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study utilized 70 traps to establish the seasonal abundance of wild fly prior to releases. In Phase 2 of the study, the
Department of Agriculture released 7.5 million sterile flies per week; however, this was insufficient in limiting the wild fly population. During phases 3 and 4, the number of released sterile flies increased to 12 million a week and was combined with chemical controls. After wild flies were no longer detected, phase 5 was initiated, withdrawing chemical controls from further distribution. Eradication was declared when neither wild flies nor larvae were found during the period of October 1984 to January 1985. This period corresponded to 3 fly generations; a threshold of eradication utilized by Hendrichs et al. (1982) in the eradication of the medfly in Mexico.
956:(roughly around 1–3 kHz) while sounds produced during non-aggressive moments such as courtship times tended to be around 0.16–0.35 kHz. Aggressive behaviors can be observed during the courtship ritual. If the approaching fly is discerned to be an intruder male fly, the resident male fly terminates his calling position and lunges towards the intruder, physically pushing the intruder with his head. This interaction lasts until either party loses position or eventually leaves the position. Males can also partake in passive defensive actions which consists of a "face-off" with the intruder male rather than a physical "head-butt". Males in the "face-off" position can last up to 5 minutes until one male eventually turns and leaves the territory.
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1065:) to authorize airborne spraying of the region. Initially, in accordance with his environmental protection stance, he chose to authorize ground-level spraying only. Unfortunately, the infestation spread as the medfly reproductive cycle outpaced the spraying. After more than a month, millions of dollars of crops had been destroyed and billions of dollars more were threatened. Governor Brown then authorized a massive response to the infestation. Fleets of helicopters sprayed
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force. A study conducted by
Churchill-Stanland et al., showed that a male's size can dictate their mating success rate. Researchers found that flies weighing approximately 8–9 mg had optimum mating success while smaller flies (i.e. <6 mg) had significantly less mating success. Furthermore, when males were equal or larger in size, mating frequency was equal and events such as
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high protein to carbohydrate ratios produced larvae with high protein and lipid contents. Conversely, diets with a low protein to carbohydrate ratio led to pupating larvae having relatively reduced loads of lipids. Parental condition may affect larval responses to the immediate dietary environment through a process known as
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Utilizing the
Sterile Insect Technique, the medfly was eradicated in December 1984 from Carnarvon, Western Australia. In the 1980s, the Western Australia Department of Agriculture conducted a feasibility study into using the Sterile Insect Technique to eradicate the medfly population. Phase 1 of this
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in 1976 and Mexico in 1977. In order to begin eradication efforts, the Mass-rearing and
Sterilization Laboratory was producing 500 million sterile flies weekly by the end of 1979. By releasing these sterile flies into the wild, scientists were able to not only prevent the northward spread of the fly,
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is the most economically important fruit fly species because of both its ability to survive cooler climates more successfully than most other fruit fly species and its ability to inhabit more than 200 tropical fruits and vegetables to which it causes severe destruction and degradation. The practices
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is quite short as half of most populations die in under 60 days. However, cool conditions and proper sustenance can enable some flies to live 6 months or up to a year. In lab conditions, under controlled diets of sugar and protein, the life expectancy of females is usually longer than that of males
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flies were found to partake in more head-butting behavior, direct opponent contact, and less likely to cede an occupied leaf to an invader. Furthermore, it was found that sounds that are produced during body vibration constitutes threat behavior. Aggressive sounds are substantially higher in pitch
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to attract virgin females. If successful, mating will occur during this time period. Another important location for copulation is on the fruit itself during the late morning or early afternoon. Males position themselves here in an attempt to copulate with already-mated females through seduction or
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has found strong effects on larval performance, smaller effects on pupae, and no effects on eggs. The highest survival rate was shown to be on bitter oranges; however, the shortest developmental time and heaviest pupae were obtained from orange cultivars. In short, pulp chemical properties such as
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By manipulating larval diets with relation to brewer's yeast and sucrose, researchers were able to show that varying the levels of yeast and sucrose in the diet changes the proportion of proteins to carbohydrates which affects the ability of pupating larvae to accumulate lipid reserves. Diets with
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part of the wing. This difference can be used to distinguish between the two sexes since male wings tend to be wider and shorter in comparison to females. This anatomical difference is important because this allows males to displace more air and create a more audible "buzzing" effect during mate
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from the males and found that it contained potent antibacterial factors compared to the haemolymph of controls. Through further testing, they were able to show that these potent factors were generated within 3 hours of inoculation and lasted for approximately 8 days. This finding indicated that
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perception as shown from the whole-genome sequencing project completed in
September 2016. In a study done by Spanos et al. in 2001, researchers were able to sequence the entire mitochondrial genome of the fly. They found that the genome was 15,980 base pairs long with 22 tRNA genes and 13 genes
835: in) of the male, the male will begin a series of head movements. Within 1–2 seconds of head movement initiation, the male begins rhythmically fanning its wings and moves closer to the female. Once close enough, the male then leaps onto the female’s back and begins copulation.
