746:, Escobar instead sought to do so mostly through violence and intimidation. Particularly when his (often minimal) attempts to bribe officials were not immediately accepted. Notably, Escobar and the Medellín crew also garnered a unique reputation, even in their earlier days for murdering not only those who crossed them, but oftentimes their immediate family members or other relatives as well, unless otherwise stipulated such as when Pablo's enemies "turned themselves in" instead of fleeing the region or pleading for protection from the authorities (many of whom were already compromised). This method of "webbed" violence resulting from one person's mistakes against Escobar was reportedly explained directly to American smuggler George Jung when he first met Pablo in 1978 moments after witnessing a man get shot in the chest after he "voluntarily" gave himself up to Escobar upon the knowledge that the man's entire family would be killed if he did not.
1507:. This was also just after the family had returned from an unsuccessful attempt to travel by plane and take refuge in Germany. The authorities, going off the traceable data from the hotel which received Escobar's call began to utilize an electronic tracking system in order to pinpoint the geographical positioning that the call had originated from. At this time, Escobar who now had a long beard according to witnesses had apparently been hiding out there for almost six weeks. First after some initial troubleshooting, both the drug lord and Limón were eventually located the next day. Police tried to arrest Escobar upon arrival, but the situation quickly escalated to an exchange of gunfire. By the time Pablo and Limón escaped the inside of the building and tried to outrun the authorities on a
1352:) was created to handle both the logistics and the public relations of the organization, and to provide a legal front for various paramilitary groups. ACDEGAM worked to promote anti-labor policies, and threatened anyone involved with organizing for labor or peasants' rights. The threats were backed up by the MAS, which would attack or assassinate anyone who was suspected of being a "subversive". ACDEGAM also built schools whose stated purpose was the creation of a "patriotic and anti-Communist" educational environment, and built roads, bridges, and health clinics. Paramilitary recruiting, weapons storage, communications, propaganda, and medical services were all run out of ACDEGAM headquarters.
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the sale of their product in the now major emerging markets was about to undergo another type of expansion. After carrying out their new cocaine operations with this augmented distribution system, this soon led the two cousins (Pablo and
Gustavo) to amass a staggering amount of wealth in such a short timeframe (primarily due to Jung and Lehder), that their other fellow Colombian criminal acquaintances who were already noteworthy regional figures in the smuggling world, such as José Rodriguez Gacha and the Ochoas who were not yet part of the organization but began to more seriously consider getting involved with the two cousins and the cocaine business eventually came into the fold.
1166:. Here, Lehder would take up an unconventional, hedonistic, drug-fueled lifestyle after getting the island's residents to leave, either by force or by bribery. Jung from that point on just attempted to steer clear of Lehder, so he simply went back to Colombia to meet with Escobar directly, in order to establish a new, but now more modestly-sized, trafficking endeavor. This was to continue to operate under Escobar's network, since the two still had a good relationship, and Escobar could directly utilize Lehder as a reliable connection for acquiring sizable amounts of
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and structural apparatus by allowing Gacha and the Ochoas to pair up and synergize the relative power-spheres of their own trafficking networks with
Escobar's, so as to maximize and concentrate their power instead of keeping it divided. After seeing the results of Pablo and Gustavo's impressive rates of profit and success (which now surpassed the Ochoas), they all soon began to prioritize the smuggling of cocaine over virtually all other forms of 'goods' and contraband, such as the items of commerce that had already served to profit them in years past.
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1032:" than other types of drugs or contraband, indicated a greater, more eased potential for logistical transportability, with less of a chance for interdiction or complications during the product's long journey across borders and to various regional markets around the globe. This further maximized the drug's profit potential, since its volume and weight relative to its final monetary value was now exponentially greater compared to trafficking the same or similar weight and volume of a less valuable product such as
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stealing cars and shipping them to South
America. They casually discussed their charges, Jung mentioning he was caught flying marijuana out of Mexico; Lehder responded by asking him if he "knew anything about cocaine". He did not at the time, but became immediately entranced when Lehder went on to say; "you know it costs $ 60,000 a kilo". A proclamation that functioned as a compelling sales pitch for Jung; they both waited until getting out before attempting to get involved in the cocaine business.
753:(threats) as an effective motivator and more straightforward measure, Cali leader Gilberto in particular thought violence should only be used as a last resort, considering it to be generally bad for business due to the practical understanding that; "dead people do not pay what they owe". The Cali Cartel leaders even required their employees to fill out "application forms"; elucidating their personal information, not necessarily for the sake of threats but rather for the purpose of thorough
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accumulation of enemies within his own organization (helping to characterize the formation of Los Pepes), as well as Pablo's ongoing and relentless war against the
Colombian government and American law-enforcement agencies; a combination of factors which cornered Escobar during the last year of his life, along with his quickly diminishing sphere of power as the now final and last-standing leader of his once dominant cartel.
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961:-like organizational abilities and his criminal racketeering predilections seems to have come together in what was now the early 1970s in Medellín, Colombia. Escobar took advantage of Colombia's fertile and expanding marijuana trade as well as the apparent smuggling and illegal trade of cigarettes. There are several claims that he was allegedly a noteworthy figure in the region's supposed "
1213:; these now being recognized as a favorite method for smugglers throughout the years because of their ability to fly slowly which permit more accurate deliveries to drop zones. Some smuggling strategies also purportedly included diverting law-enforcement's attention away from one smuggled load of cocaine in order to smuggle in an even larger amount when authorities' attention and related
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coincided with the beginning of Jung and Lehder's involvement in cocaine distribution. Despite their incredibly profitable smuggling operation, it only lasted from roughly 1976 to 1978. In this short period, however, they were able to achieve a historically unprecedented drug-trafficking operation that proved invaluable to
Escobar's and the Medellín Cartel's overall initial rise to being
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1372:, were purchased from the military, INDUMIL, and drug-funded private sales. The organization had computers and ran a communications center that worked in coordination with the state telecommunications office. They had 30 pilots, and an assortment of fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters. British, Israeli, and U.S. military instructors were hired to teach at paramilitary training centers.
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organization's influence over the global cocaine business increased dramatically, which was naturally followed by unprecedented amounts of wealth. The then "cartel-style" model for Pablo and
Gustavo's criminal organization began to reach fruition between 1976 and 1979, when it also incorporated the contraband smuggling networks of the Ochoas (
1424:" estate had its own zoo, and he reportedly ate from solid gold dinner sets. Escobar was known for investing profits from the drug trade in luxury goods, property, and works of art. He is also reported to have stashed his cash in "hidden coves", allegedly burying it on his farms and under floors in many of his houses.
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curtail, especially with the price of cocaine dropping by 1980 and becoming yet even more popular and now among a much wider demographic instead of mostly just the affluent as it was in the late 70s. This would inevitably result in the manifestation of widespread cocaine use and cultural normalization, simultaneous
1514:, Limón was soon shot and killed. Moments later Escobar himself was then shot and killed as he continued to try and make his way from the pursuing officers whilst still running across the top of the roof to escape. He was hit by bullets in the torso and feet, and a bullet which struck him in the ear, killing him.
1558:, the number of left-wing guerrillas in Latin America skyrocketed. The conflicts between them and the right-wing paramilitaries groups and dictatorships, mostly backed by CIA, made the Cartel's search for new allies while it was forced to be involved in corruption outside Colombia for political protection.
1147:. Lehder, however, would also be of benefit to Jung, once they were both released from prison, by introducing him to Colombia's most powerful drug smuggler: Pablo Escobar. This would prove useful to Jung in the future, when later he and Lehder had a falling out and were no longer in business together.
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A book that details the efforts by the governments of the United States and
Colombia, their respective military and intelligence forces, and Los Pepes (controlled by the Cali cartel) to stop illegal activities committed by Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar and his subordinates. It relates how Escobar
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to the US any
Colombian suspected of drug trafficking and to be tried there for their crimes. This was a major problem for the cartel, since the drug traffickers had little access to their local power and influence in the US, and a trial there would most likely lead to imprisonment. Among the staunch
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neighborhood) by
Colombian special forces supposedly using tracking technology provided by the United States. This was a direct consequence of Escobar the day before; on his 44th birthday (Wednesday) making a call from the hideout location to his family who were being protected by the government in a
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resources were distracted or compromised. These rapid and clever innovations in illegal drug trafficking techniques by increasingly and well-funded organized criminal groups; such as
Escobar and his Medellín associates proved to be too much for American law enforcement to effectively catch up with or
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The criminal power structure already present within Pablo and Gustavo's earlier, informal organization or smuggling ring rose to prominence as a result of cocaine's unusually high profit margins; even after just brief exposure to the North American market and its respective distribution channels, the
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which led to a strong crackdown on Chilean drug traffickers. This caused some drug traffickers to either flee the country and/or immediately start to use different trafficking routes. This frequently resulted in Chilean traffickers setting their eyes on Colombia to use as a trade route further north.
