854:), who at first killed Jews for observing their religious precepts. He was eventually compelled by the five sons of Mattathias to flee. He boarded a vessel and set sail for Antioch. When, for the second time, he moved with a mighty army against the Jews, he was not more successful. The five sons of Mattathias opposed him bravely, and although Judas and Eleazar lost their lives, the Jews were triumphant. Their success was in no small measure due to the aged Mattathias, who, after the fall of Judas, himself undertook the guidance of the battle. This third battle was also the last, for Bagras was burned by the Jews, and Antiochus, after a revolt of his subjects, fled to
922:
846:, saw this, he appeared before Nicanor's house and demanded entrance. Admitted to Nicanor's presence, he declared himself willing to comply with the king's demand and offer a sacrifice to the idol. He expressed the wish, however, that all present should leave the house since he feared that if the Jews heard of his deed, he would be stoned. When left alone with Nicanor, John thrust into the general's heart the dagger that he had concealed under his garments.
31:
1042:
883:. The Jewish Encyclopedia commented in its entry: "That Antioch is mentioned as a coast city; that John, with the surname "Maccabee," is called a high priest; and that the reign of Antiochus is said to have lasted twenty-three years, all go to prove that the Megillah is a spurious work of fairly recent times."
798:
Likely due to Saadia Gaon's influence, the
Megillat Antiochus found widespread use by Jewish communities across Spain, Italy, France, Germany, Yemen and Persia. Many manuscripts and early printed editions of the Bible include this text indicating it was regarded almost as canonical by some Jewish
1220:-rite Prayer Book, a microfilm of which is found at the Hebrew University National Library in Jerusalem, Microfilm Dept., Catalogue # 26787 (Hebrew); also in the archives of the Ben-Zvi Institute in Jerusalem, Micrfilm # 1219 (Hebrew); Bashiri (ed. Shalom Qorah),
742:. It was written between the 2nd and 5th centuries, most likely in the 2nd century. The Hebrew version dates to the 7th century. It is unknown who composed it or why, although some authorities have suggested it was written to promote observance of Hanukkah in
865:. They were fortunate enough to find clean oil, which was needed for the holy lights, and although the quantity seemed sufficient for one day only, it lasted miraculously for eight days. For this reason, the Maccabees instituted the eight-day แธคanukkah feast.
902:, corresponding to 162 BCE, making the 23rd year of his reign 139 BCE. Since, according to the Scroll of Antiochus, the Second Temple had by that time been standing 213 years, this would mean that the Second Temple was completed in 352 BCE.
849:
After this, John waged a victorious war against the Greeks. As a memorial of his great deed, he erected a column with the inscription "Maccabee, the Slayer of the Mighty." Antiochus now sent his general Bagras (a distorted form of the name
833:
In the twenty-third year of his reign, Antiochus determined to begin the religious war against the Jews. To that end he sent to
Jerusalem his general Nicanor, who raged furiously against the pious Jews, and set up an idol in the
1369:
1355:
1135:
Neubauer, A, Review of Two
Monographs by Dr. M Gaster (The Scroll of the Hasmoneans), pp570-577 from The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol. 6, No. 3, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1894, p575
1007:
826:
The scroll begins with a description of the greatness and power of
Antiochus, who was mighty and victorious, and built Antioch, a city on the seacoast (a misunderstanding of
879:
There are marked differences between the events described in the
Megillat Antiochus and other contemporary records, including the Books of Maccabees and the writings of
691:"; also "Megillat HaHashmonaim", "Megillat Benei Hashmonai", "Megillat Hanukkah", "Megillat Yoแธฅanan", "Megillat HaMakabim" or "Megillah Yevanit") recounts the story of
661:
1403:
1295:# 234 (Hebrew). Maimonides states explicitly this tradition, putting the destruction of the Second Temple in the lunar month Av, in the year which preceded
905:
This date matches traditional Jewish sources, which say that the Second Temple stood 420 years, before being destroyed in the 2nd year of the reign of
261:
1504:
1408:
1118:
909:, in 68 CE. However, modern scholarship places the building of the Second Temple in 516 BCE, based on chronologies that emerge from the
158:
654:
1418:
1096:
1514:
799:
communities, who had to be warned not to say a blessing before its reading on
Chanukah. Dozens of copies have been found in the
921:
874:
256:
251:
1468:
1145:
1413:
714:
called it a "spurious work" based on "unhistorical sources," with the exception of its citations taken from passages from
450:
1509:
647:
715:
1499:
1494:
1398:
735:
1446:
787:, who do not accept the oral traditions of rabbinic Judaism and do not celebrate Chanukah. He translated it into
209:
153:
475:
384:
1390:
1246:
1061:
930:
346:
246:
979:, published in 1949 and still in widespread use in English-speaking Orthodox and Conservative synagogues.
707:
563:
990:
suitable for public reading on
Chanukah, with cantillation, English translation and critical commentary.