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Adults tend to gain their carbohydrate intake from ripe fruit and protein from decomposing fruit or leftover bird feces. While larva prefer the middle of the fruit, adults prefer the fruit portion that contains more nutritional value in comparison to the flesh. Their diet preferences have been
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is a cosmopolitan pest that affects hundreds of commercial and wild fruit species, considerable research has been done to assess the medfly's ability to transmit diseases. A 2005 study conducted by Sela et al. utilized green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged E. coli placed in fruit fly feeding
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Medflies can complete their life cycles in 21 days in optimum conditions. In cooler temperatures, the life cycle of the medfly can take up to 100 days to complete. In temperatures that are below 50 °F (10 °C), development of the fly ceases. Oviposition in females ceases to occur in
858:-mediated behaviors. Specifically, virgin females prefer the pheromones of sexually developed males over the host fruit odor. Females exhibit this preference until mating occurs, following which they prefer the host fruit odor. This finding has been evidenced by a specific protein,
1080:
Ultimately, the infestation was eradicated, but both the governor's delay and the scale of the action has remained controversial ever since. Some people claimed that malathion was toxic to humans, animals, as well as insects. In response to such concerns, Brown's chief of staff,
539:, throughout the world. The information is mainly based on available Mediterranean fruit fly national surveillance reports. Therefore, the map displays assessments of the presence of this pest at the national level and in some cases at sub-national levels. According to this map,
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During the courtship phase, a series of signals are exchanged between the male and the female. As the female approaches, the male tucks his abdomen under his body with his abdominal pouches still inflated and wings still vibrating. Once the female is within 3–5 millimetres
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proven by studies in which medflies placed at the top of oranges and papayas consistently moved lower to the nutrient dense parts whereas flies placed near the bottom remained in their starting location. Adult flies typically feed in the mid-morning/late afternoon.
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Because nutrition is a crucial determinant of adult size and development, larva prefer to eat fleshy host fruit. Higher concentrations of glucose and sucrose boost development and the percentage of emerging larva in comparison to high starch and maltose diets.
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and cooperating county and federal agricultural officials started eradication and quarantine efforts in the area. Eradication was declared on August 8, 2008, when no "wild" (i.e. non-sterile) medflies were detected for three generations.
984:) but has been eradicated from all but Hawaii. However, reintroduced populations of the medfly have been spotted in California as recently as 2009, requiring additional eradication and quarantine efforts. It has also been eradicated from
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solution to show that flies inoculated with GFP-tagged E. Coli was able to harbor the bacteria for up to 7 days following contamination. This finding showed that the medfly has the potential to be a vector of human pathogens to fruits.
1085:, staged a news conference during which he publicly drank a small glass of malathion. Many people complained that, while the malathion may not have been very toxic to humans, the aerosol spray containing it was corrosive to car paint.
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is tinted brown with fine black bristles located on the dorsal surface and two light bands on the basal half. The medfly's wings contain a band across the middle of the wing with dark streaks and spots in the middle of the wing cells.
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fly typically begins with males stationed at the bottom of the surface of leaves during the late morning or early afternoon. Once males are stationed at these locations, they begin the mating process by forming leks and releasing
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has found that SR decreases with increasing age and that age-specific patterns are shaped in relation to adult and larval diet. Furthermore, females exhibited higher SR than males, and the greatest influence on SR in
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In lek behavior, males begin by acquiring territory and jockeying with each other for optimal position. Leks are always located in positions that optimize the amount of sunlight penetrating the leaves. Mating in the
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encoding mitochondrial proteins. Using this information, researchers were able to use this genome sequence as a diagnostic tool for population analysis and a method to determine the source of recent introductions.
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in groups of roughly 10–14 eggs and deposit them just under the skin surface of their host fruit. Once the eggs are deposited below the skin, they hatch in only a few days, emerging as maggots, or larvae.
1104:. The San Diego County Agricultural Commission implemented a treatment plan, including distributing millions of sterile male flies, local produce quarantines, and ground spraying with organic pesticides.
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flies are known to disperse up to distances of 12 miles in search of host fruit. In the instances where host fruit is plentiful in their current locations, they will not disperse beyond 300 to 700 feet.
