Book of Esther - Knowledge

3393:. Doubleday. See section “The Non-Jewish Origins of Purim.” Pages 46-49. “Esther's canonical status may have been opposed by those Jews who saw the book as a defense for a Jewish festival which, as its very name suggests (*the pûr ", iii 7; see also ix 26), was non-Jewish in origin. Certainly modern scholars have felt the explanation for Purim's name in ix 26 to be strained and unconvincing. Moreover, the ‘secular" character of the feast suggests a pagan origin, that is, no prayers or sacrifices are specified, but drinking to the point of excess is permitted in the Talmud, Megilla 7b… pûrim is a hebraized form of a Babylonian word...Efforts to identify Purim with an earlier Jewish or Greek festival have been neither common nor convincing, and ever since the 1773: 2226:). The numbering system for the additions therefore differs with each translation. The Nova Vulgata accounts for the additional verses by numbering them as extensions of the verses immediately following or preceding them (e.g., Esther 11:2–12 in the old Vulgate becomes Esther 1:1a–1k in the Nova Vulgata), while the NAB and its successor, the NABRE, assign letters of the alphabet as chapter headings for the additions (e.g., Esther 11:2–12:6 in the Vulgate becomes Esther A:1–17). The RSVCE and the NRSVCE place the additional material into the narrative, but retain the chapter and verse numbering of the old Vulgate. 1496: 1422: 1345: 2170:

six—corresponds to the sixth millennium of the world since creation, which, according to Jewish tradition, is the period between 1240 and 2240 CE. As for the tav, shin and zayin, their numerical values add up to 707. Put together, these letters refer to the Jewish year 5707, which corresponds to the secular 1946–1947. In his research, Neugroschel noticed that ten Nazi defendants in the Nuremberg Trials were executed by hanging on 16 October 1946, which was the date of the final judgement day of Judaism,

44: 1525: 1642: 1022: 2147:), and that they were supportive of Esther's efforts against the "enemies of the Jews". The latter were mostly found "among the idolatrous people of the subject nations", whom the Persians did not care for. The ones in Susa, however, consisted of Haman's faction, led by his ten sons, and fugitives who believed they were free to kill the Jews once the latter's "privileges have expired", thus why they were killed the next day. 7731: 1480:

fast as well (4:15–16.). On the third day she goes to Ahasuerus, who stretches out his sceptre to her to indicate that she is not to be punished (5:1–2). She invites him to a feast in the company of Haman (5:3–5). During the feast, she asks them to attend a further feast the next evening (5:6–8). Meanwhile, Haman is again offended by Mordecai and, at his wife's suggestion, has a

5927: 1764:(reigned 486–465 BCE). The author also displays an accurate knowledge of Persian customs and palaces. However, according to Coogan, considerable historical inaccuracies remain throughout the text, supporting the view that the book of Esther is to be read as a historical novella which tells a story describing historical events but is not necessarily historical fact. 1418:, to display her beauty before the guests by coming before them wearing her crown (1:10–11). She refuses, infuriating Ahasuerus, who on the advice of his counselors removes her from her position as an example to other women who might be emboldened to disobey their husbands (1:12–19). A decree follows that "every man should bear rule in his own house" (1:20–22). 3444:

above Meg. 7b). Then too, a pagan origin for the festival would also help to explain the absence of various religious elements in the story…. But even more recently scholars are again looking to Palestine for the origin of the festival… Its Lack of Historicity: are is the 20th-century scholar who accepts the story at face value.”

2162:' but does not discount alternative explanations. They include being impressed by the 'Divine Providence' working in the Jews' favor and seeking the favor of Esther and Mordecai, who gained immense power. But ultimately, the Persian allies and Jews celebrated Purim together and taught their children to read the Book of Esther ( 2016:. Hoschander suggests that Haman may, if the connection is correct, be a priestly title and not a proper name. Strabo's names are unattested in Persian texts as gods; however the Talmud and Josephus interpret the description of courtiers bowing to Haman in Esther 3:2 as worship. (Other scholars assume "Omanus" refers to 1488:

Mordecai, but before he can make this request, Ahasuerus asks Haman what should be done for the man that the King wishes to honour (6:4–6). Assuming that the King is referring to Haman himself, Haman suggests that the man be dressed in the King's royal robes and crown and led around on the King's royal horse, while a

1394:, but Purim itself is not the subject and no individual feast in the book is commemorated by Purim. The book's theme, rather, is the reversal of destiny through a sudden and unexpected turn of events: the Jews seem destined to be destroyed, but instead are saved. In literary criticism such a reversal is termed " 2128:

emphasizes the role of Jewish-Persian cooperation in realizing the Book of Esther's denouement. Pajand justified his interpretation to dispel accusations that the Book of Esther was anti-Iranian and because he believed that Iranians were "travellers in the way of truth". In contrast, Haman violated the

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Moore, Carey A. “Esther, Book of,” ed. David Noel Freedman, The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 637-638 “Certainly a pagan origin for Purim would also help to explain the "secular" way in which it was to be celebrated, i.e., with uninhibited and even inebriated behavior (cf.

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The apparent historical difficulties, the internal inconsistencies, the pronounced symmetry of themes and events, the plenitude of quoted dialogue, and the gross exaggeration in the reporting of numbers (involving time, money, and people) all point to Esther as a work of fiction, its vivid characters

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and 500 other men are killed in Shushan (9:1–12). Upon hearing of this Esther requests it be repeated the next day, whereupon 300 more men are killed (9:13–15). In the other Persian provinces, 75,000 people are killed by the Jews, who are careful to take no plunder (9:16–17). Mordecai and Esther send

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When Mordecai discovers the plan, he goes into mourning and implores Esther to intercede with the King (4:1–5). But she is afraid to present herself to the King unsummoned, an offense punishable by death (4:6–12). Instead, she directs Mordecai to have all Jews fast for three days for her, and vows to

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in particular: both Esther and Daniel depict an existential threat to the Jewish people, but while Daniel commands the Jews to wait faithfully for God to resolve the crisis, in Esther the crisis is resolved entirely through human action and national solidarity. God, in fact, is not mentioned, Esther

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discusses the reasoning behind scholarly concern about the historicity of Esther. Much of this debate relates to the importance of distinguishing history and fiction within biblical texts, as Berlin argues, in order to gain a more accurate understanding of the history of the Israelite people. Berlin

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Wexler p.695: ‘Any resemblance between Ishtar's ear-shaped pastries and Haman's ear-shaped pastries may be the accidental result of later practice, but a common denominator is also possible, in that the original function of sacrifice is thought to be partaking of, and eating, the god. The eating of

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That night, Ahasuerus cannot sleep, and orders the court records be read to him (6:1). He is reminded that Mordecai interceded in the previous plot against his life, and discovers that Mordecai never received any recognition (6:2–3). Just then, Haman appears to request the King's permission to hang

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Azīz Pajand, a Persian Jew, published "Purim" in 1966, which offered an Iranophilic interpretation of the Book of Esther. Here, Haman was the Amalekite enemy of 'pure-blooded Iranians' and Jews. Thus, Purim became a holiday that celebrates salvation for all Iranians from the 'Hamanites'. He also

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Immediately afterwards, Ahasuerus and Haman attend Esther's second banquet. The King promises to grant her any request, and she reveals that she is Jewish and that Haman is planning to exterminate her people, including herself (7:1–6). Overcome by rage, Ahasuerus leaves the room; meanwhile Haman

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In the fourth year of the reign of Ptolemy and Cleopatra, Dositheus, who said that he was a priest and a Levite, and his son Ptolemy brought to Egypt the preceding Letter about Purim, which they said was authentic and had been translated by Lysimachus son of Ptolemy, one of the residents of

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stays behind and begs Esther for his life, falling upon her in desperation (7:7). The King returns in at this very moment and thinks Haman is sexually assaulting the queen; this makes him angrier and he orders Haman hanged on the very gallows that Haman had prepared for Mordecai (7:8–10).

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According to Rabbi Mordechai Neugroschel, there is a code in the Book of Esther which lies in the names of Haman's 10 sons. Three of the Hebrew letters—a tav, a shin and a zayin—are written smaller than the rest, while a vav is written larger. The outsized vav—which represents the number

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quotes a series of scholars who suggest that the author of Esther did not mean for the book to be considered as a historical writing, but intentionally wrote it to be a historical novella. The genre of novellas under which Esther falls was common during both the Persian and

3227:"Megillas Lester", an animated comedy loosely based on the Book of Esther, where a boy named Daniel Lesterovich (a.k.a., "Lester") is knocked out and travels back in time to the story of the Megillah, and nearly changes history by accidentally saving Queen Vashti. (2014) 2132:

ideal of “Good thoughts; Good words; and Good deeds”. Lacocque likewise observes that the "enemies of the Jews" were never arbitrarily branded as Amalekites before being killed, in comparison to Haman and his sons, which discredits any motive of Jewish ultranationalism.

1172:, one of the king's advisors. Mordechai urges Esther to use her position as queen to intervene and save their people. Esther reveals her Jewish identity to the king and begs for mercy for her people. She exposes Haman's plot and convinces the king to spare the Jews. The 1736:

king of Judah". If this refers to Mordecai, he would have had to live over a century to have witnessed the events described in the Book of Esther. However, the verse may be read as referring not to Mordecai's exile to Babylon, but to his great-grandfather Kish's exile.

5171:, accessed 31 December 2022: they are included in the section headed: "And the other Books (as Hierome saith) the Church doth read for example of life and instruction of manners; but yet doth it not apply them to establish any doctrine; such are these following:..." 5930: 2084:, which states "But in every verse it discusses the great miracle. However, this miracle was in a hidden form, occurring through apparently natural processes, not like the Exodus from Egypt, which openly revealed the might of God." This follows the approach of the 1723:

further argues that the book contains specific details regarding certain subject matter (for example, Persian rule) which are historically inaccurate. For example, Coogan discusses an inaccuracy regarding the age of Esther's cousin (or, according to others, uncle)

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to him (3:2–5). Haman discovers that Mordecai refuses to bow on account of his being a Jew, and in revenge plots to kill not just Mordecai, but all the Jews in the empire (3:6). He obtains Ahasuerus' permission to execute this plan, against payment of ten thousand

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gods Humman and Mashti, a Babylonian origin for Purim has been popular. Though scholars like Jensen, Zimmem, Hugo Winckler, Bruno Meissner and others have each picked a different Babylonian myth or festival as the prototype for Purim, namely, the

1653:(except for Xerxes) being the product of the author's creative imagination. There is no reference to known historical events in the story; a general consensus, though this consensus has been challenged, has maintained that the narrative of 4537: 4509: 2091:

André Lacocque also sees the Book of Esther as being fundamentally theological and that its main message was to correct the mistakes of ancestors. These mistakes included being lenient against Amalekites and plundering goods, which

1164:, the wife of King Ahasuerus, is banished from the court for disobeying the king's orders. To find a new queen, a beauty pageant is held and Esther, a young Jewish woman living in Persia, is chosen as the new queen. Esther's cousin 1911:

is used by both Josephus and the Septuagint for occurrences of the name outside the Book of Esther. Instead, the Hebrew name Ahasuerus accords with an inscription of the time that notes that Artaxerxes II was named also

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was guilty of. Another message was that diasporic Jews were responsible for the welfare of their host community, who held unpredictable views about Jews. These views ranged from violent antisemitism to passionate

1857:, whereas Vashti is portrayed as dismissed in the early part of Xerxes's reign. Alternative attempts have been made to identify her with Esther, although Esther is an orphan whose father was a Jew named Abihail. 1632:

argued was the ur-Targum from which the others had been expanded, but which others consider only a late recension of the same. 3TgEsth is the most manuscript-stable of the three, and by far the most literal.

