670:
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742:
651:
55:
812:
6825:
337:
51:. The biome is generally characterized by dry summers and rainy winters, although in some areas rainfall may be uniform. Summers are typically hot in low-lying inland locations but can be cool near colder seas. Winters are typically mild to cool in low-lying locations but can be cold in inland and higher locations. All these ecoregions are highly distinctive, collectively harboring 10% of the Earth's plant species.
6784:
577:
210:
689:
284:
6795:
74:
6837:
596:, or fire-loving, adapted or even depending on fire for reproduction, recycling of nutrients, and the removal of dead or senescent vegetation. In both the Australian and Californian Mediterranean-climate eco-regions, native peoples used fire extensively to clear brush and trees, making way for the grasses and herbaceous vegetation that supported game animals and useful plants.
33:
1169:
248:" landscapes are common, where differing vegetation types are interleaved with one another in complex patterns created by variations in soil, topography, exposure to wind and sun, and fire history. Much of the woody vegetation in Mediterranean-climate regions is sclerophyll, which means 'hard-leaved' in Greek.
262:(South Africa) as a separate floral kingdom because 68% of the 8,600 vascular plant species crowded into its 90,000 square kilometers (35,000 sq mi) are endemic and highly distinctive at several taxonomic levels. This is equivalent to about 40% of the plant species of the United States and
1073:
Pratt, R. Brandon; Jacobsen, Anna L.; Ramirez, Aaron R.; Helms, Anjel M.; Traugh, Courtney A.; Tobin, Michael F.; Heffner, Marcus S.; Davis, Stephen D. (1 March 2014). "Mortality of resprouting chaparral shrubs after a fire and during a record drought: physiological mechanisms and demographic
617:
spp. This high frequency disallows seeder plants to reach their reproductive size before the next fire and the community shifts to a sprouter-dominance. If high frequency fires continue over time, obligate resprouting shrub species can also be eliminated by exhausting their energy reserves
599:
The plant communities in these areas adapted to the frequent human-caused fires, and pyrophyte species grew more common and more fire-loving, while plants that were poorly adapted to fire retreated. After
European colonization of these regions, fires were suppressed, which has caused some
604:
in these ecoregions; fuel builds up, so that when fires do come they are much more devastating, and some species dependent on fire for their reproduction are now threatened. The
European shrublands have also been shaped by anthropogenic fire, historically associated with
762:. The ecoregions around the Mediterranean basin and in California have been particularly affected by degradation due to human activity, suffering extensive loss of forests and soil erosion, and many native plants and animals have become extinct or endangered.
270:. The fynbos and Southwest Australia shrublands have flora that are significantly more diverse than the other ecoregions, although any Mediterranean shrubland is still rich in species and endemics relative to other non-forest ecoregions.
618:
below-ground. Today, frequent accidental ignitions can convert chaparral from a native shrubland to non-native annual grassland and drastically reduce species diversity, especially under drought brought about by climate change.
458:
are the largest
Mediterranean grassland eco-region, although these grasslands have mostly been converted to agriculture. The remaining woodlands feature mainly oak, walnut and pine. The cork oak savanna in Portugal, known as
557:, also known as soft chaparral, occur near the California coast. In some places shrublands are of the mature vegetation type, and in other places are the result of degradation of former forest or woodland by logging or
753:
Mediterranean ecoregions are some of the most endangered and vulnerable on the planet. Many have suffered tremendous degradation and habitat loss through logging, overgrazing, conversion to agriculture, urbanization,
612:
Though adapted to infrequent fires, chaparral plant communities can be eliminated by frequent fires. A high frequency of fire (less than ten years) will result in the loss of obligate seeding shrub species such as
641:
working to contain flames stoked by high temperatures, dry conditions, and strong winds. The wildfires led to casualties, evacuations of thousands of people, and widespread destruction of homes and forests.
2737:
3092:
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1326:
1142:
1022:
Syphard, Alexandra D.; Radeloff, Volker C.; Keeley, Jon E.; Hawbaker, Todd J.; Clayton, Murray K.; Stewart, Susan I.; Hammer, Roger B. (1 July 2007). "Human
Influence on California Fire Regimes".
930:
Gil-Tena, Assu; Aquilue, Nuria; Duane, Andrea; de
Caceres, Miquel; Brotons, Lluis (2016). "Mediterranean fire regime effects on pine-oak forest landscape mosaics under global change in NE Spain".
145:
The biome is not limited to the
Mediterranean climate zone. It can also be present in other climate zones (which typically border the Mediterranean climate zone), such as the drier regions of the
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3163:
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2070:
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5776:
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1978:
1963:
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2003:
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592:. The hot, dry summers make much of the region prone to fires, and lightning-caused fires occur with some frequency. Many of the plants are
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1993:
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883:"The Cape Peninsula, South Africa: Physiographical, biological and historical background to an extraordinary hot-spot of biodiversity"
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and small trees. They are most common near the seacoast, and are often adapted to wind and salt air from the ocean. They are called
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1998:
1973:
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2013:
2008:
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305:
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3466:
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3125:
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621:
On 25 July 2023, devastating wildfires were burning in at least nine countries across the
Mediterranean, including
48:
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3152:
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1759:
1691:
1603:
849:
Cody, M.L. (1986). "Diversity, rarity, and conservation in
Mediterranean-climate regions". In Soulé, M.E. (ed.).
150:
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3261:
3241:
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1769:
1613:
967:"Understory fuel load and structure eight to nine years after prescribed burning in Mediterranean pine forests"
5623:
5519:
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5159:
5144:
5124:
5009:
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4312:
4307:
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252:
generally has small, dark leaves covered with a waxy outer layer to retain moisture in the dry summer months.
5643:
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2853:
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5831:
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4705:
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3919:
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3759:
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3036:
601:
550:
5598:
5544:
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5323:
5288:
5253:
5248:
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5064:
5029:
4994:
4934:
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4620:
4062:
4017:
3789:
3306:
3286:
3216:
2843:
17:
6853:
6649:
6418:
6365:
6280:
5893:
5816:
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5223:
5034:
5024:
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4112:
4057:
4042:
3491:
3391:
2823:
2801:
1583:
90:
5703:
5429:
5019:
3606:
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3551:
3361:
3301:
3251:
650:
5469:
3616:
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3196:
2858:
966:
54:
6669:
6629:
5883:
5868:
5608:
4939:
4810:
4147:
4032:
3924:
3581:
3536:
3441:
3396:
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3211:
2848:
2786:
1764:
1696:
1676:
1618:
1578:
1573:
1194:
1083:
1031:
981:
894:
755:
588:
Fire, both natural and human-caused, has played a large role in shaping the ecology of
Mediterranean
345:
3281:
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5958:
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1749:
1517:
1507:
1115:
947:
912:
858:
554:
410:
138:
816:
811:
157:
zone. Non-Mediterranean climate regions that would feature
Mediterranean vegetation include the
89:
The Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome mostly occurs in, but not limited to, the
746:
6639:
6260:
5923:
3110:
3100:
1686:
1608:
1537:
1527:
1450:
1107:
1099:
1055:
1047:
416:
158:
154:
6824:
1547:
1091:
1039:
989:
939:
902:
759:
404:
341:
218:
104:
78:
6327:
4805:
4580:
3115:
3046:
3008:
2818:
2811:
1522:
1512:
1415:
1187:
531:
336:
194:
146:
1087:
1035:
985:
898:
6841:
6664:
1563:
1542:
1532:
359:
255:
245:
6863:
6654:
1460:
1410:
1373:
1257:
654:
186:
1119:
951:
916:
576:
209:
6614:
5663:
4865:
4422:
1568:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1210:
638:
606:
571:
525:
440:
woodlands are also present in the Mediterranean Basin. California additionally has
166:
128:
124:
1135:"'Like a blowtorch': Mediterranean on fire as blazes spread across nine countries"
1179:
993:
6739:
National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act, 24 of 2008
6441:
5628:
1425:
688:
673:
558:
367:
283:
249:
1707:
73:
6624:
6255:
3041:
1654:
1430:
943:
422:
382:
372:
170:
114:
1103:
1051:
6619:
3626:
2882:
1644:
1639:
1455:
658:
593:
589:
476:
468:
451:
399:
241:
237:
1111:
1059:
965:
Casals, Pere; Valor, Teresa; Besalú, Arnau; Molina-Terren, Domingo (2016).