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males that are fed a diet consisting of no protein copulated at a significantly lower rate than males who were fed protein. In short, male diets are a significant factor in the mating success of male
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Leftwich, Philip T.; Koukidou, Martha; Rempoulakis, Polychronis; Gong, Hong-Fei; Zacharopoulou, Antigoni; Fu, Guoliang; Chapman, Tracey; Economopoulos, Aris; Vontas, John; Alphey, Luke (2014-10-07).
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The lifespans of certain species are also affected by periods of food deprivation, which is a key driver of invasion success, adaptation, and biodiversity. Starvation resistance is a
920:
In a 1987 study completed by
Postlethwait et al., researchers assessed the immune response of the medfly using bacterial inoculation. After inoculating the medfly with
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1771:
Churchill-Stanland C, Stanland R, Wong TT, Tanaka N, McInnis DO, Dowell RV (1986-06-01). "Size as a Factor in the Mating
Propensity of Mediterranean Fruit Flies,
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1223:
Gilioli, Gianni; Sperandio, Giorgio; Colturato, Michele; Pasquali, Sara; Gervasio, Paola; Wilstermann, Anne; Dominic, Anto Raja; Schrader, Gritta (2021-10-05).
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has the largest variety of host-fruits, including over 200 different types of fruits and vegetables. These fruits include but are not limited to
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that are used to eradicate the medfly after its introduction into a new environment can be extremely difficult and expensive, but infestation of
1802:
Jang EB (1995-08-01). "Effects of mating and accessory gland injections on olfactory-mediated behavior in the female mediterranean fruit fly,
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2437:
1370:"Age, sex, adult and larval diet shape starvation resistance in the Mediterranean fruit fly: an ecological and gerontological perspective"
1061:. He was advised by the state's agricultural industry and the US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection service (
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Blay S, Yuval B (July 1997). "Nutritional correlates of reproductive success of male
Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)".
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M.C. Thomas et al. Featured
Creatures. Mediterranean fruit fly. University of Florida Publication Number: EENY-214. September 2019. URL
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53:
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Falchetto M, Ciossani G, Scolari F, Di Cosimo A, Nenci S, Field LM, et al. (June 2019). "Structural and biochemical evaluation of
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Behar, A.; Yuval, B.; Jurkevitch, E. (August 2005). "Enterobacteria-mediated nitrogen fixation in natural populations of the fruit fly
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Briceño R (1999). "Aggressive behavior in medflies (Ceratitis
Capitata) and its modification by mass rearing (Diptera:Tephritidae)".
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that varies due to the relation between environmental and genetic factors. Recent studies into the starvation resistance (SR) of
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eggs are characterized by their curved shape, shiny white color, and smooth features. Each egg is approximately 1 millimetre (
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Medflies were first detected in the region in Costa Rica in 1955. From then on, the medfly spread northward, reaching
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acidity and soluble solid contents had little effect on larval and pupal survival but larger effects on pupal weight.
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but officially declare it as eradicated from all of Mexico and large areas in Northern Guatemala in September 1982.
86:
1606:"Survival and development of immature stages of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in citrus fruit"
780:, specifically in Kula, Maui and in Kona, Hawaii, showed researchers a clear distinction in the mating behavior of
163:
46:
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Papanicolaou A, Schetelig MF, Arensburger P, Atkinson PW, Benoit JB, Bourtzis K, et al. (September 2016).
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68:
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Gerofotis CD, Kouloussis NA, Koukougiannidou C, Papadopoulos NT, Damos P, Koveos DS, Carey JR (July 2019).
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Postlethwait JH, Saul SH, Postlethwait JA (1988-01-01). "The antibacterial immune response of the medfly,
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by 1.5 days. On average, the lifespans of flies in captivity are 10 days longer than those of wild flies.
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1962:(Wiedemann), reveals insights into the biology and adaptive evolution of a highly invasive pest species"
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set up highway checkpoints and collected many tons of local fruit. In the final stage of the campaign,
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Meccariello A, Salvemini M, Primo P, Hall B, Koskinioti P, Dalíková M, et al. (September 2019).
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released millions of sterile male medflies in an attempt to disrupt the insects' reproductive cycle.
1898:"Maleness-on-the-Y (MoY) orchestrates male sex determination in major agricultural fruit fly pests"
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1938:
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503:. Through their findings, the researchers showed that the medfly exhibits extensive sexual shape
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have been described as having a common fruit fly larval shape that is cylindrical with a narrow
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Much research has been dedicated to means of controlling the medfly. In particular, use of the
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1993:
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that require extensive eradication efforts to prevent the fly from establishing itself in the
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1983:
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868:. In a recent study, this protein was shown to bind male pheromone components, specifically
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708:
560:
552:
329:
2376:
Carroll LE, White IM, Freidberg A, Norrbom AL, Dallwitz MJ, Thompson FC (July 15, 2005).
