of all the plesiosaurs,
1491:
704:(upper limb bone), cataloged as WDC SS019. Other fossil finds referred to
655:
planned to create an exhibit showcasing marine reptiles discovered in the
4814:
4207:
3453:
2633:
2613:
2606:
2321:
2195:
2019:
1962:
1191:
1180:
1160:
1156:
1144:
1137:
1133:
990:
824:
795:
731:
636:
472:
452:
448:
398:
324:
183:
138:
102:
97:
82:
77:
67:
1892:
Judy A. Massare; William R. Wahl; Mike Ross; Melissa V. Connely (2014).
1828:
1746:(Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Jurassic Sundance Formation, Wyoming"
4849:
3644:
3630:
2647:
2333:
2079:
1168:
1152:
1129:
1121:
1098:
1090:
1058:
993:. A juvenile plesiosaur fossil identified in this formation also shows
959:
951:
763:
739:
630:
of the taxon, while the gray point shows that of the referred specimen.
498:
456:
420:
371:
347:
317:
193:
117:
92:
985:
would likely have fed on other contemporary plesiosaurs, particularly
2315:
1164:
1078:
1014:
843:
735:
715:
623:
444:
379:
173:
4791:
1801:
Bruce A. Schumacher; Kenneth Carpenter; Michael J. Everhart (2013).
1773:
1423:
Wilbur C. Knight (1895). "A new Jurassic plesiosaur from Wyoming".
1223:. Besides plesiosaurs, marine reptiles are also represented by the
925:
would most likely be a pliosaurid. In 2009, McHenry questioned the
4421:
1117:
1046:
868:
820:
777:
574:
570:
494:
480:
320:
2046:"Decompression syndrome in plesiosaurs (Sauropterygia: Reptilia)"
663:. Based on this same casting, paleontologist William Wahl of the
411:
fossils in 1930. Based on comparisons made with other pliosaurs,
2266:
1991:
Sharon K. McMullen; Steven M. Holland; F. Robin O'Keefe (2014).
1176:
1140:
994:
966:
743:
428:
4795:
3886:
3234:
2774:
2428:
2308:
2270:
1942:, with comments on the taxonomic status of the Cimoliasauridae"
871:
materials being known. In addition, additional parts including
863:
is only known from the holotype specimen and concerns only the
1242:, the most abundant marine reptile of the Sundance Formation.
626:
have been discovered. The red point shows the location of the
468:
1931:
1929:
887:
When Knight made the discovery of the first known fossils of
557:
551:
545:
539:
533:
527:
401:. As its name suggests, the genus was considered the largest
2039:
2037:
1061:
of marine life. The Sundance Formation represents a shallow
2072:
10.1671/0272-4634(2003)023[0324:DSIPSR]2.0.CO;2
1605:
1603:
891:
official in 1895, they were first classified in the genus
1767:
1765:
1763:
1679:
Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology
837:
were described in 1930. Several estimates of the size of
497:
positioning of the specimen. He therefore erected a new
389:
Estimated to be around 7–9 metres (23–30 ft) long,
2139:
2137:
1128:
are known from the Sundance Formation, represented by
463:. The discovery consists of a specimen, cataloged as
1740:
William R. Wahl; Judy A. Massare; Mike Ross (2010).
1616:
from the Upper Jurassic Sundance Formation, Wyoming"
1388:
William R. Wahl; Mike Ross; Judy A. Massare (2007).
679:. This precise part of the formation dates from the
475:, two more or less partial flippers and part of the
4804:
4692:
4595:
4532:
4494:
4377:
4327:
4272:
4245:
4217:
4172:
4114:
4081:
4066:
4016:
3975:
3927:
3903:
3825:
3777:
3704:
3606:
3519:
3439:
3310:
3247:
3173:
3100:
3034:
3007:
2968:
2820:
2787:
2724:
2623:
2585:
2527:
2498:
2441:
2388:
2357:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1112:The paleobiota of the Sundance Formation includes
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1291:According to Knight, some anatomical elements of
2146:"A new skeleton of the cryptoclidid plesiosaur
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1555:"Ben Creisler's Plesiosaur Pronunciation Guide"
1383:
1381:
1379:
700:, cataloged as UW 24238, while the second is a
639:found elsewhere in the world, the attention of
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
718:. It was in June 1922 that W. R. Smith of the
397:known North American pliosaur dating from the
374:, United States. A specimen discovered in the
2282:
2150:reveals a novel body shape among plesiosaurs"
2044:Bruce M. Rothschild; Glenn W. Storrs (2003).
