Mass media in Georgia (country)

1670:, stated that the Georgian authorities were mounting pressure on his station and other businesses after it had broadcast details of the scandal. "It is no secret that Imedi television was the first one which reported the circumstances of Sandro Girgvliani’s murder...this alone became a reason for the authorities’ dissatisfaction, which triggered the financial authorities to actively launch a probe into my businesses and my companies so to force me to mount pressure against journalists..and facilitate the creation of a favorable image of the authorities," Badri Patarkatsishvili went on to say that he would never yield to pressure from the authorities. 1456:(GNCC), established in 2000 under the 1990 Law on Telecommunications and Post, is and independent government agency tasked with regulating the TLC sector and issuing licenses for radio frequencies through competitive tenders. It then monitors the licensees' activities and works as an arbitrator for litigations between license holders and consumers. The GNCC also prevents the formation of monopolies and preserves an equal and fair competitive environment, facilitating the introduction of new technologies. The GNCC has own resources thanks to licensing and regulation fees. Its members are appointed by the 1154:, and managed by President Saakashvili's former minister of economy. Balance and neutrality are missing from news coverage, with stations divided between pro-government and pro-opposition camps. The state of ownership transparency was improved by the 2011 amendments to the Law on Broadcasting, requiring the full disclosure of ownership structures, and banning ownership by offshore companies. Concentration concerns remain unanswered. Ownership changes in 2012-2015 have reduced polarisation among TV channels. 373:. In 2009 press freedom was among the top political issues in Georgia, with a battle between government and opposition for control over the public service broadcaster and the denunciation of pro-governmental media outlets, which also included various forms of intimidation of journalists (e.g. pickets and "corridors of shame"). Saakashvili later pledged to move toward a “more open and unbiased” media landscape and to upheld the independence of the public service broadcaster. 1438:, heir of the Soviet-era Union of Journalists, is currently dysfunctional. Donor-funded trade associations were set-up in 2005-2007, including the Georgian Regional Media Association and the Georgian Association of Regional Television Broadcasters, but their influence remains limited. They lobby against intimidation and violence against journalists, rejection of public information requests and in favour of legislative changes to serve interests of the regional media. 458:. It guarantees the rights of Georgia residents as well as media institutions (newspapers, publishers, and the Public Broadcaster). It includes sources confidentiality and court guarantees. Anyone can apply to a court “to prevent a violation of a right guaranteed and protected under this law” or “to eradicate the consequences of the violation” (Article 6). The burden of proof lies with the initiator of the restriction and not with the involved journalist. 816: 381: 5752: 5347: 1138:, and was highly critical of the Saakashvili governments. In November 2008 the government accused the station to foster violence and sent police to put it off air. Police forces destroyed equipment and “excessively ill-treated” journalists. The station re-opened one year later, after Patarkatsishvili's death and being taken over by a pro-government businessman - also adopting a much more benevolent editorial line. 6188: 5762: 5357: 223: 52: 1929:

media outlets with the government and other political groups and controlled through opaque shell entities. One of the persisting challenges is the lack of available information about weather media owners hold positions in governmental bodies; indeed, there is not a unique list of government officials and only senior officials are obliged to make a public declaration on their assets.

1830:, established a series of provisions that should, in theory, curtail any attempts by the state to censor the Internet. At the same time, these legal instruments have not been sufficient to prevent limited filtering on corporate and educational networks. Georgia’s dependence on international connectivity makes it vulnerable to upstream filtering, evident in the March 2008 blocking of 543:). The report had been swiftly condemned by the GNCC. According to Mijatovic, "Broadcasters and other media outlets ought to behave responsibly and not mislead the public by spreading false information. This is of particular importance in Georgia and other countries whose societies may be more prone to alarm due to recent armed conflicts." 539:, condemning "irresponsible journalism and the impact it may have on media freedom and security". Imedi's report, claiming that President Saakashvili had been assassinated and Russian troops were close to Tbilisi, was reported to have spread panic, while carrying no warning of its fictitious nature (see 1787:, was jeopardised by the judicial decision, which was deemed disproportionate and at risk of negatively affecting media pluralism in Georgia - besides the job security of Rustavi-2's journalists - as well as at risk of politicisation. The Independent Association of Georgian Journalists (IAGJ) and the 1720:

Georgia, Revaz Sakevarishvili, resigned because of alleged censorship, claiming that "there has been quite a serious attempt to put pressure and establish censorship." According to Sakevarishvili, the owners of the Media Partners, the holding company which owns publishing rights to Forbes Georgia had

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Interferences from both the majority and the opposition camps in the media field have happened repeatedly in Georgia, leading to a growing polarisation and politicisation. Polarisation in the television sector has recently declined, with broadcasters focusing more on competition on contents. The 2014

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At least 10 Georgian and foreign journalists were assaulted by policemen while covering the break up of an opposition rally in Tbilisi on the night of 25 to 26 May 2011, despite being clearly identified as press member. Some of them were questioned and had their press card or equipment confiscated or

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led to mutual blockage of Georgian and Russian Internet sites and television channels. The blockage subsidies after the end of the conflict, while TV channels remained imbued of hostile and biased information on both sides. Safe access for journalists could not be assured for longtime in the conflict

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in 2013, with most UNM-linked managers being fired. In 2013 the GPB underwent a serious leadership crisis, with a director dismissed and several board positions left vacant. Its governance structure was changed following amendments to the Broadcasting Law, reducing the size of the board and aiming at

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on transparency of media ownership of broadcast, print and online media outlets in Georgia found out that, thanks to the 2011 reform, the situation has improved and media ownership is now largely transparent. The amended law contributed to make public the connections of some of the country’s leading

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Before 2011, the lack of media ownership transparency had been one of the major concern in the media system in Georgia. Indeed, the leading national broadcasters, including the public service ones, were widely perceived as agent of the government disseminating biased pro-governmental information and

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in 2004 following the adoption of the Law on Broadcasting. GPB was later criticised for becoming a governmental mouthpiece and got ensnared in a battle for control between government and opposition. The GPB board was enlarged from 9 to 15 members in December 2009 to provide more space for opposition

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As a result of the reform of the Law on Broadcasting occurred in 2011, broadcast media, which includes around 60 media outlets, are obliged to disclose data on their ownership structure. This includes information on the size of shareholdings, beneficial owners and people with indirect interests and

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In 2011, following a campaign run by Georgian civil society, with the support of local and international organisations and donors, the law regulating ownership transparency for broadcast media was amended with the aim to introduce stricter transparency requirements as well as financial transparency

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Everyone has the right to freely receive and impart information, to express and impart his/her opinion orally, in writing or by in any other means. Mass media shall be free. Censorship shall be impermissible; Neither the state nor particular individuals shall have the right to monopolise mass media

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in the interests of ensuring state security, territorial integrity or public safety, for preventing of crime, for the protection of the right and dignity of others, for prevention of the disclosure of the information acknowledged as confidential or for ensuring the independence and impartiality of

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underwent a serious leadership crisis, with a director dismissed and several board positions left vacant. Its governance structure was changed following amendments to the Broadcasting Law, reducing the size of the board and aiming at more competitive and politically-neutral appointments. Multiple

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After electoral turmoil in 2012 and 2013, Georgia has begun to reap the fruits of the reforms undertaken in the recent years, even if political rivalry has sometimes hampered their implementation. Transparency about media ownership has improved, although news outlets are politically polarized and

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The GNCC has been criticised for lack of independence and of transparency in its operations and licensing procedures, particularly in relation with traditional media. Pro-governmental channels have been allowed to operate without licenses, and the process of licensing has been seen as politically

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Rustavi 2 is the most successful private television broadcasting company in Georgia and accounts for almost half of all revenues in the broadcasting sector, but the only other channel owned by the company is the entertainment station Comedy Channel, so there should be no concentration problems.