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wars"; a seemingly violent set of scrimmages or conflicts over the control of Colombia's illicit cigarette smuggling market. This implying that he was priming his sensibilities in street crime and violent black market schemes in what would come out in a much more organized and violent fashion not far
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arrest, the DEA and FBI got several tips linking the former dictator to the Medellin Cartel. The Nicaraguan and Colombian conflicts in remote areas could make both countries unsafe to operate, and the cartel was searching for new places to use as a stopover. Manuel Noriega, in exchange of bribes and
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At this point, Pablo and Gustavo converged the increasing power and wealth of their single "independent" smuggling-ring towards a conglomerate made up of the multiple aforementioned smuggling rings coupled together in a collaborative fashion so as to give the overall organization a stronger backbone
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preeminent cocaine enterprise. Both Jung and Lehder were in the unique position of not only having been around during the very earliest days of the Medellín trafficking conglomerate which later birthed the cartel, but were also both in many ways directly responsible for the accelerated growth during
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surfaced over a disagreement on territory in one or more of these distribution hubs. Although the two organizations had scrimmages beforehand; by 1988 (supposedly after the Monaco Apartment bombing) the Medellín and Cali organizations became perpetual enemies, a feud which continued until Medellín's
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However, the cartel applied a "bend or break" strategy towards several of these supporters, using bribery, extortion, or violence. Nevertheless, when police efforts began to cause major losses, some of the major drug lords themselves were temporarily pushed out of Colombia, forcing them into hiding
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Pablo Escobar and his cousin Gustavo's mid-70s newly transformed trafficking operation aimed at moving cocaine powder into America after first fully ascertaining the indispensable distribution network capabilities and other logistical elements both Carlos Lehder and George Jung could facilitate for
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As a means of intimidation, the cartel conducted thousands of assassinations throughout the country. Escobar and his associates made it clear that whoever stood against them would risk being killed along with their families. Some estimates put the total around 3,500 killed during the height of the
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subsidies almost wiped out the Cuban economy. During Manuel Noriega judgement, Carlos Lehder, the cartel member responsible for ensuring that the cocaine would reach Florida, testified that, as the drug smuggling to the USA was doing billions of dollars, Cuban intelligence helped manage Nicaraguan
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During the initial days of their mutual alliance however, before these intense conflicts; the Cali and Medellín groups each showcased differing philosophies over how to "ameliorate" their situations with the authorities. While the more 'businesslike' Orejuela brothers of Cali wanted to solve such
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Arnaldo Ochoa knew that Fidel secretly exchanged weapons with the Medellin Cartel for money and drugs. And this turbulent partnership included the authorization s for the landing of planes in Cuba and loaded with cocaine to be transferred then and speedboats to the US. Fidel had appealed to this
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While incarcerated together, Jung benefited Lehder by giving him valuable input and tips on how to smuggle drugs effectively. Jung was knowledgeable in this area due to his past experience flying shipments of marijuana across international borders—from Mexico into the US, and within the US, from
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Prior to this, Escobar's initial smuggling ring consisted of small gangs of hired gunmen on his payroll was just a precursor to the final and fully-fledged massive criminal organization that came to be known as the Medellín Cartel. Once these aforementioned drug lords stepped in to combine their
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of Colombia" while Escobar similarly dreamed of one day becoming president of the nation. When this failed however due to scandals over his criminal reputation, Escobar thereafter began a brutal; nearly decade-long terroristic campaign against the government from April of 1984 starting with the
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By the mid-1980s, ACDEGAM and MAS had undergone significant growth. In 1985, Pablo Escobar began funneling large amounts of cash into the organization to pay for equipment, training, and weaponry. Money for social projects was cut off and redirected towards strengthening the MAS. Modern battle
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This lucrative and newfound, expansive network of traffickers began to creatively utilize many novel methods of getting their cocaine product into the U.S. at that point; implementing increased ingenuity and novel strategies into the smuggling logistics. This ranged from cocaine-stuffed hollow
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While it is broadly believed that Los Pepes have been instrumental in the assassination of the cartel's members over the last 21 years, it is still in dispute whether the mantle is just a screen designed to deflect political repercussions from both the Colombian and United States governments'
1578:, arrests, and prison sentences for those convicted in the United States. However, very few Colombian cartel leaders were actually taken into custody as a result of these operations. Mostly, non-Colombians conspiring with the cartel were the "fruits" of these indictments in the United States.
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Both Jung and Lehder made millions of dollars, not just for themselves, but for the cartel too, with their highly successful cocaine-distribution operation, that arguably may have been a factor in triggering America's cultural "cocaine era"; the take-off of this cultural phenomenon noticeably
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Jung described the Danbury prison facility located in Connecticut as a "medium-low security prison" that was "full of mob guys". He goes on to point out the "irony" (likely due to his marijuana charges) of him being assigned Colombian Carlos Lehder as a bunkmate who was serving a sentence for
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as an enforcement wing for the Medellín Cartel. When Don Berna fell out with Escobar, La Oficina caused Escobar's rivals to oust Escobar. The organization then inherited the Medellín turf and its criminal connections in the US, Mexico, and the UK, and began to affiliate with the paramilitary
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behind his ear where he says his father would've apparently aimed for if he was going to attempt to kill himself. Escobar's primary objective in an end scenario such as this was simply to not allow himself to be captured alive and suffer for the rest of his life in the U.S. prison system via
1341:("Death to Kidnappers", MAS) to defend their economic interests, and to provide protection for local elites from kidnappings and extortion. By 1983, Colombian internal affairs had registered 240 political killings by MAS death squads, mostly community leaders, elected officials, and farmers.
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In the mid to late 1970s, specifically around 1975 and 1976, the illegal cocaine trade started to become a growing and significant problem for American law enforcement as the drug's prevalence began to quickly takeoff in unanticipated ways. Initially, its first phase of substantial growth in
920:, Florida still seemed to play a modest role however. However, marijuana was still said to dominate the loads of shipments which traveled through these routes at the time. Therefore, cocaine's prevalence by then still went largely under the radar due to how in the United States, even though
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At the height of its operations, the Medellín Cartel smuggled multiple tons of cocaine each week into countries around the world and brought in an upwards of US$ 200 million daily in drug profits, and thus billions per year. Additionally, despite being well-known for once dominating the
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of Colombia; however, some experts and U.S. government officials have claimed the opposite, or said that most data compiled during this period was potentially skewed since most of the national security-based focus was mostly centered on the Medellín organization specifically due to its more
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Because of cocaine's socially prestigious reputation as a cultural symbol of high status, especially as it related to wealth and glamour among Americans during the late 1970s (mainly due to its high cost), Colombian criminals who were already accomplished smugglers of various goods through
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that were actually once part of the Medellín Cartel. Los Pepe's tactics, which were stylized to reflect Escobar's own violent methods now turned against him, and which proved ultimately instrumental to the progressive defeat of the Medellín Cartel reign, was further accentuated by Pablo's
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share on profits, agreed using Panama as another stopover for the cartel logistics. Also, the links between him and the Cartel ensured that Panama could be a hideout for the group leadership and that the government would ignore their money laundering operations in the country.
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early on. This arrangement resulted in Medellín controlling the cocaine trade in Los Angeles, Cali controlling New York City, while both of them agreed to share Miami and Houston. Eventually however, a personal dispute between Escobar and one of the Cali Cartel leaders named
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its beginnings. Although Escobar and the others were highly capable and ingenious smugglers, they technically still did not have a major market in the United States or a major transportation system for their product. It was Jung and Lehder who effectively provided this.
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cartel's activities, including over 500 police officers in Medellín, but the entire list is impossible to assemble, due to the limitation of the judiciary power in Colombia. The following is a brief list of the most notorious assassinations conducted by the cartel:
924:, it was still only marginally - moderately more popular when compared to its relative scope of prevalence during the 1950s when the use of cocaine was considered to be at an all-time low and was essentially considered by many to mostly be "a problem of the past".
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and the rise of the Medellín Cartel. The first and second season depict his rise to the status of a powerful drug lord as well his narcoterrorist acts, war against the Colombian government and finally, his death. The role of Escobar is played by Brazilian actor
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Most Colombians targeted, as well as those named in such indictments, lived and stayed in Colombia, or fled before indictments were unsealed. However, by 1993 most, if not all, cartel fugitives had been either imprisoned, or located and shot dead, by the
1154:" in the last two or three years of the 1970s, spiraling even further during the early 1980s. By decade's end (around 1978), Lehder had betrayed Jung. Lehder did this by trying to push Jung out of the business and began setting up his own major cocaine
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Tulio Manuel Castro Gil, Superior Judge which investigating Escobar for the assassination of two DAS agents which in 1977 arrested Escobar and his cousin Gustavo Gaviria, killed by motorcycle gunmen in July 1985, shortly after indicting
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label becoming a household name, it was later embraced by the organization during its later years. This economic control, resulting from the unification of power structures of once separate groups, gave way to a sort of financial
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During this era, many of the most well-established, entrepreneurial, and capable contraband smugglers or trafficking groups were composed of Colombian nationals. But even amongst them, the soon-to-be-massively-wealthy drug lord
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At its height during the early 1980s, the Medellín Cartel was recognized as being the largest drug-trafficking syndicate in the world, estimated to have been smuggling three times as much cocaine as their main competitor, the
2237:"STRUCTURE OF INTERNATIONAL DRUG TRAFFICKING ORGANIZATIONS: Hearings Before The Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs United States Senate One Hundred First Congress: First Session"
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left by his side; Limón (Alvaro de Jesús Agudelo) who was also his longtime chauffeur (driver). They were found hiding out in a house in a middle-class residential area of his hometown of Medellín (Carrera 79B No. 45D – 94,
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due to the cartel's trafficking operations significantly increasing the drug's overall availability and access through these newly enhanced markets as well as the further complexified and proliferated distribution networks.
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The CIA turned a blind eye to the link between Medellin Cartel and Noriega, as he had an aggressive anticommunist policy. However, the agency stopped supporting Noriega after his ties with the Cartel came to public.
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stood out from the rest. Escobar became characterized by his strategy of providing protection to other smugglers who partnered with him and helped further distribute the organization's cocaine into markets of high
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Knowing Seal's activity as a DEA informant, the cartel put a contract on him, having him murdered in February 1986. In March 16 the same year, during a TV national address, the president of the United States
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extradition or to be captured and tortured like he did to so many others. Escobar's legacy remains controversial; while many denounce the heinous nature of his crimes and terrorism, he was still seen as a "
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The United States' "cocaine boom" era enriched the Colombian smugglers and catapulted them into massive levels of profit and wealth that now was in the billions of dollars, essentially all in the form of
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and security. This included not just names and addresses of Cali Cartel hopefuls, but financial assets and personal possessions such as automobiles. The Orejuela brothers wanted to be seen as "the
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used surveillance pictures taken on Seal's undercover mission that showed Escobar, Gacha, the Nicaraguan government official Federico Vaughan and several other men loading a plane with cocaine.
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source of income to compensate for the reduction of the Soviet subsidy. And illegal trade, Castro delivered Kalashnikov rifles, ammunition and other supplies brought as loot of war from Africa.