1708:”, ear-shaped loaves of bread or pieces of pastry are similar to those in Near Eastern ritual celebrations of Ishtar's cosmic victory. Likewise other elements in Purim customs such as making a racket with a 1398:", and while on one level its use in Esther is simply a literary or aesthetic device, on another it is structural to the author's theme, suggesting that the power of God is at work behind human events. 1410:, holds a lavish 180-day banquet for his court and dignitaries from across the 127 provinces of his empire (Esther 1:1–4), and afterwards a seven-day banquet for all inhabitants of the capital city, 5164: 2050:

in Hebrew: the initial or last letters of four consecutive words, either forwards or backwards comprise YHWH. These letters were distinguished in at least three ancient Hebrew manuscripts in red.

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explicitly. Traditional Judaism views the absence of God's overt intervention in the story as an example of how God can work through seemingly coincidental events and the actions of individuals.

5711: 4671: 1444:(2:5–7). She finds favour in the King's eyes, and is crowned his new queen, but does not reveal her Jewish heritage (2:8–20). Shortly afterwards, Mordecai discovers a plot by two courtiers, 1732:

in 597 BCE: "Mordecai son of Jair, the son of Shimei, the son of Kish, who had been carried into exile from Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, among those taken captive with

6724: 2088:, which states that "(The Book of) Esther is referenced in the Torah in the verse 'And I shall surely hide (in Hebrew, 'haster astir,' related to 'Esther') My Face from them on that day. 5366: 1390:), a word that occurs twenty times in Esther and only 24 times in the rest of the Hebrew bible. This is appropriate given that Esther describes the origin of a Jewish feast, the feast of 1997:, in 597 BCE. The view that it was Mordecai would be consistent with the identification of Ahasuerus with Cyaxares. Identifications with other Persian monarchs have also been suggested. 8307: 4072:

The story is fictitious and written to provide an account of the origin of the feast of Purim; the book contains no references to the known historical events of the reign of Xerxes.

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Feast, respectively, they all agreed in seeing Esther as a historicized myth or ritual. More recently, however, a Persian origin for Purim has been gaining support among scholars.”

4060: 1959:(ruled 424–405 BCE). Jewish tradition relates that Esther was the mother of a King Darius and so some try to identify Ahasuerus with Artaxerxes I and Esther with Kosmartydene. 2512: 1756:

However, there are certain elements of the book of Esther that are historically accurate. The story told in the book of Esther takes place during the rule of Ahasuerus, who

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Unable to annul a formal royal decree, the King instead adds to it, permitting the Jews to join and destroy any and all of those seeking to kill them (8:1–14). On 13 Adar,

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incorporates the additions to Esther directly into the narrative itself, as do most modern Catholic English translations based on the original Hebrew and Greek (e.g.,

1586:. It translates the Hebrew Esther but interpolates translations of the Greek Esther where the latter provides additional material. Predating the Vulgate, however, the 3946: 7422: 5470: 4005: 3972: 1432:

Ahasuerus then makes arrangements to choose a new queen from a selection of beautiful young women from throughout the empire (2:1–4). Among these women is a Jewish

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Sarbanani, Morteza Arabzadeh (2023). "Revisiting the Book of Esther: Assessing the Historical Significance of the Masoretic Version for the Achaemenid History".

2223: 2340:, reconfirmed the entire book, both Hebrew text and Greek additions, as canonical. The Book of Esther is used twice in commonly used sections of the Catholic 1206:

are also practices observed on the holiday that are mandated in the book. Since the 1890s, several academics have “agreed in seeing Esther as a historicized

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calls: "See how the King honours a man he wishes to reward!" (6:7–9). To his surprise and horror, the King instructs Haman to do so to Mordecai (6:10–11).

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loanwords than any other biblical work and the names of the key protagonists, Mordechai and Esther, for example, have been read as allusions to the gods

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Another view attempts to identify him instead with Artaxerxes I (ruled 465–424 BCE), whose Babylonian concubine, Kosmartydene, was the mother of his son

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and placed them at the end of his Latin translation. This placement is used in Catholic Bible translations based primarily on the Vulgate, such as the

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The introduction of Book of Esther, hand written, part of Cairo Gniza, digital collections of Younes & Soraya Nazarian Library, University of Haifa

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is established to celebrate the victory of the Jews of the First Persian Empire over their enemies, and Esther becomes a heroine of the Jewish people.

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portrays Esther as brave, beautiful, wise and witty, as 'subtle as a snake', and the woman who 'built her people's house that it should stand'.

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Assuming that Ahasuerus is indeed Xerxes I, the events described in Esther began around the years 483–482 BCE, and concluded in March 473 BCE.

1516:(lots) (9:20–28). Ahasuerus remains very powerful and continues his reign, with Mordecai assuming a prominent position in his court (10:1–3). 1448:, to assassinate Ahasuerus. The conspirators are apprehended and hanged, and Mordecai's service to the King is officially recorded (2:21–23). 7218: 5914: 5239: 4503: 4466: 4099: 4054: 4020: 3987: 3347: 2278:

By the time the Greek version of Esther was written, the foreign power visible on the horizon as a future threat to Judah was the kingdom of

1712:, masquerading and drunkenness have all been adduced to propose that such a kind of pagan festival akin to rites associated with Ishtar of 6909: 4123:

Haman represents symbolically the eating of a slain enemy god in order to absorb his power, such as is expressed in the Cultic commentaries

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a passage in which Mordecai interprets his dream (from the prologue) in terms of the events that followed, added to chapter 10 in RSVCE

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an expansion of the scene in which Esther appears before the king, with a mention of God's intervention, included in chapter 5 in RSVCE

1728:. In Esther 2:5–6, either Mordecai or his great-grandfather Kish is identified as having been exiled from Jerusalem to Babylon by King 1273:, who ruled between 486 and 465 BCE, as it is to this monarch that the events described in Esther are thought to fit the most closely. 7685: 7336: 7010: 6871: 4703: 3739: 3712: 3521: 4034: 2310:

The canonicity of these Greek additions has been a subject of scholarly disagreement practically since their first appearance in the

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identified Ahasuerus explicitly as Artaxerxes II; however, the names are not necessarily equivalent: Hebrew has a form of the name

4902: 4807: 4531: 4493: 2124:, Esther is not regarded as a sinner, because she remained passive, and risked her life to save that of the entire Jewish people. 7524: 7096: 6973: 6824: 6402: 6122: 5180: 4851: 4829: 4763: 2151:

sees the subsequent hanging of Haman's sons as a cruel Jewish and Persian custom that punishes offenders for 'abusing' the king.

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have been found as the name of officials in the Persian court in over thirty texts from the period of Xerxes I and his father

7766: 7408: 5954: 5749: 5733: 5574: 5036: 4652: 4579:"Introduction to the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible): Lecture 24 – Alternative Visions: Esther, Ruth, and Jonah" 4262: 3307:

These are Est 1:20; 5:4, 13 and 7:7. Additionally, Est 7:5 there is an acrostic referring to the title of God of Exodus 3:14.

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letters throughout the provinces instituting an annual commemoration of the Jewish people's redemption, in a holiday called

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of silver, and casts lots ("purim") to choose the date on which to do this – the thirteenth of the month of

1202:, during the holiday: once in the evening and again the following morning. The distribution of charity to the needy and the 4924: 1341:) in chapters 1 and 2; the main action (complication and resolution) in chapters 3 to 9:19; and a conclusion in 9:20–10:3. 8267: 8091: 7603: 7519: 7310: 6329: 4553: 2705: 1495: 1426: 1421: 8101: 7579: 7305: 6376: 6334: 6095: 2414: 1994: 1788: 5210: 7695: 7690: 7673: 7635: 7439: 7389: 6819: 6395: 2664: 2279: 2275:

It is unclear to which version of Greek Esther this colophon refers, and who exactly are the figures mentioned in it.

2178:, an eleventh Nazi official sentenced to death, committed suicide, parallel to Haman's daughter in Tractate Megillah. 960: 8302: 8049: 7680: 6993: 4405: 3903: 3090:

In 2012, a graphic adaptation of the Book of Esther was illustrated by J. T. Waldman and appeared in volume one of

2741: 2731: 2136: 1248: 7653: 8292: 7759: 7025: 7004: 6998: 3266: 3120: 3053: 1853:, but this identification is problematic, as Amestris remained a powerful figure well into the reign of her son, 31: 5743: 2344:. In both cases, the text used is not only taken from a Greek addition. The readings also include the prayer of 1985:. Depending on the interpretation of Esther 2:5–6, Mordecai or his great-grandfather Kish was carried away from 7623: 7020: 6988: 6983: 6719: 6355: 4941: 4873: 1572: 5236:"The Internet Antique Shop – The Web's largest antiques & collectibles mall serving collectors since 1995" 8262: 8097: 7431: 7346: 7326: 7198: 7055: 6916: 6656: 6360: 6242: 6088: 6068: 5265: 4994: 4313: 4175: 3012: 2353: 1001: 3457:

Baumgarten, Albert I.; Sperling, S. David; Sabar, Shalom (2007). Skolnik, Fred; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.).

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which do not appear in the traditional Hebrew version, in particular the identification of Ahasuerus with

1362: 1338: 1067: 825: 2101:, where Jews are arbitrarily promoted to higher positions due to being 'sexy'. Lacocque compares this to 1849:

refers to a similar father-in-law/general figure named Onaphas.) Amestris has often been identified with

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with the Apocrypha, ed. Walter J. Harrison and Donald Senior (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2003), 689–90.

3035: 2298:), possibly in the Homeric sense of "bully" or "braggart", whereas the Hebrew text describes him as an 1692:, who, symbolizing respectively Babylonia and Assyria, were twin powers that brought about the fall of 1590:("Old Latin") was apparently translated from a different Greek version not included in the Septuagint. 5883: 5594: 5112: 8180: 7844: 7804: 7707: 7613: 7466: 7331: 7251: 6963: 6876: 6786: 6552: 6439: 5727: 4287: 2494: 2489: 2368: 2000:

Jacob Hoschander has argued that the name of Haman and that of his father Hamedatha are mentioned by

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is identical with that of the Book of Esther, some have also identified him as Nebuchadnezzar's ally

1872:, and may refer to up to four individuals, one of whom might be the model for the biblical Mordecai. 1465: 927: 724: 439: 5823: 7957: 7883: 7854: 7658: 7273: 7238: 7035: 6714: 6497: 6467: 4091: 3835:, Bar-Ilan University 's Parashat Hashavua Study Center, Parashat Tezaveh/Zakhor 5764 March 6, 2004 3101: 2634: 2475: 2471: 2465: 2337: 2326: 2322:-era critic of the work, considered even the original Hebrew version to be of very doubtful value. 2283: 2163: 2155: 2144: 1552:

by the Great Assembly of an original text by Mordecai. It is usually dated to the 4th century BCE.

881: 621: 572: 502: 124: 7947: 6843: 5909: 5235: 1559:, is a retelling of the events of the Hebrew Book of Esther rather than a translation and records 8117: 8013: 7962: 7878: 7859: 7809: 7799: 7568: 7165: 7080: 6886: 6881: 6766: 6729: 6709: 6639: 6232: 5809: 5801: 5291: 5061: 5053: 4342: 3895: 3800: 3423: 2928: 2895: 2828: 2785: 2669: 2653: 2551: 2360: 2219: 1830: 1746: 1445: 1290: 994: 907: 876: 5359:"First Ever Live Broadcast of a Sight & Sound Theater Show to Air Labor Day Weekend - Live!" 3571: 2781: 2760: 2454:

depicts how Esther approached the men at their level to make the request of erasing the decree.