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Carey JR, Liedo P, Harshman L, Zhang Y, Müller HG, Partridge L, Wang JL (December 2002).
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lowers crop yields and induces costly sorting processes for fresh fruits and vegetables.
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1988:
1957:
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784:. The mating ritual in this species of fly can be separated into two basic phases: (1)
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580:
17:
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odorant-binding protein 22 affinity for odorants involved in intersex communication".
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2012:
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is a creamy white to yellow with a characteristic pattern of black blotches, and the
345:
2131:
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1882:
1721:
Arita L (1989). "Sexual Selection and Lek Behavior in the Mediterranean Fruit Fly".
1702:
1639:
1557:"Contribution of maternal effects to dietary selection in Mediterranean fruit flies"
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between their eyes; the setae are conspicuously flattened and black at their ends.
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2430:
2194:
145:
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During the week of September 9, 2007, adult flies and their larvae were found in
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which can alleviate nitrogen limitation and thus can be beneficial for the host.
476: in) in length. There are numerous visually defining characteristics of the
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985:
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556:
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225:
35:
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Thomas MC, Heppner JB, Woodruff RE, Weems HV, Steck GJ, Fasulo TR (July 2001).
1978:
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973:
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862:, that shows approximately 37% identity with the pheromone binding protein of
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Research into the correlation between citrus variety, fruit part and stage of
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333:
2500:
2297:
1835:
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1264:
2620:
2602:
2274:"Genetic elimination of field-cage populations of Mediterranean fruit flies"
1925:
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1001:
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855:
808:
576:
437:
235:
195:
175:
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2315:
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1997:
1934:
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1495:
1411:
1318:
1295:"Life history response of Mediterranean fruit flies to dietary restriction"
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provides information on the distribution of the Mediterranean fruit fly,
1255:
2659:
2568:
2466:
981:
876:
811:, flying, and mating speed were positively correlated with pupal size.
337:
2685:
2458:. Lists general information and resources for Mediterranean fruit fly.
2108:"Mediterranean fruit fly as a potential vector of bacterial pathogens"
1866:
1572:
1507:
1505:
1477:
1197:
https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/fruit/mediterranean_fruit_fly.htm
969:
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It has been shown that during mating, females experience a switch in
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484:
413:
385: in) in length. As seen in other fruit flies, the egg possess a
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medflies do have an adaptive immune response that is similar to the
2607:
2397:
Thomas MC, Heppner JB, Woodruff RE, Weems HV, Steck GJ, Fasulo TR.
2241:(Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Carnarvon, Western Australia"
2106:
Sela S, Nestel D, Pinto R, Nemny-Lavy E, Bar-Joseph M (July 2005).
1225:"Non-linear physiological responses to climate change: the case of
1035:
519:
The males also can be distinguished by the fact that they have two
1433:"CDFA - Plant Health - PDEP- Mediterranean fruit fly Pest Profile"
989:
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as dictated by the receptivity of females to further copulations.
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was due to age and adult diet followed by gender and larval diet.
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In a study done by Siomava et al., researchers utilized geometric
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397:
341:
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2331:"After Nearly a Decade, Officials Are Still Defending Malathion"
2218:"Six years of successful medfly program in Mexico and Guatemala"
2191:"County planning quarantine after Medfly discovery in Escondido"
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683:
659:
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in the world. There have been occasional medfly infestations in
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might have role in modifying the distribution and abundance of
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to analyze wing shape in three different fly species including
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of the medfly, the larvae measure between 7 and 9 millimetres (
896:
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Field observations conducted in various localities within the
317:
215:
29:
1555:
Leftwich PT, Nash WJ, Friend LA, Chapman T (February 2019).
1456:
Leftwich PT, Nash WJ, Friend LA, Chapman T (February 2017).
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has allowed the species to be eradicated from several areas.
1958:"The whole genome sequence of the Mediterranean fruit fly,
2013:"The mitochondrial genome of the Mediterranean fruit fly,
1740:
Prokopy RJ, Hendrichs J (1979-09-15). "Mating Behavior of
1623:
10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[866:sadois]2.0.co;2
1057:, was confronted with a serious medfly infestation in the
153:
Female, with ovipositor visible at the end of the abdomen
1604:
Papachristos DP, Papadopoulos NT, Nanos GD (June 2008).
2278:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2216:
Hendrichs J, Ortiz G, Liedo P, Schwarz A (1983-01-01).
2011:
Spanos L, Koutroumbas G, Kotsyfakis M, Louis C (2000).
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in the adult and larval stage feed in different ways.