1638:
1636:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
8:
2101:
2099:
2097:
1772:Robert E. Weems; Robert B. Blodgett (1994).
1667:
1665:
1612:"Current taxonomic status of the plesiosaur
1525:"Some new Jurassic vertebrates from Wyoming"
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1418:
1416:
1414:
823:was even considered to be the largest known
1938:"Osteology Of The cryptoclidoid plesiosaur
1936:F. Robin O'Keefe; Hallie P. Street (2009).
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1610:F. Robin O’Keefe; William Wahl Jr. (2003).
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1346:"The Largest Pliosaurid from North America"
1155:. The mollusks include cephalopods such as
742:, which would subsequently be cataloged as
4792:
4601:
4500:
4385:
4324:
4178:
4087:
4078:
4074:
3909:
3900:
3896:
3883:
3710:
3525:
3445:
3255:
3244:
3231:
3106:
2974:
2795:
2784:
2771:
2591:
2449:
2438:
2425:
2385:
2363:
2354:
2305:
2289:
2275:
2267:
479:, from a specimen that would have reached
447:of a partially articulated but incomplete
128:
31:
2226:
2216:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1490:
1057:, the former layers containing plentiful
515:to include it, the species thus becoming
1742:"New material from the type specimen of
1339:
1337:
1085:, this sea spanned inland southwards to
805:. Most studies and descriptions qualify
754:, dating from between the Oxfordian and
405:identified before the discovery of some
4917:Late Jurassic reptiles of North America
1856: : A Gigantic Cretaceous Pliosaur"
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1284:
827:in the world until some fossils of the
1179:from the formation are represented by
1021:, large openings in their lower face.
759:humerus, they refer it under the name
606:
597:
382:was referred to the genus in 1994. In
346:. It was provisionally described as a
4922:Jurassic plesiosaurs of North America
2115:(Thesis). Gustavus Adolphus College.
1017:penetrating the bone through the two
954:contents of the holotype specimen of
7:
635:Due to the discovery of other large
1394:site: new material from an old pit"
965:as well as a few rare fragments of
2155:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2051:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1950:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1808:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1009:holotype specimen are affected by
25:
27:Extinct genus of marines reptiles
4776:
4769:
4761:
3869:
3863:
3857:
3217:
3211:
3205:
2757:
2752:
2252:
1861:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
1390:"Rediscovery of Wilbur Knight's
1252:
1081:, where it was connected to the
605:
596:
589:
150:
1783:U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin
1273:Timeline of plesiosaur research
1049:, it also has layers of yellow
859:The majority of the anatomy of
720:United States Geological Survey
1120:, in addition to a variety of
819:, are of comparable size. The
619:Various localities from where
455:near the small town of Ervey,
1:
4932:Fossil taxa described in 1898
958:contain numerous hooklets of
2218:10.1371/journal.pone.0029234
2168:10.1080/02724634.2011.550365
1821:10.1080/02724634.2013.722576
1652:Lunds Universitets Arsskrift
899:currently classified in the
558:
546:
534:
523:is formed from the words in
423:contents, the animal fed on
137:Illustration of some of the
1530:American Journal of Science
1483:The University of Newcastle
550:, "swimmer") prefixed onto
4948:
1854:Kronosaurus queenslandicus
1850:Albert H. Longman (1930).
1439:10.1126/science.2.40.449.a
1295:are comparable to that of
552:
540:
528:
4912:Late Jurassic plesiosaurs
4758:
4604:
4503:
4388:
4181:
4090:
4077:
3912:
3899:
3895:
3882:
3855:
3713:
3528:
3448:
3258:
3243:
3230:
3203:
3109:
2977:
2798:
2783:
2770:
2750:
2594:
2452:
2437:
2424:
2384:
2366:
2353:
2304:
1912:10.1017/S0016756813000472
1523:Wilbur C. Knight (1898).
1477:Colin R. McHenry (2009).
1268:List of plesiosaur genera
696:The first is an isolated
415:is generally viewed as a
295:
288:
270:
263:
147:Scientific classification
145:
136:
127:
34:
1706:William R. Wahl (2006).
1643:Per Ove Persson (1963).
867:parts of the animal, no
1672:David S. Brown (1981).