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The government has lately tried to attract foreign investments in the film industry by promoting the country as "one of the most film-friendly and competitive production destinations in the world". A law on state promotion of Georgian national cinematography was adopted in 2000, establishing the

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The advertising market in Georgia is not large enough to sustain all TV stations, which rely on public or private subsidies. Rustavi 2, the most viewed channel, leads in advertising revenues; its airtime is distributed by Media House, which also acts as intermediary for three other Tbilisi-based

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Every individual has the right to freedom of speech, thought, conscience, religion and belief; The persecution of a person on the account of his/her speech, thought, religion or belief as well as the compulsion to express his/her opinion about them shall be impermissible; These rights may not be

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Market concentration for telecom operators is regulated by the Law on Electronic Communications. Specialised terrestrial TV and radio stations, all cable and satellite broadcasters, print and online media are free from these restrictions. However, in 2015 digital terrestrial TV broadcasting was

1758:, as "the case of Maestro intensifies of civil society that the government wants to establish control over media prior to elections". Maestro TV journalists, backed by the Independent Association of Georgian Journalists (IAGJ), protested against the nomination of a new director for the channel. 1917:

their actual owners were concealed behind offshore companies. However, media-specific rules on media ownership transparency only exist for the broadcast sector, thus data on print and online media should be found through provisions regulating corporate law, making the process more complicated

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The Media Council was established in 2005 by nine national and 11 regional media organisations, three NGOs and individual journalists. It was tasked with monitoring and enforcing the Journalists Code of Ethics as well as reviewing complaints. However, it failed to establish cross-media ethical

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Transparency of media ownership refers to the public availability of accurate, comprehensive and up-to-date information about media ownership structures. A legal regime guaranteeing transparency of media ownership makes possible for the public as well as for media authorities to find out who

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noted that "strong ties remain between media outlets and political parties or interests". In 2016 IREX similarly noted that in previous years, "Georgian mainstream news outlets have re-affiliated along various political lines". Also, there are cases in which sources of funding are unclear.

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television and radio. It is required by law to “provide accurate and up-to-date information that is free from political and commercial bias” and “to address the needs and interests of the larger Georgian society through diversity of programs and viewpoints”. The state TV was turned in a

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Georgia noticed several interconnections between different online media. In particular some anti-Western media outlets are associated with Eurasia Institute and Eurasian Choice organisations and have Russian connections. Also, some online media outlets are directly connected with the

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in Georgia is decriminalised since 2004 - the first country in the Caucasus region to do so. The law foresees that public figures should accept much more criticism than ordinary citizen, given their responsibilities towards citizens and the influence on society of their decision.

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On 27 March 2012, Revaz Sakevarishvili resigned denouncing interference in his work as editor-in-chief of Forbes Georgia by Gagik Eghizaryan, one of the two co-owners of the magazine publishing house. According to Sakevarishvili the publisher wanted to avoid offending politician

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In a presentation at the 2nd South Caucasus Media Conference free-lance journalist Eka Kvesitadze said that Georgian "journalists are on friendly terms with high ranking officials and have actually made a practice of taking instructions from them on how to cover various events".

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Independent TV production studios in Georgia include TBC TV, Prime Time, Formula Creativi and Utsnobi Studio, providing films and programmes for both public and private channels. The Studios “Reporter” and “Monitor” produced controversial documentaries on the crimes after the

354:. The numbers released by the Central Election Commission were openly contradicted by exit polls and parallel vote tabulations reported by the Georgian media. After the Rose Revolution a new legislation was introduced that guaranteed free speech and decriminalised defamation. 1165:

A law in October 2014 required private broadcasters to allot 90 seconds of airtime every three hours for "social advertising" (public service announcements), although the provision was criticised as vague and costly, and giving too wide control powers to the GBCC.

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Internet penetration in Georgia long remained concentrated in the main towns, due to high prices and lack of landline infrastructure. Around 49% of Georgians had internet access in 2014. However, by 2023 the number of internet users increased to 89% according to

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Advertisers in Georgia have traditionally favoured pro-governmental media and shunned the print media. In 2014 the Finance Ministry was criticised for requiring the TV audience measurement company TVMR GE to disclose the location of monitored households.

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News agencies in Georgia include InterPressNews, Prime News, GBC and Pirveli. They are all private, profit-making societies based in Tbilisi. RegInfo is an agency based in the Kvemo Kartli region. International agencies present in the country include

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called again in 2014 for "full autonomy" to be granted to the GNCC "to ensure the efficiency and impartiality of its work", recalling its importance in the wake of the digitalisation process in order to enhance pluralism in the broadcasting section.