456:
The adult flies typically measure 3 to 5 millimetres (
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Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
1466:
Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
1458:"Adaptation to divergent larval diets in the medfly,
1100:
On November 14, 2008, four adult flies were found in
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and is considered to be one of the most destructive
2484:
2062:
2060:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2825:Taxa named by Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann
2454:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
563:. It has been confirmed to be absent in much of
1053:, who had established a reputation as a strong
1746:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
755:family in their gut. These symbionts actively
1094:California Department of Food and Agriculture
736:With respect to reproductive success of male
8:
2403:(Wiedemann) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae)"
1775:(Diptera: Tephritidae), in the Laboratory".
1152:(Wiedemann) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae)"
617:temperatures below 60 °F (16 °C).
2456:United States National Agricultural Library
2448:Species Profile - Mediterranean Fruit Fly (
2165:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
1180:(Wiedemann)(Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae)"
996:Eradication efforts in Mexico and Guatemala
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144:
133:
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2256:
2139:
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1987:
1977:
1924:
1621:
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1244:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1034:
1009:Eradication efforts in Western Australia
412:tail. By the end of the third and final
2443:CISR Summary on Mediterranean Fruit Fly
2329:Kenneth J. Garcia (November 10, 1989).
1113:
2235:Fisher KT, Hill AR, Sproul AN (1985).
2112:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2350:"Medfly treatment begins In El Cajon"
1716:
1714:
1712:
1229:distribution and abundance in Europe"
1141:
1139:
1137:
299:coloration of the eyes of the species
7:
2647:e8a4f4ac-6caf-4063-a22d-dbaecc9daf94
2193:. September 16, 2009. Archived from
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751:host diazotrophic bacteria from the
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2348:Susan Shroder (November 14, 2008).
1208:The Geographic Distribution Map of
1161:. Florida Department Agr Cons Serv.
938:Since it has been established that
531:The Geographic Distribution Map of
2431:"Global Invasive Species Database"
2258:10.1111/j.1440-6055.1985.tb00228.x
2222:Fruit Flies of Economic Importance
598:and adult stages. Female medflies
324:. It has no near relatives in the
25:
1729:– via University of Hawaii.
916:Immunity and disease transmission
2438:The 1981 California Medfly Panic
2245:Australian Journal of Entomology
2034:10.1046/j.1365-2583.2000.00165.x
1679:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02615.x
1311:10.1046/j.1474-9728.2002.00019.x
594:life cycle are the egg, larvae,
162:
34:
2378:"Pest Fruit Flies of the World"
2132:10.1128/AEM.71.7.4052-4056.2005
1039:A typical trap used to capture
45:needs additional citations for
1777:Journal of Economic Entomology
1610:Journal of Economic Entomology
1:
2467:www.moscamed-guatemala.org.gt
1744:on a Field-Caged Host Tree".
1024:1989 California medfly attack
951:Studies have shown that wild
924:the researcher extracted the
747:It was shown, that adults of
2093:10.1016/0022-1910(88)90159-X
2073:Journal of Insect Physiology
1828:10.1016/0022-1910(95)00015-M
1808:Journal of Insect Physiology
788:behavior and (2) courtship.
389:with a clear tubular shape.
2841:
2462:Tephritid Workers Database
2399:"Mediterranean fruit fly,
1394:10.1038/s41598-019-47010-0
1246:10.1007/s10530-021-02639-9
1176:"Mediterranean Fruit Fly,
1148:"Mediterranean Fruit Fly,
1021:
903:, medflies do not have an
2820:Insects described in 1824
2815:Agricultural pest insects
2177:10088/18756?show=full
1979:10.1186/s13059-016-1049-2
1071:California National Guard
968:has invaded four states (
960:Invasions and eradication
654:Among fruit fly species,
264:
257:
159:Scientific classification
157:
152:
143:
136:
2021:Insect Molecular Biology
1855:Insect Molecular Biology
1159:DPI Entomology Circulars
1030:sterile insect technique
316:, is a yellow-and-brown
308:, commonly known as the
2423:"Crop Knowledge Master"
2354:San Diego Union-Tribune
1926:10.1126/science.aax1318
1213:(updated December 2013)
1018:Outbreaks in California
932:Drosophila melanogaster
865:Drosophila melanogaster
590:The four stages of the
483:s bodily features. The
310:Mediterranean fruit fly
18:Mediterranean fruit fly
2290:10.1098/rspb.2014.1372
1526:10.1006/anbe.1996.0445
1349:www.extento.hawaii.edu
1059:San Francisco Bay Area
1043:
964:In the United States,
846:
543:is present throughout
448:
436: in) and about 8
300:
2197:on September 23, 2009
1758:10.1093/aesa/72.5.642
1038:
887:Sex determination in
841:
446:
288:
2642:Fauna Europaea (new)
2419:University of Hawaii
1789:10.1093/jee/79.3.614
1233:Biological Invasions
1102:El Cajon, California
922:Enerobacter cloacae,
625:The lifespan of the
363:Physical description
295:, showing the vivid
69:"Ceratitis capitata"
54:improve this article
2124:2005ApEnM..71.4052S
2085:1988JInsP..34...91P
1917:2019Sci...365.1457M
1911:(6460): 1457–1460.