738:ends of the same large
665:Wyoming Dinosaur Center
443:discovered and exhumed
2148:Tatenectes laramiensis
1940:Tatenectes laramiensis
783:
649:Tate Geological Museum
467:4602, which preserves
327:that lived during the
4927:Sauropterygian genera
4884:Paleobiology Database
2106:Amanda Adams (2013).
1553:Ben Creisler (2012).
1075:Northwest Territories
1019:foramina subcentralia
781:
730:, and consist of the
661:University of Wyoming
645:scientific literature
441:Wilbur Clinton Knight
358:Wilbur Clinton Knight
2020:10.2110/pal.2013.132
1963:10.1671/039.029.0118
1614:Pantosaurus striatus
1089:and eastward to the
616:class=notpageimage|
2209:2012PLoSO...729234F
2064:2003JVPal..23..324R
2012:2014Palai..29..277M
1899:Geological Magazine
1260:Paleontology portal
1005:Both humeri of the
439:In 1895, geologist
4464:Plesioelasmosaurus
3687:Stenorhynchosaurus
2676:Protenodontosaurus
2547:Largocephalosaurus
1744:Megalneusaurus rex
1392:Megalneusaurus rex
1101:isotope ratios in
1063:epicontinental sea
1011:avascular necrosis
815:, dating from the
784:
657:Sundance Formation
368:Sundance Formation
273:Megalneusaurus rex
18:Megalneusaurus rex
4899:
4898:
4871:Open Tree of Life
4798:Taxon identifiers
4789:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4057:
3878:
3877:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3659:Megacephalosaurus
3350:Bishanopliosaurus
3226:
3225:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3096:
3095:
3080:Proneusticosaurus
2822:Pachypleurosauria
2766:
2765:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2720:
2719:
2568:Sinosaurosphargis
2500:Helveticosauridae
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
812:Megacephalosaurus
726:, located on the
562:, "lizard"). The
491:geological matrix
356:by the geologist
309:
308:
299:Cimoliosaurus rex
259:
16:(Redirected from
4939:
4892:
4891:
4879:
4878:
4866:
4865:
4853:
4852:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4793:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4766:
4765:
4639:Hydrotherosaurus
4602:
4564:Hydrotherosaurus
4501:
4386:
4338:Dolichorhynchops
4325:
4179:
4088:
4079:
4075:
3910:
3901:
3897:
3884:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3768:Westphaliasaurus
3711:
3526:
3496:Pachycostasaurus
3446:
3429:Yuzhoupliosaurus
3312:Rhomaleosauridae
3256:
3245:
3232:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3107:
2983:Brevicaudosaurus
2975:
2910:Majiashanosaurus
2874:Dianopachysaurus
2796:
2785:
2772:
2761:
2756:
2592:
2554:Prosaurosphargis
2450:
2439:
2426:
2386:
2364:
2355:
2348:
2347:
2306:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2268:
2257:Data related to
2256:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2220:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2141:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2123:. Archived from
2114:
2103:
2092:
2091:
2041:
2032:
2031:
1997:
1988:
1975:
1974:
1946:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1889:
1870:
1869:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1774:"The pliosaurid
1769:
1758:
1757:
1737:
1720:
1719:
1703:
1688:
1687:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1620:
1607:
1598:
1597:
1582:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1559:Oceans of Kansas
1550:
1539:
1538:
1520:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1474:
1459:
1458:
1420:
1409:
1408:
1398:
1385:
1354:
1353:
1341:
1302:
1289:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1159:and belemnites,
817:Upper Cretaceous
752:Naknek Formation
728:Alaska Peninsula
609:
608:
600:
599:
593:
569:means "king" in
561:
555:
554:
549:
543:
542:
537:
531:
530:
486:Science Magazine
435:Research history
376:Naknek Formation
303:
251:
244:
231:
218:
205:
155:
154:
132:
122:
59:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4887:
4882:
4874:
4869:
4861:
4856:
4848:
4843:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4800:
4790:
4781:
4768:
4760:
4736:
4703:Alexandronectes
4688:
4591:
4528:
4496:Euelasmosaurida
4490:
4394:Callawayasaurus
4382:
4357:
4329:Dolichorhynchia
4323:
4311:Serpentisuchops
4268:
4256:Plesiopleurodon
4241:
4219:Palmulasaurinae
4213:
4168:
4110:
4071:
4054:
4018:Muraenosaurinae
4012:
3971:
3929:Colymbosaurinae
3923:
3891:
3874:
3841:
3821:
3773:
3733:Franconiasaurus
3706:Plesiosauroidea
3692:
3608:Brachaucheninae
3602:
3515:
3510:Thalassiodracon
3468:Attenborosaurus
3435:
3306:
3252:
3239:
3222:
3189:
3169:
3092:
3087:Silvestrosaurus
3066:Metanothosaurus
3030:
3003:
2964:
2860:Diandongosaurus
2816:
2792:
2790:Eosauropterygia
2779:
2777:Eosauropterygia
2762:
2740:
2726:Eosauropterygia
2716:
2697:Psephosauriscus
2619:
2581:
2529:Saurosphargidae
2523:
2518:Helveticosaurus
2510:Eusaurosphargis
2494:
2480:Pomolispondylus
2446:
2433:
2404:
2380:
2349:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2295:
2249:
2244:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2143:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2112:
2105:
2104:
2095:
2043:
2042:
2035:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1978:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1891:
1890:
1873:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1771:
1770:
1761:
1739:
1738:
1723:
1705:
1704:
1691:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1584:
1583:
1572:
1563:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1542:
1522:
1521:
1508:
1476:
1475:
1462:
1422:
1421:
1412:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1357:
1344:Dean R. Lomax.