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Those arguing in favour of a historical reading of Esther most commonly identify Ahasuerus with

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an opening prologue that describes a dream had by Mordecai, printed ahead of chapter 1 in RSVCE

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and details of various letters. It is dated around the late 2nd to early 1st century BCE. The

1459:(3:1). Mordecai, who sits at the palace gates, falls into Haman's disfavour, as he refuses to 1407: 1219: 1157: 1138: 936: 802: 792: 562: 319: 309: 104: 5454: 4000: 3967: 2286:, who defeated the Persian empire about 150 years after the time of the story of Esther; the 8282: 7927: 7819: 7814: 7782: 7668: 7639: 7549: 7461: 7351: 7246: 7228: 7160: 7148: 7106: 7045: 7030: 6921: 6809: 6602: 6547: 6527: 6507: 6011: 5783: 5497: 5422: 5045: 4974: 4578: 4359: 4334: 4296: 4103: 4042: 4012: 3792: 3780: 2899: 2777: 2755: 2364: 2333: 2117: 1811: 1681: 1625: 950: 787: 719: 670: 631: 587: 378: 304: 235: 4046: 3704: 8277: 8208: 7544: 7143: 7121: 7075: 6622: 6582: 6557: 6487: 6462: 6447: 5960: 5918: 5867: 5859: 5715: 5601: 5578: 5493: 5168: 4948: 4928: 4909: 4675: 4588: 4574: 4557: 4366: 4182: 4009: 3976: 2767: 2697: 2585: 2247:

prayers for God's intervention offered by Mordecai and by Esther, both in chapter in RSVCE

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The book is at the center of the Jewish festival of Purim and is read aloud twice from a

4749: 4727: 3851:, The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon, Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion 1021: 8287: 8145: 7983: 7978: 7917: 7598: 7593: 7495: 7491: 7379: 7361: 7295: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6904: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6675: 6651: 6612: 6562: 6542: 6492: 6477: 6472: 6452: 6418: 6293: 6040: 6001: 5742: 5685: 5585: 5087: 4815: 3490:

Crawford, Sidnie White (1998). "Esther". In Newsom, Carol A.; Ringe, Sharon H. (eds.).

3419: 3333: 3017: 2995: 2933: 2917: 2803: 2677: 2613: 2609: 2599: 2581: 2571: 2499: 2171: 2129: 2121: 2102: 2061: 2043: 2031: 1975: 1750: 1720: 1541: 1326: 1188: 1086: 1078: 872: 867: 862: 842: 797: 734: 714: 616: 601: 596: 557: 482: 314: 225: 200: 180: 170: 94: 5946: 4859: 4837: 4771: 4695:

Veiling Esther, Unveiling Her Story: The Reception of a Biblical Book in Islamic Lands

1749:

to which scholars have dated the book of Esther (see for example the deuterocanonical

8256: 8150: 7988: 7126: 6935: 6804: 6670: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6567: 6537: 6435: 6314: 6309: 6072: 6051: 6022: 6018: 4793: 4426: 4346: 4228: 3804: 3368: 2877: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2789: 2709: 2691: 2673: 2315: 2148: 2140: 2098: 1963: 1834: 1799: 1603: 1564: 1508: 1308: 1285: 1184: 1130: 1120: 1045:

is given only one roller, fixed to its lefthand side, rather than the two used for a

945: 837: 782: 777: 772: 752: 705: 680: 526: 419: 402: 299: 294: 289: 269: 7730: 5813: 5065: 3645: 3461:. Vol. 18 (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Macmillan Reference. p. 216. 2244:

an extension to the dialogue between Hathach and Mordecai, placed after 4:8 in RSVCE

1833:. He makes no reference to individual members of the harem except for a domineering 1168:, who is a Jewish leader, discovers a plot to kill all of the Jews in the empire by 8165: 8023: 7741: 7608: 7384: 7284: 7213: 7115: 6577: 6572: 6532: 6502: 6482: 6430: 6324: 5986: 5898: 5863: 5695: 5485: 4257: 3924: 3031: 2891: 2871: 2717: 2713: 2639: 2627: 2422: 2408: 2259:

a colophon appended to the end of chapter 10, also referenced as 11:1, which reads:

2211: 2080:

This contrasts with traditional Jewish commentaries, such as the commentary of the

1896: 1854: 1741: 1704:/Humman (compare Haman) exercised divine sovereignty. Purim practices like eating “ 1641: 1609: 1537: 1304: 1293: 1236: 1116: 1030: 984: 762: 757: 675: 651: 626: 606: 449: 429: 279: 274: 51: 5788: 5767: 5571: 5049: 3979: 1645:

The opening chapter of a hand-written scroll of the Book of Esther, with reader's

5838: 5634: 5538: 5517: 4456: 4300: 3697: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8218: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7509: 7476: 7267: 6863: 6781: 6776: 6690: 6685: 6517: 6350: 6059: 6030: 5822: 4921: 4110: 2959: 2952: 2794: 2772: 2375:

as non-canonical, though "read for example of life and instruction of manners".

2356:

uses the Septuagint version of Esther, as it does for all of the Old Testament.

1970:(ruled 625–585 BCE). In certain manuscripts of Tobit, the former is called 1887:

too relates that this was the name by which he was known to the Greeks, and the

1798:(ruled 486–465 BCE), although in the past it was often assumed that he was 1784: 1598: 1575:

versions of Esther are translations of the Greek rather than the Hebrew Esther.

1460: 1297: 1263: 1046: 922: 917: 857: 852: 660: 388: 5581:: Gil Student's survey of scholarship supporting a historical reading of Esther 4550: 2241:

the contents of the decree against the Jews, included within chapter 3 in RSVCE

2046:

does not appear, but some argue it is present, in hidden form, in four complex

1740:

In her article "The Book of Esther and Ancient Storytelling", biblical scholar

1414:(1:5–9). On the seventh day of the latter banquet, Ahasuerus orders the queen, 7870: 7481: 7256: 5889: 5719: 5692:. International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh, Scotland: T&T Clark, 1908. 5568:

Sasson, Jack M. "Esther" in Alter and Kermode, pp. 335–341, literary view

4679: 3271:

Sight & Sound Theatres produced "Queen Esther," a stage production (2020)

3126: 3115: 3073: 3067: 2903: 2823: 2817: 2659: 2341: 2311: 2287: 2207: 2187: 2081: 1875:

The "Old Greek" Septuagint version of Esther translates the name Ahasuerus as

1716:, which shares these same features, lay behind the development of this story. 1556: 1395: 1300: 1134: 543: 214: 159: 142: 17: 5797: 4903:

French bestseller unravels Nazi propagandist's cryptic last words about Purim

3891: 3796: 8188: 8112: 7942: 7514: 6771: 6227: 6175: 5726: 5668:. Old Testament Library Series. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox, 1997. 5214: 3097: 3021: 3000: 2799: 2508: 2447: 2440: 2093: 2017: 1986: 1956: 1822: 1757: 1705: 1549: 1315: 1251: 1199: 1153: 912: 5591:

White, Sidnie Ann. "Esther: A Feminine Model for Jewish Diaspora" in Newsom

4979: 4962: 1665:, and the name Ahasuerus is usually understood to refer to a fictionalized 1620:–1000 CE, which include additional legends relating to Purim, and the 5894: 5618:. Collegeville Bible Commentary. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1986. 4150:

A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in Its Context

1499:

Mordecai is honoured in this 1860 woodcut by Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld

1476:

is issued throughout the kingdom to slay all Jews on that date (3:13–15).

8226: 8203: 8193: 8107: 7937: 7932: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7278: 6848: 6835: 6814: 6761: 6756: 6257: 6191: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 5934: 4338: 3398: 3283: 2345: 2047: 1990: 1967: 1884: 1869: 1838: 1795: 1761: 1733: 1725: 1666: 1658: 1441: 1280: 1270: 1165: 1146: 955: 902: 897: 7400: 5805: 5057: 4397: 3899: 3875: 7909: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7618: 7583: 7290: 7155: 6283: 6252: 6222: 5975: 3414: 2504: 2299: 2195: 2074: 1929: 1888: 1846: 1713: 1583: 1481: 1456: 1104: 342: 3143:

Hunt, Angela "Esther: Royal Beauty" (A Dangerous Beauty Novel) (2015)

2253:

a copy of the decree in favor of the Jews, added to chapter 8 in RSVCE

8198: 8170: 8127: 8122: 8087: 7529: 7261: 7138: 6522: 6387: 6267: 6262: 6237: 5993: 3431: 3427: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3288: 2531: 2526: 2349: 2199: 2191: 2085: 2001: 1941: 1850: 1842: 1709: 1701: 1689: 1685: 1594: 1579: 1545: 1489: 1473: 1437: 1433: 1415: 1211: 1161: 1142: 1026: 665: 368: 5196:

Encyclopedia of women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England

4458:

Text, Theology, and Trowel: New Investigations in the Biblical World

4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 3510:

Middlemas, Jill (2010). Becking, Bob E.J.H.; Grabbe, Lester (eds.).

1936:

which is understood as a similar shortening with the Persian suffix

8034: 7751: 3695:

Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Fishbane, Michael, eds. (2004).

2478:

chose Esther as one of biblical figures on which she wrote poetry.

8160: 8155: 8065: 7791: 7713: 7573: 7452: 7101: 6422: 6288: 6247: 6196: 6119: 3394: 2737: 1845:, was one of Xerxes's generals. (In contrast, the Greek historian 1826: 1662: 1568: 1523: 1513: 1494: 1452: 1420: 1391: 1343: 1318:, after which it was no longer part of the Persian empire. In his 1195: 1177: 1169: 1038: 1020: 67: 6080: 4922:

The Holy Bible – Knox Translation: The Book of Esther, Chapter 16

4002:

Esther in Diaspora: Toward an Alternative Interpretive Framework,

6206: 4533:

Zoroastrian Theology: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day

3255:

Taylor, Diana, Wallis."Hadassah, Queen Esther of Persia" (2019)

3171:

Wolf, Joan,"A Reluctant Queen: The Love Story of Esther" (2011)

3007: 2186:

An additional six chapters appear interspersed in Esther in the

2013: 1697: 1693: 1469: 1411: 1240: 1207: 8038: 7755: 7404: 6391: 6084: 5490:

The Book of Hiding: Gender, Ethnicity, Annihilation, and Esther

3728:

Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C.; Beck, Astrid B. (2000).

2556:

The eighth poem of 14 in Rossetti's sonnet-of-sonnets sequence

1314:

On his accession, however, Artaxerxes II lost Egypt to pharaoh

5492:. NY: Routledge, 1997. Postmodern theoretical apparatus, e.g. 4325:

Hubbard, Robert L. (2007). "Vashti, Amestris and Esther 1,9".

1646: 5837: 5584:

Thespis: Ritual, Myth, and Drama in the Ancient Near East by

5503:

Extract from The JPS Bible Commentary: Esther by Adele Berlin

4163:

The New Interpreters Study Bible New Revised Standard Version

2588:. It was chosen as a selection of the Junior Literary Guild. 2190:, an early Greek translation of the Bible. This was noted by 1129:) in the Hebrew Bible and later became part of the Christian 5675:. Daily Study Bible Series. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1985. 3199:

Smith, Jill, Eileen."Star of Persia: Esther's Story" (2020)

2109:, which benefitted native Egyptians and Hebrew immigrants. 1303:

translation of Esther, instead identify Ahasuerus as either

1269:), and Ahasuerus is usually identified in modern sources as 5947:

Catalogue of Illuminated Esther Scrolls by Dagmara Budzioch

4495:

Handbuch der Orientalistik: Der Nahe und der Mittlere Osten

1187:

are the only books in the Hebrew Bible that do not mention

5690:

A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Esther

5682:. Anchor Bible, vol. 7B. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971. 5388:"Sight & Sound Theatres | Bible Stories Live on Stage" 2069:

to Persian culture, and Jewish identity in the book is an

4360:

http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/nets/edition/17-esther-nets.pdf

2852:

written and illustrated by award-winning American author

2329:

confirmed its status as canonical between 1431 and 1445.