1168:
32:
3074:
2948:
1476:
1420:
1383:
630:
491:
485:
480:
429:
387:
229:
6423:
3173:
1378:
907:
882:
713: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
662:
622:
541:
501:
461:
447:
391:
308: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
233:
214:
190:
62:
1095:
1043:
4004:
3056:
1352:
1242:
677:
634:
519:
472:
441:
355:
263:
259:
225:
198:
6744:
National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 57 of 2003
6446:
3148:
1247:
1218:
740:
668:
649:
626:
575:
335:
267:
208:
162:
82:
72:
53:
44:
31:
6452:
Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Virtual Museum
749:
established by activists and artists in 2021 in Dalmatia, Croatia
436:
are characteristic of the Mediterranean Basin and in California.
2738:
List of marine invertebrates of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
1405:
437:
395:
182:
174:
6734:
National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 10 of 2004
6603:
6316:
5774:
3146:
2880:
2784:
2726:
1782:
1711:
1183:
2743:
List of marine vertebrates of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
682:
363:
277:
2753:
List of brown seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
2748:
List of green seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
2701:
List of Southern African indigenous trees and woody lianes
772:
Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests
815: This article incorporates text available under the
471:: Shrublands are dense thickets of evergreen sclerophyll
394:
forests also occur, especially around the Mediterranean.
6371:
South African Association for Marine Biological Research
2758:
List of red seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
881:
Cowling, R.M.; MacDonald, I.A.W.; Simmons, M.T. (1996).
824:"Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands, and Scrub Ecoregions"
370:
forests of California and the Mediterranean region, the
266:
combined, found within an area the size of the state of
165:(extending upstream along the riverbanks), parts of the
169:
in South Africa, southeastern Australia, southeastern
6813:
2979:
Drakensberg montane grasslands, woodlands and forests
386:
forests of central Chile. Forests are often found in
36:
Extent of Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
6754:
6716:
6693:
6570:
6460:
6432:
6394:
6351:
6246:
6131:
5984:
5967:
5922:
5796:
5717:
5662:
5558:
5372:
5208:
4919:
4579:
4421:
4003:
3625:
3172:
3091:
3073:
3055:
3027:
2997:
2962:
2932:
2902:
2668:
2553:
2527:
2461:
2426:
2330:
2292:
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2209:
1839:
1793:
1669:
1627:
1556:
1500:
1489:
1469:
1396:
1361:
1335:
1297:
1266:
1235:
1226:
1217:
6219:Southeast Atlantic Seamounts Marine Protected Area
6103:Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area
4826:Southern Namaqualand Quartzite Klipkoppe Shrubland
358:: Mediterranean forests are generally composed of
6266:Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries
5992:Addo Elephant National Park Marine Protected Area
2974:Drakensberg alti-montane grasslands and woodlands
27:Habitat defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature
6381:South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity
1133:Sullivan, Helen; Tondo, Lorenzo (26 July 2023).
6578:List of authors of South African botanical taxa
6376:South African Environmental Observation Network
6224:Southwest Indian Seamount Marine Protected Area
2728:Regional taxon checklists and other minor lists
465:, is a good example of a mediterranean savanna.
351:Major plant communities in this biome include:
6645:International Union for Conservation of Nature
4511:Nieuwoudtville-Roggeveld Dolerite Renosterveld
2686:List of invasive plant species in South Africa
426:are found across Spanish Mediterranean forest.
6386:South African National Biodiversity Institute
1723:
1195:
402:oak forest are widespread across California.
390:areas, where they receive more summer water.
344:a few kilometers north of Santiago along the
8:
6675:South African Sustainable Seafood Initiative
6583:List of authors of South African animal taxa
6557:University of KwaZulu-Natal Botanical Garden
6291:Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality
4796:Richtersveld Sandy Coastal Scorpionstailveld
6870:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
6762:List of field guides to South African biota
6729:National Environmental Management Act, 1998
6635:Environmental impact of recreational diving
6229:Port Elizabeth Corals Marine Protected Area
6209:Prince Edward Islands Marine Protected Area
6199:Namaqua Fossil Forest Marine Protected Area
6194:iSimangaliso Offshore Marine Protected Area
6063:Namaqua National Park Marine Protected Area
5674:Subantarctic Biotic Herbfield and Grassland
1343:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
1174:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
6794:
6690:
6600:
6348:
6343:South African National Collection of Fungi
6313:
6139:Agulhas Bank Complex Marine Protected Area
5981:
5793:
5771:
5589:Pondoland-Natal Sandstone Coastal Sourveld
3169:
3143:
2989:Maputaland–Pondoland bushland and thickets
2899:
2877:
2781:
2723:
2289:
2257:
1836:
1790:
1779:
1730:
1716:
1708:
1497:
1232:
1223:
1202:
1188:
1180:
863:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
41:Mediterranean forests, woodlands and scrub
6174:Browns Bank Complex Marine Protected Area
4851:Stinkfonteinberge Eastern Apron Shrubland
4831:Southern Richtersveld Inselberg Shrubland
906:
876:
874:
729:Learn how and when to remove this message
324:Learn how and when to remove this message
153:, and as well as the lusher areas of the
18:Mediterranean forest, woodland, and scrub
6547:Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden
6179:Browns Bank Corals Marine Protected Area
6093:Sixteen Mile Beach Marine Protected Area
5914:ǀAi-ǀAis/Richtersveld Transfrontier Park
5788:Index of protected areas of South Africa
3222:Dwarsberg-Swartruggens Mountain Bushveld
3164:List of vegetation types of South Africa
2706:List of botanists by author abbreviation
2681:List of invasive species in South Africa
2323:Whip spiders and tailless whip scorpions
6820:
6724:Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998
6562:Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden
6517:KwaZulu-Natal National Botanical Garden
6492:Harold Porter National Botanical Garden
6204:Orange Shelf Edge Marine Protected Area
6159:Amathole Offshore Marine Protected Area
5349:Southern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert
5334:Northern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert
4891:Vyftienmyl se Berge Succulent Shrubland
4836:Southern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld
4756:Northern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld
4616:Central Richtersveld Mountain Shrubland
3880:Southern Drakensberg Highland Grassland
3815:Northern Drakensberg Highland Grassland
3705:Drakensberg-Amathole Afromontane Fynbos
795:
6537:North-West University Botanical Garden
6532:Manie van der Schijff Botanical Garden
6512:Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden
6502:Karoo Desert National Botanical Garden
6404:African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme
6048:Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area
4871:Tatasberg Mountain Succulent Shrubland
4373:Swartberg Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos
3955:Waterberg-Magaliesberg Summit Sourveld
3885:Southern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland
3840:Northern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland
3830:Northern Escarpment Quartzite Sourveld
3825:Northern Escarpment Dolomite Grassland
3820:Northern Escarpment Afromontane Fynbos
856:
853:. Massachusetts, US. pp. 122–152.