1820:1995JInsP..41..705J
1671:2005MolEc..14.2637B
1386:2019NatSR...910704G
1048:California Governor
612:Temperature effects
569:Indian subcontinent
507:(SShD) between the
447:Larva of the medfly
2787:ceratitis-capitata
2543:Ceratitis_capitata
2530:Ceratitis_capitata
2516:Ceratitis capitata
2486:Ceratitis capitata
2450:Ceratitis capitata
2401:Ceratitis capitata
2384:on January 4, 2015
2284:(1792): 20141372.
2239:Ceratitis Capitata
2069:Ceratitis capitata
2015:Ceratitis capitata
1960:Ceratitis capitata
1851:Ceratitis capitata
1804:Ceratitis capitata
1773:Ceratitis capitata
1742:Ceratitis capitata
1655:Ceratitis capitata
1460:Ceratitis capitata
1374:Scientific Reports
1343:Ceratitis capitata
1227:Ceratitis capitata
1178:Ceratitis capitata
1150:Ceratitis capitata
1069:at night, and the
1044:
895:. Unusually for a
891:is by the typical
872:, a highly strong
847:
753:Enterobacteriaceae
449:
408:end and flattened
326:Western Hemisphere
322:sub-Saharan Africa
305:Ceratitis capitata
301:
292:Ceratitis capitata
268:Ceratitis capitata
138:Ceratitis capitata
2797:
2796:
2772:Open Tree of Life
2478:Taxon identifiers
2335:Los Angeles Times
1867:10.1111/imb.12559
1659:Molecular Ecology
1573:10.1111/evo.13664
1478:10.1111/evo.13113
1090:Dixon, California
387:micropylar region
283:
282:
130:
129:
122:
104:
27:Species of insect
16:(Redirected from
2832:
2790:
2789:
2780:
2779:
2767:
2766:
2754:
2753:
2741:
2740:
2738:NBNSYS0000012854
2728:
2727:
2715:
2714:
2702:
2701:
2689:
2688:
2676:
2675:
2663:
2662:
2650:
2649:
2637:
2636:
2624:
2623:
2611:
2610:
2598:
2597:
2585:
2584:
2572:
2571:
2559:
2558:
2546:
2545:
2533:
2532:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2473:
2434:
2426:
2406:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2380:. Archived from
2362:
2361:
2356:. Archived from
2345:
2339:
2338:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2309:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2237:"Eradication of
2232:
2226:
2225:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2036:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1981:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1928:
1902:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1718:
1707:
1706:
1665:(9): 2637–2643.
1650:
1644:
1643:
1625:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1584:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1514:Animal Behaviour
1509:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1429:
1416:
1415:
1405:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1290:
1277:
1276:
1258:
1248:
1220:
1214:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1172:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1143:
1055:environmentalist
834:
833:
829:
824:
823:
819:
778:Hawaiian Islands
772:General overview
709:maternal effects
571:, some parts of
482:
475:
474:
470:
465:
464:
460:
435:
434:
430:
425:
424:
420:
384:
383:
379:
270:
250:C. capitata
167:
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125:
118:
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111:
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103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
2840:
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2829:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2785:
2783:
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2770:
2762:
2759:Observation.org
2757:
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2640:
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2606:
2601:
2593:
2588:
2580:
2575:
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2536:
2528:
2523:
2514:
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2508:
2499:
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2409:
2396:
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2385:
2375:
2371:
2369:Further reading
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2189:
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2100:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1723:Pacific Science
1720:
1719:
1710:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1441:
1439:
1437:www.cdfa.ca.gov
1431:
1430:
1419:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1353:
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1339:
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1334:
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1154:
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1115:
1110:
1026:
1020:
1011:
998:
962:
949:
918:
885:
852:
831:
827:
826:
821:
817:
816:
794:
774:
769:
767:Mating behavior
730:
717:
700:
652:
623:
614:
561:Southern Europe
553:Central America
529:
480:
472:
468:
467:
462:
458:
457:
454:
432:
428:
427:
422:
418:
417:
395:
381:
377:
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370:
365:
279:
272:
266:
253:
161:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2838:
2836:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2781:
2768:
2755:
2742:
2729:
2716:
2703:
2690:
2677:
2664:
2651:
2638:
2629:Fauna Europaea
2625:
2612:
2599:
2586:
2573:
2560:
2547:
2534:
2521:
2506:
2490:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2427:
2413:
2412:External links
2410:
2408:
2407:
2394:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2360:on 2013-02-02.