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control. Making public information on offshore companies was one of the central amendment to the law. Information must be reported to the media authority, namely the Georgian National communications Council (GNCC) and directly to the public.

1684:'s license was suspended for three months following charges of anti-state activities; its premises were raided and closed down by the authoritie. The license was reinstated on 4 December, after international intervention and mediation by the 1128:(GNCC) sanctioned Maestro as in breach of its "music and entertainment"-type license and refused to afford it a "general programming" license, resulting in an 8-months controversy ending only after intervention by the Parliament's Speaker. 568:

In 2010, there were 502 registered newspapers in Georgia: 376 national ones (registered with the Department of Statistics in Tbilisi) and 126 regional ones. Of these, only 28 Tbilisi-based and 61 peripheral ones had regular publications.

477:. Public agencies are now required to establish websites, publish information online, and accept electronic requests for information. Most of them complied by 2014. Challenges remain in unifying and expanding the open data initiatives. 1221:, the main private film production studio in the country. All previously state-owned film studios have been privatised. Independent movie studios in Georgia include Sanguko Films, Film Studio – Remka, Georgian Film and Vars - studio. 472:

Section that guarantees access (immediate, or within a 10-days deadline) to public information that is not a state secret. Implementation remains problematic. The post-2012 governments have pledged to improve access, in line with the

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local elections were covered rather unbiasedly, compared to the 2012 and 2013 national votes. Yet, challenges persist. Governmental officials have been reported as undermining legal protections of the media through hostile rhetoric.

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In 2011, the GNCC renewed the broadcast licenses, after a 3-year delay. In 2012 the Georgian Constitutional Court ruled that TV stations would not need a license to broadcast via cable, but only via radio frequencies and satellite.

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controlled 90% of the market in 2018. By the end of 2008, there were 618,000 fixed telephone users in Georgia. In urban areas there are 20 telephones per 100 people, and in rural areas there are four telephones per 100 people.

361:, the government took on the news agenda. Two TV stations and several newspapers closed down, while other channels were taken over by government-friendly private business groups. Journalists increasingly resorted to 1810:

government has clarified that it sees the case purely as an ownership dispute and that it will take no part in it, leaving its closure in the hands of the judiciary. The case of Rustavi-2 caused street protests.

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adopted the Broadcasters’ Code of Conduct, as required by the 2004 Law on Broadcasting, which defines it as “a normative act, passed by the Commission … determining the rules of conduct for license holders.”

1292:). The cellular network market counts more than 3,000,000 registered customers in total (the commercially active number is not known). Coverage extends to over 98% of the populated territory as of 2010; 1099:

denounced the election of the Board of Trustees of Ajara TV and Radio, calling it "an unfortunate decision, which challenges the rule of law and among other things undermines the integrity of the public

1009:. Almost all Georgians (95%) got their political news from television in 2010. The country hosts 40 TV stations, of which nine are in Tbilisi and 31 in the regions. Four stations have national coverage ( 1783:

Georgia, often in controversial deals with businessmen close to the former President Saakashvili. The viability of the channel, which is currently the only major TV channel close to the opposition

1109:. The station currently reaches around 84% of the country's population, as well as Europe, the European part of Russia and the Middle East via satellite. The station was frequently critical of the 1860:, restrictions on online content were decreasing, there were no indications of online censorship or blocking and no cases of activists or journalists questioned or arrested for online activities. 1213:

The late Soviet period was the most prolific for the Georgian cinema. The political and economic turmoil of the 1990s instead led to the collapse of film production. Soviet Georgia's main studio,

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An alternative Press Council was founded in 2005 by four leading newspapers which had denounced the Media Council launch as an attempt at censorship. The Press Council is equally dysfunctional.

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The cinema industry started in Georgia in 1908. In 100 years, over 800 films, 600 documentaries and 300 animated movies were produced in the country. The full catalogue is available online at

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In December 2009, the journalists gather by the Civil Society Institute adopted a Georgian Charter of Journalism Ethics and established the Georgian Charter of Journalism Ethics Association.