6552:Thohoyandou National Botanical Garden
5689:Subantarctic Drainage Line Vegetation
5440:Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands
4881:Upper Annisvlakte Succulent Shrubland
4841:Southern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld
4761:Northern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld
4408:Western Coastal Shale Band Vegetation
4273:Northern Inland Shale Band Vegetation
4103:Eastern Coastal Shale Band Vegetation
4088:Central Coastal Shale Band Vegetation
3935:Vaal Reefs Dolomite Sinkhole Woodland
2337:Alderflies, dobsonflies and fishflies
1003:from the original on 24 February 2021
805:
803:
801:
799:
7:
6706:List of nature reserves in Cape Town
6477:Free State National Botanical Garden
6271:Department of Science and Innovation
6234:uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area
6118:uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area
5747:KwaZulu-Natal coastal lowland forest
4876:Umdaus Mountains Succulent Shrubland
4801:Riethuis-Wallekraal Quartz Vygieveld
4771:Piketberg Quartz Succulent Shrubland
4646:Goariep Mountain Succulent Shrubland
4466:Hantam Plateau Dolerite Renosterveld
4403:Western Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos
4108:Eastern Inland Shale Band Vegetation
4093:Central Inland Shale Band Vegetation
3850:Northern Zululand Mistbelt Grassland
3700:Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland
3065:Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra
2934:Tropical and subtropical grasslands,
2696:List of slime moulds of South Africa
1327:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
1289:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
711:adding citations to reliable sources
633:, with thousands of firefighters in
456:California Central Valley grasslands
306:adding citations to reliable sources
173:, southeastern Turkey, far northern
6286:iSimangaliso Wetland Park Authority
6169:Benguela Muds Marine Protected Area
6164:Benguela Bank Marine Protected Area
6144:Agulhas Front Marine Protected Area
6073:Robben Island Marine Protected Area
6058:Marcus Island Marine Protected Area
6053:Malgas Island Marine Protected Area
6043:Jutten Island Marine Protected Area
5854:Golden Gate Highlands National Park
5754:List of forests of the Western Cape
5732:List of forests of the Eastern Cape
5679:Subantarctic Cinder Cone Vegetation
4446:Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld
3292:Koranna-Langeberg Mountain Bushveld
2807:Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Hotspot
1755:Marine biodiversity of South Africa
932:European Journal of Forest Research
777:Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia
197:), as well as Northern and Western
6542:Pretoria National Botanical Garden
6214:Protea Banks Marine Protected Area
6154:Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area
6149:Agulhas Muds Marine Protected Area
6088:Sardinia Bay Marine Protected Area
6038:iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area
5525:Subtropical Estuarine Salt Marshes
4641:Eenriet Plains Succulent Shrubland
4358:Stinkfonteinberge Quartzite Fynbos
4323:South Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos
4243:North Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos
3720:Eastern Free State Sandy Grassland
3650:Amersfoort Highveld Clay Grassland
3312:KwaZulu-Natal Hinterland Thornveld
2944:Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands
2919:KwaZulu–Cape coastal forest mosaic
2894:List of ecoregions in South Africa
217:ancient Greek amphitheatre with a
111:California chaparral and woodlands
25:
6522:Lowveld National Botanical Garden
6507:Kwelera National Botanical Garden
6189:Childs Bank Marine Protected Area
6184:Cape Canyon Marine Protected Area
6113:Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area
6017:Dwesa-Cwebe Marine Protected Area
6007:Bird Island Marine Protected Area
6002:Betty's Bay Marine Protected Area
5939:Gouritz Cluster Biosphere Reserve
5699:Subantarctic Fernbrake Vegetation
4821:Rosyntjieberg Succulent Shrubland
4716:Namaqualand Heuweltjie Strandveld
4506:Nieuwoudtville Shale Renosterveld
4486:Matjiesfontein Shale Renosterveld
3960:Western Free State Clay Grassland
3775:Lesotho Highland Basalt Grassland
3715:Eastern Free State Clay Grassland
3597:Western Maputaland Sandy Bushveld
2691:List of Oomycetes of South Africa
1253:Montane grasslands and shrublands
1145:from the original on 31 July 2023
783:Food and Agriculture Organization
758:, and introduction of exotic and
6847:
6835:
6823:
6793:
6783:
6782:
6680:World Register of Marine Species
6487:Hantam National Botanical Garden
6409:National Biodiversity Assessment
6027:Helderberg Marine Protected Area
5934:Cape Winelands Biosphere Reserve
5550:Upper Gariep Alluvial Vegetation
5510:Subantarctic Kelp Bed Vegetation
5465:Lower Gariep Alluvial Vegetation
5420:Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetlands
5415:Cape Lowland Alluvial Vegetation
4766:Oograbies Plains Sandy Grassland
4741:Namaqualand Spinescent Grassland
4571:Western Ruêns Shale Renosterveld
4501:Namaqualand Granite Renosterveld
4461:Eastern Ruêns Shale Renosterveld
4451:Central Ruêns Shale Renosterveld
4431:Baviaanskloof Shale Renosterveld
4348:South Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos
4343:South Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos
4333:South Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos
4328:South Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos
4268:North Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos
4263:North Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos
4253:North Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos
4248:North Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos
3970:Western Lesotho Basalt Shrubland
3965:Western Highveld Sandy Grassland
3945:Vredefort Dome Granite Grassland
3900:Steenkampsberg Montane Grassland
3845:Northern KwaZulu-Natal Shrubland
3765:KwaZulu-Natal Highland Thornveld
3695:Drakensberg Afroalpine Heathland
3685:Carletonville Dolomite Grassland
3592:Western Maputaland Clay Bushveld
3482:Poung Dolomite Mountain Bushveld
3317:KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld
2924:Maputaland coastal forest mosaic
2676:List of bacteria of South Africa
2343:Booklice, barklice and barkflies
1167:
810:
687:
561:, or disturbance by major fires.
