Mass media in Croatia - Knowledge (XXG)

2560: 1882:(MPM) 2015, concentration of media ownership in Croatia scores a medium level of risk (49%). The MPM report also finds out that legal safeguards preventing the concentration of media ownership are well monitored and implemented in the audiovisual and radio sector, but are not equally effective with regard to concentration in the print sector. Concentration can also be prevented via merger control rules, but the Agency for market competition protection does not regularly perform active monitoring. Even if it has started to conduct self-initiated investigations in cases of suspect ownership concentration, it usually continues mostly to react to companies' reports. 1403:). The appointment of board members of the public service broadcaster HRT by simple parliamentary majority leaves it vulnerable to political influences and pressures. HRT has also been criticised for partisanship (including the arbitrary suspension of programs and politicised staff decisions ), lack of flexibility, lack of spots, and excessive subscription fees (1.5% of the average salary); its transition to a public service broadcaster, though, is still seen throughout the region as a successful model, ensuring a respectable audience and financial stability. 2009:. The HND works together with the Trade Union of Croatian Journalists to protect journalists' labour and social rights. The HND has an almost unparalleled continuity in the region.; in the early 1990s it was pivotal in fostering the democratisation process and the respect of human rights in the country. Yet, its membership has been in decline, as the print media industry has lost 40% of its jobs during the crisis, while old and new journalists have been recruited based on part-time or freelance contracts, thus not meeting HND membership requirements. 1204:

their business interests, with concerns about self-censorship. Trivialisation of contents pushes trust in media even lower down, leading to a further drop in circulation. Stronger dependence on the main advertisers (retail chains, pharmaceutics companies, and mobile phone operations) hinders the editorial independence of the media, creating a "pyramid of fear": "Journalists fear they will lose their jobs. Editors fear they will lose their position with owners. Owners fear losing advertising income."

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among journalists is increasing. Many of these cases occurred in some of the most influential Croatian media outlets, i.e. the Croatian Public Television (HRT) and EPH/WAZ. Journalists that have moved to less prominent outlets have faced fewer restrictions with less pressure and censorship. Also, many journalists have left their profession at all, opting not to work in the field of media due to increasing pressure and restrictions and decreasing professionalism.

4293: 1247: 891:(CJA) has adopted a Code of Ethics. The Ethical Council of the association checks the compliance with the Code and inquires upon its violations, though it can only adopt public statements. The CJA Code of Ethics is deemed one of the best of its kind, and often used as a point of reference in other countries in transition. Yet, defamation and hate speech, particularly online, remain beyond acceptable standards. 2279:-based investigative journalist Željko Peratović (winner of the 2014 Croatian Journalists Association award for investigative journalism) was physically attacked at his home and hospitalized with head injuries. Three suspects are investigated. The OSCE Media Freedom representative condemned the events. Peratovic had been sued by the Interior Ministry in 2010-2011 for its reports on war crimes investigations. 2164:. The Media Act would give publishers the right to not publish journalistic pieces without explanation, which the HND fears would lead to self censorship. The Law also drew criticism for the proposed establishment of a Register for Journalist and the need for journalists to reveal their sources of information. The Croatian government also received criticism for the weak protection of journalists against 2546: 840:

city) level. Holders of national broadcasting licenses are prevented from owning newspapers with a daily circulation of above 3,000 copies, or more than 10% shares of a news agency, and vice versa. Radio and television licenses are mutually exclusive. Holders of national and regional licences are forbidden from owning more than 30% share in similar media or local dailies in the broadcasting area.

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warnings, file charges, make recommendations, and support self-regulation. Frequency allocation by the Agency has been transparent for some time; its main challenges still concern the independence of its members from the political arena (particularly in terms of their appointment) and the lack of expertise of its stuff, leading it to underestimate the need for alternative web radios too.

1719:) are allowed to be registered by anyone in the world as long as they provide a local contact. As of 2009, half of Croatian households had access to internet, and 40% to broadband. New regulations plan to provide at least 1 Mbit/s broadband also in the rural areas; initial-level internet packages remain affordable, at around $ 40/month. 69% of the population used internet in 2014. 871:

country. Pressures have been mounting, while respect for ethical standards is in decline. Journalists "have no time, no money, no incentives, and, very often, not even the inner drive required to produce good journalists", as summed up by IREX. Investigative journalism is ever rarer, while most journalism tends to be "superficial, sensationalist, tabloid-style, and copy/paste".

2532: 1982: 1223:, which is also the biggest advertiser and biggest advertising agency. Although this has not give rise to political pressure concerns, business pressures have been felt, since the distributor wanted to keep profits constant during the economic crisis, when the whole sector was at a loss. This led to a situation in which "distribution is suffocating the print industry". 1200:, were shut down. Advertising income halved, while daily circulation figures, at 300,000, are one third of their late 1990s values. The print media industry lost 40% of jobs since 2007, and employment and revenues figures will likely not be back before 2025. According to IREX, this points to "a contracted advertising market and a media management incapable of coping". 920: 1855:

advertising agencies holding more than 10 percent of shares in advertising agencies to hald shares in television or radio outlets. The law also defines the meaning of "connected/affiliated parties", meaning individuals connected through family, marriage, relatives, shareholders, etc. that are taken into consideration when determining media concentration.

1708:(Croatian Academic and Research Network). Registrants are classified into a number of different groups with varying rules of domain registrations. Some verifiable form of connection to Croatia – such as being a Croatian citizen or a permanent resident, or a company registered in the country – is common to all of the categories except for the 571:(HRT) had a monopoly on nationally aired broadcasting until the late 1990s, although a number of local radio and TV stations began to sprung up in the 1980s. In the years following the fall of communism and the subsequent liberalisation of the media market, HRT was reorganised with its infrastructure branch established as a separate company, 2386:, were dismissed by the editorial board, possibly because of inconsistency with the editorial line of the newspaper, increasingly leaning towards the right in the contest of the upcoming general elections. The op-eds concerned the internal politics of the HDZ party, and Europe's influence on the USA/Russia disputes. 2515:

for offending and patronizing police officers on Facebook. The OSCE Media Freedom representative stigmatised the event, calling for legislative review to decriminalise insult and libel, calling it "unacceptable to arrest, fine or imprison people for their views, regardless of how, when and where they

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Data on Croatia's media market and shares also shows that there are some issues with media ownership concentration. For instance, market share analysis shows that the main market sectors (audiovisual, radio, digital content providers) are highly concentrated, meaning that the top four media companies

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In addition, in September 2010 the Electronic Media Council granted two new 15-year broadcast licenses in a tender for specialised nationally aired channels, won by Nova TV and RTL. The two new channels (Doma TV and RTL2) are expected to launch by Christmas 2010, and licenses alone will cost them HRK

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No license is required to work as a journalist in Croatia, and the government has no way to exclude anyone from practicing journalism. Yet journalists are in a more and more dire professional condition, due to growing job insecurity linked to the degeneration of the general economic conditions in the

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Media concentration is prevented by the Media Law, establishing a 40% ceiling for ownership of general information dailies or weeklies. Cross-ownership of national electronic media is allowed by the Law on Electronic Media, if it does not trespass a 25% threshold at every territorial (region, county,