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ties with both the Medellin Cartel, made the pilot take pictures of the cartel's landing strips in Nicaragua. The DEA prior investigation appointed that the cartel had the protection from the
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The last of Escobar's lieutenants to be assassinated was Juan Diego Arcila Henao, who had been released from a Colombian prison in 2002 and hidden in Venezuela to avoid the vengeance of "
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against the Colombian state itself, primarily in the form of bombings, kidnappings, indiscriminate murder of law enforcement and political assassinations. Many of the victims included
1238:). Therefore, by the turn of the decade it was no longer just a drug of the sybaritic and wealthy despite still being a cultural status symbol of class and wealth in the early 80s.
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international illicit cocaine trade (along with expanding it) throughout the late 1970s and early 1980s, the organization, particularly in its later years, was also noted for its
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The cartel issued death threats to the Supreme Court Judges, asking them to denounce the Extradition Treaty. The warnings were ignored. This led Escobar and the group he called
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operations and the island's government agreed to using Cuba as one of the stopovers for the cartel. This was made with knowledge of the Castro brothers, having the younger,
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With the assassination of Juan Diego Arcila Henao in 2007, most if not all of Escobar's lieutenants who were not in prison had been killed by the Colombian National Police
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in order to distinguish these higher-level criminal organizations from the traditional, mid-sized gangs commonly associated with the drug trade. Eventually, with the
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in Spain which both regularly functioned as final points of destination for the international transporting of cocaine or other related contraband from South America.
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Hernando Baquero Borda, Supreme Court Justice; rapporteur and defender of the Extradition Treaty with the United States, killed by gunmen in Bogotá on July 31, 1986.
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phenomenon of late 70s and early 80s in the United States. This boom was noticeably demonstrated by the impact of the violent street crimes which characterized the
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and head of the anti-narcotics unit of the National Police of Colombia. Killed near Fontibon on his way to Bogota on November 17, 1986, when assassins in a green
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Around 1976, both men were out of prison (Jung being released slightly after Lehder). Lehder's behavior became increasingly erratic, supposedly "crazed" and "
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aspects of the cocaine trafficking routes and international smuggling networks, which were supplying at least 80% of the world's cocaine during its peak.
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1892:'s daughter, killed by Colombian military during a rescue attempt in January 1991. Actually, the bullet found in her body came from a police helicopter.
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throughout the areas surrounding Medellín. His death was mourned and his funeral attended by over 25,000 people. Additionally, his private estate,
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trafficking power and capabilities, and after the ever-growing demand for their product in the North American market started to be recognized, the term
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1542:) has been dramatized widely in film and has served as inspiration for pop cultural references and the retelling of his gripping story as a prominent
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to make it through customs or international borders (especially in commercial flight transportation) without detection, to hefty amounts loaded onto
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where it was then smuggled within hidden northbound shipments of bananas. Reportedly when it came to the international cocaine trade during the 60s;
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1530:-like" figure for many in Colombia, as he provided many amenities such as the funding of infrastructure and residencies for the poor, especially in
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Following this time in the mid-80s, Escobar's hold on Medellín further increased when he founded a criminal debt collection service known as the "
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Myriam Rocio Velez, Superior Judge, killed by gunmen shortly before she was to sentence Escobar on the assassination of Galán, in September 1992.
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This has sparked debate however about whether he killed himself or whether he was actually shot dead by the Colombian authorities, with his son
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At the end of 1981 and the beginning of 1982, members of the Medellín Cartel, Cali Cartel, the Colombian military, the U.S.-based corporation
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in almost all major US cities, as well as small "drug wars" within the evermore relevant transshipment point areas or cities like Miami (see:
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Carlos Ernesto Valencia, Superior Judge, killed by gunmen shortly after indicting Escobar on the death of Guillermo Cano, in August 1989.
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men, with both him and Escobar having arrest warrants pending from other nations where their criminal activity had spread to, such as in
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in August 1989. The assassination was carried out on the same day the commander of the Antioquia police was gunned down by the cartel.
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was thereafter eventually transformed into a theme park. His life as a major cocaine trafficker and incredibly wealthy criminal (
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was almost exclusive to South America at this time and therefore easier for regional criminal groups to control and monopolize.
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that were created to fight off guerrillas who were trying to either redistribute their lands to local peasants, kidnap them, or
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Strategy", specifically targeting senior cartel figures, was a major contributing factor to the collapse of the organization.
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18 drove beside his red Mitsubishi Montero and opened fire. Ramírez was killed instantly; his wife and two sons were unharmed.
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2116:: 2015 film follows the story of an FBI agent on a classified mission working with a representative for the Medellín cartel
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groups led the State to collaborate with criminal groups like those formed by Escobar and the Ochoas. The abduction of
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Kings of Cocaine: Inside the Medellín Cartel - An Astonishing True Story of Murder, Money and International Corruption
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who revealed publicly Escobar's criminal past, killed on December 17, 1986, in Bogotá by gunmen riding a motorcycle.
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After a long, drawn-out manhunt that lasted many months; on 2 December, 1993 Escobar was finally found with only one
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439:
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72:
68:
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agents who had arrested Pablo Escobar in 1976. Among the earliest assassinations of authority figures by the cartel.
1299:
as well as the 1981 kidnapping of the sister of the Ochoas; Martha Ochoa which led to the creation of cartel-funded
1028:
trade networks began to see cocaine as an irresistibly lucrative item for smuggling. A product like cocaine, which "
4598:
1851:
1832:
1332:
849:
718:" (meaning: " Persecuted by Pablo Escobar"). The group was largely financed by the Cali Cartel and led by brothers
710:
eventual demise in 1993. A demise which was largely due to the rise of the anti-Escobar "vigilante" group known as
5238:
4320:
1583:
1036:. Also, unlike marijuana, which can be produced within close proximity to desirable North American drug markets,
504:
1683:
Perhaps the greatest threat posed to the Medellín Cartel and the other traffickers was the implementation of an
1518:
946:; including a wealthy businessman at one point before eventually settling into the criminal occupation known as
5258:
4231:
2752:
942:, sanding down the headstones to make them appear unused, reselling them, stealing cars, kidnapping people for
654:
or random citizens as attempts to negotiate with the government using fear through unambiguous acts of terror.
4790:
4236:
974:
Around the same time, the prevalence and social acceptance of contraband in Colombia was at an all-time high.
3605:
184:
Drug trafficking, arms trafficking, bombing, terrorism, assassinations, intimidation, kidnapping, extortion,
4965:
4811:
4449:
4261:
3838:
Douglas Farah (17 August 1990). "Colombian: Israeli Aided Assassins Candidate's Slaying Launched Drug War".
2942:
2341:"The Syndicate: How Cocaine Traffickers from Medellín Transformed the Multibillion Dollar Global Drug Trade"
2135:
1875:
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687:
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1946:
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In 1993, shortly before Escobar's death, the cartel lieutenants were also targeted by the vigilante group
1902:
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512:
417:
336:
3909:"'Yo era el único del colegio que le escribía cartas de día de la madre a mi papá': Hijo de Diana Turbay"
4938:
4614:
4215:
4210:
3565:
3062:
2410:
1420:' Billionaires list for seven years straight, between 1987 and 1993. His luxurious multimillion-dollar "
3938:
719:
3683:
1621:
strategy was shut down in 1982 after the Bahamian government started chasing the drug traffic. Hence,
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1906:
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1845:
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901:
853:
563:
128:
102:
1416:" or hired killers on those who refused. Escobar was known to flaunt his wealth and went on to make
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5013:
4953:
4948:
4903:
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4723:
4718:
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1535:
1421:
1397:
1118:
954:
913:
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was commonly used as an intermediary transshipment point north. Then it would go to locations like
224:
3793:"Colombians Strike: Violence Spreads Death Toll Rises After Killing of Leftist Political Leader".
5163:
5158:
5093:
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4558:
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3453:
3413:
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2130:
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1235:
693:
202:
5128:
1380:
1262:, before being flown into the United States in amounts of up to 15 tons per day at some points.
865:
714:, which was officially formed in January 1993. "Los Pepes" was a diminutive form of the phrase "
2884:
Corben, Billy (director); Cosby, Charles (himself); Blanco, Griselda (herself) (29 July 2008).
818:
5153:
5118:
5017:
4892:
4459:
4350:
3753:
Lernoux, Penny (16 June 1984). "The minister who had to die: Colombia's drug war". The Nation.
3300:
3276:
3249:
3199:
3137:
3035:
3002:
2998:
2969:
2891:
2858:
2803:
2725:
2688:
2616:
2611:
BLOW: How a Small-Town Boy Made $ 100 Million with the Medellin Cocaine Cartel And Lost It All
2587:
2440:
2363:
2301:
2202:
2170:
2092:
2024:
1716:
1214:
754:
219:
207:
42:
3764:
3377:
3193:
3133:
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2236:
1708:
from which they ordered cartel members to take out key supporters of the extradition treaty.
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5023:
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2608:
2175:
1828:
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Once U.S. authorities were made aware of "questionable activities", the group was put under
1328:
1227:
1206:
1114:
1101:
where Jung was incarcerated at the same time as Lehder on charges of marijuana trafficking.
1086:
857:
723:
663:
547:
497:. It is often considered to be the first major "drug cartel" and was referred to as such (a
471:
185:
80:
60:
2463:
David L. Marcus (2 May 1991). "Colombia professor's slaying shows drug war far from over".
531:, who handled much of the cartel's shipping arrangements and the more general and detailed
507:
between multiple Colombian traffickers operating alongside Escobar. Other members included
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5004:
4980:
4825:
4693:
4542:
4518:
4385:
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4135:
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2160:
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nations such as Peru and Bolivia into Colombia, where it was then processed into powdered
986:
982:
667:
575:
555:
528:
387:
174:
2010:. The Medellín organization is also briefly depicted and mentioned in the spinoff series
1895:
Enrique Low Murtra, Minister of Justice, killed by gunmen in downtown Bogotá in May 1991.
1618:
148:
3535:
503:) due to the organization's upper echelons and overall power-structure being built on a
5108:
5103:
4878:
4513:
4335:
4175:
3894:
3355:
3024:
2991:
2962:
2721:
2655:
2356:
2282:
2145:
2140:
2084:
2029:
2011:
1966:
The cartel has been both featured and referenced in numerous works of popular culture.