2340:
2321:
2264:
2251:(3): 207–208.
2227:
2208:
2182:
2155:
2098:
2056:
2027:(2): 139–144.
2003:
1966:Genome Biology
1948:
1888:
1861:(3): 431–443.
1841:
1814:(8): 705–710.
1794:
1783:(3): 614–619.
1763:
1752:(5): 642–648.
1732:
1708:
1645:
1596:
1567:(2): 278–292.
1547:
1501:
1472:(2): 289–303.
1448:
1417:
1360:
1332:
1278:
1215:
1200:
1188:
1164:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1007:
997:
994:
961:
958:
948:
945:
917:
914:
884:
881:
851:
848:
804:sex pheromones
793:
790:
773:
770:
768:
765:
759:by the enzyme
729:
726:
716:
713:
699:
696:
651:
650:Food resources
648:
622:
619:
613:
610:
581:Climate change
575:, and most of
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110:September 2019
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2837:
2826:
2823:
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2818:
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2813:
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2805:
2788:
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2317:
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2308:
2303:
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2265:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2240:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2209:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2118:(7): 4052–6.
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1798:
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1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1764:
1759:
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1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1616:(3): 866–72.
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
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1527:
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1471:
1467:
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1361:
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1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1287:
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1283:
1279:
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1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1219:
1216:
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1211:
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1198:
1192:
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1181:
1179:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1153:
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1142:
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1138:
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1134:
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1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1083:B. T. Collins
1078:
1076:
1075:entomologists
1072:
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936:
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933:
927:
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906:
902:
898:
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890:
882:
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878:
875:
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867:
866:
861:
857:
849:
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840:
836:
812:
810:
805:
800:
791:
789:
787:
783:
779:
771:
766:
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743:
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727:
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704:
697:
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669:
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647:
645:
640:
636:
635:plastic trait
631:
628:
620:
618:
611:
609:
606:
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593:
588:
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582:
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573:South America
570:
566:
565:North America
562:
558:
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550:
546:
542:
538:
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522:
517:
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506:
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497:morphometrics
493:
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451:
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411:
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346:United States
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298:
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287:
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259:Binomial name
256:
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81:
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71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2485:
2449:
2400:
2386:. Retrieved
2382:the original
2358:the original
2343:
2334:
2324:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2230:
2221:
2211:
2199:. Retrieved
2195:the original
2185:
2171:(1): 17–27.
2168:
2164:
2158:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2079:(2): 91–96.
2076:
2072:
2068:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2006:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1951:
1908:
1904:
1891:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1811:
1807:
1803:
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1780:
1776:
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1766:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1520:(1): 59–66.
1517:
1513:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1451:
1440:. Retrieved
1436:
1380:(1): 10704.
1377:
1373:
1363:
1352:. Retrieved
1348:
1342:
1335:
1305:(2): 140–8.
1302:
1298:
1256:11379/547975
1236:
1232:
1226:
1218:
1209:
1203:
1191:
1177:
1158:
1149:
1099:
1087:
1079:
1045:
1041:C. capitata.
1040:
1027:
1012:
999:
965:
963:
952:
950:
939:
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921:
919:
888:
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813:
798:
795:
781:
775:
757:fix nitrogen
748:
746:
741:
738:C. capitata,
737:
735:
731:
720:
718:
705:
701:
691:
655:
653:
643:
638:
632:
626:
624:
615:
604:
591:
589:
584:
540:
536:
532:
530:
527:Distribution
518:
516:attraction.
500:
494:
477:
455:
401:
396:
372:
371:
356:
351:
350:
313:
309:
304:
303:
302:
291:
290:
289:The male of
267:
265:
249:
248:
236:
137:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2681:iNaturalist
2510:Wikispecies
2388:November 1,
2201:October 11,
1239:: 261–279.
1210:C. capitata
1051:Jerry Brown
986:New Zealand
966:C. capitata
953:C. capitata
940:C. capitata
889:C. capitata
874:hydrophobic
844:C. capitata
799:C. capitata
782:C. capitata
761:nitrogenase
749:C. capitata
742:C. capitata
721:C. capitata
692:C. capitata
656:C. capitata
644:C. capitata
639:C. capitata
627:C. capitata
605:C. capitata
592:C. capitata
585:C. capitata
557:Middle East
541:C. capitata
537:C. capitata
533:C. capitata
501:C. capitata
478:C. capitata
402:C. capitata
373:C. capitata
357:C. capitata
352:C. capitata
330:fruit pests
226:Tephritidae
2804:Categories
2224:: 353–365.