1343:
1342:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1232:(or, possibly,
1229:Ophthalmosaurus
1202:Marine reptiles
1188:chondrichthyans
1037:comes from the
1032:
1027:
1003:
948:
943:
885:
857:
794:is the largest
789:
776:
677:Rocky Mountains
647:. In 1995, the
633:
632:
631:
618:
612:
611:
610:
602:
601:
538:, "great") and
477:shoulder girdle
437:
342:in what is now
301:
284:
283:
276:
250:
242:
229:
216:
203:
149:
123:
121:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
54:
53:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4945:
4943:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4904:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4880:
4867:
4854:
4841:
4836:Megalneusaurus
4826:
4810:
4808:
4806:Megalneusaurus
4802:
4801:
4796:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4698:
4696:
4694:Aristonectinae
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4678:
4671:
4668:Tuarangisaurus
4664:
4657:
4654:Marambionectes
4650:
4643:
4635:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4605:
4599:
4597:Weddellonectia
4593:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4586:Terminonatator
4582:
4575:
4568:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4538:
4536:
4534:Elasmosaurinae
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4485:Woolungasaurus
4481:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4408:Eromangasaurus
4404:
4397:
4389:
4383:
4380:Elasmosauridae
4378:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4333:
4331:
4322:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4278:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4259:
4251:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4232:
4228:Pahasapasaurus
4223:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4204:
4201:Mauriciosaurus
4197:
4190:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4159:
4151:
4143:
4136:
4128:
4120:
4118:
4116:Leptocleididae
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4100:
4091:
4085:
4072:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4045:
4037:
4030:
4022:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4003:
4000:Ophthalmothule
3996:
3989:
3981:
3979:
3977:Cryptoclidinae
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3933:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3913:
3907:
3905:Cryptoclididae
3893:
3892:
3887:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3831:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3812:
3809:Occitanosaurus
3805:
3798:
3791:
3783:
3781:
3779:Microcleididae
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3740:Leurospondylus
3736:
3729:
3722:
3719:Eoplesiosaurus
3714:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3666:Monquirasaurus
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3624:Brachauchenius
3620:
3612:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3572:
3565:
3562:Megalneusaurus
3558:
3555:Lorrainosaurus
3551:
3544:
3541:Gallardosaurus
3537:
3529:
3523:
3521:Thalassophonea
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3503:Rhaeticosaurus
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3425:
3422:Thaumatodracon
3418:
3411:
3408:Sthenarosaurus
3404:
3401:Rhomaleosaurus
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3329:Archaeonectrus
3325:
3316:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3296:
3293:Sinopliosaurus
3289:
3282:
3274:
3271:Bathyspondylus
3267:
3259:
3253:
3248:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3110:
3104:
3102:Pistosauroidea
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3021:
3013:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2998:Sanchiaosaurus
2994:
2990:Hispaniasaurus
2986:
2978:
2972:
2970:Nothosauroidea
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2952:Serpianosaurus
2948:
2941:
2934:
2931:Prosantosaurus
2927:
2924:Odoiporosaurus
2920:
2917:Neusticosaurus
2913:
2906:
2903:Luopingosaurus
2899:
2892:
2885:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2826:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2799:
2793:
2788:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2629:
2627:
2625:Cyamodontoidea
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2534:
2532:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2505:
2503:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2461:
2453:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2367:
2361:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2309:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2263:at Wikispecies
2260:Megalneusaurus
2248:
2247:External links
2245:
2243:
2242:
2181:
2162:(2): 330–339.