1214:” and generally concluded that Purim has its origin in a 3862:

A History of Biblical Interpretation: The Ancient Period

3365:"Where God is Not: The Book of Esther and Song of Songs" 1536:(Book of Esther) became the last of the 24 books of the 1222:

festival (though which one is a subject of discussion).

27:

Book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament

5616:

Song of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther

2876:

In 1992, a 30-minute, fully animated video, twelfth in

2363:, usually printed in a separate section (if at all) in 2143:

Persian establishment was perplexed at Haman's decree (

5137:"Lectionary: Scripture Index - Deuterocanonical Books" 4995:"Bougaean – Encyclopedia of The Bible – Bible Gateway" 4612:

Commentary of the Vilna Gaon to the Book of Esther 1:1

3781:"The Old Latin book of Esther: An English translation" 3779:

Bellmann, Simon; Portier-Young, Anathea (2019-08-21).

3479:. Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press. p. 71. 1696:, where the narrative of Esther is set and where the 4253: 4251: 4203:

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Volume II

3342:. Los Angeles: Torah Aura Productions. p. 212. 2210:, with chapters numbered up to 16. In contrast, the 1760:

has been identified as the 5th-century Persian king

1367: 1124: 1102: 1072: 8217: 8179: 8136: 8075: 7971: 7907: 7868: 7789: 7706: 7634: 7558: 7490: 7451: 7438: 7319: 7237: 7191: 7089: 6934: 6897: 6862: 6833: 6795: 6740: 6647: 6631: 6429: 6369: 6343: 6302: 6276: 6215: 6184: 6118: 5636:

The Book of Esther between Judaism and Christianity

3129:as Queen Esther and Joel Smallbone as King Xerxes. 1860:As for the identity of Mordecai, the similar names 1337:The Book of Esther consists of an introduction (or 501: 491: 481: 458: 448: 438: 428: 418: 387: 377: 367: 244: 234: 224: 199: 189: 179: 169: 123: 113: 103: 93: 83: 5510:Esther: The Outer Narrative and the Hidden Reading 4786:"Esther 9 Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary" 4327:Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 4230:Bible Exposition Commentary: Old Testament History 4227: 4102:vol.10 p.694 notes an alternative derivation from 3696: 1235:The biblical Book of Esther is set in the Persian 5848:. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 4369:Note on two Greek versions of the book of Esther. 4260:, "The Book of Esther and Ancient Storytelling", 3494:. Louisville: Westminster John Knox. p. 202. 3397:, when Heinrich Zimmern and Peter Jensen equated 2154:John Gill sees the conversion of Persian allies ( 3876:"The "Third Targum" on Esther and Ms. Neofiti 1" 2926:that follows the biblical account very closely, 5949:, the Bezalel Narkiss Index of Jewish Art, the 5088:"Council of Basel 1431-45 A.D. Council Fathers" 4455:Matassa, Lidia D.; Silverman, Jason M. (2011). 4152:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 396. 3683:Introductions to the Books of the Bible, Esther 2359:In contrast, the additions are included in the 2262: 5702:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016. 5312:White, David A. R. (director) (11 June 2013). 3241:Mack, Elizabeth. "The Queen of Persia" (2020) 8308:Cultural depictions of ancient Persian people 8050: 7767: 7416: 6403: 6096: 3646:"Esther: Bible | Jewish Women's Archive" 3185:White, Roseanna, M. "Jewel of Persia" (2011) 2290:version noticeably calls Haman a "Bougaion" ( 2224:New Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition 1002: 8: 5519:Character and Ideology in the Book of Esther 5363:CBN.com - The Christian Broadcasting Network 4427:"Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews, Book XI" 3452: 3450: 3076:released a music video called "Purim Song". 1962:Based on the view that the Ahasuerus of the 1948:which is also understood to be derived from 1382: 1373: 1145:, who becomes queen of Persia and thwarts a 1110: 4967:Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception 4698:. Oxford University Press. pp. 39–63. 4090:Studies in Arabic Language and Literature, 3827: 3825: 3785:Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha 3734:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 428. 3566: 3564: 3541:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. p. xxxv. 1944:related that Artaxerxes II was also called 1932:related that Artaxerxes II was also called 8057: 8043: 8035: 7774: 7760: 7752: 7448: 7423: 7409: 7401: 6644: 6410: 6396: 6388: 6103: 6089: 6081: 5966: 5609:The Book of Esther: Its spiritual teaching 5113:"General Council of Trent: Fourth Session" 4551:The Name of Jehovah in the Book of Esther. 4385:The Book of Esther in the Light of History 3969:The Esther Scroll: The Story of the Story, 3931:. In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). 3843: 3841: 3769:, Wesley Center for Applied Theology, 2000 3572:"Historia Scholastica/Esther – Wikisource" 3052:Esther is one of the five heroines of the 2513:Françoise d'Aubigné, marquise de Maintenon 2382: 1578:A Latin version of Esther was produced by 1555:The Greek book of Esther, included in the 1425:Esther is crowned in this 1860 woodcut by 1152:The story takes place during the reign of 1009: 995: 831: 701: 536: 355: 155: 61: 38: 5787: 5708:How Could Esther Marry a Non-Jewish King? 5611:London: The Religious Tract Society, 1913 4978: 4668:How Could Esther Marry a Non-Jewish King? 4041:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 3505: 3503: 3501: 2216:Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition 1440:, who was raised by her cousin or uncle, 6680: 5829:A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture 5209:Books of the Bible Christian Bookstore. 4379: 4377: 4375: 4205:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. p. 159. 3935:. Oxford University Press. p. 325. 3860:Alan J. Hauser, Duane Frederick Watson, 3849:Cal Targum Texts, Text base and variants 3550: 3548: 3470: 3468: 2982:Chosen: The Lost Diaries of Queen Esther 1981:, is thought to be derived from Persian 1920:the Babylonian rendering of the Persian 1879:, a Greek name derived from the Persian 1771: 1640: 1560: 1352:The plot is structured around banquets ( 1247:) in the third year of the reign of the 847: 4192: 4190: 4174:New King James Version, translation of 3670:Babylonian Talmud: Tractate Baba Bathra 3325: 3300: 2702:The Thirteenth Day: The Story of Esther 2012:worshipped with Anahita in the city of 935: 889: 742: 704: 525: 472: 401: 358: 258: 213: 158: 50: 5512:, Winona Lake, IN.: Eisenbrauns, 2011. 3595: 3477:Ruth and Esther (Old Testament Guides) 478: 415: 364: 221: 166: 80: 5540:Ancient Persia and the Book of Esther 4808:"Esther 9 Matthew Poole's Commentary" 4638: 4636: 4530:Dhalla, Maneckji Nusservanji (1914). 3607: 3422:, the Babylonian Creation Story, the 3213:H.B. Moore."Esther the Queen" (2013) 3010:about Esther and Ahasuerus, entitled 2784:and released as a concept album with 2030:identified Ahasuerus (Esther 1:1) as 1802:(ruled 405–359 BCE). The Hebrew 1329:(358–338 BCE) who reconquered Egypt. 1325:identified Ahasuerus (Esther 1:1) as 7: 5260:Mertes, Raffaele (director) (1999). 5075:from the original on 20 August 2008. 4161:Sidnie White Crawford, "Esther", in 4047:10.1093/acref/9780199543984.001.0001 3401:and Esther with the Babylonian gods 1940:that is applied to shortened names. 1657:was invented in order to provide an 1540:to be canonized by the Sages of the 1101:"), is a book in the third section ( 7840:Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs 7342:Other books referenced in the Bible 7301:New Testament manuscript categories 5211:"I Have A Song – Shannon Wexelberg" 4197:Bromiley, Geoffrey W., ed. (1982). 3703:. Oxford University Press. p. 2984:by Ginger Garrett. 2005, NavPress. 2965:Esther... The Girl Who Became Queen 2608:(1960), written by Welsh dramatist 2114:marriages between Jews and Gentiles 1924:(Xerxes), through which the Hebrew 1624:("Third Targum" or 3TgEsth), which 1613:("Second Targum" or 2TgEsth) dated 1383: 1374: 1357: 1111: 1062: 6872:Testaments of the Three Patriarchs 5911:Introduction to the Book of Esther 5744:"Esther, Apocryphal Book of" 5572:The Historicity of Megillat Esther 4912:, Times of Israel 28 December 2012 3864:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2003 2056:contrasts the Book of Esther with 1907:, and a direct Greek rendering of 1133:. The book relates the story of a 25: 7530:Gideon's campaign (Well of Harod) 5890:Purim insights to Megillat Esther 5836:McMahon, Arthur Lawrence (1909). 5335:Kramer, C. J. (director) (2014). 4884:from the original on 10 July 2024 4109:, the divine name doubling as an 3833:The Targums to the Book of Esther 3157:Kanner, Rebecca, "Esther" (2016) 3027:Hadassah: One Night with the King 2612:, is a retelling of the story in 2327:Council of Basel–Ferrara–Florence 7729: 7540:Benjamite War / Battle of Gibeah 5925: 5842:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 5821:Friedrich Justus Knecht (1910). 4540:from the original on 2023-11-11. 4387:, Oxford University Press, 1923 4033:Browning, W. R. F., ed. (2009). 3874:Goshen-Gottstein, M. H. (1975). 3731:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible 3556:The Chronography of Bar Hebraeus 2665:The Greatest Heroes of the Bible 1916:, understood as a shortening of 1607:("First Targum" or 1TgEsth) and 1141:, born as Hadassah but known as 42: 7953:Additions to the Book of Esther 7686:Judah's revolts against Babylon 7664:Sennacherib's campaign in Judah 7357:Biblical and Quranic narratives 5653:from the original on 2023-10-29 5623:Esther: For Such a Time as This 5557:from the original on 2023-10-29 5537:Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2023). 5473:from the original on 2023-11-11 5441:from the original on 2023-11-11 5398:from the original on 2022-10-13 5369:from the original on 2022-10-13 5294:from the original on 2021-11-08 5242:from the original on 2007-10-21 5111:Fathers, Council (2024-01-31). 5086:Fathers, Council (2024-01-31). 5005:from the original on 2021-03-16 4595:from the original on 2023-08-09 4512:from the original on 2023-11-11 4475:from the original on 2023-11-11 4437:from the original on 2023-07-02 4408:from the original on 2021-04-16 4266:120, no. 1 (Spring 2001): 3–14. 4063:from the original on 2020-09-03 3949:from the original on 2023-11-11 3906:from the original on 2021-03-16 3811:from the original on 2021-02-10 3748:from the original on 2023-06-23 3652:from the original on 2023-06-26 3627:from the original on 2018-09-26 3578:from the original on 2022-07-05 2584:and illustrated by her sister, 2352:'s own words is ever used. The 2318:, being perhaps the most vocal 1895:also makes the identification. 1601:, of which three survive – the 1597:of Esther were produced in the 5955:Hebrew University of Jerusalem 5864:Purim and Reading the Megillah 5776:Bulletin for Biblical Research 5750:New International Encyclopedia 5734:New International Encyclopedia 5639:. Cambridge University Press. 5037:Bulletin for Biblical Research 4263:Journal of Biblical Literature 3516:. Leiden: Brill. p. 145. 2802:, a national tour produced by 2632:A 1960 movie about the story, 2105:'s governance of Egypt in the 1810:) is most likely derived from 1: 8024:Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum 7604:Battle of the Wood of Ephraim 7520:Battle of the Waters of Merom 6330:Esther in rabbinic literature 5789:10.5325/bullbiblrese.8.1.0039 5522:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 5288:"The Maccabeats – Purim Song" 5050:10.5325/bullbiblrese.8.1.0039 4692:Silverstein, Adam J. (2018). 4645:"HAMAN IN THE BOOK OF ESTHER" 4461:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 4234:. David C Cook. p. 712. 3999:Tsaurayi Kudakwashe Mapfeka, 3558:, Gorgias Press, reprint 2003 3513:Between Evidence and Ideology 3475:Larkin, Katrina J.A. (1996). 3339:The Torah: Portion by Portion 1825:wrote that Xerxes sought his 1614: 1427:Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld 1406:King Ahasuerus, ruler of the 1041:. Traditionally, a scroll of 7535:Micah's Idol / Sack of Laish 6377:Tomb of Esther and Mordechai 6335:Haman in rabbinic literature 5961:Scroll of the Book of Esther 4961:Angiolillo, Patrick (2019). 4852:"Esther 9 Gill's Exposition" 4830:"Esther 8 Gill's Exposition" 4764:"Esther 9 Gill's Exposition" 4649:The Ohio State of University 4301:10.22034/pa.2022.344449.1009 3024:. It was based on the novel 1829:after being defeated in the 1789:North Carolina Museum of Art 1676:The book of Esther has more 1484:built to hang him (5:9–14). 1307:(reigned 465 to 424 BCE) or 7696:Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC) 7691:Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC) 7674:Assyrian siege of Jerusalem 7619:Shishak's raid of Jerusalem 5963:, illustrated, Italy, 1747. 5933:public domain audiobook at 5421:Clines, David J.A. (1984). 4931:, accessed 31 December 2022 4226:Wiersbe, Warren W. (2004). 3933:The Oxford Bible Commentary 2042:In the Book of Esther, the 1528:Scroll of Esther (Megillah) 1368: 1125: 1103: 1073: 1029:of the Book of Esther from 8324: 7681:Battle of Megiddo (609 BC) 7482:War against the Midianites 7337:English Bible translations 6725:Song of the Three Children 5901:: text of Esther in Hebrew 5886:translation at Chabad.org 5766:Bush, Frederic W. (1998). 5700:God and Politics in Esther 5673:Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther 5607:Cumming, Rev. J. Elder DD 5604:translation at Chabad.org 5023:Bush, Frederic W. (1998). 3267:Sight & Sound Theatres 2798:has been performed by the 2415:paintings depicting Esther 2295: 2139:similarly argues that the 1817:, the origin of the Greek 1311:(reigned 404 to 358 BCE). 1279:Classical sources such as 1204:exchange of gifts of foods 29: 7738: 7727: 7375: 6066: 6056: 6045: 6037: 6027: 6016: 6008: 5998: 5991: 5983: 5969: 5543:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 5194:Robin, Larsen and Levin. 4039:A Dictionary of the Bible 3125:is a 2013 movie starring 3054:Order of the Eastern Star 2822:Israeli film directed by 2806:and some amateur groups. 2576:In 1958, a book entitled 2417:and her story, including 1673:between 486 and 465 BCE. 1082: 32:The Book of Esther (film) 7624:Battle of Mount Zemaraim 5516:Fox, Michael V. (2010). 5453:Jobes, Karen H. (2011). 5264:. The Bible Collection. 4742:"Esther 9 Barnes' Notes" 4720:"Esther 3 Barnes' Notes" 4643:Lacocque, André (1987). 3831:Prof. Michael Sokoloff, 3797:10.1177/0951820719860628 3537:Moore, Carey A. (1971). 3492:Women's Bible Commentary 3389:Moore, Carey A. (1971). 2540:based on Racine's play. 1928:(Ahasuerus) is derived. 1283:, the Jewish commentary 1262:(both deriving from the 1183:The books of Esther and 7199:Intertestamental period 5906:Christian translations 5772:in the Christian Canon" 5728:"Esther, Book of" 5671:McConville, John C. L. 5629:series. Kingsway, 2000. 5266:Pure Flix Entertainment 5182:The Punishment of Haman 5029:in the Christian Canon" 4874:"Tractate Megillah 16a" 4148:Coogan, Michael David, 3013:One Night with the King 2890:features the voices of 2848:Children's book titled 2736:Episode 25 of the 1981 2716:as King Ahasuerus, and 2450:van Rijn's painting of 2419:The Punishment of Haman 2354:Eastern Orthodox Church 2336:, the summation of the 2194:in compiling the Latin 2160:conversion under duress 2034:who reconquered Egypt. 30:For the 2013 film, see 8273:Deuterocanonical books 8102:in rabbinic literature 8092:in rabbinic literature 7589:Battle of Mount Gilboa 7183:Apocalyptic literature 6820:Paralipomena of Baruch 5884:Esther (Judaica Press) 5633:Kalimi, Isaac (2023). 5627:Character and Charisma 5595:Esther (Judaica Press) 5505:: Liberal Jewish view. 5141:catholic-resources.org 4980:10.1515/ebr.lysimachus 4836:. 2024. Archived from 4814:. 2024. Archived from 4792:. 2024. Archived from 4770:. 2024. Archived from 4748:. 2024. Archived from 4726:. 