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In December 2014, several journalists resigned from Maestro in protest against the firing of a popular anchorwoman Nino Zhizhilashvili, denouncing pressures from pro-governmental figures.

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the switch run smoothly without political interference. Since transparency regulations do not apply to online media it is more difficult to identify owners and potential concentrations.

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have expressed concern about the appointment of a new pro-governmental management at Rustavi-2, asking the Tbilisi Court "not to interfere on Rustavi 2’s editorial independence." The

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Violence and harassment against journalists have been reported in Georgia, particularly during electoral periods. Although they are in decline, journalists still face intimidations.

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Government pressures on the free media increased together with their criticism of corruption and abuse of power. Rustavi 2 was twice threatened with closure, the prominent TV anchor

332:, established in 1994, brought editorial freedom on air. Media soon become one of the most trusted institutions in the country (with a 73% approval rating it was only second to the 253: 2103: 308:

A large percentage of Georgian households have a television, and most have at least one radio. Most of Georgia's media companies are headquartered in its capital and largest city,

1849:, and some specific decisions are thought to have been taken for political reasons. One example is the blocking in 2011 of websites hosting a film about the Georgian-Russian war. 480:

The Law on Broadcasting regulates the allocation of licenses for radio frequencies and set the legal basis for the Georgian Public Broadcaster. 2013 amendments universalised the "

305:, despite the long-term politicisation and polarisation affecting the sector. The political struggle for control over the public broadcaster left it without a direction in 2014. 5476: 4707: 803:

Circulation data are not released by publishers. Average circulations were at 4,500-5,000 for dailies in Tbilisi, 2,000 for the regional press, and 25,000-30,000 for weeklies.

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A person may possess independently or with an interdependent person no more than one terrestrial broadcasting license for television and one for radio in any one service area.

1117:. In 2001 a security police raid on Rustavi 2 resulted in mass street demonstrations against governments pressure, after which President Shevardnadze fired his entire cabinet. 1819:

Listed as engaged in selective Internet filtering in the political and conflict/security areas and as no evidence of filtering in the social and Internet tools areas by the

5798: 4794: 1750:) became the main shareholder of Maestro TV. The channel got ensnared in an ownership dispute among other shareholders, which triggered concerns from six NGOs, including 1779:

party), aiming to recover shares he claims to have been forced to surrender in 2006. Rustavi-2 had changed ownership around 20 times between 2004 and 2012, according to

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Newspapers in Georgia provide pluralist views to the public, have loyal readerships and are the main source of information for around one fourth of the citizens.

6308: 6303: 6295: 5426: 4784: 4647: 3987: 3808: 3712: 3688: 2043:"There are 32 TV stations in Georgia that hold terrestrial broadcasting licenses, out of which 21 stations broadcast in different regions of Georgia (excluding 6044: 6268: 1343:, operated by the United Nations Association of Georgia, was launched in 2001 as a multi-language (Georgian, English, Russian) fact-based online newspaper. 6805: 5811: 5717: 4839: 4667: 1976: 1961: 1842: 1792: 1453: 1447: 1177:

and the misuse of funds at GPB. Former Rustavi-2 employees founded the GNS studio, specialised in producing investigative documentaries, aired on Maestro.

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Radio (105.9FM), Fortuna, and Radio 105. Imedi mainly concentrates on news and commentary, but broadcasts pop music as well, particularly at night-time.

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In 2010, there were 27 radio stations in Tbilisi and 9 in the other parts of the country. Leading Tbilisi-based stations include Fortuna, Fortuna Plus,

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The TLC sector in Georgia comprised 6.88% of the GDP, mostly due to mobile telephony (63%), followed by fixed telephony (29%) and broadcasting (7.7%).

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and Green Wave, with niche audiences and a mixed programming of news, talk shows, music and entertainment. All but Utsnobi air throughout the country.

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The exercise of the rights enumerated in the first and second paragraphs of the present Article may be restricted by law on such conditions which are

6850: 6840: 6228: 6156: 5727: 6650: 6492: 6284: 5666: 5261: 1336:. The Georgian blogging community has been growing (Caucasusreports.ge), together with internet forums (Forum.ge) and social media (Facebook.com) 560: 5641: 2104:

http://www.enpi-info.eu/eastportal/news/latest/38565/Media-freedom-in-Eastern-Partnership-countries:-Georgia-tops-list,-Ukraine-improves-position

1677:, an anchor with Rustavi 2, announced during her live program that she was resigning, after refusing to follow instructions from the authorities. 4732: 1229:

agency under the Ministry of Culture to facilitate industry development, subsidising domestic productions and promoting Georgian movies abroad.