2133:
2130:on 2020-02-16.
2093:
2033:
2006:(6): 277–294.
1976:
1925:
1906:(1): 167–182.
1871:
1842:
1815:(3): 613–628.
1793:
1776:Megalneusaurus
1759:
1721:
1689:
1661:
1632:
1599:
1588:Megalneusaurus
1570:
1540:
1537:(27): 378–381.
1506:
1492:1959.13/935911
1460:
1410:
1355:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1293:Megalneusaurus
1283:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1247:
1244:
1206:Megalneusaurus
1149:malacostracans
1114:foraminiferans
1095:Megalneusaurus
1043:Upper Jurassic
1035:Megalneusaurus
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1002:
1001:Paleopathology
999:
983:Megalneusaurus
947:
944:
942:
939:
935:Megalneusaurus
931:Megalneusaurus
923:Megalneusaurus
904:Elasmosauridae
889:Megalneusaurus
884:
883:Classification
881:
861:Megalneusaurus
856:
853:
849:Megalneusaurus
839:Megalneusaurus
807:Megalneusaurus
801:identified in
792:Megalneusaurus
788:
785:
775:
772:
761:Megalneusaurus
712:Megalneusaurus
706:Megalneusaurus
689:Megalneusaurus
673:Megalneusaurus
641:Megalneusaurus
621:Megalneusaurus
614:
613:
604:
603:
595:
594:
588:
587:
586:
513:Megalneusaurus
436:
433:
413:Megalneusaurus
403:sauropterygian
391:Megalneusaurus
313:Megalneusaurus
307:
306:
305:
304:
293:
292:
286:
285:
277:
268:
267:
261:
260:
247:Megalneusaurus
240:
236:
235:
227:
223:
222:
214:
210:
209:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
143:
142:
134:
133:
125:
124:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
60:
39:
36:Megalneusaurus
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4944:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4890:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4846:
4842:
4837:
4831:
4827:
4822:
4816:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4794:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4764:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4617:Chubutinectes
4614:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4543:Albertonectes
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4523:Thalassomedon
4520:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4478:Wapuskanectes
4475:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4401:Cimoliasaurus
4398:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4376:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4318:Trinacromerum
4315:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4290:Georgiasaurus
4287:
4285:
4284:
4283:Eopolycotylus
4280:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4274:Polycotylinae
4271:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4247:Occultonectia
4244:
4238:
4237:
4236:Palmulasaurus
4233:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4174:Polycotylidae
4171:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4147:Nichollssaura
4144:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4105:
4104:Nichollssaura
4101:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4065:
4051:
4050:
4049:Vinialesaurus
4046:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4027:Muraenosaurus
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3993:Kimmerosaurus
3990:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3945:Colymbosaurus
3942:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3918:Opallionectes
3915:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3872:
3868:
3866:
3860:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3816:Seeleyosaurus
3813:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3680:Sachicasaurus
3677:
3675:
3674:
3673:Polyptychodon
3670:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3482:Hauffiosaurus
3479:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3358:Borealonectes
3355:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3301:
3300:Termatosaurus
3297:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3208:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3150:Tanaisosaurus
3147:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3136:Kwangsisaurus
3133:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3115:Augustasaurus
3112:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3052:Germanosaurus
3049:
3047:
3046:
3045:Ceresiosaurus
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3036:Nothosauridae
3033:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2959:Wumengosaurus
2956:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2938:Panzhousaurus
2935:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2896:Keichousaurus
2893:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2867:Dianmeisaurus
2864:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2845:Dactylosaurus
2842:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2760:
2755:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2576:
2575:Stauromatodon
2572:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2561:Saurosphargis
2558:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2465:Atopodentatus
2462:
2460:
2459:
2458:Alexeyisaurus
2455:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2444:Sauropterygia
2440:
2436:
2432:
2431:Sauropterygia
2427:
2423:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2390:Sauropterygia
2387:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2298:Sauropterygia
2292:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2203:(1): e29234.
2202:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2110:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1941:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:(4): 170–180.
1755:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:(4): 255–261.
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:(4): 253–347.