282:
6414:National Vegetation Map Project
6108:Trafalgar Marine Protected Area
6078:Rocherpan Marine Protected Area
6068:Pondoland Marine Protected Area
5777:Protected areas of South Africa
5727:List of forests of South Africa
5684:Subantarctic Coastal Vegetation
5540:Subtropical Seashore Vegetation
5530:Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands
5515:Subtropical Alluvial Vegetation
5485:Namaqualand Seashore Vegetation
4776:Platbakkies Succulent Shrubland
4731:Namaqualand Klipkoppe Shrubland
4606:Bushmanland Inselberg Shrubland
4566:Vanrhynsdorp Shale Renosterveld
4556:Swartland Silcrete Renosterveld
4541:Swartland Alluvium Renosterveld
4338:South Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos
4258:North Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos
4218:Matjiesfontein Quartzite Fynbos
3855:Paulpietersburg Moist Grassland
3517:South Eastern Coastal Thornveld
3462:Phalaborwa-Timbavati Mopaneveld
3237:Gauteng Shale Mountain Bushveld
3019:Montane fynbos and renosterveld
3014:Lowland fynbos and renosterveld
2388:Sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants
1369:Flooded grasslands and savannas
698:needs additional citations for
293:needs additional citations for
77:A Mediterranean forest, in the
6098:Stilbaai Marine Protected Area
6022:Goukamma Marine Protected Area
5997:Amathole Marine Protected Area
5954:Magaliesberg Biosphere Reserve
5344:Richtersveld Sheet Wash Desert
5294:Alexander Bay Coastal Duneveld
4751:Northern Knersvlakte Vygieveld
4691:Lekkersing Succulent Shrubland
4686:Kosiesberg Succulent Shrubland
4681:Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo
4666:Knersvlakte Dolomite Vygieveld
4656:Kamiesberg Mountains Shrubland
4546:Swartland Granite Renosterveld
4521:Robertson Granite Renosterveld
3950:Wakkerstroom Montane Grassland
3780:Low Escarpment Moist Grassland
3680:Bloemfontein Karroid Shrubland
3567:Tshokwane-Hlane Basalt Lowveld
3527:Soutpansberg Mountain Bushveld
3257:Gordonia Kameeldoring Bushveld
2954:Zambezian and mopane woodlands
2914:Knysna–Amatole montane forests
2449:Marine heterobranch gastropods
1682:Ecological land classification
1211:Biogeographic regionalisations
785:(Silva mediterranea workgroup)
59:Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve
1:
6497:Johannesburg Botanical Garden
6482:Garden Route Botanical Garden
6083:Robberg Marine Protected Area
6032:Hluleka Marine Protected Area
6012:De Hoop Marine Protected Area
5822:Augrabies Falls National Park
5639:Southern Afrotemperate Forest
5614:Northern Afrotemperate Forest
5359:Western Gariep Lowland Desert
5140:Saldanha Limestone Strandveld
5060:Grahamstown Grassland Thicket
4786:Richtersveld Coastal Duneveld
4781:Prince Albert Succulent Karoo
4696:Little Karoo Quartz Vygieveld
4626:Die Plate Succulent Shrubland
4611:Central Knersvlakte Vygieveld
4496:Mossel Bay Shale Renosterveld
4471:Humansdorp Shale Renosterveld
4388:Swartruggens Quartzite Fynbos
4193:Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos
4183:Kouebokkeveld Alluvium Fynbos
3835:Northern Free State Shrubland
3805:Mooi River Highland Grassland
3467:Pilanesberg Mountain Bushveld
3457:Olifantshoek Plains Thornveld
3447:Nwambyia-Pumbe Sandy Bushveld
3192:Barberton Serpentine Sourveld
974:Forest Ecology and Management
887:Biodiversity and Conservation
489:in Chile and southern Spain,
93:zones, in the mid-latitudes:
6789:Biodiversity of South Africa
6338:National Research Foundation
6296:South African National Parks
5899:Table Mountain National Park
5889:Mountain Zebra National Park
5864:Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park
5450:Highveld Alluvial Vegetation
5364:Western Gariep Plains Desert
5339:Richtersberg Mountain Desert
5299:Eastern Gariep Plains Desert
5090:Koedoeskloof Karroid Thicket
4985:Crossroads Grassland Thicket
4896:Western Bushmanland Klipveld
4856:Swartruggens Quartzite Karoo
4711:Namaqualand Coastal Duneveld
4671:Knersvlakte Quartz Vygieveld
4631:Doringrivier Quartzite Karoo
4561:Uniondale Shale Renosterveld
4551:Swartland Shale Renosterveld
4536:Swartberg Shale Renosterveld
4526:Roggeveld Shale Renosterveld
4516:Peninsula Shale Renosterveld
4481:Langkloof Shale Renosterveld
4476:Kango Limestone Renosterveld
4436:Breede Alluvium Renosterveld
4398:Tsitsikamma Sandstone Fynbos
4143:Grootrivier Quartzite Fynbos
3890:Soutpansberg Summit Sourveld
3870:Sekhukhune Montane Grassland
3735:Frankfort Highveld Grassland
3690:Central Free State Grassland
3670:Besemkaree Koppies Shrubland
3507:Sekhukhune Mountain Bushveld
3121:Southeast Atlantic ecoregion
3029:Deserts and xeric shrublands
1739:Biodiversity of South Africa
1348:Deserts and xeric shrublands
994:10.1016/j.foreco.2015.11.050
822:World Wide Fund for Nature.
609:herding of sheep and goats.
224:Vegetation types range from
6318:Biodiversity research in SA
5949:Kruger to Canyons Biosphere
5812:Addo Elephant National Park
5584:Maputaland Wooded Grassland
5500:Southern Kalahari Salt Pans
5405:Cape Estuarine Salt Marshes
5395:Arid Estuarine Salt Marshes
5354:Western Gariep Hills Desert
5304:Eastern Gariep Rocky Desert
5244:Bushmanland Sandy Grassland
5239:Bushmanland Basin Shrubland
5135:Saldanha Granite Strandveld
4990:Doubledrift Karroid Thicket
4861:Tanqua Escarpment Shrubland
4736:Namaqualand Shale Shrubland
4726:Namaqualand Inland Duneveld
4676:Knersvlakte Shale Vygieveld
4531:Ruêns Silcrete Renosterveld
4413:Winterhoek Sandstone Fynbos
4223:Matjiesfontein Shale Fynbos
4213:Lourensford Alluvium Fynbos
4133:Graafwater Sandstone Fynbos
4123:Garden Route Granite Fynbos
4078:Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos
3980:Wolkberg Dolomite Grassland
3930:uKhahlamba Basalt Grassland
3915:Tarkastad Montane Shrubland
3905:Stormberg Plateau Grassland
3800:Midlands Mistbelt Grassland
3785:Lydenburg Montane Grassland
3655:Barberton Montane Grassland
3640:Amathole Mistbelt Grassland
3587:Waterberg Mountain Bushveld
3452:Ohrigstad Mountain Bushveld
3247:Gold Reef Mountain Bushveld
2864:Maputaland-Pondoland Region
2355:Dragonflies and damselflies
1589:Temperate Northern Atlantic
1279:Broadleaf and mixed forests
545:in Southwest Australia and
6896:
6685:World Wide Fund for Nature
6333:Iziko South African Museum
6123:Walker Bay Whale Sanctuary
5904:Tankwa Karoo National Park
5837:Garden Route National Park
5574:KwaZulu-Natal Coastal Belt
5495:Southern Kalahari Mekgacha
5445:Fynbos Riparian Vegetation
5380:Albany Alluvial Vegetation
5264:Kalahari Karroid Shrubland
5234:Bushmanland Arid Grassland
5229:Blouputs Karroid Thornveld
5110:Motherwell Karroid Thicket
5070:Groot Brak Dune Strandveld
4980:Cape Flats Dune Strandveld
4721:Namaqualand Heuweltjieveld
4701:Namaqualand Arid Grassland
4491:Montagu Shale Renosterveld
4393:Swellendam Silcrete Fynbos
4318:South Hex Sandstone Fynbos
4298:Piketberg Sandstone Fynbos