1909:, resulting in the death of 52 civilians caught in the blast. Miguel escaped unharmed.
1672:
1650:
1477:
1223:
1167:
1065:), the organization was able to, at its height, move around 2,500-3,500 kilos per day.
881:
880:
were the countries with the biggest hand in the international transferring of cocaine.
651:
647:
630:
609:
contraband by the early 1970s, the true beginnings of what would eventually become the
543:
245:
3162:
2499:
Mark A. Uhlig (24 May 1989). "As Colombian Terror Grows, The Press Becomes the Prey".
1949:
is believed to be a partial successor to the Medellín organization. It was founded by
1436:
1109:
came into play, even if they did not originally refer to themselves as such. The term
787:
5182:
5138:
5133:
5123:
5088:
4943:
4688:
4568:
4493:
4434:
4310:
4191:
4075:
3126:
2823:
2799:
2580:
2433:
2165:
2155:
2002:
1986:
1821:
1766:
1754:
1735:
1638:
1598:
1486:
1296:
1259:
1155:
1090:
1054:
1045:
706:
591:
524:
494:
407:
170:
140:
88:
56:
47:
Early mugshot of the founder and leader of the Medellín Cartel, Pablo Escobar in 1976
766:(Colombia's Minister of Justice who favored extradition), to April of 1993 with the
17:
5063:
4708:
4683:
4593:
4479:
4454:
4444:
4429:
4375:
4370:
4315:
4251:
4087:
3808:
Alan Riding (1 February 1988). "Colombians Grow Weary of Waging the War on Drugs".
3241:
3101:
3088:
Marc Chernick (March–April 1998). "The paramilitarization of the war in Colombia".
2737:
2007:
1881:
1789:
1693:
1667:
1625:
was the path chosen by the Cartel to reach the US. In 1985, the DEA, knowing about
1511:
1300:
1266:
1025:
885:
763:
730:
626:
4112:. Lawyer Luiz Felipe Mallmann de Magalhães 31. Sarasota News Times. 21 March 1990.
2637:"¿En qué va investigación del magnicidio de Rodrigo Lara Bonilla 36 años después?"
1413:
1151:
2609:
844:
In the 1960s, Colombia was not yet viewed or stereotyped as being a conventional
558:
acted as the organization's accountant. The cartel operated from 1976 to 1993 in
5143:
5078:
5058:
4985:
4975:
4820:
4800:
4795:
4764:
4750:
4698:
4508:
4395:
4365:
4360:
4340:
4325:
4071:
3293:"Who Is Israel's Yair Klein and What Was He Doing in Colombia and Sierra Leone?"
2105:
2048:
2044:
1982:
1977:
1924:
1920:
1841:, Attorney General, kidnapped then killed by gunmen in Medellín in January 1988.
1522:
1482:
1231:
1202:
1144:
1094:
953:
which characterized a large swath and subcultural domain of Colombia's criminal
938:
In contrast to his law-abiding parents, Escobar began a life of crime early on;
845:
822:
683:
659:
643:
622:
587:
490:
482:
392:
325:
315:
256:
228:
98:
4108:
United States vs. Robert Elisio Serry, Walter J Magri Jr Importation of Cocaine
3879:
Douglas Farah (21 September 1990). "Drug Cartel Kidnaps 3 Colombian Notables".
3508:"'News Of A Kidnapping' A Hit In Iran After Opposition Leader's Recommendation"
4862:
4474:
4330:
2076:
2072:
1935:
1626:
1575:
1571:
1527:
1508:
1247:
1081:), as well as the trafficking enterprise and muscle (armed men) working under
947:
889:
743:
734:
618:
422:
136:
2862:
2807:
1246:. During the cartel's peak, Escobar oversaw the import of large shipments of
5113:
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4345:
4285:
2057:
1950:
1913:
1688:
1594:
1543:
1494:
1365:
1292:
1033:
992:
950:
909:
869:
750:
711:
639:
606:
532:
320:
283:
2903:
1731:
1696:(who was pushing for more action against the drug cartels), Police Officer
1602:
1271:
1113:
in reference to the mercantile nature of this now ever-expanding Colombian
542:
seems to have also had a strong hand in the cartel's unprecedented acts of
132:
4124:
2729:
1315:(Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia or FARC) attempted to steal.
768:
massive 440 pound bomb detonation in Bogotá's busy Center 93 shopping mall
4836:
4830:
4747:
3031:
2708:
Das, G (1993). "Cocaine abuse in North America: a milestone in history".
1555:
1409:
962:
939:
758:
559:
479:
124:
106:
4105:
3536:"Filmarán la novela 'Noticia de un secuestro' de Gabriel García Márquez"
2815:
2783:
1158:
operation for Escobar and the Medellín organization on an island in the
825:, Colombia. Headquarters of Medellín Cartel and traditional hotspot for
646:
to the U.S.) as demonstrated by their societally straining and volatile
4380:
3457:
3437:
3409:"Former Smuggler Ties Top Officials Of Cuba and Nicaragua to Drug Ring"
2895:
2885:
2358:
The Accountant's Story: Inside the Violent World of the Medellín Cartel
2340:
1998:
1810:
1806:
1276:
1255:
1159:
905:
892:(Chile) acted as some of the most common starting points for the 1960s
614:
567:
144:
3868:"Soldiers Kill 8 Rebels". Wichita Eagle. 9 November 1989. p. 12A.
3606:"Murió Juan David Ochoa, uno de los fundadores del cartel de Medellín"
2870:
621:
product by 1976, (largely through the assistance of Carlos Lehder and
1993:
1865:
1692:
supporters of the extradition treaty were Colombian Justice Minister
1531:
1504:
1405:
1400:" (The Office), which was considered their first "oficina de cobro" (
1361:
1304:
1284:
1251:
1210:
1163:
1050:
943:
897:
873:
696:
and specific smuggling arrangement with the Cali Cartel "godfathers"
599:
571:
499:
295:
3449:
1346:
Asociación Campesina de Ganaderos y Agricultores del Magdalena Medio
2854:
2001:
original television series (2015–2017) that chronicles the life of
1183:
From independent smuggling ring to collaborative cartel (1976–1979)
4857:
4643:
4390:
3731:"Palacio de Justicia, 20 años de dolor". El País. 7 November 2005.
2684:
Colombia's Narcotics Nightmare: How the Drug Trade Destroyed Peace
2060:
film details the link between the Medellín Cartel and the rise of
1570:
surveillance. Evidence was gathered, compiled, and presented to a
1476:
1385:
1379:
1369:
1270:
1219:
1058:
1017:
917:
877:
817:
610:
595:
583:
551:
678:
Relations between the Medellín and Cali trafficking organizations
2964:
The Bullet Or the Bribe: Taking Down Colombia's Cali Drug Cartel
1630:
1243:
1205:, multilayered condoms, or balloons which are then swallowed by
1097:
or "Boston George", with whom he was bunkmates in prison at the
958:
579:
268:
4139:
1687:
between the United States and Colombia. It allowed Colombia to
749:
While Pablo Escobar seemingly viewed fear through violence and
2839:"Why The Illegal Psychoactive Drugs Industry Grew In Colombia"
1928:
1587:
1431:
1357:
782:
692:
Traditionally, Pablo and the Medellín Cartel originally had a
3316:
State Building and Conflict Resolution in Colombia: 1986–1994
1864:, presidential candidate, killed by gunmen during a rally in
2300:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 195.
1291:). Around this time in the early 1980s, kidnappings made by
527:. Escobar's main partner in the organization was his cousin
2298:
El Delfín de Fidel: La historia oculta tras el golpe del 4F
1586:
trained and assisted by specialized military units and the
613:-like organization itself officially turned to trafficking
3705:
David McClintick (28 November 1993). "Lost in the Ashes".
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
1989:(named Diego Delgado in the film) and the Medellín Cartel
1958:, organizing drug trafficking operations on their behalf.
3778:"High judge fighting drug traffic is slain in Colombia".
2266:"The Cocaine King: Pablo Escobar and the Medellin Cartel"
1348:("Association of Middle Magdalena Ranchers and Farmers",
1016:
before quickly spreading to other major hotspots such as
4051:"New drug gang wars blow Colombian city's revival apart"
3742:"M-19 cambió drogas por armas". El País. 6 October 2005.
4077:
Killing Pablo: The Hunt for the World's Greatest Outlaw
3989:"Colombia, non-state Conflict, Medellin Cartel – PEPES"
2582:
Killing Pablo: The Hunt for the World's Greatest Outlaw
2435:
Killing Pablo: The Hunt for the World's Greatest Outlaw
1448:
799:
3926:. 9 October 1992. p. Section A, Page 5, Column 1.
3187:
3185:
3163:"II. History of the Military-Paramilitary Partnership"
1666:
During the 1980 decade, the decrease and later end of
625:) which greatly influenced the infamous sociocultural
3219:
Santina, Peter (Winter 1998–1999). "Army of terror".
674:
ostentatious acts of violence and vindictive nature.
3720:"Un Grito por el Palacio". Cromos. 25 November 2005.
1858:
police, killed by gunmen in Medellín in August 1989.
1489:
on December 2nd 1993 after a 16-month search effort.
1093:, who initially partnered up with American smuggler
5032:
5002:
4962:
4931:
4901:
4891:
4871:
4845:
4810:
4780:
4746:
4736:
4676:
4636:
4627:
4607:
4586:
4577:
4531:
4501:
4492:
4417:
4408:
4293:
4284:
4224:
4183:
4174:
3378:"Escobar's Former Mansion Will Now Be A Theme Park"
2615:. HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. pp. 222–223.
1761:. These kidnappings led to the creation of the MAS/
304:
191:
180:
166:
154:
120:
112:
94:
52:
3937:
3765:"Thirty Years of America's Drug War: A Chronology"
3438:"Dateline Drug Wars: Colombia: The Wrong Strategy"
3125:
3023:
2990:
2961:
2843:Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs
2579:
2512:
2510:
2432:
2355:
1741:In November 1985, 35 heavily armed members of the
1117:oligopoly, seems to have been first coined by the
586:, and the United States (namely in cities such as
3922:"3 Who Escaped With Colombia Drug Lord Give Up".