1685:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1210:cryptoclidids
1207:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1197:Pholidophorus
1193:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1126:invertebrates
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1065:known as the
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1000:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
979:
974:
973:
968:
964:
961:
957:
953:
945:
940:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
919:
914:
913:
909:
905:
902:
898:
897:plesiosauroid
894:
893:Cimoliosaurus
890:
882:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
854:
852:
850:
845:
840:
836:
835:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:
808:
804:
803:North America
800:
797:
793:
786:
780:
773:
771:
769:
765:
762:
757:
753:
749:
748:stratigraphic
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
724:Kejulik River
721:
717:
713:
709:
707:
703:
699:
694:
693:pelvic girdle
690:
686:
685:Late Jurassic
683:stage of the
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:type locality
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
629:
628:type locality
625:
622:
617:
592:
585:
583:
582:Sauropterygia
580:
576:
572:
568:
565:
564:specific name
560:
548:
536:
526:
525:Ancient Greek
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:
504:Cimoliosaurus
500:
496:
492:
488:
487:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
461:United States
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
434:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
384:Ancient Greek
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:
359:
355:
354:
353:Cimoliosaurus
349:
345:
344:North America
341:
340:Late Jurassic
337:
334:
330:
326:
322:
319:
315:
314:
300:
297:
296:
294:
291:
287:
281:
275:
274:
269:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
248:
241:
238:
237:
234:
228:
225:
224:
221:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:Sauropterygia
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
153:
148:
144:
140:
135:
131:
126:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
58:
55:160–150
51:
47:
43:
42:Late Jurassic
37:
33:
30:
19:
4805:
4767:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4710:Aristonectes
4708:
4701:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4661:Morenosaurus
4659:
4652:
4645:
4637:
4631:Fresnosaurus
4629:
4624:Futabasaurus
4622:
4615:
4608:
4584:
4577:
4572:Nakonanectes
4570:
4562:
4557:Fluvionectes
4555:
4550:Elasmosaurus
4548:
4541:
4521:
4514:
4507:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4457:Orophosaurus
4455:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4429:Lagenanectes
4427:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4261:
4254:
4234:
4226:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4187:Edgarosaurus
4185:
4163:Vectocleidus
4161:
4155:Umoonasaurus
4153:
4145:
4140:Leptocleidus
4138:
4130:
4125:Brancasaurus
4123:
4102:
4094:
4083:Leptocleidia
4047:
4039:
4034:Picrocleidus
4032:
4025:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3986:Cryptoclidus
3984:
3966:Spitrasaurus
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3938:Abyssosaurus
3936:
3916:
3889:Cryptoclidia
3862:
3827:Cryptoclidia
3814:
3807:
3802:Microcleidus
3800:
3793:
3786:
3766:
3761:Plesiosaurus
3759:
3754:Plesiopterys
3752:
3747:Plesiopharos
3745:
3738:
3731:
3726:Eretmosaurus
3724:
3717:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3617:Acostasaurus
3615:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3548:Liopleurodon
3546:
3539:
3532:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3489:Marmornectes
3487:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3461:Arminisaurus
3459:
3452:
3441:Pliosauridae
3427:
3420:
3415:Stratesaurus
3413:
3406:
3399:
3394:Meyerasaurus
3392:
3385:
3378:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3343:Avalonnectes
3341:
3336:Atychodracon
3334:
3327:
3321:Anningasaura
3319:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3276:
3269:
3264:Anningasaura
3262:
3250:Plesiosauria
3237:Plesiosauria
3210:
3175:Plesiosauria
3164:Yunguisaurus
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3023:
3016:
3009:Simosauridae
2996:
2988:
2981:
2957:
2950:
2945:Qianxisaurus
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2889:Honghesaurus
2887:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2852:Dawazisaurus
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2811:Cymatosaurus
2809:
2802:
2711:Sinocyamodus
2709:
2704:Psephosaurus
2702:
2695:
2688:
2683:Psephochelys
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2612:
2605:
2600:Paraplacodus
2598:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2537:
2516:
2508:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2338:
2259:
2200:
2194:
2184:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2125:the original
2108:
2055:
2049:
2003:
1999:
1957:(1): 48–57.
1954:
1948:
1939:
1903:
1897:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1845:
1812:
1806:
1796:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1715:
1711:
1683:
1677:
1655:
1651:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1593:
1587:
1562:. Retrieved
1558:
1534:
1528:
1478:
1430:
1424:
1407:(2): 94–104.