4293:Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos
4238:North Hex Sandstone Fynbos
4208:Loerie Conglomerate Fynbos
4188:Kouebokkeveld Shale Fynbos
4178:Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos
4083:Cederberg Sandstone Fynbos
4038:Bokkeveld Sandstone Fynbos
3985:Woodbush Granite Grassland
3910:Strydpoort Summit Sourveld
3755:Karoo Escarpment Grassland
3750:KaNgwane Montane Grassland
3725:Eastern Highveld Grassland
3675:Bloemfontein Dry Grassland
3645:Amathole Montane Grassland
3635:Aliwal North Dry Grassland
3612:Zululand Coastal Thornveld
3512:Sekhukhune Plains Bushveld
3487:Pretoriuskop Sour Bushveld
3472:Polokwane Plateau Bushveld
3437:Northern Zululand Sourveld
3387:Mamabolo Mountain Bushveld
3382:Malelane Mountain Bushveld
3182:Andesite Mountain Bushveld
3126:Southwest Indian ecoregion
2494:Marine spiny-finned fishes
1692:Vegetation classifications
1594:Temperate Northern Pacific
569:
566:Fire as a medium of change
151:humid subtropical climates
49:World Wide Fund for Nature
6778:
6701:Biodiversity of Cape Town
6610:
6599:
6323:
6312:
5842:Tsitsikamma National Park
5783:
5770:
5742:KwaZulu-Natal Dune Forest
5709:Subantarctic Polar Desert
5490:Namib Seashore Vegetation
5319:Kwaggarug Mountain Desert
5190:Vanstadens Forest Thicket
5130:Saldanha Flats Strandveld
5120:Oudshoorn Karroid Thicket
5105:Mons Ruber Fynbos Thicket
5100:Langebaan Dune Strandveld
5015:Escarpment Valley Thicket
4886:Vanrhynsdorp Gannabosveld
4816:Rooiberg Quartz Vygieveld
4791:Richtersveld Red Duneveld
4601:Anenous Plateau Shrubland
4596:Agter-Sederberg Shrubland
4591:Aggeneys Gravel Vygieveld
4441:Breede Shale Renosterveld
4383:Swartland Alluvium Fynbos
4363:Suurberg Quartzite Fynbos
4353:Southern Cape Dune Fynbos
4303:Potberg Ferricrete Fynbos
4283:Overberg Sandstone Fynbos
4278:Olifants Sandstone Fynbos
4203:Leipoldtville Sand Fynbos
4168:Kango Conglomerate Fynbos
4163:Kamiesberg Granite Fynbos
4153:Hawequas Sandstone Fynbos
4128:Garden Route Shale Fynbos
3990:Xhariep Karroid Grassland
3895:Soweto Highveld Grassland
3745:Ithala Quartzite Sourveld
3710:East Griqualand Grassland
3660:Basotho Montane Shrubland
3532:Springbokvlakte Thornveld
3522:Southern Lebombo Bushveld
3502:Schweizer-Reneke Bushveld
3432:Northern Lebombo Bushveld
3357:Madikwe Dolomite Bushveld
3352:Lowveld Rugged Mopaneveld
3297:Kuruman Mountain Bushveld
3277:Kaalrug Mountain Bushveld
3272:Gravelotte Rocky Bushveld
3262:Gordonia Plains Shrubland
3242:Ghaap Plateau Vaalbosveld
3202:Cathedral Mopane Bushveld
3159:
3153:Vegetation classification
3142:
3083:Southern Africa mangroves
2889:
2876:
2839:Drakensberg Alpine Centre
2797:
2780:
2733:
2722:
2311:Shorttailed whipscorpions
1789:
1784:National taxon checklists
1778:
1760:Temperate Southern Africa
1745:
1604:Temperate Southern Africa
944:10.1007/s10342-016-0943-1
250:Sclerophyllous vegetation
119:Baja California Peninsula
6527:Makana Botanical Gardens
5944:Kogelberg Nature Reserve
5909:West Coast National Park
5874:Mapungubwe National Park
5847:Wilderness National Park
5737:Forests of KwaZulu-Natal
5649:Southern Mistbelt Forest
5624:Northern Mistbelt Forest
5520:Subtropical Dune Thicket
5425:Cape Seashore Vegetation
5269:Lower Gariep Broken Veld
5180:Thorndale Forest Thicket
5160:Subtropical Dune Thicket
5145:Saltaire Karroid Thicket
5125:Overberg Dune Strandveld
5095:Lambert's Bay Strandveld
5010:Escarpment Mesic Thicket
4456:Ceres Shale Renosterveld
4313:Robertson Granite Fynbos
4308:Potberg Sandstone Fynbos
4288:Peninsula Granite Fynbos
4098:De Hoop Limestone Fynbos
4013:Agulhas Limestone Fynbos
3975:Winburg Grassy Shrubland
3940:Vaal-Vet Sandy Grassland
3342:Loskop Mountain Bushveld
2949:Southern Africa bushveld
2936:savannas, and shrublands
2904:Tropical and subtropical
2394:Silverfish and firebrats
2352:Cockroaches and termites
1770:Wildlife of South Africa
1614:Tropical Eastern Pacific
1564:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
745:Festival of degradation
5644:Southern Coastal Forest
5619:Northern Coastal Forest
5604:Lowveld Riverine Forest
5579:Maputaland Coastal Belt
5309:Helskloof Canyon Desert
5274:Lower Karoo Gwarrieveld
5155:St Francis Dune Thicket
5150:Sardinia Forest Thicket
5045:Geluk Grassland Thicket
5005:Escarpment Arid Thicket
4955:Baviaans Valley Thicket
4233:Namaqualand Sand Fynbos
4053:Breede Quartzite Fynbos
3995:Zastron Moist Grassland
3875:Senqu Montane Shrubland
3865:Rand Highveld Grassland
3810:Mthatha Moist Grassland
3730:Egoli Granite Grassland
3577:Vaalbos Rocky Shrubland
3557:Thukela Valley Bushveld
3542:Swaziland Sour Bushveld
3427:Norite Koppies Bushveld
3412:Mopane Gabbro Shrubland
3407:Mopane Basalt Shrubland
3377:Makuleke Sandy Bushveld
3322:Lebombo Summit Sourveld
3227:Eastern Valley Bushveld
2906:moist broadleaf forests
2766:Timber trees of Gauteng
2499:Marine Perciform fishes
1635:Biogeographic provinces
1599:Temperate South America
1317:Moist broadleaf forests
1024:Ecological Applications
602:unintended consequences
582:Sierra Pelona Mountains
6472:Durban Botanic Gardens
6361:Animal Demography Unit
5879:Marakele National Park
5832:Camdeboo National Park
5827:Bontebok National Park
5694:Subantarctic Fellfield
5505:Southern Karoo Riviere
5385:Albany Dune Strandveld
5314:Kahams Mountain Desert
5200:Willowmore Gwarrieveld
5175:Sundays Valley Thicket
5115:Nanaga Savanna Thicket
5080:Hartenbos Dune Thicket
5055:Gouritz Valley Thicket
4975:Buffels Valley Thicket
4911:Willowmore Gwarrieveld
4746:Namaqualand Strandveld
4661:Klawer Sandy Shrubland
4378:Swartberg Shale Fynbos
4198:Kouga Sandstone Fynbos
4118:Elim Ferricrete Fynbos
4073:Cape Flats Sand Fynbos
4068:Canca Limestone Fynbos
4048:Breede Alluvium Fynbos
4028:Algoa Sandstone Fynbos
4023:Albertinia Sand Fynbos
3920:Tsakane Clay Grassland
3795:Mabela Sandy Grassland
3740:Income Sandy Grassland
3602:Western Sandy Bushveld
3497:Schmidtsdrif Thornveld
3417:Musina Mopane Bushveld
3372:Makhado Sweet Bushveld
3337:Limpopo Sweet Bushveld
3332:Limpopo Ridge Bushveld
3327:Legogote Sour Bushveld
3232:Gabbro Grassy Bushveld
3207:Central Sandy Bushveld
3037:Kalahari xeric savanna
2999:Mediterranean forests,
2829:Griqualand West Centre
2397:Stick and leaf insects
750:
680:
666:
655:Mediterranean cork oak
585:
551:Northern coastal scrub
348:
221:
86:
65:
37:
6694:Regional biodiversity
6650:Marine protected area
6366:BirdLife South Africa
6281:Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife
5894:Namaqua National Park
5817:Agulhas National Park
5594:Transkei Coastal Belt
5535:Subtropical Salt Pans
5480:Namaqualand Salt Pans
5410:Cape Inland Salt Pans
5390:Algoa Dune Strandveld
5284:Upper Karoo Hardeveld
5185:Umtiza Forest Thicket
5170:Sundays Mesic Thicket
5050:Goukamma Dune Thicket
5000:Elands Forest Thicket
4970:Buffels Mesic Thicket
4950:Albany Valley Thicket
4368:Suurberg Shale Fynbos
4158:Hopefield Sand Fynbos