484:" principle, preventing cable operators from politically suppressing certain TV channels from their offers. This was positively received by the 6855: 6680: 6467: 6278: 6166: 5791: 5686: 4604: 4222: 4011: 3739: 1084:

more competitive and politically-neutral appointments. Multiple selection rounds in 2013 and 2014 did not manage to fill all vacant seats. The

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Digital switchover in Georgia was planned for the 2012-2015 period. The government subsidized digital receivers for less-capable households.

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intervened to recall Georgian journalists of the professional duties they have committed themselves to, after a controversial fake report by

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areas, and access remained selectively restricted, with Georgian and foreign journalists unable to access the Russian-occupied regions.

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Independent media blossomed in Georgia in the post-Soviet period, with 600 newspapers registered between 1990 and 2000, starting with

66: 5636: 5601: 5556: 4907: 3370: 3335:"OSCE Representative says excessive court measures against television station in Georgia may pose a threat to media pluralism - OSCE" 3228: 3031:"OSCE media freedom representative says journalists need free and safe access to Georgia's South Ossetia and Abkhazia regions - OSCE" 6745: 6667: 6540: 6394: 6374: 6059: 5940: 5784: 5526: 5521: 5416: 5236: 4854: 3580: 3428: 1581:

on 12 August. Injured journalists included at least five Russians, two Georgians, two Turkish, a Dutch, an Israeli, and an American.

442: 417: 287: 202: 5646: 5621: 5536: 5516: 5466: 5436: 4824: 4764: 4744: 5732: 5611: 5606: 5486: 4935: 4759: 3442: 3353:"OSCE Representative warns of implications for media pluralism in Georgia amid ongoing dispute over ownership of Rustavi 2 - OSCE" 3281: 6457: 6399: 5676: 5626: 5581: 5561: 5551: 5451: 5312: 4955: 4940: 4887: 4834: 4809: 4348: 6110: 5651: 5566: 5546: 5431: 4727: 4722: 4712: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4657: 4652: 4642: 4632: 6702: 6416: 6389: 6335: 5997: 5987: 5696: 5596: 5531: 5511: 5501: 5446: 5441: 4950: 4849: 4819: 4804: 4799: 4779: 4749: 4702: 4278: 3403:"Supreme Court decision in Georgia casts blow against media independence and pluralism, OSCE media freedom representative says" 996: 981: 145: 115: 5737: 5656: 5616: 5591: 5571: 5506: 5481: 5471: 5456: 4925: 4844: 4769: 4739: 3671: 2900: 2880: 2824: 2702: 2655: 2498: 2465: 2365: 2318: 2291: 2221: 2186: 1826:

Access to Internet content in Georgia is largely unrestricted as the legal constitutional framework, developed after the 2003

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However Rustavi, 2 was subject to an ownership battle, involving courts. In 2016 IREX claimed that real owners were dubious.

540: 73: 3248: 3385:"Media's independence must be respected, OSCE Representative says following court ruling on Rustavi 2 TV in Georgia - OSCE" 3320: 6640: 6362: 5322: 1659: 1238: 605:. Most newspapers are based in the capital and Tbilisi-based news outlets are also distributed in the peripheral regions. 494:

Other relevant laws for press and media freedom include the Law on State Secret and Law on Copyright and Adjacent Rights.

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was removed from the control of the local authorities in the region and transformed in a public service broadcaster. The

961: 278:. Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on 6798: 6523: 6497: 6445: 6384: 6100: 6085: 5819: 3175:"OSCE media freedom representative says optimistic about re-opening of suspended Imedi TV after visit to Georgia - OSCE" 1531: 1435: 1289: 729: 59: 42: 5960: 5839: 2561:"OSCE media freedom representative calls on Georgian authorities to ensure effective work of public broadcaster - OSCE" 1876:

panelists Georgian journalists practice self-censorship in order to avoid offending political or religious powers (the

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guarantees freedom of speech. Georgia is the only country in its immediate neighborhood where the press is not deemed

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effectively owns, controls and influences the media as well as media influence on political parties or state bodies.