2024. Archived from 4132:Wexler 2021 pp.694-695 4088:Silk Road Linguistics, 3699:The Jewish Study Bible 3072:On March 8, 2011, the 2936:in the title role and 2883:The Greatest Adventure 2427:Sistine Chapel ceiling 2273: 1821:. The Greek historian 1791: 1649: 1529: 1500: 1429: 1349: 1097:as "the Scroll" ("the 1090: 1050: 961:Paralipomena of Baruch 7850:Apocalypse of Abraham 7654:Israelite–Aramean War 7525:Battle of Mount Tabor 7432:The Bible and warfare 7347:Additional Scriptures 7311:New Testament uncials 5951:Center for Jewish Art 5875:Text and translations 5845:Catholic Encyclopedia 5768:"The Book of Esther: 5339:. Kolrom Multimedia. 5025:"The Book of Esther: 4796:on February 12, 2024. 4774:on February 12, 2024. 4752:on February 12, 2024. 4730:on February 13, 2024. 4431:penelope.uchicago.edu 3539:Esther (Anchor Bible) 3459:Encyclopaedia Judaica 3363:Blumenthal, David R. 2425:, in a corner of the 2371:, Article VI, of the 2234:These additions are: 2116:are not permitted in 1775: 1644: 1561:additional traditions 1527: 1498: 1424: 1347: 1226:Setting and structure 1024: 8268:4th-century BC books 7845:Testament of Abraham 7805:Life of Adam and Eve 7467:Crossing the Red Sea 7332:Bible version debate 7306:New Testament papyri 7252:Samaritan Pentateuch 6877:Testament of Abraham 6815:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan 5880:Jewish translations 5508:Grossman, Jonathan, 5162:Articles of Religion 4999:www.biblegateway.com 4908:10 June 2015 at the 4339:10.1515/ZAW.2007.020 3966:David J. A. Clines, 3621:"Esther – Chapter 8" 2744:involves this story 2507:, at the request of 2495:Jean Baptiste Racine 2490:Jean Baptiste Racine 2369:Thirty-Nine Articles 2314:. – 2158:) as an example of ' 2058:apocalyptic writings 2025:Historia Scholastica 1320:Historia Scholastica 1291:Christian theologian 1158:First Persian Empire 1035:Musée du Quai Branly 1025:A 13th/14th-century 956:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan 7958:Additions to Daniel 7884:Ascension of Isaiah 7855:Assumption of Moses 7659:Syro-Ephraimite War 7274:Muratorian fragment 7209:New Testament canon 7204:Old Testament canon 7097:Chapters and verses 6715:Additions to Daniel 6681:Additions to Esther 5621:Hudson, J. Francis 5392:www.sight-sound.com 5160:Church of England, 4092:Harrassowitz Verlag 3767:Additions to Esther 3371:on January 17, 2019 3102:Seven Stories Press 2898:as King Ahasuerus, 2635:Esther and the King 2534:wrote the oratorio 2476:Lucrezia Tornabuoni 2472:Italian Renaissance 2466:Lucrezia Tornabuoni 2384: 2338:Counter-Reformation 2284:Alexander the Great 2182:Additions to Esther 1777:The Feast of Esther 1747:Hellenistic periods 1544:. According to the 1520:Authorship and date 1451:Ahasuerus appoints 1119:. It is one of the 1115:"Writings") of the 882:Additions to Daniel 848:Additions to Esther 8118:Bigthan and Teresh 8014:Letter of Aristeas 7963:Prayer of Manasseh 7879:Letter of Jeremiah 7860:Joseph and Aseneth 7810:Testament of Qahat 7800:Genesis Apocryphon 7569:Battle of Michmash 7453:Torah / Pentateuch 6887:Testament of Jacob 6882:Testament of Isaac 6767:Prayer of Manasseh 6730:Bel and the Dragon 6710:Letter of Jeremiah 6233:Bigthan and Teresh 5917:2015-09-06 at the 5714:2020-10-23 at the 5614:Fischer, James A. 5600:2006-02-19 at the 5577:2011-09-27 at the 5314:The Book of Esther 5167:2019-02-27 at the 4947:2022-04-29 at the 4927:2022-12-31 at the 4878:www.sefaria.org.il 4862:on April 23, 2024. 4674:2020-10-23 at the 4556:2016-03-03 at the 4383:Jacob Hoschander, 4365:2014-03-27 at the 4181:2019-02-20 at the 4008:2023-11-11 at the 3990:pp. 26, 50, 155ff. 3975:2023-11-11 at the 3196:Jill Eileen Smith 3182:Roseanna M. White 3122:The Book of Esther 2922:TV movie from the 2786:Stephanie Lawrence 2670:Victoria Principal 2654:Victoria Principal 2604:The play entitled 2578:Behold Your Queen! 2552:Christina Rossetti 2413:There are several 2383: 2361:Biblical apocrypha 2220:New American Bible 2204:Douay–Rheims Bible 2120:, even in case of 1974:, which, like the 1831:Greco-Persian Wars 1792: 1768:Historical reading 1650: 1530: 1501: 1446:Bigthan and Teresh 1430: 1350: 1196:handwritten scroll 1051: 908:Prayer of Manasseh 877:Letter of Jeremiah 8303:Religion and race 8250: 8249: 8156:Purim HaMeshulash 8032: 8031: 8019:Sibylline Oracles 7923:Psalms of Solomon 7790:Apocrypha in the 7749: 7748: 7725: 7724: 7649:Battle of Zephath 7614:Jeroboam's Revolt 7505:Battle of Jericho 7472:Battle of Refidim 7398: 7397: 7367:Textual criticism 6930: 6929: 6854:Psalms of Solomon 6797:Orthodox Tewahedo 6385: 6384: 6320:Megillah (Talmud) 6079: 6078: 6057:Succeeded by 6028:Succeeded by 5999:Succeeded by 5705:Shurpin, Yehuda, 5664:Levenson, Jon D. 5484:Beal, Timothy K ( 5427:. A&C Black. 5424:The Esther Scroll 5117:Papal Encyclicals 5092:Papal Encyclicals 4951:for the additions 4840:on March 1, 2024. 4818:on July 11, 2021. 4655:on June 16, 2024. 4584:Open Yale Courses 4505:978-90-04-09271-6 4468:978-1-60899-942-2 4100:978-3-447-11573-5 4056:978-0-19-954398-4 4021:978-9-004-40656-8 3988:978-0-905-77466-4 3685:, Zondervan, 2002 3681:NIV Study Bible, 3610:, pp. 40–41. 3349:978-1-891662-94-2 3275: 3274: 3100:and published by 3093:The Graphic Canon 3036:Mark Andrew Olsen 2938:F. Murray Abraham 2894:as Queen Esther, 2856:and published by 2394:Cast or Creator 2373:Church of England 2365:Protestant bibles 2348:, and nothing of 1730:Nebuchadnezzar II 1719:Biblical scholar 1671:Achaemenid Empire 1366: 1296:, as well as the 1258:is equivalent to 1093:), also known in 1071: 1063:מְגִלַּת אֶסְתֵּר 1019: 1018: 979: 978: 973: 972: 937:Orthodox Tewahedo 863:Wisdom of Solomon 815: 814: 521: 520: 515: 514: 511: 510: 468: 467: 397: 396: 333: 332: 254: 253: 209: 208: 133: 132: 16:(Redirected from 8315: 8293:Historical books 8069: 8059: 8052: 8045: 8036: 7928:Testament of Job 7820:Book of Jubilees 7815:Visions of Amram 7783:Jewish apocrypha 7776: 7769: 7762: 7753: 7733: 7669:Siege of Lachish 7550:Battle of Mizpah 7462:Battle of Siddim 7449: 7425: 7418: 7411: 7402: 7247:Dead Sea Scrolls 7229:Dating the Bible 7107:Historical books 6744:Eastern Orthodox 6657:Eastern Orthodox 6645: 6638: 6412: 6405: 6398: 6389: 6356:Oxyrhynchus 4443 6105: 6098: 6091: 6082: 6038:Preceded by 6009:Preceded by 5984:Preceded by 5967: 5929: 5928: 5849: 5841: 5832: 5826: 5817: 5791: 5754: 5746: 5738: 5730: 5678:Moore, Carey A. 5661: 5659: 5658: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5533: 5498:Emmanuel Levinas 5481: 5479: 5478: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5374: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5213:. 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Archived from 4640: 4631: 4628: 4622: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4600: 4575:Hayes, Christine 4571: 4565: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4442: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4394: 4388: 4381: 4370: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4322: 4316: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4282: 4276: 4275:Berlin, 2001: 6. 4273: 4267: 4255: 4246: 4245: 4233: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4199:"Book of Esther" 4194: 4185: 4172: 4166: 4159: 4153: 4146: 4133: 4130: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4068: 4030: 4024: 3997: 3991: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3954: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3911: 3871: 3865: 3858: 3852: 3845: 3836: 3829: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3816: 3776: 3770: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3702: 3692: 3686: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3632: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3583: 3568: 3559: 3552: 3543: 3542: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3507: 3496: 3495: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3472: 3463: 3462: 3454: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3409:, and Haman and 3387: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3367:. Archived from 3360: 3354: 3353: 3330: 3308: 3305: 2924:Bible Collection 2900:Werner Klemperer 2778:J. Edward Oliver 2756:J. Edward Oliver 2558:Monna Innominata 2452:Esther's Banquet 2385: 2379:Modern retelling 2334:Council of Trent 2297: 2271: 2174:. Additionally, 2118:orthodox Judaism 2065:is portrayed as 1841:, whose father, 1781:Feest van Esther 1669:, who ruled the 1630:Goshen-Gottstein 1619: 1616: 1593:Several Aramaic 1509:Haman's ten sons 1386: 1385: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1361: 1359: 1128: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1084: 1076: 1066: 1064: 1011: 1004: 997: 832: 828: 826:Deuterocanonical 702: 698: 654: 590: 546: 537: 531: 479: 416: 409: 365: 356: 351: 347: 222: 167: 156: 151: 147: 81: 76: 72: 62: 56: 46: 39: 21: 8323: 8322: 8318: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8313: 8312: 8253: 8252: 8251: 8246: 8213: 8209:Mishloach manot 8175: 8138: 8132: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8033: 8028: 7972:Other apocrypha 7967: 7903: 7864: 7785: 7780: 7750: 7745: 7734: 7721: 7702: 7630: 7560:United monarchy 7554: 7545:Battle of Aphek 7515:Battle of Hazor 7486: 7443: 7441: 7434: 7429: 7399: 7394: 7371: 7315: 7233: 7224:Christian canon 7187: 7122:Prophetic books 7085: 7016:2 Thessalonians 7011:1 Thessalonians 6926: 6893: 6858: 6829: 6791: 6750: 6736: 6664: 6636: 6635: 6627: 6438: 6434: 6425: 6416: 6386: 6381: 6365: 6361:Palau-Ribes 163 6339: 6298: 6272: 6211: 6180: 6114: 6109: 6071: 6062: 6050: 6043: 6033: 6021: 6014: 6004: 5989: 5979: 5972: 5971:Book of Esther 5943: 5941:Physical relics 5926: 5919:Wayback Machine 5877: 5868:Peninei Halakha 5860:Eliezer Melamed 5856: 5835: 5820: 5770:Opus non gratum 5765: 5762: 5760:Further reading 5757: 5741: 5725: 5716:Wayback Machine 5656: 5654: 5647: 5632: 5602:Wayback Machine 5579:Wayback Machine 5560: 5558: 5551: 5536: 5530: 5515: 5494:Jacques Derrida 5476: 5474: 5467: 5452: 5444: 5442: 5435: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5410: 5401: 5399: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5372: 5370: 5357: 5356: 5352: 5337:Megillas Lester 5334: 5333: 5329: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5297: 5295: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5245: 5243: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5220: 5218: 5208: 5207: 5203: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5179: 5175: 5169:Wayback Machine 5159: 5155: 5145: 5143: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5121: 5119: 5110: 5109: 5105: 5096: 5094: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5031: 5027:Opus non gratum 5022: 5021: 5017: 5008: 5006: 4993: 4992: 4988: 4960: 4959: 4955: 4949:Wayback Machine 4942:the NRSV online 4939: 4935: 4929:Wayback Machine 4920: 4916: 4910:Wayback Machine 4901: 4897: 4887: 4885: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4784: 4783: 4779: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4718: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4676:Wayback Machine 4664: 4660: 4642: 4641: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4598: 4596: 4589:Yale University 4573: 4572: 4568: 4562:Companion Bible 4560:, appendix 60, 4558:Wayback Machine 4549: 4545: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4515: 4513: 4506: 4498:. Brill. 1991. 4492: 4491: 4487: 4478: 4476: 4469: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4440: 4438: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4411: 4409: 4402:www.sefaria.org 4398:"Sanhedrin 61b" 4396: 4395: 4391: 4382: 4373: 4367:Wayback Machine 4358: 4354: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4308: 4288:Persica Antiqua 4284: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4256: 4249: 4242: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4196: 4195: 4188: 4183:Wayback Machine 4173: 4169: 4160: 4156: 4147: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4117: 4107:Humpan>Human 4082: 4078: 4066: 4064: 4057: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4023:pp. 2, 15, 28ff 4010:Wayback Machine 3998: 3994: 3977:Wayback Machine 3965: 3961: 3952: 3950: 3943: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3909: 3907: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3859: 3855: 3846: 3839: 3830: 3823: 3814: 3812: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3764: 3760: 3751: 3749: 3742: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3655: 3653: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3630: 3628: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3594: 3590: 3581: 3579: 3570: 3569: 3562: 3553: 3546: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3509: 3508: 3499: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3473: 3466: 3456: 3455: 3448: 3442: 3438: 3388: 3384: 3374: 3372: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3334:Rossel, Seymour 3332: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3280: 3238:Elizabeth Mack 3154:Rebecca Kanner 2978:Ginger Garrett 2886:series, titled 2776:was written by 2698:television film 2676:as Xerxes, and 2586:Corinne Malvern 2580:was written by 2381: 2308: 2272: 2269: 2232: 2184: 2107:Book of Genesis 2071:ethnic category 2054:Christine Hayes 2040: 2028:Petrus Comestor 1770: 1639: 1622:Targum Shelishi 1617: 1534:Megillat Esther 1522: 1404: 1335: 1323:Petrus Comestor 1233: 1228: 1198:, usually in a 1174:Jewish festival 1149:of her people. 