4043:Boland Granite Fynbos
3770:Leolo Summit Sourveld
3665:Bedford Dry Grassland
3572:Tzaneen Sour Bushveld
3477:Postmasburg Thornveld
3367:Makatini Clay Thicket
2854:Sekhukhuneland Centre
2824:Cape Floristic Region
2802:Cape Floristic Region
2787:Biodiversity hotspots
2346:Butterflies and moths
1697:Zoogeographic regions
1655:Global 200 ecoregions
1584:Temperate Australasia
1322:Dry broadleaf forests
1076:Global Change Biology
744:
672:
653:
584:, Southern California
579:
570:Further information:
339:
212:
91:Mediterranean climate
76:
57:
35:
6670:Scuba diving tourism
6630:Encyclopedia of Life
5884:Mokala National Park
5869:Kruger National Park
5435:Drakensberg Wetlands
5329:Noms Mountain Desert
5279:Northern Upper Karoo
5165:Sundays Arid Thicket
5085:Kasouga Dune Thicket
5075:Hamburg Dune Thicket
5040:Gamka Valley Thicket
4960:Bethelsdorp Bontveld
4945:Albany Mesic Thicket
4906:Western Little Karoo
4706:Namaqualand Blomveld
4636:Eastern Little Karoo
4228:Montagu Shale Fynbos
4148:Hangklip Sand Fynbos
4138:Greyton Shale Fynbos
4033:Atlantis Sand Fynbos
3860:Queenstown Thornveld
3760:Klerksdorp Thornveld
3547:Tembe Sandy Bushveld
3402:Moot Plains Bushveld
3001:woodlands, and scrub
2791:Centres of diversity
2367:Jumping bristletails
1765:Western Indo-Pacific
1677:Altitudinal zonation
1619:Western Indo-Pacific
1579:Eastern Indo-Pacific
1574:Central Indo-Pacific
1176:at Wikimedia Commons
851:Conservation biology
707:improve this article
346:Pan-American Highway
302:improve this article
6880:Sclerophyll forests
6660:Nature conservation
5959:Waterberg Biosphere
5859:Karoo National Park
5599:Ironwood Dry Forest
5545:Tanqua Wash Riviere
5475:Namaqualand Riviere
5324:Namib Lichen Fields
5289:Western Upper Karoo
5254:Eastern Upper Karoo
5249:Eastern Lower Karoo
5195:Western Gwarrieveld
5065:Grassridge Bontveld
5030:Fish Valley Thicket
4995:Eastern Gwarrieveld
4935:Albany Arid Thicket
4901:Western Gwarrieveld
4846:Steytlerville Karoo
4621:Citrusdal Vygieveld
4063:Breede Shale Fynbos
4018:Agulhas Sand Fynbos
3790:Lydenburg Thornveld
3307:Kuruman Vaalbosveld
3287:Kimberley Thornveld
3217:Dwaalboom Thornveld
2984:Highveld grasslands
2844:Soutpansberg Centre
2434:Non-marine molluscs
2302:Microwhip scorpions
1650:Lists of ecoregions
1307:Tropical rainforest
1088:2014GCBio..20..893P
1036:2007EcoAp..17.1388S
986:2016ForEM.362..156C
899:1996BiCon...5..527C
378:Southwest Australia
179:Mazandaran Province
99:Mediterranean Basin
6875:Terrestrial biomes
6419:Reef Atlas Project
6276:Eastern Cape Parks
5455:Highveld Salt Pans
5400:Bushmanland Vloere
5224:Albany Broken Veld
5035:Gamka Arid Thicket
5025:Fish Mesic Thicket
4965:Blombos Strandveld
4173:Knysna Sand Fynbos
4113:Elgin Shale Fynbos
4058:Breede Sand Fynbos
3492:Roodeberg Bushveld
3392:Marikana Thornveld
3106:Benguela ecoregion
2964:Montane grasslands
2489:Marine bony fishes
2379:Net-winged insects
2268:Marine crustaceans
1750:Afrotropical realm
1687:Floristic kingdoms
1451:Hydrothermal vents
1312:Coniferous forests
1274:Coniferous forests
908:10.1007/bf00137608
751:
681:
667:
586:
555:coastal sage scrub
411:Pistacia lentiscus
349:
274:Biome plant groups
222:
139:southern Australia
87:
66:
38:
6811:
6810:
6774:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6640:Low impact diving
6595:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6308:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6261:City of Cape Town
6242:
6241:
5766:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5704:Subantarctic Mire
5430:Cape Vernal Pools
5020:Fish Arid Thicket
3607:Zeerust Thornveld
3562:Tsende Mopaneveld
3552:Thukela Thornveld
3362:Mafikeng Bushveld
3302:Kuruman Thornveld
3252:Gordonia Duneveld
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3111:Delagoa ecoregion
3101:Agulhas ecoregion
3093:Marine ecoregions
2872:
2871:
2776:
2775:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2523:
2522:
2479:Freshwater fishes
2444:Marine gastropods
2422:
2421:
2239:Marine cnidarians
2205:
2204:
1705:
1704:
1665:
1664:
1609:Tropical Atlantic
1485:
1484:
1392:
1391:
1284:Deciduous forests
1172:Media related to
1096:10.1111/gcb.12477
1044:10.1890/06-1128.1
739:
738:
731:
580:Scrubland of the
539:in South Africa,
481:southern Portugal
417:Quercus coccifera
334:
333:
326:
159:Nile River Valley
155:semi-arid climate
16:(Redirected from
6887:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6840:
6839:
6838:
6828:
6827:
6819:
6797:
6796:
6786:
6785:
6691:
6601:
6349:
6314:
5982:
5794:
5772:
5470:Muscadel Riviere
3617:Zululand Lowveld
3347:Loskop Thornveld
3197:Bhisho Thornveld
3170:
3144:
2900:
2878:
2859:Barberton Centre
2782:
2724:
2290:
2258:
2243:Marine flatworms
2071:Scrophulariaceae
1837:
1791:
1780:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1709:
1498:
1233:
1224:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1181:
1171:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1030:(5): 1388–1402.
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1002:
971:
962:
956:
955:
927:
921:
920:
910:
878:
869:
868:
862:
854:
846:
840:
839:
837:
835:
826:. Archived from
814:
807:
760:invasive species
756:fire suppression
734:
727:
723:
720:
714:
691:
683:
479:(California and
405:Pinus halepensis
342:Chilean Matorral
329:
322:
318:
315:
309:
286:
278:
256:Phytogeographers
219:maquis shrubland
105:Chilean Matorral
79:Region of Murcia
21:
6895:
6894:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6860:
6859:
6858:
6848:
6846:
6836:
6834:
6822:
6814:
6812:
6807:
6766:
6750:
6712:
6689:
6606:
6587:
6566:
6463:
6456:
6434:
6433:Citizen science
6428:
6396:
6390:
6353:
6347:
6328:Bolus Herbarium
6319:
6300:
6248:
6238:
6127:
5976:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5963:
5925:
5918:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5792:
5779:
5758:
5719:
5713:
5666:
5658:
5609:Mangrove Forest
5565:
5563:
5561:
5554:
5368:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5204:
4940:Albany Bontveld
4926:
4924:
4922:
4915:
4811:Roggeveld Karoo
4806:Robertson Karoo
4582:
4575:
4417:
3999:
3925:Tsomo Grassland
3621:
3582:VhaVenda Miombo
3537:Stella Bushveld
3442:Nossob Bushveld
3397:Molopo Bushveld
3267:Granite Lowveld
3212:Delagoa Lowveld
3168:
3155:
3130:
3116:Natal ecoregion
3087:
3069:
3051:
3047:Succulent Karoo
3023:
3009:Albany thickets
3000:
2993:
2965:
2958:
2935:
2928:
2905:
2898:
2885:
2868:
2849:Wolkberg Centre
2819:Succulent Karoo
2812:Succulent Karoo
2793:
2772:
2729:
2710:
2664:
2549:
2519:
2457:
2439:Marine molluscs
2418:
2326:
2305:Pseudoscorpions
2288:
2256:
2201:
1979:Crossosomatales
1964:Ceratophyllales
1842:
1835:
1785:
1774:
1741:
1736:
1706:
1701:
1661:
1623:
1552:
1492:
1481:
1477:Endolithic zone
1465:
1398:
1388:
1357:
1331:
1299:
1293:
1262:
1228:
1213:
1208:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1074:consequences".