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is publicly funded (it received a yearly allocation of around 0.12% of GDP from the state budget), and broadcasts on

454:(2004) recognises and protects the right to freedom of expression as an inherent and supreme human value and forbids 3923:"Media's independence must be respected, OSCE Representative says following court ruling on Rustavi 2 TV in Georgia" 3048: 1596:

was thrown at the Maestro TV in May 2009 during the broadcast of the "Camera 5" live political talk show, hosted by

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Legal cases are rarely brought against journalists in Georgia, but legislation often remains unevenly implemented.

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Cheap and glossy magazines are on the rise. They offer a mix of gossip, entertainment and politics. Titles include

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stations. 2013 amendments to the Broadcasting Law require broadcasters to disclose funding sources to the GNCC.

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Most radio stations are also available online. 17% of Georgians say they get information mainly from the radio.

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influenced. A new chair of the GNCC was elected in 2014, after the previous two chairs had been criticised for

333: 227: 5844: 4561: 2993: 922:), competing with Tbilisi-based radios for local audiences. In 2010 there were two community-based radios, in 3261: 6765: 6487: 6012: 5935: 5286: 4518: 3210: 2516:"OSCE media freedom representative welcomes reforms of public television financing in Spain, Georgia - OSCE" 1147: 919: 911: 586: 5151: 708: 481: 5910: 4370: 1994:

Georgia, "the level of concentration of ownership in the media sector not a reason for concern". In 2015

1846: 1743: 1663: 1597: 1135: 751: 469: 5061: 1623: 1218: 1050: 949:– Kartuli Radio. They lag behind in listeners' rankings. The GPB also operated the international channel 702: 690: 666: 654: 6017: 5231: 5196: 4590: 4551: 4523: 4208: 4138: 4129: 2259:"OSCE media freedom representative presents legal review of Georgian broadcasting law amendments - OSCE" 1558: 1018: 684: 660: 4571: 4556: 3010:"OSCE media freedom representative concerned about suspension of television stations in Georgia - OSCE" 2683: 2582:"Georgia should uphold its high media freedom standards, says OSCE media freedom representative - OSCE" 2385: 1550: 1151: 942: 788: 720: 672: 1728:, as his predecessors, has accused several media, including Rustavi 2 and Maestro, of biased coverage. 1700: 1626:, a founder of Rustavi 2, was murdered by gunshot in his homeplace. An investigation is still ongoing. 578: 6426: 5920: 5121: 5116: 5011: 4470: 4098: 4077: 4056: 4035: 3787: 3480: 2600: 2047:.) Additionally, 24 companies hold licenses for radio broadcasting in different regions of Georgia." 1465: 1457: 1407: 1207: 1142:

Georgia lacks transparency in private ownership of TV stations, including for the main Rustavi 2 and

1034: 896: 598: 291: 4541: 3643:"Who owns Georgia's media: Power networks and corporate relationships behind Georgian media outlets" 1630: 1493:

Georgia was in the 64th place. In the 2015 Georgia came in 69th place out of 180 countries, between

927: 590: 365:. Media/government relations worsened in the following years, with the 2007 closure of the critical 6600: 6577: 6238: 6080: 6054: 5977: 5930: 5834: 5706: 5379: 5301: 5241: 5216: 5131: 5111: 5031: 5021: 4974: 4440: 4400: 4380: 4360: 4263: 3307: 2091: 2014: 1884: 1747: 1725: 1721:

actively tried to alter materials about opposition parties or prevent their publication altogether.