3236:
3234:
3232:
3157:
3155:
3153:
957:at this time. This is presumably around when his
3562:"Gabriel Garca Mrquez – Noticia de un secuestro"
3267:
3265:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
2993:The White Labyrinth: Cocaine and Political Power
1916:(or PEPES, People Persecuted by Pablo Escobar).
1279:Deputy seizing smuggled cocaine during the 1980s
770:on the city's popular 15th Avenue neighborhood.
554:and the U.S. Meanwhile, Pablo Escobar's brother
3823:"Gang Murders Cop Who Fought Medellin Cartel".
1934:DEA agents considered that their four-pronged "
4092:"Mafia's link to Colombian cartel is revealed"
3318:. University of Alabama Press. pp. 73–74.
2887:Cocaine Cowboys 2: Hustlin' with the Godmother
2654:Tiempo, Casa Editorial El (12 November 1999).
2277:
2275:
2071:: 2017 fictionalised film about drug smuggler
1878:, killed by gunmen in Bogotá in November 1989.
1874:Jorge Enrique Pulido, journalist, director of
1765:("Death to Kidnappers") paramilitary group by
928:Colombian smugglers & Chileans (1972–1976)
860:trade resulted from booming production in the
4151:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
1931:operatives), or by the Los Pepes vigilantes.
1601:as he exited the parking area of his home in
1085:; nicknamed "the Mexican", and the eccentric
447:
8:
3654:"1981-Plagio de Martha Ochoa se creó el MAS"
3632:"Marta Nieves Ochoa, hermana de Fabio Ochoa"
922:cocaine use was steadily rising by the 1960s
684:Cali Cartel § Medellín Cartel relations
35:
5234:Organized crime groups in the United States
5036:
4898:
4743:
4633:
4583:
4498:
4414:
4290:
4180:
4158:
4144:
4136:
2458:
2456:
1835:party, killed by a gunman in October 1987.
454:
440:
362:
41:
3682:. El País. 6 October 2005. Archived from
3486:"Maruja Pachón, ex ministra de Educación"
3198:. Ohio University Press. pp. 65–68.
3026:Illicit Trafficking: A Reference Handbook
2201:. United States: SUNY Press. p. 15.
1831:, presidential candidate and head of the
1757:and of Marta Nieves Ochoa, the sister of
1597:". However he was shot and killed in his
1134:Carlos Lehder and George Jung (1976–1978)
1099:Federal Correctional Institution, Danbury
4532:Eastern and Southeastern European groups
3275:. London: Latin America Bureau. p. 247.
2476:
2474:
2283:"León Dirigía Toda la Acción Terrorista"
2198:The Losing War: Plan Colombia and Beyond
1730:
1503:luxury hotel in the nation's capital of
991:
981:
493:, Colombia, that was founded and led by
3853:"Colombian Judge In Drug Case Killed".
2784:"Cocaine's Long March North, 1900-2010"
2681:James D. Henderson (10 February 2015).
2494:
2492:
2187:
2096:pitted the Medellín Cartel against the
1782:Luis Vasco and Gilberto Hernandez, two
1562:Relations with the Colombian government
365:
3812:. p. Section A, Page 1, Column 4.
3271:Pearce, Jenny (May 1, 1990). 1st. ed.
2503:. p. Section A, Page 1, Column 5.
2383:Miller Llana, Sara (25 October 2010).
2047:and former Medellín Cartel trafficker
1956:United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia
1473:Pablo Escobar's death (December, 1993)
1472:
1313:Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
1258:in jungle labs such as in the case of
478:) was a powerful and highly organized
34:
4083:was killed and his cartel dismantled.
3797:. 14 October 1987. p. Section A.
2100:with Michael Corleone Blanco, Son Of
1844:Antonio Roldan Betancur, governor of
1609:involvement in these assassinations.
1546:in both television, books and music.
764:assassination of Rodrigo Lara Bonilla
7:
5199:Organizations disestablished in 1993
3857:. 18 August 1989. p. A SECTION.
2890:(DVD). Magnolia Home Entertainment.
1848:, killed by a car bomb in July 1989.
1645:Relations with Panamanian government
1613:Relations with Nicaraguan government
1287:as the chief Colombian export (see:
848:, narcotrafficking corridor for the
834:1960s cocaine trade in Latin America
605:Although Escobar started profitably
2997:. Transaction Publishers. pp.
2788:Latin American Politics and Society
2763:from the original on 18 August 2016
2607:Porter, Bruce (1993). "Chapter 9".
2481:"Colombian Governor Assassinated".
940:stealing tombstones from cemeteries
5204:1993 disestablishments in Colombia
3380:. Medellín Living. 13 January 2014
2722:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1993.tb04661.x
2079:) and the Medellín Cartel, led by
1884:, journalist, chief editor of the
854:marijuana trafficking at this time
640:use of violence for political aims
25:
5189:Organizations established in 1972
3398:El Tiempo, Bogotá Abril 18, 2007.
2751:Deas, Malcolm (4 December 1993).
2518:"Narco Wars: Season 1, Episode 7"
2354:Escobar Gaviria, Roberto (2009).
2296:Peñaloza, General Carlos (2014).
856:. By the late 1960s, Colombia's
840:Drug trafficking in Latin America
5214:Disbanded Colombian drug cartels
4123:
4018:Streatfeild, D. (October 2000).
3950:from the original on 12 May 2022
2800:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2012.00146.x
2710:Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
2543:Streatfeild, D. (October 2000).
1981:: 2001 film about drug smuggler
1435:
786:
428:John Jairo Arias Tascón 'Pinina'
383:Roberto de Jesús Escobar Gaviria
341:
330:
309:
288:
276:
261:
250:
239:
213:
196:
5249:Organised crime groups in Spain
5194:1972 establishments in Colombia
4410:Jewish-American organized crime
3939:"Judge murdered – World – News"
3513:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2028:: documentary series about the
1662:Relations with Cuban government
1404:). This was an actual physical
852:like it seems to have been for
642:(mainly in protest of judicial
388:Gustavo de Jesús Gaviria Rivero
4465:New York divorce coercion gang
3995:. Bogotá. 1993. Archived from
3680:"M-19 cambió drogas por armas"
3436:Bagley, Bruce Michael (1989).
3102:10.1080/10714839.1998.11722772
2968:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
2104:and gangster turned informant
1923:(trained and assisted by U.S.
1888:magazine and former president
1727:Alleged relation with the M-19
1554:During the later years of the
1008:popularity started out in the
1:
5244:Former gangs in New York City
5229:Transnational organized crime
4020:"Interview with DEA Agent #2"
3971:Uppsala Conflict Data Program
3827:. 19 August 1989. p. 1A.
3299:. 1 June 2000. Archived from
3273:Colombia:Inside the Labyrinth
3001:, 11, 14, 106–108, 113, 116.
2837:Thoumi, Francisco E. (1992).
2545:"Interview with DEA Agent #2"
2389:The Christian Science Monitor
2108:testing the cartel's weapons.
1289:Coffee production in Colombia
716:Perseguidos por Pablo Escobar
5264:Organized crime in Louisiana
4049:Muse, Toby (10 April 2012).
3782:. 1 August 1986. p. 32.
3222:Harvard International Review
3090:NACLA Report on the Americas
2385:"Medellín to keep the peace"
2362:. Grand Central Publishing.
2151:Narcotrafficking in Colombia
1745:guerrilla group stormed the
1605:, Venezuela, in April 2007.
1408:located in the town hall of
1319:"Death to Kidnappers" (1981)
1083:José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha
997:José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha
862:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
779:Background & early 1970s
521:José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha
403:José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha
378:Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria
27:Former Colombian drug cartel
3225:. Vol. 21, no. 1.
3114:Brittain, 2010: pp. 129–131
2989:Lee, Rensselaer W. (1989).
2687:. McFarland. pp. 27–.
2485:. 5 July 1989. p. B20.
1283:By 1982, cocaine surpassed
698:Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela
489:originating in the city of
5280:
4724:Stephanie St. Clair's gang
3356:"Pablo Escobar: Biography"
3248:. Saqi Books. p. 56.
3246:Colombia: A Brutal History
2656:"HISTORIA DE OTRAS BOMBAS"
2586:. Atlantic Monthly Press.
2439:. Atlantic Monthly Press.
1852:Waldemar Franklin Quintero
1749:in Bogotá, leading to the
1428:"Los Extraditables" (1984)
1264:
931:
837:
681:
666:organization based in the
5039:
3022:Kelly, Robert J. (2005).
2782:Gootenberg, Paul (2012).
2753:"Obituary: Pablo Escobar"
2483:The Philadelphia Inquirer
1584:Colombian National Police
1485:kneeling over a deceased
1333:paramilitary organization
702:Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela
40:
4649:Rollin' 30s Harlem Crips
4232:Camorra in New York City
3314:Harvey F. Kline (1999).
2943:"Drug War (George Jung)"
2195:Rosen, Jonathan (2014).
1890:Julio César Turbay Ayala
1344:The following year, the
1079:Juan David Ochoa Vásquez
1071:Jorge Luis Ochoa Vásquez
517:Juan David Ochoa Vásquez
509:Jorge Luis Ochoa Vásquez
413:Jorge Luis Ochoa Vásquez
398:Juan David Ochoa Vásquez
158:70,000–100,000 (750,000
5033:Other historical groups
4629:African-American groups
4579:Outlaw motorcycle gangs
4514:Marat Balagula's Bratva
4450:Brooklyn Thrill Killers
4169:groups in New York City
3124:Forrest Hylton (2006).
2960:Chepesiuk, Ron (2003).