1072:
1071:
1067:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1006:
1004:
1000:
969:
964:
963:
959:
929:
928:
924:
880:
879:
872:
855:
848:
847:
843:
833:
831:
830:on 1 April 2011
821:
808:
797:
792:
768:
735:
724:
718:
715:
704:
692:
648:
574:
568:
532:Succulent Karoo
414:), kermes oak (
362:, such as the
360:broadleaf trees
330:
319:
313:
310:
299:
287:
276:
207:
195:Northern Greece
189:, parts of the
71:
47:defined by the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6893:
6891:
6883:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6862:
6861:
6857:
6856:
6854:Earth sciences
6844:
6832:
6809:
6808:
6806:
6805:
6798:
6791:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6726:
6720:
6718:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6710:
6709:
6708:
6697:
6695:
6688:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6665:Nature reserve
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6604:
6597:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6585:
6580:
6574:
6572:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6468:
6466:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6438:
6436:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6400:
6398:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6357:
6355:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6317:
6310:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6252:
6250:
6244:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6135:
6133:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5988:
5986:
5979:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5930:
5928:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5844:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5808:
5806:
5791:
5790:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5775:
5768:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5734:
5729:
5723:
5721:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5670:
5668:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5570:
5568:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5220:
5218:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4931:
4929:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4009:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3631:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3282:Kathu Bushveld
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3167:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3147:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2966:and shrublands
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2897:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2785:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2540:Brown seaweeds
2537:
2535:Green seaweeds
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2264:
2262:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1947:Caryophyllales
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1712:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1495:
1491:Biogeographic
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1230:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1163:
1162:External links
1160:
1157:
1156:
1125:
1082:(3): 893–907.
1065:
1014:
957:
938:(2): 403–416.
922:
893:(5): 527–550.
870:
841:
794:
793:
791:
788:
787:
786:
780:
774:
767:
764:
737:
736:
695:
693:
686:
647:
644:
567:
564:
563:
562:
466:
445:
427:
340:Springtime in
332:
331:
290:
288:
281:
275:
272:
246:mosaic habitat
206:
203:
143:
142:
131:
121:
107:
101:
70:
67:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6892:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6867:
6865:
6855:
6845:
6843:
6833:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6817:
6804:
6803:
6799:
6792:
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6777:
6763:
6760:
6759:
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6753:
6745:
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6699:
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6692:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6655:National park
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
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6618:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6609:
6602:
6598:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6569:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6465:
6459:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6431:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6393:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6354:organisations
6350:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6322:
6315:
6311:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6249:organisations
6245:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5966:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5921:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5805:
5795:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5773:
5769:
5755:
5752:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5716:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5567:
5557:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5460:Lesotho Mires
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
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5418:
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5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
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5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5207:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
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5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
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5068:
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5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4918:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
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4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
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4819:
4817:
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4812:
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4807:
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4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4578:
4572:
4569:
4567:
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4562:
4559:
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4549:
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4544:
4542:
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4522:
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4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
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4482:
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4477:
4474:
4472:
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4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
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4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
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4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
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4286:
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4279:
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4274:
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4264:
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4259:
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4131:
4129:
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4121:
4119:
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3448:
3445:
3443:
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3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3422:Ngongoni Veld
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
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3328:
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3308:
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3300:
3298:
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3275:
3273:
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3260:
3258:
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3250:
3248:
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3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
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3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3187:Aoub Duneveld
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
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3112:
3109:
3107:
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3026:
3020:
3017:
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3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
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2996:
2990:
2987:
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2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
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2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2834:Albany Centre
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
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2779:
2767:
2764:
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2707:
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2699:
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2689:
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2679:
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2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
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2633:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2614:
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2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2484:Marine fishes
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2391:Scorpionflies
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2197:Zygophyllales
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2098:Euphorbiaceae
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:Escalloniales
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:Hyacinthaceae
1891:
1889:
1888:Asphodelaceae
1886:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1831:Pteridophytes
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1461:Demersal zone
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1395:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1258:Alpine tundra
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:Polar/montane
1234:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1015:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
968:
961:
958:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
926:
923:
918:
914:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
877:
875:
871:
866:
860:
852:
845:
842:
829:
825:
820:
818:
813:
806:
804:
802:
800:
796:
789:
784:
781:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
765:
763:
761:
757:
748:
743:
733:
730:
722:
719:December 2017
712:
708:
702:
701:
696:This section
694:
690:
685:
684:
679:
675:
671:
664:
660:
656:
652:
645:
643:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
616:
610:
608:
603:
597:
595:
591:
583:
578:
573:
565:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
543:
538:
534:
533:
528:
527:
522:
521:
516:
512:
508:
504:
503:
498:
494:
493:
488:
487:
482:
478:
474:
470:
467:
464:
463:
457:
453:
449:
446:
443:
439:
435:
434:Oak woodlands
431:
428:
425:
424:
419:
418:
413:
412:
407:
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:
379:
375:
374:
369:
365:
361:
357:
354:
353:
352:
347:
343:
338:
328:
325:
317:
314:December 2017
307:
303:
297:
296:
291:This section
289:
285:
280:
279:
273:
271:
269:
265:
261:
258:consider the
257:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
220:
216:
211:
204:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:Central Italy
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
140:
136:
132:
130:
126:
122:
120:
116:
113:ecoregion of
112:
108:
106:
102:
100:
96:
95:
94:
92:
84:
80:
75:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
50:
46:
42:
34:
30:
19:
6800:
6787:Categories:
6755:Publications
6615:Biodiversity
5664:Subantarctic
5654:Swamp Forest
5634:Scarp Forest
4866:Tanqua Karoo
4651:Hantam Karoo
4423:Renosterveld
2998:
2545:Red seaweeds
2403:Strepsiptera
2222:Comb jellies
2192:Zingiberales
2172:Saxifragales
2152:Ranunculales
2093:Malpighiales
1989:Dioscoreales
1984:Cucurbitales
1969:Commelinales
1873:Aquifoliales
1628:Subdivisions
1518:Australasian
1508:Afrotropical
1470:Other biomes
1446:Benthic zone
1441:Pelagic zone
1436:Neritic zone
1426:Kelp forests
1342:
1298:Tropical and
1147:. Retrieved
1139:The Guardian
1138:
1128:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1005:. Retrieved
977:
973:
960:
935:
931:
925:
890:
886:
850:
844:
832:. Retrieved
828:the original
817:CC BY-SA 3.0
809:
752:
725:
716:
705:Please help
700:verification
697:
639:North Africa
620:
614:
611:
607:transhumance
598:
587:
572:Fire ecology
546:
540:
536:
530:
526:renosterveld
524:
518:
514:
510:
506:
500:
496:
490:
484:
460:
421:
415:
409:
403:
381:
371:
350:
320:
311:
300:Please help
295:verification
292:
254:
223:
213:Close up of
167:Eastern Cape
144:
129:South Africa
125:Western Cape
88:
69:Distribution
40:
39:
29:
6830:Environment
6717:Legislation
6571:Taxonomists
6442:iNaturalist
5629:Sand Forest
5259:Gamka Karoo
2462:Vertebrates
2415:Webspinners
2349:Caddisflies
2273:Sea spiders
2252:Tardigrades
2234:Polychaetes
2226:Echinoderms
2115:Nymphaeales
2088:Magnoliales
2061:Acanthaceae
2024:Apocynaceae
2019:Gentianales
1959:Celastrales
1927:Brassicales
1922:Boraginales
1903:Orchidaceae
1883:Asparagales
1856:Alismatales
1538:Neotropical
1528:Indomalayan
1501:Terrestrial
1431:Coral reefs
1300:subtropical
1227:Terrestrial
980:: 156–168.