1015: 975: 974: 829: 824: 817: 816: 699: 694: 687: 686: 685: 655: 650: 643: 642: 641: 591: 586: 579: 578: 577: 547: 542: 529: 517: 516: 407: 353: 349: 343: 335: 334: 329: 153: 149: 143: 135: 134: 78: 74: 68: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8321: 8319: 8311: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8263:Book of Esther 8255: 8254: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8223: 8221: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8185: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8146:Fast of Esther 8142: 8140: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8095: 8085: 8083:Book of Esther 8079: 8077: 8073: 8072: 8064: 8062: 8061: 8054: 8047: 8039: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7984:Book of Judith 7981: 7979:Book of Sirach 7975: 7973: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7948:Psalms 152–155 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7918:Book of Wisdom 7914: 7912: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7875: 7873: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7796: 7794: 7787: 7786: 7781: 7779: 7778: 7771: 7764: 7756: 7747: 7746: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7718:Book of Esther 7712: 7710: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7698: 7693: 7683: 7678: 7677: 7676: 7671: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7645: 7643: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7626: 7621: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7599:Siege of Jebus 7596: 7594:Pool of Gibeon 7591: 7586: 7571: 7565: 7563: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7501: 7499: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7458: 7456: 7446: 7436: 7435: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7420: 7413: 7405: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7362:Synod of Hippo 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7296:Masoretic Text 7293: 7288: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7243: 7241: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7195: 7193: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7185: 7180: 7179: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7146: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7132:Minor prophets 7129: 7127:Major prophets 7119: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7093: 7091: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6940: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6905:Pseudepigrapha 6901: 6899: 6898:Classification 6895: 6894: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6868: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6844:Psalms 152–155 6840: 6838: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6801: 6799: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6745: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6712: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6498:1–2 Chronicles 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6444: 6442: 6427: 6426: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6407: 6400: 6392: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6379: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6306: 6304: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6296: 6294:Fast of Esther 6291: 6286: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6219: 6217: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6209: 6207:Shushan (Susa) 6204: 6199: 6194: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6127: 6125: 6116: 6115: 6112:Book of Esther 6110: 6108: 6107: 6100: 6093: 6085: 6077: 6076: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6055: 6048:Roman Catholic 6044: 6039: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6026: 6015: 6010: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5997: 5990: 5985: 5981: 5980: 5973: 5970: 5965: 5964: 5958: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5892: 5887: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5871: 5855: 5854:External links 5852: 5851: 5850: 5839:"Esther" 5833: 5824:"Esther" 5818: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5739: 5723: 5703: 5693: 5686:Paton, Lewis B 5683: 5676: 5669: 5662: 5645: 5630: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5592: 5589: 5586:Theodor Gaster 5582: 5569: 5566: 5549: 5534: 5528: 5513: 5506: 5500: 5482: 5465: 5450: 5433: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5379: 5365:. 2020-07-29. 5350: 5327: 5304: 5279: 5252: 5227: 5201: 5198:. p. 368. 5186: 5173: 5153: 5128: 5103: 5078: 5015: 4986: 4953: 4933: 4914: 4895: 4865: 4843: 4821: 4799: 4777: 4755: 4733: 4711: 4705:978-0198797227 4704: 4684: 4658: 4632: 4623: 4614: 4605: 4566: 4543: 4522: 4504: 4485: 4467: 4447: 4418: 4389: 4371: 4352: 4333:(2): 259–271. 4317: 4306: 4277: 4268: 4247: 4240: 4218: 4211: 4186: 4167: 4154: 4134: 4125: 4115: 4076: 4055: 4025: 3992: 3959: 3941: 3916: 3886:(3): 301–329. 3866: 3853: 3837: 3821: 3791:(4): 267–289. 3771: 3765:George Lyons, 3758: 3741:978-0802824004 3740: 3720: 3714:978-0195297515 3713: 3687: 3674: 3662: 3637: 3612: 3600: 3588: 3560: 3554:E.A.W. Budge, 3544: 3529: 3523:978-9004187375 3522: 3497: 3482: 3464: 3446: 3436: 3430:Myth, and the 3420:Gilgamesh Epic 3382: 3355: 3348: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3286: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3269: 3264: 3261: 3257: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3118: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3088: 3087:J. T. Waldman 3085: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3070: 3065: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3018:Tiffany Dupont 3004: 2996:Tiffany Dupont 2993: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2968: 2956: 2949: 2946: 2942: 2941: 2934:Louise Lombard 2920: 2918:Louise Lombard 2915: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2902:as Haman, and 2874: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2846: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2820: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2807: 2804:Bill Kenwright 2764: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2745: 2734: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2694: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2681: 2678:Michael Ansara 2656: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2643: 2630: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2617: 2610:Saunders Lewis 2602: 2600:Saunders Lewis 2597: 2594: 2590: 2589: 2582:Gladys Malvern 2574: 2572:Gladys Malvern 2569: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2554: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2541: 2529: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2492: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2479: 2468: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2455: 2444: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2411: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2380: 2377: 2307: 2304: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2231: 2228: 2183: 2180: 2176:Hermann Göring 2172:Hoshana Rabbah 2122:Pikuach nefesh 2073:rather than a 2062:Book of Daniel 2044:Tetragrammaton 2039: 2038:Interpretation 2036: 2032:Artaxerxes III 1995:Nebuchadnezzar 1903:distinct from 1769: 1766: 1758:amongst others 1751:Book of Judith 1721:Michael Coogan 1638: 1635: 1542:Great Assembly 1521: 1518: 1408:Persian Empire 1403: 1400: 1334: 1331: 1327:Artaxerxes III 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1154:King Ahasuerus 1074:Megillat Ester 1055:Book of Esther 1033:, held at the 1017: 1016: 1014: 1013: 1006: 999: 991: 988: 987: 981: 980: 977: 976: 971: 970: 969: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 940: 939: 933: 932: 931: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 892: 891: 887: 886: 885: 884: 879: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 830: 823: 822: 819: 818: 813: 812: 811: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 747: 746: 744:Minor prophets 740: 739: 738: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 709: 708: 706:Major prophets 700: 693: 692: 689: 688: 684: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 657: 656: 649: 648: 645: 644: 640: 639: 634: 629: 624: 622:1–2 Chronicles 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 593: 592: 585: 584: 581: 580: 576: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 549: 548: 541: 540: 533: 532: 530:(Christianity) 523: 522: 519: 518: 513: 512: 509: 508: 507:Divre Hayyamim 505: 499: 498: 495: 489: 488: 485: 475: 474: 470: 469: 466: 465: 462: 456: 455: 452: 446: 445: 442: 436: 435: 432: 426: 425: 422: 412: 411: 399: 398: 395: 394: 391: 385: 384: 381: 375: 374: 371: 361: 360: 354: 341: 340: 337: 336: 331: 330: 328: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 266: 263: 262: 256: 255: 252: 251: 248: 242: 241: 238: 232: 231: 228: 218: 217: 211: 210: 207: 206: 203: 197: 196: 193: 187: 186: 183: 177: 176: 173: 163: 162: 154: 141: 140: 137: 136: 131: 130: 127: 121: 120: 117: 111: 110: 107: 101: 100: 97: 91: 90: 87: 79: 66: 65: 58: 57: 48: 47: 26: 24: 18:Megilat Esther 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8320: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8216: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8182: 8178: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8151:Shushan Purim 8149: 8147: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8135: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8103: 8099: 8096: 8093: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8060: 8055: 8053: 8048: 8046: 8041: 8040: 8037: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7989:Book of Tobit 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7970: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7911: 7908:Apocrypha in 7906: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7872: 7869:Apocrypha in 7867: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7797: 7795: 7793: 7788: 7784: 7777: 7772: 7770: 7765: 7763: 7758: 7757: 7754: 7744: 7743: 7737: 7732: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7709: 7708:Exilic period 7705: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7688: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7581: 7578: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7557: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7437: 7433: 7426: 7421: 7419: 7414: 7412: 7407: 7406: 7403: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7377: 7374: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7318: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7286: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7269: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7240: 7236: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7190: 7184: 7181: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7154: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7137: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7120: 7117: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7088: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7006: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6979:2 Corinthians 6977: 6975: 6974:1 Corinthians 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6936:New Testament 6933: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6917:New Testament 6915: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6896: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6861: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6832: 6826: 6825:Broader canon 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6739: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6538:Song of Songs 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6437: 6436:Old Testament 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6413: 6408: 6406: 6401: 6399: 6394: 6393: 6390: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6315:Five Megillot 6313: 6311: 6310:Esther Rabbah 6308: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6214: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6106: 6101: 6099: 6094: 6092: 6087: 6086: 6083: 6075: 6074: 6073:Old Testament 6070: 6065: 6061: 6054: 6053: 6052:Old Testament 6049: 6042: 6036: 6032: 6025: 6024: 6023:Old Testament 6020: 6013: 6007: 6003: 5996: 5995: 5988: 5982: 5978: 5977: 5976:History books 5968: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5931:Bible: Esther 5924: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5900: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5830: 5825: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5771: 5764: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5751: 5745: 5740: 5736: 5735: 5729: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5701: 5697: 5696:Hazony, Yoram 5694: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5667: 5663: 5652: 5648: 5646:9781009266123 5642: 5638: 5637: 5631: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5603: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5583: 5580: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5556: 5552: 5550:9781786736352 5546: 5542: 5541: 5535: 5531: 5529:9781608994953 5525: 5521: 5520: 5514: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5472: 5468: 5466:9780310872146 5462: 5459:. Zondervan. 5458: 5457: 5451: 5440: 5436: 5434:9780567157133 5430: 5426: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5413: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5380: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5354: 5351: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5331: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5308: 5305: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5280: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5256: 5253: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5228: 5217:on 2011-09-28 5216: 5212: 5205: 5202: 5197: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5163: 5157: 5154: 5142: 5138: 5132: 5129: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5104: 5093: 5089: 5082: 5079: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5030: 5028: 5019: 5016: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4990: 4987: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4937: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4923: 4918: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4904: 4899: 4896: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4756: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4715: 4712: 4707: 4701: 4697: 4696: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4662: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4618: 4615: 4609: 4606: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4547: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4526: 4523: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4489: 4486: 4474: 4470: 4464: 4460: 4459: 4451: 4448: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4419: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4356: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4310: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4281: 4278: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4241:9780781435314 4237: 4232: 4231: 4222: 4219: 4214: 4212:9780802837820 4208: 4204: 4200: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4077: 4073: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4003: 3996: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3980:A&C Black 3978: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3963: 3960: 3948: 3944: 3942:9780199277186 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3925:Meyers, Carol 3920: 3917: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3850: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3724: 3721: 3716: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3700: 3691: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3663: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3589: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3533: 3530: 3525: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3486: 3483: 3478: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3370: 3366: 3359: 3356: 3351: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3329: 3326: 3319: 3314: 3304: 3301: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3252:Diana Taylor 3251: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3003: 3002: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2940:as Mordecai. 