910:
843:
291:
1122:
1082:
Michaels, Marc, The Scroll of the
Hasmonean Sons (Megillat B'ney Chashmonay) (Kalmus Publishing, 2013)
1451:
1436:
1052:
445:
366:
851:
835:
361:
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286:
22:
1330:
807:
371:
356:
1463:
887:
764:
743:
525:
399:
241:
964:
of
Shabbat Hanukkah. Baladi-rite Temani Jews had it as a custom to read the scroll after the
768:
500:
430:
389:
311:
306:
97:
30:
1423:
976:
811:
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747:
731:
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593:
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435:
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135:
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23:1). His general Bagras also founded a city beyond
Antioch and named it after himself.
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39:
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775:(882โ942) said that it was composed in Aramaic by the Hasmonaeans themselves as the
949:
899:
791:
in the 9th century. He goes so far as to cite verse 23 as a proof text in his work
788:
688:
627:
404:
734:. The Hebrew version is a literal translation from the original scroll written in
941:
772:
394:
203:
1181:
Abraham Harkavy, Zikaron Larishonim, St. Petersburg 1892, pp. 205โ209 (Hebrew)
839:
584:
510:
957:
906:
810:
from 17th century Yemen. The Hebrew text was first published in 1557 in the
696:
965:
895:
880:
855:
692:
1045: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
953:
727:
606:
316:
223:
83:
70:
65:
56:
1203:
Tosfot Rโid to Sukkah 44b, Lemberg, 5629, fol. 31b, cited by Michaels.
961:
934:
538:
102:
87:
1404:
Original Aramaic text with English, Hebrew and Yiddish translations
1303:(Gates to the Hebrew Calendar) by Rahamim Sar-Shalom, 1984 (Hebrew)
960:
from the year 1735 instructs to read the Megillat Antiochus during
983:
920:
549:
198:
178:
1394:
971:
The Hebrew text with an English translation can be found in the
886:
The Scroll of Antiochus equates the 23rd year of the reign of
738:. It is written in a formal style that aped the language the
898:, Antiochus Eupator began his reign in the year 149 of the
783:
as it suited the rabbinic dispute of his era with the
763:that the scroll was compiled by the "elders of the
806:The original Aramaic text can be found in an old
1481:, prepared by Pesach Steinberg, makomshlomo.com
1424:TorahLab Hebrew and English text with footnotes
1299:380 of the Seleucid era (i.e. 68 CE). See also
1312:Richard A. Parker & Waldo H. Dubberstein,
890:with the 213rd year since the building of the
779:. Saadia Gaon took particular interest in the
1194:(ed. Abraham Firkovich), Odessa 1868 (Hebrew)
655:
8:
1414:Tsel Harim Torah Library English translation
1268:
710:, which describe some of the same events.
1391:A manuscript containing Megillat Antiochus
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79:
52:
18:
1479:Class Lecture Notes on Megillat Antiochus
1324:
1322:
262:Baraita on the Erection of the Tabernacle
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82:
55:
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21:
1146:"My Jewish Learning - Hanukkah Scroll"
986:Marc Michaels published modern Hebrew
726:Early texts of the work exist in both
695:and the history of the victory of the
699:(or Hasmoneans) over the hellenistic
7:
1314:Babylonian Chronology 626 BC - AD 75
1036:
1034:
1032:
684:
159:Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai
16:Scroll about the story of Hanukkah
14:
1192:Introduction to Sefer Ha-Iggaron
1065:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
1040:
869:Chronology in Megillat Antiochus
29:
1419:Hebrew and English texts as PDF
1172:), Warsaw 1874, p. 282 (Hebrew)
875:Missing years (Jewish calendar)
753:The work is first mentioned by
257:Baraita on the Thirty-two Rules
252:Baraita of the Forty-nine Rules
1505:Jewish prayer and ritual texts
1397:, from the collections of the
1356:"ืืืืขืช ืืื ืืืืืช ืื ื ืืฉืืื ืื?"
1119:"The Scroll Of The Hasmoneans"
757:(ca. 743 CE), who says in the
1:
1464:The Unknown Chanukah M'gillah
1426:(translation by David Sedley)
1249:book 12, chapter 9, section 2
968:reading on Shabbat Hanukkah.
746:("Babylonia") at a time when
451:Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon
1409:Birnbaum English translation
1051:Louis Ginsberg (1901โ1906).
1329:Guski, Chajm (2014-12-08).
861:The Jews then purified the
716:First Book of the Maccabees
624:Targum to the Five Megillot
1531:
1399:National Library of Israel
1291:# 389; in other editions,
1224:, Jerusalem 1964, pp. 75b
1117:Rahel (16 December 2006).
872:
736:Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
1301:She'harim la'luah ha'ivry
1097:"The Scroll of Antiochus"
925:Section from the Aramaic
210:Mekhilta le-Sefer Devarim
154:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael
1469:A Megillah for Hanukkah?
1443:, jewishencyclopedia.com
1285:Questions & Responsa
1262:13:6; Talmud Yerushalmi
706:It is distinct from the
1515:Jewish texts in Aramaic
1460:, Rabbi Benjamin Zvieli
1458:The Scroll of Antiochus
1247:Antiquities of the Jews
1216:, the ancient Yemenite
1062:The Jewish Encyclopedia
952:on Shabbat Hanukkah. A
950:Italian-rite synagogues
931:Babylonian vocalization
777:Megillat Beit Hashmonai
347:Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer
247:Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva
204:Sifrei Zutta on Numbers
191:Numbers and Deuteronomy
1475:, myjewishlearning.com
1269:
1237:Megillat Antiochus 1:5
1059:; et al. (eds.).