2465:The Dallas Morning News
2136:Drug barons of Colombia
2043:: a book by journalist
1973:, Book by Guy Gugliotta
1876:Jorge Enrique Pulido TV
1763:Muerte a Secuestradores
1751:Palace of Justice siege
1747:Colombian Supreme Court
1702:Colombian Supreme Court
1568:Federal Drug Task Force
1338:Muerte a Secuestradores
934:Illicit cigarette trade
688:Muerte a Secuestradores
538:Gustavo, also known as
4846:Central American gangs
4771:Norte del Valle Cartel
4694:Casper Holstein's gang
4539:Velentzas Organization
4225:Inactive or in decline
4176:Italian American Mafia
2090:Season 2 episode 7 of
1947:La Oficina de Envigado
1738:
1490:
1393:
1280:
1128:positive feedback loop
1010:entertainment industry
999:
989:
978:Late 1970s–early 1980s
971:military coup in Chile
830:
487:terrorist organization
475:
95:Founding location
5224:Terrorism in Colombia
4791:Dominicans Don't Play
4237:D'Aquila crime family
3975:Conflict Encyclopedia
3946:. 20 September 1992.
3883:. pp. A SECTION.
3842:. pp. A SECTION.
3330:"Oficina de Envigado"
3128:Evil Hour in Colombia
2574:Bowden, Mark (2001).
2431:Bowden, Mark (2001).
1734:
1480:
1384:View of the tanks of
1383:
1274:
995:
985:
969:In 1973, there was a
850:world's cocaine trade
821:
742:legal issues through
32:Criminal organization
5149:Slaughter House Gang
5069:Charlton Street Gang
4918:Hip Sing Association
4872:South American gangs
4704:Frank Matthews' gang
4689:Bumpy Johnson's gang
4509:Evsei Agron's Bratva
4257:New Springville Boys
4247:Morello crime family
4132:at Wikimedia Commons
4090:(11 December 2004).
3709:. pp. 268, 279.
3686:on 27 September 2007
2929:St. Petersburg Times
1907:DAS Building Bombing
1905:was targeted in the
1817:Guillermo Cano Isaza
1617:The Carlos Lehder's
1356:rifles, such as the
1226:) as well as in the
894:maritime trafficking
337:Colombian government
103:Antioquia Department
77:José Rodríguez Gacha
18:Medellin drug cartel
5054:Baxter Street Dudes
5049:Batavia Street Gang
4661:Nine Trey Gangsters
4656:United Blood Nation
4549:The Greenpoint Crew
4267:South Brooklyn Boys
3881:The Washington Post
3855:The Washington Post
3840:The Washington Post
3795:The Washington Post
3707:The Washington Post
3516:. 15 September 2011
3179:Richani, 2002: p.38
3069:. 30 September 2021
2522:National Geographic
2343:. 28 December 2015.
2246:. 13 September 1989
2106:Kenny "Kenji" Gallo
1903:Miguel Maza Márquez
1854:, Commander of the
1803:Jaime Ramírez Gómez
1679:Fear of extradition
1675:, met with Lehder.
1550:Political relations
1519:Sebastián Marroquín
1402:collections service
1398:Oficina de Envigado
1119:US State Department
1075:Fabio Ochoa Vásquez
662:, an international
513:Fabio Ochoa Vásquez
418:Fabio Ochoa Vásquez
408:Carlos Lehder Rivas
348:American government
225:Oficina de Envigado
181:Criminal activities
69:Jorge Ochoa Vásquez
37:
5159:Tub of Blood Bunch
4699:Frank Lucas's gang
4559:Rudaj Organization
4470:Yiddish Black Hand
4440:Bugs and Meyer Mob
3924:The New York Times
3911:. 24 January 2011.
3895:"Una Bala Perdida"
3810:The New York Times
3417:. 21 November 1991
3414:The New York Times
3132:. Verso. pp.
2501:The New York Times
2131:Colombian Conflict
2062:Colombian football
2040:American Desperado
1962:In popular culture
1839:Carlos Mauro Hoyos
1739:
1685:extradition treaty
1512:terracotta rooftop
1491:
1447:. You can help by
1394:
1281:
1236:Freeway Ricky Ross
1196:1980s cocaine boom
1170:powdered cocaine.
1038:cocaine production
1000:
990:
916:, in Colombia and
831:
798:. You can help by
694:strategic alliance
476:Cártel de Medellín
203:Guadalajara Cartel
73:Juan Ochoa Vásquez
5176:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5154:Tenth Avenue Gang
5119:Lenox Avenue Gang
4998:
4997:
4887:
4886:
4738:Hispanic-American
4732:
4731:
4623:
4622:
4527:
4526:
4488:
4487:
4460:Lenox Avenue Gang
4404:
4403:
4351:Patsy Conroy Gang
4280:
4279:
4128:Media related to
3780:Chicago Sun-Times
3634:. 18 October 2007
3336:. 28 October 2020
3303:on 14 March 2007.
3255:978-0-86356-758-2
3143:978-1-84467-551-7
2694:978-0-7864-7917-7
2524:. 27 January 2021
2285:. 12 August 1990.
2171:Jack Carlton Reed
2093:Deadliest Warrior
2025:Cocaine Cowboys 2
1862:Luis Carlos Galán
1717:The Extraditables
1713:Los Extraditables
1465:
1464:
1376:Middle–late 1980s
816:
815:
755:background checks
598:), as well as in
464:
463:
361:
360:
208:The Extraditables
113:Years active
16:(Redirected from
5271:
5239:Gangs in Florida
5084:Crazy Butch Gang
5074:Cherry Hill Gang
5037:
5024:Tiny Rascal Gang
4899:
4893:Chinese American
4744:
4666:Sex Money Murder
4634:
4584:
4499:
4425:Arnold Rothstein
4415:
4301:19th Street Gang
4291:
4242:Five Points Gang
4181:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4137:
4127:
4113:
4101:
4081:
4059:
4058:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4026:. Archived from
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3941:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3897:. February 1991.
3891:
3885:
3884:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3564:. Archived from
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3542:. 3 October 2008
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3289:
3283:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3238:
3227:
3226:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3192:Hristov (2009).
3189:
3180:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3159:
3148:
3147:
3131:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3059:
3046:
3045:
3029:
3019:
3013:
3012:
2996:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2967:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2643:. 30 April 2020.
2633:
2627:
2626:
2614:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2585:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2551:. Archived from
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2514:
2505:
2504:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2451:
2450:
2438:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2418:World Drug Trade
2415:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2361:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2337:
2316:
2315:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2241:
2233:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2192:
2176:Virginia Vallejo
2054:The Two Escobars
1829:Jaime Pardo Leal
1759:Juan David Ochoa
1536:Hacienda Nápoles
1460:
1457:
1439:
1432:
1422:Hacienda Nápoles
1115:drug trafficking
1087:German Colombian
888:(Argentina) and
827:narcotrafficking
811:
808:
790:
783:
664:drug-trafficking
456:
449:
442:
369:
363:
346:
345:
344:
335:
334:
333:
314:
313:
312:
300:
294:
292:
291:
282:
280:
279:
273:
267:
265:
264:
255:
254:
253:
244:
243:
242:
218:
217:
216:
201:
200:
199:
186:money laundering
161:
85:
65:
45:
38:
21:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5259:Colombian Mafia
5209:Medellín Cartel
5179:
5178:
5177:
5168:
5129:Neighbors' Sons
5044:Atlantic Guards
5028:
4994:
4981:Big Circle Gang
4958:
4927:
4883:
4867:
4841:
4826:Ghetto Brothers
4806:
4776:
4759:Medellín Cartel
4728:
4672:
4619:
4603:
4573:
4523:
4519:Potato Bag Gang
4484:
4400:
4386:White Hand Gang
4276:
4272:Tanglewood Boys
4220:
4170:
4167:Organized crime
4164:
4130:Medellín Cartel
4120:
4104:
4097:The Independent
4086:
4070:
4067:
4065:Further reading
4062:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4033:
4031:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4002:
4000:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3944:The Independent
3936:
3935:
3931:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3689:
3687:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3663:
3661:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3637:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3615:
3613:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3571:
3569:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3543:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3517:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3491:
3489:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3450:10.2307/1148774
3444:(77): 154–171.
3435:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3361:
3359:
3358:. Biography.com
3354:
3353:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3240:
3239:
3230:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3191:
3190:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3161:
3160:
3151:
3144:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3063:"Pablo Escobar"
3061:
3060:
3049:
3042:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3009:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2925:"Carlos Lehder"
2923:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2906:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2508:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2462:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2319:
2308:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2268:. 28 June 2015.
2264:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2161:Max Mermelstein
2126:
2120:
2102:Griselda Blanco
2034:Griselda Blanco
2019:Cocaine Cowboys
1964:
1944:
1833:Patriotic Union
1775:
1729:
1721:narco-terrorist
1700:, and numerous
1681:
1664:
1647:
1623:Central America
1615:
1574:, resulting in
1564:
1552:
1475:
1470:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1445:needs expansion
1430:
1378:
1325:Texas Petroleum
1321:
1311:money that the
1269:
1198:
1185:
1136:
1057:and eventually
1005:
987:Griselda Blanco
980:
966:down the line.
936:
930:
866:Urabá peninsula
842:
836:
812:
806:
803:
796:needs expansion
781:
776:
690:
680:
668:Valle del Cauca
576:Central America
556:Roberto Escobar
529:Gustavo Gaviria
468:Medellín Cartel
460:
368:Medellín Cartel
367:
354:
350:
342:
340:
339:
331:
329:
328:
324:
319:
310:
308:
298:
289:
287:
286:
277:
275:
274:
271:
262:
260:
259:
251:
249:
248:
240:
238:
237:
232:
227:
223:
214:
212:
211:
206:
197:
195:
175:Gustavo Gaviria
173:
160:total employees
159:
87:
81:
75:
71:
67:
61:
48:
36:Medellín Cartel
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5277:
5275:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5181:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5109:Honeymoon Gang
5106:
5104:Gas House Gang
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5010:
5008:
5005:Asian American
5000:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4983:
4978:
4972:
4970:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4939:Flying Dragons
4935:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4907:
4896:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4879:Tren de Aragua
4875:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4828:
4823:
4817:
4815:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4798:
4793:
4787:
4785:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4768:
4762:
4755:
4753:
4741:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4709:Nicky Barnes's
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4640:
4638:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4590:
4588:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4556:
4546:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4505:
4503:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4421:
4419:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4336:Hudson Dusters
4333:
4328:
4323:
4321:The Ducky Boys
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4297:
4295:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4187:
4185:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4119:
4118:External links
4116:
4115:
4114:
4102:
4084:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4041:
4030:on 12 May 2013
4010:
3999:on 6 June 2013
3980:
3961:
3929:
3914:
3900:
3886:
3871:
3860:
3845:
3830:
3815:
3800:
3785:
3770:
3756:
3745:
3734:
3723:
3712:
3697:
3671:
3660:. 12 July 2008
3645:
3623:
3612:. 25 July 2013
3597:
3579:
3568:on 17 May 2015
3553:
3527:
3499:
3477:
3463:
3442:Foreign Policy
3428:
3400:
3391:
3369:
3347:
3321:
3306:
3297:Democracy Now!