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monitors and reviews all planned concentration in the media sector, regardless of the total revenue of the companies. Also the Council for Electronic Media must be notified of every change in the ownership structure. If the Agency finds a case of improper concentration, the broadcaster will be given

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While state-owned radio stations focus on news, politics, classical music and arts, private radios followed the model of maximising music air time, mixed with short news on the hour. 40% of radio stations are deemed under state ownership, particularly local and municipal ones that receive funds from

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The Catholic Church, the war veterans and the biggest advertisers are still deemed "sensitive topics" in Croatian journalism. International politics gets limited coverage – and mostly reactive – while social issues (unemployment, depopulation, lack of use of EU funds) do not receive enough coverage

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in Croatia suffers from a certain fatigue in times of deep economic crisis, after many consecutive years of recession. New legislative measures, such as the 2013 norm on "vilification", seem to go in the wrong direction. Paradoxically, international pressures have eased after Croatia's accession to

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in the United States. The Council for Electronic Media releases the broadcasting licenses, according to the Electronic Media Law; any change in ownership structure must be reported by publishers to the council, as well as to the Agency for the Protection of Market Competition. The council can issue

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Around 60% of the population is active on Facebook and Twitter. Social media have proved a platform for off-line social engagement in Croatia, with the first "Facebook protests" organised by high school students in Autumn 2008, and other events leading to the removal of corrupted local politicians,

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Press outlets in Croatia fight for a small advertising market, thus following a trend towards more tabloid-like media. Commercial pressure discourages investigative reporting, in favour of full-colour layout filled with photographs and ads, and submits media outlets to pressure from advertisers and

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Media ownership information disclosure is mandatory in Croatia. Yet, nominal ownership often does not equate to control: in Croatia's dire economic situation, several publishing groups are on lifelines extended by few major banks, often foreign ones. Information of basic vital financial data is not

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licenses. Although they are all privately owned, they are also in part state-funded as the Electronic Media Act stipulates that a percentage of HRT license fees collected from citizens must be invested into the development of local media outlets through Electronic Media Agency's Fund for Promoting

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No reliable numbers about print media circulation are available; the law mandates for it but foresees no penalty for inaction. Daily newspapers receive a preferential tax treatment, with an extra-low VAT (5%, compared to usual 25%). This has also given rise to concerns of arbitrary preference when

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Journalists in Croatia have salaries in line with other professions, though often not regular, and around 20-20% lower than in 2007/2008. The average salary is of $ 1,200, but in the local media it can go down to half of that. Freelancing is not enough to earn a living, and young journalists often

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Media concentration in Croatia occurs in semi-legal ways, in the grey areas that are not properly regulated, typically in sectors that are not related to the media. In addition, new ways of concentration are practiced in order to diminish the costs and increase power, such as in the case of radio

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was one of the main objectives of the new media legislation adopted in 2003. In addition, in Croatia the issue of concentration is regulated by the Law on the Protection of Market Competition, a general law that in Article 18 forbids any kind of concentration that can endanger market competition.

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Public and commercial TV channels have converged lately: the lighter approach of commercial channels (with movies, soap operas, games and entertainment) has been increasingly matched by state-owned channels, while commercial channels themselves have improved their news and information programmes,

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remains a big issue, due to lack of follow-up to police reports, prosecutors accusating assailants for minor charges (e.g. disturbance to peace rather than assault), and lack of investigations in the crime orchestrators rather than only in the hitmen. Journalists working on war crimes, organised

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A common practice for exerting pressure over journalists in Croatia is to issue transfers, demotions and public warnings to editors and journalists for political reasons. Several distinguished journalists have had to move from one media outlet to another due to these pressures while unemployment

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Those local media that are partly owned by local governments receive benefits in kind, such as free office spaces. In turn, they tend not to be critical of the authorities they live off. Local media also benefit from a norm requiring local governments to invest at least 15% of their advertising

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The law requires all private commercial broadcastees to produce their own news programming. This has led to crisp and infotainment news, but also reaches bigger audiences. Local radios and TVs, though, that have not found the commercial potential of news, have complained against the obligation.

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Crimes against journalists have declined in the recent years. Although no Croatian journalist has lost her/his life lately, threats against journalists persist. Yet, courts have lately started taking verbal threats more seriously too. 2015 marked a deterioration of the situation, with 14 cases

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allows cross-media ownership of national electronic media, if the ownership does not exceed 25 percent. National broadcasting license excludes ownership in any daily newspapers with circulation above 3.000 or ownership of more than 10 percent in any news agency and vice versa. It also prevents

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in Croatia is a well-defined right, though limited by proportionality and public interest tests. An independent information commissioner monitors its compliance. There have been concerns about the mindset of the administration tending to reduce the public to a passive recipient of information.

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Television remains the predominant source of information for Croatian citizens. Virtually all households have a colour television set, while instead half of the population do not read newspapers or listen to the radio. Croatia has 31 terrestrial TV channels: 10 national ones, and 21 local and

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The media in Croatia are regulated by the Law on Media, the Law on Electronic Media, the Law on Croatian Radio-Television and the Law on the Right to Access Information. The Croatian legislation, including media law, has been harmonized with EU Law in the process of EU accession. The EU's

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After the year 2000, Croatia introduced a new set of media legislation, including measures to control mono-media and cross-media ownership concentration. The Media Law (2004) limits concentration in the printed media, while the Law on electronic media (2003) limits cross-media ownership.

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Subsidies to the local broadcast media come from the Fund for Electronic Media Pluralisation, funded by the 3& of HRT subscription fees. The Fund finances "productions of public interest" of up to $ 120,000 for a total annual budget of 6 to 7 million $ , with some aspects of

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As for concentration of cross-media ownership, according to the MPM 2015, indicators shows a low level of risk. According to the Monitor, the authorities in charge of monitoring compliance with the rules do not use their powers in preventing concentration in all relevant cases.

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characterized the Croatian legal definitions of "insult" and "shaming" as "vague, open to individual interpretation and, thus, prone to arbitrary application", calling for decriminalisation by stating that "Free speech should not be subject to criminal charges of any kind".

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was the first Croatian journalist to be convicted for "vilification" after the new provision was inserted in the Criminal Code in 2013. She had reported that the medical company Medikol faced economic troubles, notwithstanding state subsidies. She was fined 26,000 kuna ($

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Publishers and editors are also united in associations, such as the Association of Publishers, the National Association of Television Stations, the Croatian Association of Radio and Newspapers, and the associations of commercial TV stations and of web portals.