1404:
1400:
1391:
1349:
1298:Plesiosaurus
1296:
1292:
1287:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1218:
1212:
1205:
1195:
1185:neoselachian
1111:
1094:
1067:Sundance Sea
1034:
1033:
1025:Paleoecology
1018:
1006:
1004:
982:
976:
970:
955:
949:
941:Paleobiology
934:
930:
922:
916:
910:
892:
888:
886:
860:
858:
848:
838:
832:
810:
806:
791:
790:
768:type species
760:
756:Kimmeridgian
746:418489. The
711:
710:
705:
688:
672:
640:
634:
620:
566:
521:generic name
516:
512:
508:
502:
484:
438:
412:
406:
390:
388:
378:in southern
362:
361:
351:
333:Kimmeridgian
312:
311:
310:
302:Knight, 1895
298:
272:
271:
265:Type species
246:
245:
233:Pliosauridae
220:Plesiosauria
200:Superorder:
50:Kimmeridgian
35:
29:
4830:Wikispecies
4724:Morturneria
4682:Zarafasaura
4610:Aphrosaurus
4579:Styxosaurus
4509:Cardiocorax
4471:Scanisaurus
4436:Leivanectes
4415:Goniosaurus
4345:Martinectes
4304:Scalamagnus
4297:Polycotylus
4263:Sulcusuchus
4132:Hastanectes
4096:Hastanectes
3959:Pantosaurus
3638:Kronosaurus
3569:Peloneustes
3534:Eardasaurus
3365:Eurycleidus
3157:Wangosaurus
3143:Pistosaurus
3073:Nothosaurus
3059:Lariosaurus
3018:Paludidraco
2831:Anarosaurus
2690:Psephoderma
2669:Placochelys
2662:Parahenodus
2655:Macroplacus
2641:Glyphoderma
2587:Placodontia
2472:Palatodonta
2343:Neodiapsida
1629:(2): 37–46.
1433:(40): 449.
1350:PaleoNature
1225:ichthyosaur
1220:Pantosaurus
1194:(including
1190:as well as
1107:thermocline
1069:. From the
978:Pantosaurus
963:cephalopods
918:Peloneustes
908:pliosaurids
865:postcranial
834:Kronosaurus
831:pliosaurid
782:Restoration
774:Description
698:neural arch
425:cephalopods
419:. Based on
408:Kronosaurus
4906:Categories
4675:Vegasaurus
4647:Kawanectes
4516:Libonectes
4443:Mauisaurus
4352:Unktaheela
4194:Manemergus
4069:Xenopsaria
4041:Tricleidus
4007:Tatenectes
3952:Djupedalia
3836:see below↓
3795:Lusonectes
3597:Simolestes
3590:Pliosaurus
3578:Pliosaurus
3475:Cryonectes
3387:Maresaurus
3380:Macroplata
3372:Lindwurmia
3286:Lindwurmia
3278:Bobosaurus
3184:see below↓
3129:Chinchenia
3122:Bobosaurus
3025:Simosaurus
2881:Hanosaurus
2804:Corosaurus
2735:see below↓
2488:Hanosaurus
2399:see below↓
2374:Sauropsida
2359:Sauropsida
2332:Subclass:
2328:Sauropsida
1790:: 169–175.
1750:Paludicola
1712:Paludicola
1658:(1): 1–59.
1623:Paludicola
1564:2021-06-26
1401:Paludicola
1309:References
1235:Baptanodon
1214:Tatenectes
1173:gastropods
1087:New Mexico
1083:open ocean
972:Tatenectes
912:Pliosaurus
855:Morphology
829:Australian
799:pliosaurid
417:pliosaurid
4731:Wunyelfia
4717:Kaiwhekea
4450:Ogmodirus
3788:Hydrorion
2838:Chusaurus
2539:Hemilopas
2314:Kingdom:
2121:132913195
2028:126843460
1920:129170002
1837:130165209
1594:Paleofile
1501:132852950
1157:ammonites
1145:ostracods
1134:echinoids
1103:belemnite
1055:sandstone
1051:limestone
1039:Oxfordian
991:subadults
987:juveniles
702:propodial
681:Oxfordian
637:pliosaurs
481:adulthood
473:vertebrae
329:Oxfordian
325:pliosaurs
323:of large
278:(Knight,
170:Kingdom:
164:Eukaryota
46:Oxfordian
4821:Q1911639
4815:Wikidata
4208:Thililua
3652:Makhaira
3582:andrewsi
3454:Anguanax
2634:Cyamodus
2614:Placodus
2607:Pararcus
2334:Diapsida
2322:Chordata
2320:Phylum:
2316:Animalia
2237:22235274
2196:PLOS ONE
2176:54662150
2088:86226384
1971:31924376
1829:42568544
1455:30137246
1447:17759917
1246:See also
1192:teleosts
1181:hybodont
1169:scallops
1163:such as
1161:bivalves
1153:mollusks
1138:serpulid
1130:crinoids
1015:arteries
927:validity
873:cervical
825:pliosaur
796:Jurassic
732:proximal
453:pliosaur
449:skeleton
399:Jurassic
290:Synonyms
226:Family:
194:Reptilia
184:Chordata
180:Phylum:
174:Animalia
160:Domain:
141:fossils
139:holotype
4876:4127175
4863:1052413
4850:4823620
3645:Luskhan
3631:Eiectus
2648:Henodus
2326:Class:
2228:3250416
2205:Bibcode
2080:4524320
2060:Bibcode
2008:Bibcode
2000:PALAIOS
1481:(PhD).