3284:
3261:
3254:
3228:
3211:
3204:
3181:
3172:
3149:
3142:
3116:
3107:
3080:
3047:
3040:
3014:
3007:
2981:
2974:
2952:
2934:
2916:
2876:
2855:10.2307/165924
2829:
2794:(1): 159–180.
2774:
2743:
2716:(4): 296–310.
2700:
2693:
2673:
2646:
2628:
2621:
2599:
2593:978-0871137838
2592:
2566:
2555:on 12 May 2013
2535:
2506:
2488:
2470:
2452:
2446:978-0871137838
2445:
2423:
2409:UNODC (2009).
2401:
2375:
2369:978-0446543699
2368:
2346:
2317:
2307:978-1505750331
2306:
2288:
2271:
2257:
2221:
2207:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2146:Narcoterrorism
2143:
2141:Miami Drug War
2138:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2109:
2098:Somali Pirates
2088:
2085:Alejandro Edda
2064:
2051:
2036:
2030:Miami Drug War
2015:
2012:Narcos: Mexico
1990:
1974:
1963:
1960:
1943:
1940:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1859:
1849:
1842:
1836:
1826:
1819:, director of
1814:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1774:
1773:Assassinations
1771:
1728:
1725:
1680:
1677:
1663:
1660:
1651:Manuel Noriega
1646:
1643:
1614:
1611:
1563:
1560:
1551:
1548:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1442:
1440:
1429:
1426:
1377:
1374:
1320:
1317:
1301:private armies
1224:Miami drug war
1197:
1194:
1184:
1181:
1168:South American
1152:megalomaniacal
1143:California to
1135:
1132:
1004:
1001:
979:
976:
929:
926:
882:Rio de Janeiro
835:
832:
814:
813:
793:
791:
780:
777:
775:
772:
679:
676:
652:non-combatants
648:asymmetric war
631:Miami drug war
617:as their main
544:narcoterrorism
462:
461:
459:
458:
451:
444:
436:
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410:
405:
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395:
390:
385:
380:
372:
371:
359:
358:
306:
302:
301:
246:Galician clans
220:La Corporación
193:
189:
188:
182:
178:
177:
168:
164:
163:
156:
152:
151:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
96:
92:
91:
54:
50:
49:
46:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5276:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5254:Pablo Escobar
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
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5192:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5139:Savage Skulls
5137:
5135:
5134:Savage Nomads
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5124:Molasses Gang
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5089:Daybreak Boys
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5001:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4944:Ghost Shadows
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4923:On Leong Tong
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4913:Four Brothers
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4890:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4809:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
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4788:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4569:Albanian Boys
4567:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4494:Russian mafia
4491:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4435:Dutch Schultz
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4311:Bowe Brothers
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4192:Five Families
4189:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4161:
4156:
4154:
4149:
4147:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4088:Popham, Peter
4085:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4042:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4014:
4011:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3962:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3933:
3930:
3925:
3918:
3915:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3882:
3875:
3872:
3864:
3861:
3856:
3849:
3846:
3841:
3834:
3831:
3826:
3819:
3816:
3811:
3804:
3801:
3796:
3789:
3786:
3781:
3774:
3771:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3749:
3746:
3738:
3735:
3727:
3724:
3716:
3713:
3708:
3701:
3698:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3488:. 23 May 2009
3487:
3481:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3429:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3335:
3334:InSight Crime
3331:
3325:
3322:
3317:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3281:0-906156-44-0
3278:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3215:
3212:
3207:
3205:9780896802674
3201:
3197:
3196:
3195:Blood Capital
3188:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3120:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3081:
3068:
3067:InSight Crime
3064:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3041:1-57607-915-5
3037:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3008:1-56000-565-3
3004:
3000:
2995:
2994:
2985:
2982:
2977:
2975:0-275-97712-9
2971:
2966:
2965:
2956:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2677:
2674:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2622:0-312-26712-6
2618:
2613:
2612:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2577:
2570:
2567:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2536:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2402:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2245:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2210:
2208:9781438452999
2204:
2200:
2199:
2191:
2188:
2182:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:Mickey Munday
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:Tranquilandia
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2068:American Made
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2003:Pablo Escobar
2000:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:Carlos Lehder
1984:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:El Espectador
1818:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1767:Pablo Escobar
1764:
1760:
1756:
1755:Carlos Lehder
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1736:Carlos Lehder
1733:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1698:Jaime Ramírez
1695:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1669:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1639:Ronald Reagan
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1599:Jeep Cherokee
1596:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1467:
1459:
1450:
1446:
1443:This section
1441:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1390:Tranquilandia
1387:
1382:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1331:and formed a
1330:
1329:Puerto Boyacá
1326:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:Carlos Lehder
1294:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1260:Tranquilandia
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:transshipment
1153:
1148:
1146:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:Carlos Lehder
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:New York City
1052:
1047:
1046:Pablo Escobar
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:packs tighter
1027:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1002:
998:
994:
988:
984:
977:
975:
972:
967:
964:
960:
956:
952:
949:
945:
941:
935:
927:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
896:routes while
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
841:
833:
828:
824:
820:
810:
801:
797:
794:This section
792:
789:
785:
784:
778:
773:
771:
769:
765:
760:
756:
752:
747:
745:
739:
736:
732:
729:
725:
724:Fidel Castaño
721:
717:
713:
708:
707:Pacho Herrera
703:
699:
695:
689:
685:
677:
675:
672:
669:
665:
661:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
635:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
525:Carlos Lehder
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:
496:
495:Pablo Escobar
492:
488:
484:
481:
477:
473:
469:
457:
452:
450:
445:
443:
438:
437:
435:
434:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
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374:
373:
370:
364:
357:
353:
349:
338:
327:
322:
317:
307:
303:
297:
285:
270:
258:
247:
235:
230:
226:
221:
209:
204:
194:
190:
187:
183:
179:
176:
172:
171:Pablo Escobar
169:
165:
157:
153:
150:
146:
142:
141:New York City
138:
134:
130:
126:
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90:
89:Carlos Lehder
86:
84:
78:
74:
70:
66:
64:
58:
57:Pablo Escobar
55:
51:
44:
39:
30:
19:
5064:Broadway Mob
5014:Born to Kill
4964:
4954:Continentals
4949:White Tigers
4902:
4812:Puerto Rican
4758:
4751:drug cartels
4719:Supreme Team
4684:Black Spades
4594:Hells Angels
4480:Howard Spira
4455:Eastman Gang
4445:Murder, Inc.
4430:Bugsy Siegel
4376:Swamp Angels
4371:Roach Guards
4316:Dead Rabbits
4252:Murder, Inc.
4107:
4095:
4076:
4072:Bowden, Mark
4055:The Guardian
4054:
4044:
4032:. Retrieved
4028:the original
4023:
4013:
4001:. Retrieved
3997:the original
3992:
3983:
3974:
3964:
3952:. Retrieved
3943:
3932:
3923:
3917:
3903:
3889:
3880:
3874:
3863:
3854:
3848:
3839:
3833:
3825:Miami Herald
3824:
3818:
3809:
3803:
3794:
3788:
3779:
3773:
3759:
3748:
3737:
3726:
3715:
3706:
3700:
3688:. Retrieved
3684:the original
3674:
3662:. Retrieved
3658:ElEspectador
3657:
3648:
3636:. Retrieved
3626:
3614:. Retrieved
3610:eltiempo.com
3609:
3600:
3591:
3582:
3570:. Retrieved
3566:the original
3556:
3544:. Retrieved
3540:eltiempo.com
3539:
3530:
3518:. Retrieved
3511:
3502:
3490:. Retrieved
3480:
3466:
3441:
3431:
3419:. Retrieved
3412:
3403:
3394:
3382:. Retrieved
3372:
3360:. Retrieved
3350:
3338:. Retrieved
3333:
3324:
3315:
3309:
3301:the original
3296:
3287:
3272:
3245:
3242:Geoff Simons
3220:
3214:
3194:
3175:
3166:
3127:
3119:
3110:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3071:. Retrieved
3066:
3025:
3017:
2992:
2984:
2963:
2955:
2946:
2937:
2928:
2919:
2907:. Retrieved
2904:876964001366
2886:
2879:
2849:(3): 37–64.
2846:
2842:
2832:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2765:. Retrieved
2756:
2746:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2683:
2676:
2664:. Retrieved
2662:(in Spanish)
2659:
2649:
2640:
2631:
2610:
2602:
2581:
2569:
2557:. Retrieved
2553:the original
2548:
2538:
2526:. Retrieved
2500:
2482:
2464:
2434:
2426:
2417:
2404:
2394:27 September
2392:. Retrieved
2388:
2378:
2357:
2349:
2311:
2297:
2291:
2260:
2248:. Retrieved
2243:
2212:. Retrieved
2197:
2190:
2119:
2111:
2091:
2066:
2053:
2038:
2023:
2017:
2008:Wagner Moura
1992:
1976:
1970:
1965:
1945:
1933:
1918:
1911:
1901:
1885:
1882:Diana Turbay
1820:
1790:Rodrigo Lara
1776:
1762:
1740:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1694:Rodrigo Lara
1682:
1668:Soviet Union
1665:
1656:
1648:
1635:
1619:Norman's Cay
1616:
1607:
1592:
1580:
1565:
1553:
1539:
1516:
1499:
1492:
1453:
1449:adding to it
1444:
1395:
1389:
1354:
1345:
1343:
1336:
1322:
1308:
1282:
1267:Cocaine boom
1240:
1215:interdiction
1199:
1190:
1186:
1175:
1172:
1164:Norman's Cay
1149:
1141:
1137:
1122:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1067:
1062:
1042:
1026:black market
1022:
1006:
968:
937:
898:Havana, Cuba
886:Buenos Aires
843:
804:
800:adding to it
795:
748:
740:
731:paramilitary
715:
691:
656:
636:
627:cocaine boom
604:
539:
537:
498:
467:
465:
366:
149:Norman's Cay
82:
62:
29:
5164:Bowery Boys
5144:Shirt Tails
5094:Decepticons
5079:Chichesters
5059:Boodle Gang
5020:, inactive)
4986:Sister Ping
4853:18th Street
4821:Latin Kings
4801:Jheri Curls
4796:Trinitarios
4765:Cali Cartel
4565:, inactive)
4396:Yakey Yakes
4366:Rhodes Gang
4361:Short Tails
4341:Kerryonians
4326:Gopher Gang
4262:Purple Gang
4057:. Medellín.