1917:). The radio market is, on the contrary, mainly in domestic ownership. Press distribution and advertising, which keeps all commercial media alive, is mainly controlled by Tisak – the largest chain of newsstands in the country controlled by Croatian business 1942:), founded in 1991 and providing 300 news items daily to all media in the country. HINA has adapted to market conditions, providing competitive and affordable wires for the national media. Several international news agencies operate in Croatia, including 1288:

Croatia is served by a large number of radio stations (158 active radio stations: 6 nationally licensed, and 152 local and regional ones), with eight channels being broadcast on a national level. Four of these are operated by HRT (HR1, HR2, HR3 and

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The National Agency for Telecommunications of Croatia included a Telecommunications Users Council, to mediate out-of-court disputes between users and providers of telecommunications services. The Users Council also works as advisory body on

2451:, from reporting from the border area. Some equipment had been initially confiscated. Two journalists from AFP and Reuters have accused the police of physically attacking them; the authorities claimed they had entered the country illegally. 831:

The right to obtain corrections for all those whose rights or interests have been violated by information is enshrined in the Media Law; liability is upon editors-in-chief. In case of lack of correction, civil proceedings can be started.

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Advertising revenues in the Croatian media are in line with international standards (around 55% of their income), though their distribution is skewed towards the television market (up 75% of the total, in spite of 40% global averages).

2018:(HNiP) or Croatian Journalists and Publicists, was formed. The association has a small membership and has gained attention for its right-wing sentiments, one of its famous acts being the support of the former Croatian culture minister 1601:

Analogue terrestrial television was switched off in Croatia on 5 October 2010 for national TV stations, although some local stations still broadcast analogue signal. HRT first started transmitting in digital programming in 1997 (in

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used to be the leading newspaper in Yugoslav Croatia for six decades. As a state-owned company, it used to publish all national newspapers. Today it remains on the market, though with a very limited readership (1%, 5,000 copies in

2111:(OSCE) have asked to end impunity for crimes committed against journalists since they led to self-censorship, one of the primary threat to media freedom. One of the main factor leading to self-censorship in Croatia is libel laws. 727:). The HDZ-majority Croatian Parliament soon appointed party loyalists to top managerial and editorial positions at the broadcaster. During this time, government-owned media was used to foment ethnic hatred in the midst of the 2372:

from a press conference in Zagreb, confiscating one of their mobile phones. Index.hr had already been banned from HNS sport and press events, since the Federation was not pleased with the media reporting on the appointment of

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License requirements for the media are deemed minimal, since they apply only to broadcast media making use of a limited public good (radio frequencies). Other media only need to register and declare their ownership structure.

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Croatian cinema had big successes during Socialist Yugoslavia. After enduring hardship in the 1990s, cinema came back in the 2000s. Croatian cinema produced 6 to 9 feature movies each year, presented at festivals such as the

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Printing facilities in Croatia are apolitical, privately owned, and only managed for business purposes. The presence of over-capacity and of cheaper press facilities in neighbouring countries favours customers' positions.

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are also on the rise. In lack of specialised journalists, "experts" are often consulted, but they tend to be always the same and to simply confirm the journalist's position, rather than offering a variety of positions.

796:. The burden of proof about libel has been shifted to the prosecutor since 2005. In 2005, four journalists were convicted to suspended prison sentences for libel; prison sentences for libel were then abolished in 2006. 2095:

In its recent history, Croatia has experienced most of the problems which are common in post-socialist states, including self-censorship, threats against journalists, pressure by advertisers and political actors, etc.

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In October 2015 Journalists have protested against obstruction of their work by police forces in the context of the refugee crisis. The Croatian border police had prevented a number of journalists, including from

1527:(CATV) is also a popular method of programming delivery in Croatia, and is available in several large cities throughout the country. The biggest cable provider is B.net, established in 2007, which is available in 630:, along with a number of specialized publications, some of which are published by government-sponsored cultural institutions. In book publishing, the market is dominated by several major publishing houses such as 1485:

4.3 million) or 3 percent of license fees collected, to 21 local TV channels and 147 radio stations. In 2010 the largest individual grant among television stations was received by VTV, a local channel based in

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was scrutinised by the authorities after it had critically reported on Croatia's financial issues, in a move that was deemed punitive. An Index.hr journalist also had problems receiving information from the

2338:. While physical integrity of journalists is not at stake, more subtle political and business pressures and the lack of job security still hinder the editorial independence of the Croatian media and foster 1843:

A specific provision in the Media Act limits ownership concentration with regard to press outlets only: it is limited to media outlets whose market share in terms of total sold copies exceeds 40 percent.

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The 2009 amendments to the Law on Electronic Media extended the anti-concentration measures also to the Internet and other distributors/providers as well as to non-linear services, such as on-demand TV.

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Media ownership in Croatia still carries several issues. Tycoons use editorial policy as a long-arm of their own business interests, while journalists try to anticipate their wishes, thus resorting to

1000:(EPH), who one year later sold 50% to WAZ. EPH remains the main published on the Croatian market, with two daily newspapers, weeklies Globus and Arena and Croatian editions of Playboy and Cosmopolitan. 1680:

was established in 2008 as the strategic public agency for the audiovisual sector, tasked with professional training and the financing of production, distribution and promotion of audiovisual works.

2157:, in cooperation with Croatia's HND and SNH associations, have established in July 2015 the Croatian Center for the Protection of Freedom of Expression to provide legal protection to journalists. 1622:

or OiV; formerly a branch of HRT), completed in 2007 and covering about 70 percent of the country. The analogue switch-off process took place gradually region by region during 2010, starting with

2005:(CJA), associates nearly all Croatian journalists (more than 3,000, of whose 60% in Zagreb). Founded in 1910, as one of the oldest professional associations in Croatia, it adhered in 1992 to the 2065:

The Croatian Parliament has a Committee for Information, ICT and Media, in which media issues are debated. The Committee takes part in legislative drafting about print and electronic media.

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in 1990 RTV Zagreb was renamed HTV. Conversely, the channels became HTV1 and HTV2, with HTV3 added in 1994. Although a small number of local stations began operating in the 1980s, HTV had a

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in Croatia leads to a maximum five-year prison sentence. Insulting "the Republic of Croatia, its coat of arms, national anthem, or flag" is also punishable with up to three years in prison.

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among their journalists. The appointment of board members of the public service broadcaster HRT by simple parliamentary majority leaves it vulnerable to political influences and pressures.

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have been included in the 2009 amendments to the Law on Electronic Media, including licenses for specialised media channels and non-for-profit municipal televisions and radio stations.

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In 2011 the Association of Croatian Investigative Journalists (ACIJ) published a White Paper with 70 stories of censorship and intimidation against journalists since the early 1990s.

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In addition to these there are several regional dailies which are available throughout the country even though they mainly present regionally focused content. Examples of these are

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levels was adopted. The first national for-profit channel, Nova TV, was launched in 2000, and it was joined by RTL four years later in 2004. Both Nova TV and RTL are foreign-owned.

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In late 2014 a major publisher changed ownership, being acquired by a wealthy lawyer. The leading media company's daily a couple of days ago published a laudatory interview with

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or VEM), which is in charge of reviewing and granting all television and radio broadcast licenses and ensuring that programming is in line within the legal framework set in the

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are the two most influential bi-weekly magazines covering arts and culture. In addition, there is a wide selection of Croatian editions of international monthlies, such as

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According to the Croatian Journalists' Association (HND), as of April 2014 there were more than 40 pending criminal cases against journalists for defamation and insult.