2939: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2906:as Mordecai. 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2879: 2878:Hanna-Barbera 2875: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2858:HarperCollins 2855: 2854:Tomie dePaola 2851: 2847: 2845: 2844:Tomie dePaola 2842: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2790:Denis Quilley 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2710:Olivia Hussey 2707: 2704:and aired on 2703: 2699: 2695: 2693: 2692:Olivia Hussey 2690: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2674:Robert Mandan 2671: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2316:Martin Luther 2313: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2293: 2292:Ancient Greek 2289: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2266: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2149:Matthew Poole 2146: 2142: 2138: 2137:Albert Barnes 2134: 2131: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2099:philosemitism 2095: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2075:religious one 2072: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1964:Book of Tobit 1960: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1835:Queen consort 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1800:Artaxerxes II 1797: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1648: 1647:Torah pointer 1643: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1605: 1604:Targum Rishon 1600: 1596: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1565:Artaxerxes II 1562: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1526: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1497: 1493: 1491: 1485: 1483: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1380: 1370: 1364: 1355: 1346: 1342: 1340: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1309:Artaxerxes II 1306: 1302: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1286:Esther Rabbah 1282: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1185:Song of Songs 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131:Old Testament 1127: 1122: 1118: 1107: 1106: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1080: 1075: 1069: 1060: 1056: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1000: 998: 993: 992: 990: 989: 986: 983: 982: 967: 966:Broader canon 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 943: 942: 941: 938: 934: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 895: 894: 893: 890:Orthodox only 888: 883: 880: 878: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 835: 834: 833: 827: 821: 820: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 750: 749: 748: 745: 741: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 712: 711: 710: 707: 703: 697: 691: 690: 682: 681:Song of Songs 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 658: 653: 647: 646: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 594: 589: 583: 582: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 550: 545: 539: 538: 535: 534: 528: 527:Old Testament 524: 506: 504: 500: 496: 494: 493:Ezra–Nehemiah 490: 486: 484: 480: 477: 476: 471: 463: 461: 457: 453: 451: 447: 443: 441: 437: 433: 431: 427: 424:Shir Hashirim 423: 421: 420:Song of Songs 417: 414: 413: 410: 406: 400: 392: 390: 386: 382: 380: 376: 372: 370: 366: 363: 362: 357: 352: 346: 339: 338: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 267: 265: 264: 261: 257: 249: 247: 243: 239: 237: 233: 229: 227: 223: 220: 219: 216: 212: 204: 202: 198: 194: 192: 188: 184: 182: 178: 174: 172: 168: 165: 164: 161: 157: 152: 146: 139: 138: 128: 126: 122: 118: 116: 112: 108: 106: 102: 98: 96: 92: 88: 86: 82: 77: 75:(Instruction) 71: 64: 63: 60: 59: 53: 49: 45: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 8166:Second Purim 8082: 8066:Purim 7742:Bible Portal 7740: 7717: 7609:Baal-perazim 7576: 7510:Battle of Ai 7285:Vetus Latina 7283: 7266: 7219:Jewish canon 7214:Antilegomena 7116:Poetic Books 7112:Wisdom books 7090:Subdivisions 7003: 6708: / 6633:Deuterocanon 6553:Lamentations 6533:Ecclesiastes 6512: 6440:(protocanon) 6431:Hebrew Bible 6325:Targum Sheni 6111: 6067: 6046: 6017: 5994:Hebrew Bible 5992: 5987:Ecclesiastes 5974: 5910: 5899:Aleppo Codex 5895:Mechon Mamre 5843: 5831:. B. Herder. 5828: 5779: 5775: 5769: 5748: 5732: 5707: 5699: 5689: 5679: 5672: 5665: 5655:. Retrieved 5635: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5559:. Retrieved 5539: 5518: 5509: 5489: 5486:Timothy Beal 5475:. Retrieved 5455: 5443:. Retrieved 5423: 5400:. Retrieved 5391: 5382: 5371:. Retrieved 5362: 5353: 5336: 5330: 5316:. Lux Vide. 5313: 5307: 5296:. Retrieved 5282: 5261: 5255: 5244:. Retrieved 5230: 5219:. Retrieved 5215:the original 5204: 5195: 5189: 5181: 5176: 5156: 5144:. Retrieved 5140: 5131: 5120:. Retrieved 5116: 5106: 5095:. Retrieved 5091: 5081: 5041: 5035: 5026: 5018: 5007:. Retrieved 4998: 4989: 4970: 4966: 4963:"Lysimachus" 4956: 4936: 4917: 4898: 4886:. Retrieved 4877: 4868: 4860:the original 4856:Biblehub.com 4855: 4846: 4838:the original 4834:Biblehub.com 4833: 4824: 4816:the original 4812:Biblehub.com 4811: 4802: 4794:the original 4790:Biblehub.com 4789: 4780: 4772:the original 4768:Biblehub.com 4767: 4758: 4750:the original 4746:TheTorah.com 4745: 4736: 4728:the original 4724:Biblehub.com 4723: 4714: 4694: 4687: 4667: 4661: 4653:the original 4648: 4626: 4621:Chullin 139b 4617: 4608: 4597:. Retrieved 4582: 4569: 4561: 4546: 4532: 4525: 4514:. Retrieved 4494: 4488: 4477:. Retrieved 4457: 4450: 4439:. Retrieved 4430: 4421: 4410:. Retrieved 4401: 4392: 4384: 4355: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4309: 4295:(4): 19–32. 4292: 4286: 4280: 4271: 4261: 4258:Adele Berlin 4229: 4221: 4202: 4170: 4162: 4157: 4149: 4128: 4118: 4106: 4087: 4079: 4071: 4065:. Retrieved 4038: 4028: 4001: 3995: 3968: 3962: 3951:. Retrieved 3932: 3929:"16. Esther" 3919: 3908:. Retrieved 3883: 3879: 3869: 3861: 3856: 3848: 3847:S. Kaufman, 3832: 3813:. Retrieved 3788: 3784: 3774: 3766: 3761: 3750:. Retrieved 3730: 3723: 3698: 3690: 3682: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3654:. Retrieved 3640: 3629:. Retrieved 3615: 3603: 3598:, p. 9. 3591: 3580:. Retrieved 3555: 3538: 3532: 3512: 3491: 3485: 3476: 3458: 3439: 3390: 3385: 3373:. Retrieved 3369:the original 3358: 3338: 3328: 3303: 3140:Angela Hunt 3121: 3096:, edited by 3091: 3032:Tommy Tenney 3025: 3011: 2999: 2981: 2958: 2951: 2927: 2923: 2892:Helen Slater 2888:Queen Esther 2887: 2881: 2872:Helen Slater 2850:Queen Esther 2849: 2827: 2793: 2771: 2759: 2718:Harris Yulin 2714:Tony Musante 2701: 2663: 2640:Joan Collins 2633: 2628:Joan Collins 2605: 2577: 2557: 2535: 2498: 2451: 2423:Michelangelo 2418: 2409:Michelangelo 2397:Description 2358: 2331: 2324: 2309: 2277: 2274: 2263: 2233: 2212:Nova Vulgata 2185: 2168: 2153: 2141:philosemitic 2135: 2126: 2111: 2090: 2079: 2052: 2041: 2024: 2022: 2009: 2005: 1999: 1982: 1978: 1971: 1961: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1897:Bar Hebraeus 1893:Esther Rabba 1892: 1880: 1876: 1874: 1865: 1861: 1859: 1855:Artaxerxes I 1818: 1814: 1807: 1803: 1793: 1780: 1776: 1755: 1742:Adele Berlin 1739: 1718: 1706:Haman's ears 1675: 1654: 1651: 1621: 1610:Targum Sheni 1608: 1602: 1592: 1588:Vetus Latina 1587: 1577: 1554: 1538:Hebrew Bible 1533: 1531: 1506: 1502: 1486: 1478: 1474:royal decree 1472:(3:7–12). A 1450: 1431: 1405: 1387: 1378: 1375:מִשְׁתָּאוֹת 1351: 1336: 1319: 1313: 1305:Artaxerxes I 1294:Bar Hebraeus 1284: 1278: 1275: 1266: 1259: 1255: 1249:Persian king 1244: 1234: 1193: 1182: 1162:Queen Vashti 1151: 1121:Five Scrolls 1117:Hebrew Bible 1091:Liber Esther 1054: 1052: 1047:Torah scroll 1042: 1031:Fez, Morocco 985:Bible portal 875: / 725:Lamentations 676:Ecclesiastes 636: 459: 450:Ecclesiastes 440:Lamentations 404: 344: 144: 69: 36: 8242:Purim rabbi 8237:Purim Torah 8232:Purim spiel 8219:Purim humor 8181:Purim foods 8161:Purim Katan 8139:observances 8009:4 Maccabees 8004:3 Maccabees 7999:2 Maccabees 7994:1 Maccabees 7477:Golden calf 7390:WikiProject 7268:Diatessaron 7239:Manuscripts 7192:Development 6994:Philippians 6864:Beta Israel 6782:4 Maccabees 6777:3 Maccabees 6691:2 Maccabees 6686:1 Maccabees 6468:Deuteronomy 6351:Papyrus 967 6344:Manuscripts 6069:E. Orthodox 6060:1 Maccabees 5897:Full text, 5290:. YouTube. 4630:Deut. 31:18 4314:Esther 1:19 4111:anthroponym 4084:Paul Wexler 4035:"Ahasuerus" 3596:Clines 1984 3210:H.B. Moore 2960:VeggieTales 2953:VeggieTales 2795:Swan Esther 2773:Swan Esther 2712:as Esther, 2708:, starring 2672:as Esther, 2650:Miniseries 2638:, starring 2320:Reformation 2200:Hebrew Text 2164:Esther 9:27 2156:Esther 8:17 2145:Esther 3:15 2130:Zoroastrian 2067:assimilated 1785:Jan Lievens 1783:, 1625) by 1637:Historicity 1599:Middle Ages 1548:, it was a 1267:Khshayārsha 1254:. The name 923:4 Maccabees 918:3 Maccabees 858:2 Maccabees 853:1 Maccabees 573:Deuteronomy 125:Deuteronomy 8257:Categories 8076:Background 8068:(פּוּרִים) 7327:Authorship 7257:Septuagint 7102:Pentateuch 7081:Revelation 7005:Laodiceans 6999:Colossians 6488:1–2 Samuel 6019:Protestant 5720:Chabad.org 5657:2023-10-29 5561:2023-10-29 5477:2017-08-30 5445:2017-08-30 5402:2022-10-13 5373:2022-10-13 5298:2011-08-09 5246:2007-05-31 5221:2007-05-31 5122:2024-08-12 5097:2024-08-12 5009:2021-03-01 4680:Chabad.org 4599:2016-01-05 4516:2021-05-13 4479:2021-02-17 4441:2021-02-17 4412:2021-02-17 4176:Esther 2:6 4067:2020-04-17 3953:2019-03-24 3910:2021-03-02 3815:2021-02-05 3752:2023-06-23 3656:2018-10-20 3631:2018-10-20 3608:Jobes 2011 3582:2017-12-17 3315:References 3263:Stageplay 3224:CJ Kramer 3168:Joan Wolf 3127:Jen Lilley 3116:Jen Lilley 3074:Maccabeats 3068:Maccabeats 2963:released " 2948:Animation 2932:, starred 2904:Ron Rifkin 2896:Dean Jones 2868:Animation 2824:Amos Gitai 2818:Amos Gitai 2782:Nick Munns 2761:Nick Munns 2728:Animation 2720:as Haman. 2680:as Haman. 2660:miniseries 2596:Stageplay 2523:Stageplay 2486:Stageplay 2342:Lectionary 2312:Septuagint 2306:Canonicity 2288:Septuagint 2265:Jerusalem. 2208:Knox Bible 2188:Septuagint 2082:Vilna Gaon 1983:Huwaxšaθra 1926:ʔaḥašwērōš 1901:Artaxerxes 1881:Artaxšaθra 1877:Artaxerxes 1808:ʔaḥašwērōš 1618: 500 1557:Septuagint 1384:מִשְׁתִּים 1339:exposition 1301:Septuagint 1216:Babylonian 1112:כְּתוּבִים 612:1–2 Samuel 588:Historical 544:Pentateuch 503:Chronicles 473:Historical 350:(Writings) 150:(Prophets) 8189:Hamantash 8137:Religious 8113:Ahasuerus 7943:Psalm 151 7166:Johannine 7026:2 Timothy 7021:1 Timothy 6989:Ephesians 6984:Galatians 6772:Psalm 151 6640:apocrypha 6618:Zechariah 6608:Zephaniah 6493:1–2 Kings 6458:Leviticus 6228:Ahasuerus 5798:1065-223X 5782:: 39–54. 5345:tt3557580 5322:tt2521404 5274:tt0168331 5146:24 August 5044:: 39–54. 4347:170144015 3892:0006-0887 3805:202163709 3413:with the 3375:April 19, 3320:Citations 3098:Russ Kick 3022:Luke Goss 3001:Luke Goss 2914:TV movie 2826:entitled 2800:Young Vic 2770:entitled 2766:The 1983 2742:Superbook 2732:Superbook 2700:entitled 2688:TV movie 2662:entitled 2511:'s wife, 2509:Louis XIV 2448:Rembrandt 2446:In 1660, 2443:van Rijn 2441:Rembrandt 2437:Painting 2405:Painting 2280:Macedonia 2112:Although 2094:King Saul 2048:acrostics 2018:Vohu Mana 2010:Anadatus, 1987:Jerusalem 1972:Achiachar 1957:Darius II 1918:Aḫšiyaršu 1909:Ahasuerus 1905:Ahasuerus 1889:Midrashic 1823:Herodotus 1804:Ahasuerus 1550:redaction 1379:mištāˈhoṯ 1372:, plural 1363:romanized 1358:מִשְׁתֶּה 1333:Structure 1316:Amyrtaeus 1256:Ahasuerus 1252:Ahasuerus 1200:synagogue 1166:Mordechai 1137:woman in 1068:romanized 913:Psalm 151 803:Zechariah 793:Zephaniah 696:Prophetic 617:1–2 Kings 563:Leviticus 408:(Scrolls) 320:Zechariah 310:Zephaniah 250:Yekhezqel 240:Yirmeyahu 230:Yeshayahu 105:Leviticus 55:(Judaism) 8298:Genocide 8227:Adloyada 8204:Kreplach 8194:Fazuelos 8108:Mordecai 7938:2 Esdras 7933:1 Esdras 7899:3 Baruch 7894:2 Baruch 7889:1 Baruch 7380:Category 7279:Peshitta 7176:Catholic 7171:Pastoral 7156:Epistles 7149:Synoptic 7036:Philemon 6849:2 Baruch 6836:Peshitta 6810:Jubilees 6762:2 Esdras 6757:1 Esdras 6652:Catholic 6603:Habakkuk 6548:Jeremiah 6528:Proverbs 6508:Nehemiah 6303:Analysis 6258:Mordecai 6192:Ethiopia 6131:Esther 1 6123:chapters 6012:Nehemiah 5935:LibriVox 5915:Archived 5814:64672092 5806:26422154 5712:Archived 5651:Archived 5598:Archived 5575:Archived 5555:Archived 5471:Archived 5439:Archived 5396:Archived 5367:Archived 5292:Archived 5240:Archived 5165:Archived 5070:Archived 5066:64672092 5058:26422154 5003:Archived 4945:Archived 4925:Archived 4906:Archived 4882:Archived 4672:Archived 4593:Archived 4577:(2006). 4554:Archived 4538:Archived 4510:Archived 4473:Archived 4435:Archived 4406:Archived 4363:Archived 4179:Archived 4061:Archived 4006:Archived 3973:Archived 3947:Archived 3927:(2007). 3904:Archived 3900:42610736 3809:Archived 3746:Archived 3650:Archived 3625:Archived 3576:Archived 3399:Mordecai 3336:(2007). 3284:Crypteia 3278:See also 3016:, stars 2752:Musical 2668:starred 2346:Mordecai 2296:βουγαῖον 2268:— 2230:Contents 2206:and the 1991:Jeconiah 1979:Cyaxares 1968:Cyaxares 1950:Xšayārša 1922:Xšayārša 1885:Josephus 1870:Darius I 1839:Amestris 1815:Xšayārša 1796:Xerxes I 1762:Xerxes I 1734:Jeconiah 1726:Mordecai 1678:Akkadian 1667:Xerxes I 1659:etiology 1626:Berliner 1595:targumim 1582:for the 1573:Ethiopic 1461:bow down 1442:Mordecai 1396:peripety 1289:and the 1281:Josephus 1271:Xerxes I 1147:genocide 1126:Megillot 1099:Megillah 951:Jubilees 903:2 Esdras 898:1 Esdras 788:Habakkuk 720:Jeremiah 671:Proverbs 632:Nehemiah 487:Daniyyel 405:Megillot 379:Proverbs 373:Tehillim 305:Habakkuk 236:Jeremiah 205:Melakhim 185:Shofetim 175:Yehoshua 119:Bemidbar 89:Bereshit 8283:Ketuvim 8100: ( 8090: ( 7910:Ketuvim 7871:Nevi'im 7835:3 Enoch 7830:2 Enoch 7825:1 Enoch 7584:Goliath 7582:versus 7580:Elhanan 7498:battles 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