4034:25 November
3664:16 December
3638:16 December
3616:16 December
3572:16 December
3546:16 December
3520:16 December
3492:16 December
3073:11 November
2757:Independent
2576:"Pt.2 Ch.1"
2559:25 November
2244:www.ojp.gov
2081:Jorge Ochoa
2049:Jon Roberts
2045:Evan Wright
1983:George Jung
1925:Delta Force
1921:Search Bloc
1886:Hoy por Hoy
1673:Raúl Castro
1576:indictments
1523:entry wound
1483:Search Bloc
1481:Members of
1468:Early 1990s
1232:Los Angeles
1220:crime waves
1145:New England
1095:George Jung
902:Panama City
846:geophysical
660:Cali Cartel
644:extradition
623:George Jung
588:Los Angeles
548:most wanted
505:partnership
483:drug cartel
393:George Jung
326:Search Bloc
316:Cali Cartel
257:Gulf Cartel
234:Gallón Gang
229:Los Priscos
5183:Categories
5018:Vietnamese
4833:(inactive)
4803:(inactive)
4773:(inactive)
4767:(inactive)
4761:(inactive)
4475:Zwi Migdal
4331:Grady Gang
4306:40 Thieves
4003:11 October
3954:30 October
2896:B00180R03Q
2183:References
2077:Tom Cruise
2073:Barry Seal
2056:: an ESPN
1627:Barry Seal
1572:grand jury
1528:Robin Hood
1500:Los Olivos
1265:See also:
1248:coca paste
1003:Background
955:underworld
948:contraband
932:See also:
890:Valparaiso
884:(Brazil),
838:See also:
744:corruption
735:commanders
728:right-wing
726:whom were
682:See also:
671:department
619:contraband
533:logistical
423:Barry Seal
155:Membership
137:California
53:Founded by
5114:Hook Gang
5099:Dutch Mob
4990:Snakehead
4782:Dominican
4748:Colombian
4346:Marginals
4286:Irish Mob
3690:7 October
3096:(5): 28.
2947:Frontline
2909:3 October
2863:0022-1937
2824:154032231
2808:1531-426X
2660:El Tiempo
2641:RCN Radio
2411:"Cocaine"
2058:30 for 30
1951:Don Berna
1914:Los Pepes
1856:Antioquia
1846:Antioquia
1805:, Police
1723:actions.
1689:extradite
1595:Los Pepes
1544:drug lord
1495:bodyguard
1456:July 2023
1366:IMI Galil
1335:known as
1293:guerrilla
1034:marijuana
1014:Hollywood
951:smuggling
914:Cartagena
910:Barcelona
870:Argentina
858:marijuana
829:activity.
807:July 2023
751:extortion
712:Los Pepes
607:smuggling
564:Antioquia
480:Colombian
323:(defunct)
321:Los Pepes
318:(defunct)
299:(alleged)
284:Nicaragua
272:(alleged)
236:(defunct)
231:(defunct)
222:(defunct)
210:(defunct)
205:(defunct)
167:Leader(s)
129:Antioquia
121:Territory
116:1976–1993
5219:Medellín
4963:Foreign
4831:Mau Maus
4677:Inactive
4608:Inactive
4563:Albanian
4502:Inactive
4418:Inactive
4356:Potashes
4294:Inactive
4216:Lucchese
4211:Genovese
4074:(2011).
3948:Archived
3592:El Mundo
3244:(2004).
3032:ABC-CLIO
2816:41485345
2761:Archived
2666:5 August
2528:6 August
2124:See also
1796:Escobar.
1704:judges.
1556:Cold War
1414:sicarios
1410:Envigado
1277:Marshals
1053:such as
963:Marlboro
864:and the
823:Medellín
759:Kennedys
733:leading
592:New York
560:Colombia
491:Medellín
125:Colombia
107:Colombia
99:Medellín
4712:Council
4381:Westies
4206:Gambino
4201:Colombo
4196:Bonanno
3458:1148774
3421:25 July
3384:17 July
3362:17 July
3169:. 1996.
2767:29 July
2738:9120504
2730:8473543
2250:10 July
2214:10 July
2113:Sicario
1999:Netflix
1936:Kingpin
1811:Renault
1807:Colonel
1540:bandido
1532:barrios
1487:Escobar
1392:, 1984.
1350:ACDEGAM
1309:gramaje
1275:A U.S.
1256:cocaine
1228:ghettos
1211:Cessnas
1203:pellets
1162:called
1160:Bahamas
1111:cartel,
1089:figure
906:Florida
774:History
615:cocaine
584:Bahamas
568:Bolivia
472:Spanish
145:Florida
83:†
63:†
5007:groups
5003:Other
4895:groups
4863:Sur 13
4740:groups
4637:Active
4599:Pagans
4587:Active
4553:Polish
4184:Active
4024:Source
3993:Tiempo
3767:. PBS.
3588:"News"
3456:
3340:7 July
3279:
3252:
3202:
3140:
3038:
3005:
2972:
2902:
2894:
2871:165924
2869:
2861:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2736:
2728:
2691:
2619:
2590:
2549:Source
2443:
2366:
2304:
2205:
1994:Narcos
1942:Legacy
1866:Soacha
1649:After
1603:Cumaná
1505:Bogota
1418:Forbes
1406:office
1368:, and
1362:FN FAL
1305:extort
1285:coffee
1252:Andean
1234:(see:
1123:cartel
1107:cartel
1063:cartel
1051:demand
944:ransom
874:Brazil
720:Carlos
686:, and
600:Canada
582:, the
572:Panama
523:, and
500:cartel
305:Rivals
296:Panama
293:
281:
266:
192:Allies
133:Panamá
79:
59:
4969:gangs
4966:Triad
4932:Gangs
4904:Tongs
4858:MS-13
4837:Ñetas
4814:gangs
4784:gangs
4644:Crips
4615:Breed
4543:Greek
4391:Whyos
4190:The "
3454:JSTOR
3136:–69.
2867:JSTOR
2820:S2CID
2812:JSTOR
2734:S2CID
2414:(PDF)
2240:(PDF)
1997:is a
1509:tiled
1386:ether
1370:HK G3
1250:from
1207:mules
1059:Miami
1018:Miami
918:Miami
878:Chile
611:mafia
596:Miami
552:Spain
4036:2010
4005:2014
3956:2013
3692:2006
3666:2014
3640:2014
3618:2014
3574:2014
3548:2014
3522:2014
3494:2014
3472:"11"
3423:2022
3386:2019
3364:2019
3342:2023
3277:ISBN
3250:ISBN
3200:ISBN
3138:ISBN
3075:2021
3036:ISBN
3003:ISBN
2970:ISBN
2911:2010
2892:ASIN
2859:ISSN
2804:ISSN
2769:2016
2726:PMID
2689:ISBN
2668:2023
2617:ISBN
2588:ISBN
2561:2010
2530:2023
2441:ISBN
2396:2011
2364:ISBN
2302:ISBN
2252:2023
2216:2023
2203:ISBN
2032:and
2022:and
1978:Blow
1927:and
1743:M-19
1631:FSLN
1307:the
1244:cash
1077:and
959:gang
876:and
722:and
700:and
594:and
580:Peru
540:León
485:and
466:The
269:Cuba
4988:'s
4976:14K
4194:":
3973:".
3446:doi
3167:HRW
3098:doi
2900:UPC
2851:doi
2796:doi
2718:doi
1929:CIA
1784:DAS
1588:CIA
1451:.
1388:at
1358:AKM
1230:of
1176:the
1012:in
908:or
904:in
802:.
566:),
356:CIA
352:DEA
131:),
5185::
4094:.
4053:.
4022:.
3991:.
3942:.
3656:.
3608:.
3590:.
3538:.
3510:.
3452:.
3440:.
3411:.
3332:.
3295:.
3264:^
3231:^
3184:^
3165:.
3152:^
3134:68
3094:31
3092:.
3065:.
3050:^
3034:.
3030:.
2945:.
2927:.
2898:.
2865:.
2857:.
2847:34
2845:.
2841:.
2818:.
2810:.
2802:.
2792:54
2790:.
2786:.
2759:.
2755:.
2732:.
2724:.
2714:33
2712:.
2658:.
2639:.
2578:.
2547:.
2520:.
2509:^
2491:^
2473:^
2455:^
2416:.
2387:.
2320:^
2310:.
2274:^
2242:.
2224:^
1985:,
1715:("
1590:.
1364:,
1360:,
1073:,
1020:.
872:,
602:.
590:,
578:,
574:,
570:,
519:,
515:,
511:,
474::
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143:,
139:,
135:,
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3524:.
3496:.
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2931:.
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2873:.
2853::
2826:.
2798::
2771:.
2740:.
2720::
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2670:.
2625:.
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2563:.
2532:.
2467:.
2449:.
2420:.
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2372:.
2254:.
2218:.
2087:)
2083:(
2075:(
2014:.
1458:)
1454:(
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805:(
562:(
470:(
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448:t
441:v
162:)
127:(
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