2039:(HURIN), or Croatian Association of Radio Stations and Newspapers, gathers 140 radio stations and 30 regional newspapers. The 16 largest publishers are members of the 773:, and guarantees the rights of journalists to report and to access information. It guarantees the right to correction, if legal rights are violated by published news. 3929: 2043:(Association of Newspaper Publishers), itself part of Croatian Employers' Association. Together with HURIN it covers about 80 percent of employees in Croatian media. 809:

of a person, institution or legal entity. This was seen as worrying by media professionals, and later confirmed when an investigative reporter was fined in 2014. As

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Public reputation of press journalists is low: a 2008 survey found 54% of respondents considered journalists to be influenced by political or economic interests.

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National and regional licenses prevent licenses from having more than 30 percent share in similar media or in local daily newspapers in the broadcasting area.

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notes, "a journalist can be prosecuted even if reporting only verified facts if the judge thinks that the published facts are not 'in the public interest'".

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accused Bandić of corruption. In September 2014 the Zagreb municipal civil court found RTL guilty and ordered it to pay 50,000 kuna (ca. $ 8,400) to Bandic.

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a period of time to bring the structure within legal limits. In case of non-compliance, the Council for Electronic Media can revoke the concession.

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was physically assaulted by two men who tried to choke him on a wire and threatened him with a gun to his head within the newspapers' premises in

2006: 1606:) and has since entirely switched its TV channels (HTV1, HTV2, HTV3 and HTV4), and three radio stations (HR1, HR2 and HR3) to digital format. The 990:

counted upon 16% of market share each (2005), before the arrival of 24 Sata. In 2009, they had an estimated volume of 100,000 copies sold per day.

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Journalists also lack training and resources to access information: only 7% of Croatian journalists ever asked for access to official documents.

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Seven years of economic recession took a strong toll from the Croatian print media. Some of Croatian editions of international monthlies, like

4272: 3402: 2654: 2627: 1563: 2406:, omitting that he had just been released from prison on a 4 million dollars bail, paid privately by his lawyer – the publisher's new owner. 1746:. As of December 2014, Croatia had 170 registered web portals, although many of them resort to "copy/paste journalism", mirroring contents. 847:

Minority-language media receive subsidies through the Fund for Media Pluralisation (3% of HRT subscription fee). The Italian-language daily

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channels (HTV1, HTV2, HTV3, HTV4, RTL, Nova TV...) were carried via a network of nine main transmitters built by the state-owned company

980:. 24 Sata aimed for the youth market, with short stories and abundant photographs, being also sold at a lower price than its competitors. 4379: 4228: 3688: 3119: 1551:

offering a wide selection of channels very similar to cable packages. A basic cable or IPTV package in Croatia traditionally includes:

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Croatia has over 800 registered print publications, of which 9 national dailies and around the same number of weeklies and biweeklies.

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Local stations with the biggest viewership and budgets are generally the ones based in large and medium-sized cities, such as OTV and

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Concentration of power held by a few main commercial players is among the main problems affecting media ownership in Croatia.

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Apart from the nationally aired channels, there is a number (around 20) of regional and local television stations which lease

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The main regulatory body for broadcasting is the government's Electronic Media Agency through its Electronic Media Council (

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regional ones. Television also controls the widest share of the advertising market (77%, or 700 million euros, in 2009).

1219:) covers 90% of the market and is owned by the country's wealthiest individual, who also owns Croatia's biggest company, 540:. Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on 4513: 4462: 4338: 4267: 4250: 4083: 3870: 3167: 2588: 2359: 1850:

The Law on Electronic Media, passed in 2003 and amended in 2007, 2008 and in 2009, to complete the transposition of the

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In 2013 the Croatian parliament passed an amendment criminalizing "vilification", intended as systematic and deliberate

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has been transposed in Croatia within the Law on Electronic Media and the Law on Media; the provisions of the 2007 EU

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occupies the leading position in the daily market, soon since having been launched in 2005 by the Austrian publisher

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Following Tudjman's death in 1999 and the defeat of the HDZ in the 2000 elections, media began to be liberalized.

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towards minority-language media. It has lately become a lifeline for a good part of the local broadcast media.

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on national broadcasting until 2000 – until when it was also under strict political control by the government.

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and provide programming which caters to all social groups in the country, and is mainly funded by a compulsory

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is the fourth best-selling national newspaper, owing to its strong dominance (more than 50% of readers) in the

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Croatia: President of Croatian football federation bans journalists from press conference, takes mobile phone

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as coach. The HND condemned the behaviour and reiterated the call to lift the ban on Index.hr professionals.

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Death threats were addressed in 2015, among others not made public, to Katarina Maric Banje, journalist for

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Large media are widely owned by foreign owners: this is, for instance, the case of the television market (

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denting the HTV earlier monopoly. Advertisers have also increasingly shifted towards commercial channels.

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the European Union, and media freedom in the country is today deemed in a worse condition than in 2013.

2139: 2081: 1786: 1658: 1415: 1338: 1322: 1165: 824: 762: 704: 635: 427: 358: 293: 5179: 5164: 3795:

OSCE Representative condemns attacks and threats against journalists in Croatia, welcomes quick arrests

2084:'s Electronic Media Act. This makes it the local equivalent of similar regulatory agencies such as the 1798: 2284: 2258: 731:. Publications were closed for political reasons under the pretext of privatization or restructuring. 5078: 4584: 4548: 4523: 4457: 4389: 4313: 4301: 3562: 2229:

carnival after he had reported on corruption in the town. A similar event happened one year later in

1662: 1445:, which came on air in 2004. After competing in the 2003 tender and losing to RTL, the media company 1406:

HTV channels trace their roots to RTV Zagreb which was established in 1956 as a regional division of

1211:

Distribution is unrestricted. Yet, the national print distribution system is under a nearly-complete

766: 668:, the annual national film awards, and a variety of specialised international film festivals such as 150: 139: 106: 5149: 3503: 3389: 1970: 1302: 5048: 5008: 4988: 4968: 4871: 4664: 4609: 4508: 4440: 4367: 4238: 2494: 2479: 2222: 2115: 2104: 1947: 1689: 1502: 1469: 1314: 1306: 997: 746: 742: 680: 587: 580: 557: 257: 219: 168: 3397:. Ljiubljana, Slovenia: Peace Institute, Institute for Contemporary Social and Political Studies. 3352:. Ljiubljana, Slovenia: Peace Institute, Institute for Contemporary Social and Political Studies. 3344: 2314: 2202: 2194: 894:

The autonomy of journalists is to be guaranteed by individual media's bylaws, but as of 2010 only

4983: 4776: 4747: 4624: 4543: 4481: 4218: 4208: 4111: 2382: 2301: 2235: 1910: 1666: 1376: 1356: 1326: 1013: 1007: 958: 848: 665: 591: 432: 404: 331: 227: 173: 70: 62: 42: 2613: 2473: 2122:, falling by 5 places if compared to the 2015 Index and halting the positive trend since 2009. 1177: 2160:

In 2023, the draft of a Media Act, proposed by the Croatian Government drew criticism from the

660:

is small in size and heavily assisted by the government, mainly through grants approved by the

643: 5111: 5063: 5058: 5033: 4891: 4732: 4659: 4642: 4498: 4203: 3398: 3353: 2650: 2623: 2417: 2310: 2214: 2146: 1825: 1651: 1430: 1426: 1372: 1310: 856: 720: 708: 657: 631: 576: 553: 363: 114: 85: 2892: 2644: 2293: 2073:

protection. In 2009 the Agency disbanded the Users Council and directly took over its tasks.