1426:Science
1165:oysters
1124:. Many
1122:animals
1093:. When
1091:Dakotas
1059:fossils
1041:-aged (
1030:Wyoming
960:coleoid
952:stomach
946:Feeding
869:cranial
740:humerus
624:fossils
499:species
495:generic
457:Wyoming
445:fossils
421:stomach
395:largest
393:is the
372:Wyoming
348:species
338:of the
318:extinct
239:Genus:
213:Order:
190:Class:
2235:
2225:
2174:
2119:
2086:
2078:
2026:
1969:
1918:
1868:: 1–7.
1835:
1827:
1499:
1453:
1445:
1240:natans
1171:, and
1151:, and
1079:Canada
1007:M. rex
956:M. rex
901:family
877:dorsal
844:thesis
736:distal
716:Alaska
653:Casper
559:saûros
553:σαῦρος
547:nêktós
541:νηκτός
519:. The
517:M. rex
509:C. rex
380:Alaska
363:M. rex
336:stages
316:is an
253:Knight
4889:36489
4858:IRMNG
4422:Jucha
2339:Clade
2172:S2CID
2128:(PDF)
2117:S2CID
2113:(PDF)
2084:S2CID
2076:JSTOR
2058:(2).
2024:S2CID
1996:(PDF)
1967:S2CID
1945:(PDF)
1916:S2CID
1833:S2CID
1825:JSTOR
1648:(PDF)
1619:(PDF)
1497:S2CID
1451:S2CID
1397:(PDF)
1279:Notes
1141:worms
1118:algae
1071:Yukon
1047:shale
821:taxon
579:order
575:taxon
571:Latin
535:mégas
529:μέγας
451:of a
321:genus
4845:GBIF
2372:see
2233:PMID
1788:2152
1443:PMID
1217:and
1183:and
1177:Fish
1167:and
1116:and
1073:and
1053:and
995:bite
975:and
967:fish
950:The
915:and
895:, a
787:Size
744:USNM
734:and
469:ribs
429:fish
427:and
331:and
280:1895
257:1898
63:PreꞒ
2223:PMC
2213:doi
2164:doi
2068:doi
2016:doi
1959:doi
1908:doi
1904:151
1817:doi
1487:hdl
1435:doi
1200:).
1077:of
989:or
929:of
764:sp.
671:of
651:of
584:".
567:rex
501:of
350:of
52:),
48:to
4908::
4886::
4873::
4860::
4847::
4832::
4817::
3580:"
2341::
2231:.
2221:.
2211:.
2199:.
2193:.
2170:.
2160:31
2158:.
2152:.
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2096:^
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2074:.
2066:.
2056:23
2054:.
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2036:^
2022:.
2014:.
2004:29
2002:.
1998:.
1979:^
1965:.
1955:29
1953:.
1947:.
1928:^
1914:.
1902:.
1896:.
1874:^
1866:10
1864:.
1858:.
1831:.
1823:.
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1811:.
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1786:.
1780:.
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1654:.
1650:.
1635:^
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1132:,
1109:.
1099:δO
875:,
770:.
507:,
471:,
465:UW
459:,
370:,
255:,
113:Pg
57:Ma
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1754:7
1716:5
1627:4
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532:(
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243:†
230:†
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118:N
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98:T
93:P
88:C
83:D
78:S
73:O
68:Ꞓ
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