1972:(1): 192.
1442:2019-10-02
1354:2019-10-02
1299:Aging Cell
1108:References
1022:See also:
974:California
947:Aggression
926:haemolymph
909:blue light
899:and for a
672:grapefruit
664:star apple
505:dimorphism
334:California
320:native to
297:iridescent
196:Arthropoda
80:newspapers
2298:0962-8452
1943:201675673
1836:0022-1910
1687:0962-1083
1273:244216891
1265:1573-1464
1067:malathion
1046:In 1981,
1002:Guatemala
907:gene for
901:frugivore
893:XY system
870:farnesene
860:CcapObp22
856:olfactory
577:Australia
276:Wiedemann
244:Species:
237:Ceratitis
182:Kingdom:
176:Eukaryota
2699:10192628
2564:BugGuide
2495:Wikidata
2316:25122230
2150:16000820
2051:42596774
2043:10762421
1998:27659211
1935:31467189
1883:56483660
1875:30548711
1703:16454141
1695:16029466
1640:25240073
1632:18613588
1591:30592536
1542:41943967
1496:27883361
1412:31341198
1327:36822766
1319:12882344
897:dipteran
883:Genetics
809:eclosion
621:Lifespan
600:oviposit
509:proximal
438:fusiform
406:anterior
222:Family:
192:Phylum:
186:Animalia
172:Domain:
2810:Dacinae
2660:1626096
2501:Q250269
2307:4150327
2141:1169043
2120:Bibcode
2081:Bibcode
1989:5034548
1913:Bibcode
1905:Science
1816:Bibcode
1667:Bibcode
1582:6492002
1534:9268435
1487:5324619
1403:6656776
1382:Bibcode
982:Florida
877:terpene
850:Females
830:⁄
820:⁄
668:oranges
489:abdomen
471:⁄
461:⁄
440:areas.
431:⁄
421:⁄
380:⁄
338:Florida
278:, 1824)
232:Genus:
216:Diptera
212:Order:
206:Insecta
202:Class:
94:scholar
2725:143196
2686:199404
2634:405771
2608:CERTCA
2595:723951
2314:
2304:
2296:
2148:
2138:
2049:
2041:
1996:
1986:
1941:
1933:
1881:
1873:
1834:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1638:
1630:
1589:
1579:
1540:
1532:
1494:
1484:
1410:
1400:
1325:
1317:
1271:
1263:
1092:. The
980:, and
970:Hawaii
686:, and
567:, the
559:, and
555:, the
545:Africa
513:distal
485:thorax
414:instar
410:caudal
398:Larvae
393:Larvae
340:, and
314:medfly
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2784:PPE:
2777:34902
2764:27248
2712:12367
2694:IRMNG
2621:73051
2616:EUNIS
2582:87VGX
2569:68582
2556:25698
2047:S2CID
1939:S2CID
1901:(PDF)
1879:S2CID
1699:S2CID
1636:S2CID
1538:S2CID
1323:S2CID
1269:S2CID
1183:(PDF)
1155:(PDF)
1063:APHIS
990:Chile
978:Texas
905:opsin
842:Male
792:Males
728:Adult
715:Pupal
698:Larva
688:pears
680:mango
676:guava
596:pupae
549:South
521:setae
481:'
452:Adult
342:Texas
101:JSTOR
87:books
2751:7213
2746:NCBI
2720:ITIS
2668:GISD
2655:GBIF
2603:EPPO
2551:BOLD
2390:2006
2312:PMID
2294:ISSN
2203:2009
2146:PMID
2039:PMID
1994:PMID
1931:PMID
1871:PMID
1832:ISSN
1691:PMID
1683:ISSN
1628:PMID
1587:PMID
1530:PMID
1492:PMID
1408:PMID
1315:PMID
1261:ISSN
988:and
684:plum
660:akee
551:and
511:and
426:and
73:news
2733:NBN
2707:ISC
2673:521
2590:EoL
2577:CoL
2538:AFD
2525:ADW
2302:PMC
2286:doi
2282:281
2253:doi
2173:hdl
2136:PMC
2128:doi
2089:doi
2071:".
2029:doi
1984:PMC
1974:doi
1921:doi
1909:365
1863:doi
1824:doi
1806:".
1785:doi
1754:doi
1675:doi
1657:".
1618:doi
1614:101
1577:PMC
1569:doi
1522:doi
1482:PMC
1474:doi
1398:PMC
1390:doi
1307:doi
1251:hdl
1241:doi
832:128
822:128
786:lek
473:128
466:to
463:128
433:128
423:128
400:of
382:128
368:Egg
318:fly
312:or
56:by
2806::
2774::
2761::
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