1103: 5088: 5038: 4998: 4951: 4946: 4936: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4896: 4881: 4876: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4792: 4684: 4669: 4647: 4614: 4141: 3275:"Assessment of Media Development in Croatia. Based on UNESCO's Media Development Indicators" 3093: 3033: 2691: 2683: 2448: 1943: 1782: 1754:. Two of the main appealing political groups for the young voters, the environmentalists of 1742: 1524: 1290: 1084: 1068: 1010:

in 2000. It maintained the traditional A3 format but adapted to a more tabloid-style layout.

1003: 987: 973: 952: 852: 692: 608: 602: 374: 353: 345: 315: 232: 160: 33: 3612: 3318: 2317:, president of the Croatian Journalists' Association. All the cases have remained unsolved. 1962: 1216: 5174: 5116: 5083: 5073: 5053: 5043: 5028: 5023: 5003: 4973: 4941: 4926: 4901: 4493: 4193: 3921: 3782: 3608: 2995: 2956: 2933: 2847: 2805: 2391: 2339: 2331: 1821: 1329:(Radio Network), a NGO providing free-of-charge news services for smaller radio stations. 1141: 1097: 817: 749:

lately turned into a standard commercial broadcaster after a murky privatisation process.

737:

In the early 1990s, the democratization process was accompanied by the strong role of the

626: 452: 412: 324: 301: 237: 2469: 2403: 2251: 1543:

and Zagreb. As of 2010 some 250,000 households are subscribed to B.net's cable packages.

4292: 5068: 4993: 4963: 4797: 4188: 3171: 3011: 2696: 2671: 2551: 2363: 2352: 2190: 1559: 1510: 1434: 1407: 1196: 1118: 1049: 472: 271: 3634:

Croatia: Unsolved threats and assaults underscore rapid deterioration of media freedom

2355:

mayor in May 2014 after he had published critical articles on the town administration.

2272:

was sentenced to eight months in prison for a death threat against a local journalist.

2177:

reported between May and August alone, compared to the 24 cases in May 2014/May 2015.

1433:

in 1999. In 2003 a tender for the fourth national channel was offered, and was won by

1246: 703:

party began a takeover of radio and television stations in Croatia. In June 1990, the

5194: 4652: 4134: 3462: 2888: 2123: 1736: 1634:

on 5 October 2010 when the entire country was converted to the DVB-T digital format.

1536: 1478: 1231: 1092: 1055: 993: 983: 946: 897: 728: 639: 596: 178: 3488:

Croatian Journalists and Publicists counter Wiesenthal Center's statements, EBL News

2949: 2926: 2840: 4637: 4129: 4062: 3879:

Croatia: Armed assailants storm Hrvatski Tjednik offices, injuring graphic designer

2537: 2498: 2247: 2027: 1113: 876: 872: 545: 247: 205: 3533: 511: 3914: 3874: 3391:

Media integrity matters. Reclaiming public service values in media and journalism

3284:. UNESCO. The International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) 2617: 4156: 3646:

The EFJ welcomes the Croatian Center for the Protection of Freedom of Expression

3308:"Croatian Media Markets: Regulation and Concentration Trends. Executive Summary" 3064: 2497:

after she had reported on patronage and nepotism in the local administration of

2230: 1759: 1611: 1487: 1438: 1425:

That year HTV3 was shut down and its frequency was taken by the privately owned

1384: 1380: 1364: 1347: 1298: 1078: 799: 575:(OiV), and a system in which privately owned corporations can acquire renewable 541: 516: 17: 2687: 4161: 2527: 2374: 2327: 2131: 1965:, a regional private agency, specialized in diversity and minority reporting. 1778: 1514: 1453:

24 million. In April 2010 Nova TV's license was renewed for another 15 years.

1043: 806: 789: 770: 533: 51: 3175: 4176: 4166: 1981: 1712: 1670: 1506: 1442: 1023: 964: 683:, with approximately 63% of the population having access from home in 2012. 673: 664:, with films often being co-produced by HRT. The ministry also sponsors the 614: 3469:. European University Institute. Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies 2512: 2493:

In March 2014, government officials publicly tried to discredit journalist

1794: 1006:, once the leading state-owned daily, was bought by the Austrian publisher 3430: 3029:"Komercijalne televizije mogle bi izgubiti postojeće programske koncesije" 2988: 1824:

and diversity applied in Croatian media policy are those developed by the

4171: 3953: 3933: 3878: 2368: 2347: 2276: 2181: 1731: 1610:

format was first introduced in early 2002. The nine nationally broadcast

1419: 1212: 1017: 707:

renamed the country's national broadcaster from Radio Television Zagreb (

3890: 2531: 919: 4099: 2444: 2335: 2226: 2127: 1951: 1918: 1774: 1293:), in addition to two religious channels (the Croatian Catholic Radio ( 1220: 1171: 1123: 1033: 924: 620: 537: 183: 1597:

a selection of local TV stations (OTV, Z1, ČKTV, STV, TV Jadran, etc.)

4574: 3855:

COURT CLEARS JOURNALIST IN CASE BROUGHT AT INTERIOR MINISTER’S BEHEST

2465: 2399: 2269: 2262: 1986: 1727: 1705: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1528: 1518: 1491: 1317:, relaunched in 2008 from the capital, soon reached a wide audience. 1183: 1147: 1027: 977: 676:, which often feature programs showcasing works by local filmmakers. 647: 3461:

Bilić, Paško; Balabanić, Ivan; Petričušić, Antonija (October 2015).

1793:

and by negating or diluting the severity of crimes committed by the

1226:

Ownership concentration in the print media market is an issue, with

4068: 3689:"Croatia Journalists: Govt is 'Watering Down' Anti-SLAPP Directive" 3602:

Croatia ranks 80th among 199 countries with regard to media freedom

2380:

In October 2015, two op-eds by Damir Pilic, long-time columnist of

1429:

which had won the first public tender for a national-level 10-year

788:

The Croatian Criminal Code and Civil Code contain provisions about

4808: 3663:"Croatia's Proposed Media Law Condemned as 'Death for Journalism'" 3346:

Media Ownership and Its Impact on Media Independence And Pluralism

3089:"Ramljak: RTL i Nova TV dobili su kanale za reciklažu već viđenog" 2289: 2265:. The case was characterised by the prosecutor as attempted murder 2205:, an investigative journalist, was subject to an attempted murder. 1957:

Other agencies are IKA (Informative Catholic Agency, owned by the

1954:, but they remain prohibitively expensive for the local services. 1751: 1607: 1603: 1583: 1579: 1540: 1532: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1129: 1121:

perspective on current events and widely distributed in churches.