674:Sclerophyll
646:Degradation
559:overgrazing
549:in Israel.
513:in Greece,
499:in France,
408:, lentisk (
376:forests of
368:sclerophyll
193:(including
6864:Categories
6625:Ecotourism
6256:CapeNature
6247:Management
4927:Strandveld
3042:Nama Karoo
2883:Ecoregions
2469:Amphibians
2400:Stoneflies
2385:Orthoptera
2299:Harvestmen
2285:Entognatha
2282:Millipedes
2279:Centipedes
2261:Arthropods
2167:Sapindales
2162:Santalales
2125:Pandanales
2120:Oxalidales
2051:Icacinales
2046:Huerteales
2041:Gunnerales
2036:Geraniales
1994:Dipsacales
1942:Canellales
1915:Asteraceae
1821:Lycophytes
1816:Liverworts
1645:Ecoregions
1640:Bioregions
1548:Palearctic
1456:Cold seeps
1416:Intertidal
790:References
676:woodland,
665:, Portugal
657:trees, in
594:pyrophytes
590:ecoregions
537:strandveld
517:in Spain,
515:tomillares
509:in Italy,
444:woodlands.
423:Chamaerops
392:Coniferous
383:Nothofagus
380:, and the
373:Eucalyptus
366:and mixed
242:grasslands
238:shrublands
205:Vegetation
171:Azerbaijan
115:California
6620:Biosphere
6462:Botanical
6435:databases
5971:protected
5924:Biosphere
4581:Succulent
3627:Grassland
3075:Mangroves
2762:Related:
2412:True bugs
2382:Notoptera
2314:Solifugae
2308:Scorpions
2293:Arachnids
2230:Nematodes
2219:Bryozoans
2216:Ascidians
2182:Vahliales
2177:Solanales
2147:Proteales
2130:Piperales
2066:Lamiaceae
2029:Rubiaceae
1952:Aizoaceae
1932:Bruniales
1910:Asterales
1898:Iridaceae
1841:Flowering
1811:Hornworts
1523:Holarctic
1513:Antarctic
1421:Mangroves
1267:Temperate
1104:1365-2486
1052:1939-5582
859:cite book
659:Monchique
615:Manzanita
477:chaparral
469:Shrubland
452:grassland
400:deciduous
230:woodlands
135:southwest
6397:projects
6395:Research
6352:Research
6132:Offshore
5973:areas of
5926:reserves
5802:National
2528:Seaweeds
2515:Reptiles
2427:Molluscs
2406:Termites
2376:Mayflies
2373:Mantises
2110:Myrtales
2105:Malvales
2083:Liliales
2078:Laurales
2056:Lamiales
1999:Ericales
1974:Cornales
1878:Arecales
1866:Apiaceae
1851:Acorales
1801:Conifers
1670:See also
1543:Oceanian
1533:Nearctic
1411:Littoral
1384:Mangrove
1374:Riparian
1143:Archived
1120:19688559
1112:24375846
1060:17708216
998:Archived
952:15011913
917:23314811
819:license.
766:See also
631:Portugal
511:phrygana
492:garrigue
486:matorral
430:Woodland
388:riparian
234:savannas
117:and the
6842:Ecology
6816:Portals
6605:Related
6464:gardens
6424:SeaKeys
5985:Coastal
5800:African
5564:Coastal
4923:Thicket
3174:Savanna
2669:Related
2510:Mammals
2358:Earwigs
2340:Beetles
2331:Insects
2320:Ixodida
2317:Araneae
2247:Sponges
2210:Animals
2187:Vitales
2157:Rosales
2140:Poaceae
2014:Fagales
2009:Fabales
1937:Buxales
1861:Apiales
1397:Aquatic
1379:Wetland
1149:31 July
1084:Bibcode
1032:Bibcode
1007:25 July
982:Bibcode
895:Bibcode
663:Algarve
623:Croatia
542:kwongan
502:macchia
462:montado
448:Savanna
226:forests
215:Ephesos
191:Balkans
147:oceanic
63:Lebanon
5977:Africa
5969:Marine
5720:VEGMAP
5718:not on
5560:Forest
5373:Azonal
5216:desert
4921:Albany
4005:Fynbos
3149:Biomes
3057:Tundra
2409:Thrips
2135:Poales
1843:plants
1826:Mosses
1806:Cycads
1794:Plants
1569:Arctic
1557:Marine
1493:realms
1399:biomes
1353:Steppe
1243:Tundra
1229:biomes
1219:Biomes
1118:
1110:
1102:
1058:
1050:
950:
915:
834:27 May
779:(CTFC)
678:Sydney
635:Europe
629:, and
535:, and
520:fynbos
507:gariga
497:maquis
473:shrubs
454:: The
442:walnut
420:) and
356:Forest
264:Canada
260:fynbos
240:, and
199:Jordan
177:, the
6802:Index
6447:iSpot
5975:South
5804:Parks
5798:South
5667:biome
5212:Karoo
4583:Karoo
2555:Fungi
2474:Birds
2364:Flies
2361:Fleas
1248:Taiga
1116:S2CID
1001:(PDF)
970:(PDF)
948:S2CID
913:S2CID
747:VRUJA
627:Italy
547:batha
268:Maine
163:Egypt
83:Spain
45:biome
43:is a
5566:belt
5210:Nama
3151:and
2789:and
2370:Lice
1406:Pond
1151:2023
1108:PMID
1100:ISSN
1056:PMID
1048:ISSN
1009:2016
865:link
836:2010
637:and
553:and
450:and
438:Pine
398:and
396:Pine
183:Iran
175:Iraq
149:and
137:and
133:the
123:the
109:the
103:the
97:the
5562:and
5214:and
4925:and
1362:Wet
1336:Dry
1092:doi
1040:doi
990:doi
978:362
940:doi
936:135
903:doi
709:by
529:,
523:,
505:or
495:or
483:),
364:oak
304:by
244:; "
228:to
181:in
161:in
127:of
61:in
6866::
1141:.
1137:.
1114:.
1106:.
1098:.
1090:.
1080:20
1078:.
1054:.
1046:.
1038:.
1028:17
1026:.
996:.
988:.
976:.
972:.
946:.
934:.
911:.
901:.
889:.
885:.
873:^
861:}}
857:{{
798:^
661:,
625:,
432::
236:,
232:,
201:.
185:,
85:).
6818::
6034:I
2661:Z
2658:Y
2655:X
2652:W
2649:V
2645:U
2640:T
2635:S
2631:R
2628:Q
2624:P
2620:O
2617:N
2613:M
2608:L
2604:K
2601:J
2598:I
2594:H
2590:G
2587:F
2583:E
2578:D
2573:C
2568:B
2563:A
1731:e
1724:t
1717:v
1203:e
1196:t
1189:v
1153:.
1122:.
1094::
1086::
1062:.
1042::
1034::
1011:.
992::
984::
954:.
942::
919:.
905::
897::
891:5
867:)
838:.
732:)
726:(
721:)
717:(
703:.
327:)
321:(
316:)
312:(
298:.
141:.
81:(
20:)
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