1008:"Bereshit Rabbah 23:1"
937:
767:and the elders of the
708:Books of the Maccabees
564:Targum Pseudo-Jonathan
1053:"Scroll Of Antiochus"
924:
911:Babylonian Chronicles
858:and drowned himself.
844:High Priest of Israel
292:Pesikta de-Rav Kahana
179:Sifra (Torat Kohanim)
1452:Encyclopedia Judaica
1437:Antiochus, Scroll Of
1331:"Megillat Antiochos"
633:Targum to Chronicles
446:Shir ha-Shirim Zutta
367:Shir HaShirim Rabbah
1510:Rabbinic literature
1447:Scroll of Antiochus
1335:Jรผdische Allgemeine
973:Ha-Siddur Ha-Shalem
927:Scroll of Antiochus
836:Temple in Jerusalem
362:Ecclesiastes Rabbah
352:Tanna Devei Eliyahu
342:Avot de-Rabbi Natan
287:Lamentations Rabbah
47:Talmudic literature
23:Rabbinic literature
1095:Zvieli, Benjamin.
946:Megillat Antiochus
938:
808:Baladi-rite prayer
781:Megillat Antiochus
676:Megillat Antiochus
372:Deuteronomy Rabbah
357:Alphabet of Sirach
322:Megillat Antiochus
1500:Hasmonean dynasty
1495:2nd-century books
1370:HaSiddur HaShalem
1368:Philip Birnbaum,
1316:, Providence 1956
1212:Yehiya Bashiri's
1166:Halakhot Gedoloth
888:Antiochus Eupator
765:School of Shammai
744:Lower Mesopotamia
687:- "The Scroll of
672:
671:
639:
638:
601:
600:
579:
578:
533:
532:
526:Smaller midrashim
483:
482:
458:
457:
412:
411:
400:Baraita of Samuel
329:
328:
269:
268:
242:Seder Olam Rabbah
218:
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186:
185:
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165:
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129:
110:
109:
103:Babylonian Talmud
78:
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1126:
1121:. Archived from
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1103:on 27 June 2018.
1099:. Archived from
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1080:
1067:
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1044:
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948:was read in the
769:School of Hillel
760:Halakhot Gedolot
686:
664:
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603:
581:
546:
501:Yalkut haMachiri
485:
460:
431:Midrash Tehillim
414:
390:Midrash Proverbs
331:
312:Seder Olam Zutta
307:Leviticus Rabbah
271:
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188:
168:
143:
136:Halakhic Midrash
112:
98:Jerusalem Talmud
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53:
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19:
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1222:Sefer Ha-Tiklal
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1125:on 28 May 2007.
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1012:www.sefaria.org
1006:
1005:
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996:
977:Philip Birnbaum
919:
894:. According to
877:
871:
824:
822:Summary of Text
812:Duchy of Mantua
748:Karaite Judaism
724:
701:Seleucid Empire
668:
615:Targum Tehillim
594:Targum Jonathan
568:Fragment Targum
516:Midrash HaGadol
436:Midrash Hashkem
380:Pesikta Rabbati
224:Aggadic Midrash
123:Minor Tractates
42:
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12:
11:
5:
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1441:Louis Ginzberg
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1429:
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1380:External links
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712:Louis Ginzberg
685:ืืืืืช ืื ืืืืืืก
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1358:(in Hebrew).
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628:Targum Sheni
621:Targum Iyyov
463:1000โ1200 CE
405:Targum Sheni
321:
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1372:, p. 713ff.
1337:(in German)
1228:. (Hebrew).
942:Middle Ages
940:During the
933:and Arabic
773:Saadia Gaon
427:Eichah Zuta
417:900โ1000 CE
395:Ruth Rabbah
1489:Categories
1341:2019-10-11
1151:2008-10-10
1023:References
958:Kaffa rite
873:See also:
840:John Gaddi
511:Ein Yaakov
334:650โ900 CE
274:400โ600 CE
1293:responsum
1289:responsum
982:In 2013,
907:Vespasian
852:Bacchides
697:Maccabees
689:Antiochus
630:to Esther
424:Ruth Zuta
234:Tannaitic
171:Leviticus
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1471:, Rabbi
1431:Analysis
1393:, circa
1264:Megillah
1258:Tosefta
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881:Josephus
856:Anatolia
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1260:Zevahim
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728:Aramaic
722:History
607:Ketuvim
585:Nevi'im
317:Tanhuma
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71:Tosefta
66:Mishnah
1226:et seq
1218:Baladi
1214:Tiklal
988:tikkun
962:Mincha
935:targum
732:Hebrew
681:Hebrew
539:Targum
146:Exodus
88:Gemara
1270:et al
1055:. In
994:Notes
984:sofer
929:with
550:Torah
488:Later
199:Sifre
115:Later
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