918: 793: 510: 4025:"Komercijalni tiskani mediji i informativne internetske stranice" 4007: 3983: 3902: 3794: 3760: 2904: 2261:

was assaulted and beaten by a group of persons near his house in

1555:

major Croatian channels (HTV1, HTV2, HTV3, HTV4, Nova TV and RTL)

1475:

Fond za poticanje pluralizma i raznovrsnosti elektroničkih medija

3724: 1935: 1755: 1591: 1587: 1482: 1458: 1450: 1191:

compared with other Croatian media (non-dailies and non-print).

4812: 4072: 3145: 3120:"Poticanje pluralizma: 31,4 milijuna kuna radio i TV postajama" 2126:

ranks Croatia as "Partly Free", 80th over 199 countries, after

2046:

NGOs that work for better media professional standards include

1490:(HRK 1.1 million), while Radio Istra, a local station covering 944:

There are several major daily newspapers in Croatia, including

1700: 1414:. Their second channel was launched in 1972 and following the 1241: 3590: 3587: 2672:"Media in Croatia: from freedom fighters to tabloid avengers" 2092:

The Constitution of the Republic of Croatia bans censorship.

1558:

a mix of major networks from neighbouring countries (Bosnian

3199:"How pro-fascist ideologues are rewriting Croatia's history" 2254:, a war criminal who had recently been released from prison. 1773:) received attention from international media for promoting 3249:

Trolls hijack Knowledge (XXG) to turn articles against gays

2212:(A-HSP) publicly burned a copy of the minority publication 3807:

CPJ condemns attack on investigative journalist in Croatia

3819:

RSF’S CROATIA CORRESPONDENT BRUTALLY ATTACKED IN HIS HOME

3776:

Journalists attacked, threatened in Croatia and Macedonia

1547:(IPTV) is also gaining ground in recent years, with most 1107:

gained more popularity and has a wider circulation. The

586:

In print media, the market is dominated by the Croatian

3224:"Fascist movement takes over Croatian Knowledge (XXG)?" 1258: 654:

trade fair held annually in Zagreb and open to public.

1321:

local budgets. Radio reporting has improved after the

2429:, published a couple of days after the Veterans' Day. 2185:

crime and corruption have been particularly at risk.

2472:

after it broadcast an interview in 2013 in which PM

1934:

The Croatian state still owns the main news agency,

1494:, was the largest radio recipient with HRK 182,000. 5140: 5102: 4844: 4703: 4623: 4561: 4480: 4366: 4300: 4110: 3749:

JOURNALIST’S EFFIGY BURNED PUBLICLY DURING CARNIVAL

3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 1473:

Pluralism and Diversification of Electronic Media (

567:In broadcasting, the government-funded corporation 3301: 3299: 564:, falling by 5 places compared to the 2015 Index. 3843:JUDICIAL HARASSMENT OF ZELJKO PERATOVIC MUST STOP 3054: 3052: 2622:. U.S. Institute of Peace Press. pp. 67–66. 2511:A citizen was arrested and fined in July 2014 in 859:has a reach that goes well beyond its community. 2243:. Tomić had already been attacked for his works. 1359:in Croatia is HTV, the television branch of the 594:companies, which publish their flagship dailies 3008:OSCE Warns Croatia Broadcaster on Media Freedom 2619:Prime Time Crime: Balkan Media in War and Peace 2464:The private RTL television station was sued by 2296:journalist Hrvoje Simicevic was also assaulted. 2109:Organisation for Security Cooperation in Europe 1864:Agency for the Protection of Market Competition 1301:) and two for-profit privately owned stations ( 3504:"Croatia. Internet rights and democratisation" 2250:received a death threat after reporting about 2145:Although by now "a truly internalized value", 1117:, a weekly magazine dedicated to presenting a 895: 4824: 4084: 2594:List of Croatian language television channels 2026:for his comments on Croatia's history during 1088:cover financial and business-related topics. 1026:, another regional-based daily, dominates in 624:. The most popular current affairs weekly is 492: 8: 3891:Croatia: Head of journalist union threatened 3771: 3769: 3429:. European Journalism Centre. Archived from 2670:Grbeša, Marijana; Volarević, Marija (2021). 2257:In August 2014, the journalist and activist 1820:The international standards in the field of 1066:There are also several specialized dailies. 3306:Peruško, Zrinjka; Jurlin, Krešimir (2006). 3114: 3112: 3022: 3020: 2850:, EJC Media Landscapes (no date, 2009/2010) 2022:, after Hasanbegović was criticised by the 1765:In late 2013, Knowledge (XXG) in Croatian ( 1722:As of September 2011 the most visited 1387:channels available throughout the country ( 4831: 4817: 4809: 4567: 4486: 4372: 4306: 4091: 4077: 4069: 3831:Judicial harassment of war crime reporters 2944: 2942: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 1811:Transparency of media ownership in Croatia 1234:(46%) controlling the bulk of the market. 884:have to pick up second or third jobs too. 650:; the industry's centrepiece event is the 499: 485: 28: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 2695: 863:Status and self-regulation of journalists 612:. Other widely read national dailies are 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2309:website, Domagoj Mikić, journalist with 1980: 1477:). In 2009, the fund granted a total of 1346: 1309:, the second only broadcasting music in 902:has adopted a self-regulation about it. 548:, and other sales-related revenues. The 3936:, Mapping Media Freedom, 1 October 2015 3463:"Media Pluralism Monitor 2015. Croatia" 3416: 3414: 3087:Matijević, Božena (13 September 2010). 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2605: 2415:In January 2016, a journalist from the 2305:, Drago Pilsel, editor-in-chief of the 2221:In March 2014 the effigy of journalist 2172:Attacks and threats against journalists 2007:International Federation of Journalists 1734:and online editions of printed dailies 1351:HRT headquarters at Prisavlje in Zagreb 373: 149: 95: 40: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3388:Petković, Brankica (2014). "Croatia". 3343:Petković, Brankica (2004). "Croatia". 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2358:In October 2015, the president of the 2282:In July 2015, the graphic designer of 2210:Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights 1940:Hrvatska Izvještajna Novinska Agencija 1762:, are strongly based on the internet. 1101:, but during the last couple of years 779:Television Without Frontiers Directive 3881:, Mapping Media Freedom, 13 July 2015 3797:, OSCE FOM Press Release, 29 May 2015 3636:, Index on Censorship, 28 August 2015 3557: 3555: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3497: 3495: 3060:"Novoj TV koncesija za još 15 godina" 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2646:Civil and Political Rights in Croatia 2162:Croatian Journalists’ Association HND 1730:followed by news websites Net.hr and 1726:websites are the Croatian version of 7: 3893:, Mapping Media Freedom, 29 May 2015 3534:"Censorship of the media in Croatia" 3126:(in Croatian). Nova TV. 19 July 2010 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2322:Political and economic interferences 783:Audiovisual Media Services Directive 556:and Croatia ranked 63rd in the 2016 3563:"Croatia's press freedom in danger" 3540:. Human Rights House Sarajevo. 2009 2434:budgets in local commercial media. 1989:where the HND is located is called 1913:), and partly the internet market ( 1616:Transmitters and Communications Ltd 1371:. It is required by law to promote 1030:and scores a 5% overall readership. 573:Transmitters and Communications Ltd 2649:. Human Rights Watch. p. 58. 2155:European Federation of Journalists 1886:have more than 50% of the market. 1781:worldview as well as bias against 1449:bought Nova TV in August 2004 for 1447:Central European Media Enterprises 816:OSCE Media Freedom Representative 25: 2579:List of radio stations in Croatia 2423:Croatian Journalists' Association 2268:In October 2014 a drug dealer in 2086:Federal Communications Commission 2003:Croatian Journalists' Association 1437:, the Croatian subsidiary of the 1284:List of radio stations in Croatia 889:Croatian Journalists' Association 739:Croatian Journalists' Association 4291: 3197:Sampson, Tim (October 1, 2013). 2998:, EJC Media Landscapes (no date) 2959:, EJC Media Landscapes (no date) 2936:, EJC Media Landscapes (no data) 2841:Croatia #National Media Policies 2558: 2544: 2530: 2366:, banned the representatives of 2114:Croatia ranked 63rd in the 2016 1837:concentration of media ownership 1805:Concentration of media ownership 1245: 466: 50: 5211:Mass media in Europe by country 3226:. InSerbia News. Archived from 2425:for a satirical version of the 2421:magazine was sanctioned by the 2036:Hrvatska udruga radija i novina 1871:Media concentration in practice 1076:provide sports coverage, while 3971:Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso 3650:Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso 3591:World Press Freedom Index 2016 3027:Vejnović, Saša (1 June 2009). 2326:Cases of political pressures, 2103:According to the organisation 2015:Hrvatski novinari i publicisti 1767:Wikipedija na hrvatskom jeziku 996:started in 1997, published by 851:has a 70-years history, while 679:Internet is in widespread use 1: 3661:Tesija, Vuk (July 20, 2023). 2584:List of newspapers in Croatia 2574:Telecommunications in Croatia 2078:Vijeće za elektroničke medije 1959:Croatian Episcopal Conference 1696:country code top-level domain 4504:Gross domestic product (GDP) 4032:Croatian Ministry of Culture 3966:Croazia: l'inno non si tocca 3687:Tesija, Vuk (10 July 2023). 3068:(in Croatian). 14 April 2010 2589:List of magazines in Croatia 2360:Croatian Football Federation 1545:Internet Protocol television 4199:Personal union with Hungary 3713:Drago Hedl under protection 3423:"Media landscapes. Croatia" 1999:Hrvatsko novinarsko društvo 1993:, lit. "Journalists' home". 1678:Croatian Audiovisual Centre 1673:festival of documentaries. 1630:in January and ending with 1369:European Broadcasting Union 1215:, as a single distributor ( 933:List of Croatian newspapers 5227: 4434:Chief of the General Staff 2809:Media Sustainability Index 2688:10.1007/s11616-021-00683-y 1808: 1687: 1649: 1336: 1281: 937:List of Croatian magazines 930: 4770: 4570: 4489: 4468:Security and intelligence 4375: 4309: 4289: 4224:Austrio-Hungarian kingdom 4057:Reporters Without Borders 2456:Civil defamation lawsuits 2394:and partisan journalism. 2246:In June 2014, journalist 2189:In 2008 two journalists, 2120:Reporters Without Borders 2041:Udruga novinskih izdavača 1363:(HRT), which is entirely 701:Croatian Democratic Union 618:and the government-owned 562:Reporters Without Borders 524:'s popular news-programs. 4380:Administrative divisions 3502:Babic, Danijela (2011). 3273:Zrinjka Peruško (2011). 2566:Freedom of speech portal 1852:EU Audiovisual Directive 1799:Croatian Knowledge (XXG) 1410:'s national broadcaster 1361:Croatian Radiotelevision 1295:Hrvatski Katolički Radio 1091:The most popular weekly 836:yet publicly available. 741:(HND/CJA) as well as of 725:Hrvatska radiotelevizija 717:Croatian Radiotelevision 569:Croatian Radiotelevision 2506:Freedom on the internet 2024:Simon Wiesenthal Center 1880:Media Pluralism Monitor 1715:. Third level domains ( 1704:and is administered by 1640:positive discrimination 1333:Television broadcasting 759:Constitution of Croatia 691:In May 1990, following 658:Croatia's film industry 550:Constitution of Croatia 4887:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3315:media.parlament.org.ua 3168:"Top Sites in Croatia" 2643:Nizich, Ivana (1995). 2334:are still reported in 2208:In 2010 the far-right 2136:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2061:Regulatory authorities 1994: 1791:historical revisionism 1758:and the anti-eviction 1352: 1325:of news broadcasts by 1230:(43% – 2011 data) and 928: 896: 724: 713:Radiotelevizija Zagreb 712: 525: 5206:Mass media by country 5201:Mass media in Croatia 4234:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 4147:Dalmatian city-states 4065:at PressReference.com 3954:Mapping Media Freedom 2895:on Press Freedom 2015 2140:Republic of Macedonia 2082:Parliament of Croatia 1984: 1659:Motovun Film Festival 1416:breakup of Yugoslavia 1350: 1339:Television in Croatia 1166:Le Monde diplomatique 1109:Archdiocese of Zagreb 922: 825:Access to information 763:freedom of expression 753:Legislative framework 705:Parliament of Croatia 530:mass media in Croatia 514: 428:Croatian checkerboard 243:Our Lady of Međugorje 4695:World Heritage Sites 3538:Humanrightshouse.org 3421:Buric, Nada (2010). 3230:on 29 September 2013 3148:(in Croatian). B.net 2927:Croatia #Print Media 1787:Anti-LGBT propaganda 1663:Zagreb Film Festival 1501:stations in Zagreb, 1367:and a member of the 1228:Europa Press Holding 767:freedom of the press 699:, he and his ruling 579:at the national and 391:World Heritage Sites 140:Name days in Croatia 5103:States with limited 4514:History of currency 4268:War of Independence 4251:'Independent State' 3751:, RSF February 2015 3467:monitor.cmpf.eui.eu 3178:on 2 September 2011 2118:report compiled by 2116:Press Freedom Index 2105:Index on Censorship 2020:Zlatko Hasanbegović 1948:Agence France Press 1925:Media organisations 1690:Internet in Croatia 1160:National Geographic 998:Europapress Holding 743:Europapress Holding 662:Ministry of Culture 588:Europapress Holding 560:report compiled by 558:Press Freedom Index 318:and performing arts 258:Old Church Slavonic 4539:Telecommunications 4273:Croatia since 1995 4258:Socialist Republic 4219:Illyrian Provinces 4209:Republic of Ragusa 3920:2015-10-29 at the 3781:2016-01-26 at the 3607:2016-01-27 at the 3569:. 23 February 2017 3433:on 4 February 2017 3324:on 2 December 2011 2994:2017-02-04 at the 2955:2017-02-04 at the 2932:2017-02-04 at the 2846:2017-02-04 at the 2804:2016-01-28 at the 2383:Slobodna Dalmacija 2302:Slobodna Dalmacija 2236:Slobodna Dalmacija 2225:was burned at the 1995: 1911:Styria Media Group 1667:Pula Film Festival 1461:60,000) per year. 1357:television station 1353: 1278:Radio broadcasting 1257:. You can help by 1061:Dubrovački vjesnik 1014:Slobodna Dalmacija 1008:Styria Media Group 959:Slobodna Dalmacija 929: 927:building in Zagreb 849:La Voce del Popolo 666:Pula Film Festival 592:Styria Media Group 577:broadcast licenses 526: 473:Croatia portal 433:Croatian interlace 76:Kingdom of Croatia 71:History of Croatia 43:Culture of Croatia 5188: 5187: 4806: 4805: 4766: 4765: 4660:Croatian language 4557: 4556: 4476: 4475: 4463:Foreign relations 4453:Political parties 4362: 4361: 4204:Venetian Dalmatia 4125:Origins of Croats 3998:, 21 October 2015 3974:, 22 January 2016 3404:978-961-6455-77-0 2656:978-1-5643-2148-0 2629:978-1-929-22338-1 2201:. The same year, 2197:were killed in a 2147:freedom of speech 2071:consumers' rights 1878:According to the 1826:Council of Europe 1669:, as well as the 1652:Cinema of Croatia 1620:Odašiljači i veze 1431:broadcast license 1275: 1274: 554:freedom of speech 536:outlets based in 509: 508: 253:St. Mark's Church 86:Illyrian movement 16:(Redirected from 5218: 5141:Dependencies and 4845:Sovereign states 4833: 4826: 4819: 4810: 4786: 4779: 4568: 4487: 4373: 4307: 4295: 4214:Habsburg kingdom 4184:Medieval kingdom 4093: 4086: 4079: 4070: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4029: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3962: 3956: 3943: 3937: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3773: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3658: 3652: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3616: 3599: 3593: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3559: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3530: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3499: 3490: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3458: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3418: 3409: 3408: 3396: 3385: 3364: 3363: 3351: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3323: 3317:. Archived from 3312: 3303: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3279: 3270: 3255: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3174:. Archived from 3164: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3116: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3056: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3034:Poslovni dnevnik 3024: 3015: 3005: 2999: 2985: 2960: 2946: 2937: 2923: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2886: 2851: 2837: 2812: 2795: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2682:(3–4): 621–624. 2667: 2661: 2660: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2614:Kurspahić, Kemal 2610: 2568: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2554: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2540: 2535: 2534: 2449:Associated Press 2285:Hrvatski tjednik 2275:The same month, 2259:Domagoj Margetić 1985:The building in 1944:Associated Press 1915:Deutsche Telecom 1789:by the means of 1783:Serbs of Croatia 1725: 1718: 1711: 1703: 1525:Cable television 1270: 1267: 1249: 1242: 1085:Poslovni dnevnik 1069:Sportske novosti 901: 853:Serbian-minority 697:election victory 501: 494: 487: 471: 470: 469: 233:Our Lady of Sinj 54: 45: 29: 21: 18:Media of Croatia 5226: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5191: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5142: 5136: 5122:Northern Cyprus 5104: 5098: 5019:North Macedonia 4840: 4839:Media of Europe 4837: 4807: 4802: 4789: 4782: 4775: 4762: 4699: 4675:Public holidays 4619: 4553: 4472: 4419:Law enforcement 4358: 4344:Protected areas 4296: 4287: 4194:Ban of Slavonia 4106: 4097: 4049: 4036: 4034: 4030:(in Croatian). 4027: 4023: 4020: 4018:Further reading 4015: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3963: 3959: 3944: 3940: 3922:Wayback Machine 3913: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3865: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3783:Wayback Machine 3774: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3697: 3695: 3693:Balkan Insights 3686: 3685: 3681: 3671: 3669: 3667:Balkan Insights 3660: 3659: 3655: 3644: 3640: 3632: 3619: 3615:, 29 April 2015 3609:Wayback Machine 3600: 3596: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3561: 3560: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3532: 3531: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3501: 3500: 3493: 3486: 3482: 3472: 3470: 3460: 3459: 3446: 3436: 3434: 3420: 3419: 3412: 3405: 3394: 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1723: 1716: 1709: 1699: 1698:for Croatia is 1692: 1686: 1654: 1648: 1457:450,000 (circa 1341: 1335: 1286: 1280: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1255:needs expansion 1240: 1178:Reader's Digest 1111:also publishes 939: 917: 908: 865: 818:Dunja Mijatovic 755: 689: 505: 467: 465: 458: 457: 453:Matica hrvatska 448: 447: 438: 437: 423:National anthem 408: 407: 396: 395: 386: 385: 369: 368: 349: 348: 337: 336: 320: 319: 307: 306: 297: 296: 285: 284: 275: 274: 263: 262: 238:Marija Bistrica 223: 222: 211: 210: 201: 200: 189: 188: 164: 163: 145: 144: 130: 129: 120: 119: 110: 109: 91: 90: 66: 65: 41: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5224: 5222: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5193: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5146: 5144: 5143:other entities 5138: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5108: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5094:United Kingdom 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 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4321: 4319:Extreme points 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4285: 4283:European Union 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4189:Ban of Croatia 4186: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4154: 4152:Lower Pannonia 4149: 4144: 4142:Medieval duchy 4139: 4138: 4137: 4132: 4122: 4116: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4098: 4096: 4095: 4088: 4081: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4060: 4048: 4047:External links 4045: 4044: 4043: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4000: 3988: 3986:, October 2015 3976: 3964:Sven Milekic, 3957: 3938: 3907: 3895: 3883: 3859: 3847: 3835: 3823: 3811: 3799: 3787: 3765: 3753: 3741: 3729: 3717: 3705: 3679: 3653: 3638: 3617: 3594: 3580: 3551: 3520: 3491: 3480: 3444: 3410: 3403: 3365: 3358: 3335: 3295: 3256: 3241: 3215: 3189: 3172:Alexa Internet 3159: 3137: 3108: 3079: 3048: 3016: 3012:Balkan Insight 3000: 2961: 2950:Croatia #Radio 2938: 2909: 2897: 2893:Croatia report 2852: 2813: 2703: 2662: 2655: 2635: 2628: 2604: 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4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4590:Ethnic groups 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4529:Privatization 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4519:National Bank 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4439: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4429:General Staff 4427: 4426: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 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3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3581: 3568: 3567:Civicidea.com 3564: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3489: 3484: 3481: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3400: 3393: 3392: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3359:961-6455-26-5 3355: 3348: 3347: 3339: 3336: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3283: 3276: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3254: 3253:Gay Star News 3250: 3245: 3242: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3216: 3204: 3200: 3193: 3190: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3147: 3141: 3138: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3097:(in Croatian) 3096: 3095: 3094:Večernji list 3090: 3083: 3080: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3037:(in Croatian) 3036: 3035: 3030: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2990: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2951: 2945: 2943: 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2442: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2413: 2412: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2393: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2376: 2371: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2349: 2346:In May 2014, 2345: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2223:Vinko Vuković 2220: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2178: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2151: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2124:Freedom House 2121: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1930:News agencies 1929: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1881: 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