1667: 1601: 1319: 1110: 907: 642: 358: 5761: 5356: 1674: 1616: 1080: 797: 582: 6625: 6120: 6105: 6034: 6002: 5992: 5955: 5925: 5915: 5327: 5206: 5201: 5081: 4375: 2061: 1820: 1585: 1546: 1333: 1332:

Internet is free of government control. Temporary restrictions have been imposed during the 2008

1121: 1114: 1042: 892: 766: 746: 370: 295: 80: 1796: 969: 888: 636: 616: 2630:"Appointment of new head of news exacerbates situation at Imedi TV - Reporters without borders" 2239:"Libel and freedom of information in South Caucasus focus of OSCE conference in Tbilisi - OSCE" 1554: 946: 696: 574: 491:

The Georgian Tax Code exempts from VAT the printing and distribution costs of the print press.

6695: 6690: 6586: 6555: 6187: 6029: 5970: 5945: 5874: 5807: 5271: 5221: 5176: 5156: 5146: 5046: 4503: 4455: 4450: 4425: 4283: 2796: 1892: 1344: 1285: 1197: 1092: 778: 570: 429:

restricted unless the exercise of these rights infringes upon the rights of other individuals.

275: 3944:

Media Sustainability Index 2016 - The Development of Sustainable Independent Media in Georgia

3878:

Media Sustainability Index 2016 - The Development of Sustainable Independent Media in Georgia

3854:

Media Sustainability Index 2016 - The Development of Sustainable Independent Media in Georgia

3832: 3764:

Media Sustainability Index 2016 - The Development of Sustainable Independent Media in Georgia

3271:

published on the Independent Association of Georgian Journalists (IAGJ) website (in Georgian)

2968: 2164: 915: 884: 648: 6755: 6560: 6535: 6243: 6136: 5854: 5849: 5246: 5161: 5141: 5026: 5016: 4582: 4480: 4430: 4390: 4343: 4338: 4328: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4288: 4273: 4268: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4121: 3233: 2017:

considered and then retracted a merger with TV9, a commercial station launched by his wife.

1423: 714: 87: 2781: 1771:

against the main private TV channel, Rustavi 2, pending a civil lawsuit by the businessman

1124:

and Maestro improved their viewership by giving voice to the parliamentary opposition. The

1075:

and civil society. Its First Channel remained connoted as biased in favour of the pre-2012

6777: 6253: 6115: 6095: 6039: 5889: 5371: 5291: 5226: 5191: 5126: 5106: 5096: 5056: 5041: 5036: 4566: 4508: 4475: 4465: 4445: 4435: 4420: 4415: 4395: 4365: 4333: 4318: 4293: 3268: 2904: 2884: 2828: 2706: 2659: 2502: 2469: 2410: 2369: 2322: 2295: 2225: 2190: 2110: 1827: 1772: 1307: 1174: 1106: 362: 351: 17: 1835: 2543:"Urgent need to guarantee public broadcaster's independence - Reporters without borders" 6572: 5332: 5251: 5211: 5186: 5166: 5101: 5076: 5066: 5051: 4460: 4385: 4355: 4145: 3067:"OSCE media representative concerned by violence against journalists in Georgia - OSCE" 2025: 1956:

Service areas are currently ten and are the subject of article 40 of the same statute:

1807: 1776: 1640:

were attacked while at a restaurant in Tbilisi, allegedly for their stance towards the

1570: 1415: 602: 302: 3308:

The Curious Case of Rustavi-2: Protecting Media Freedom and the Rule of Law in Georgia

2040:

Georgia, the "level of market concentration in the regions not a matter of concern".

1501:(70th). Previously this was 84th place in 2014 and 100th place in 2013. They stated: 815: 380: 6834: 6735: 6630: 6607: 6565: 6477: 6348: 5755: 5350: 5171: 5136: 5091: 5086: 3123: 2842:"89% of Georgian households have access to internet, says National Statistics Office" 2160: 2087: 1995: 1857: 1578: 1358: 1260:

The fixed telephony, internet and IP television in Georgia is mainly operated by the

1054: 1046: 950: 852: 741: 735: 626: 421: 340: 6760: 6593: 6545: 4168: 3157:"OSCE media freedom representative in Georgia to discuss TV station closure - OSCE" 2897: 2877: 2821: 2699: 2652: 2605: 2495: 2462: 2362: 2315: 2288: 2218: 2183: 1768: 1708: 1593: 1244: 1214: 1006: 283: 108: 1964:, the territory of Georgia is divided into terrestrial broadcasting service areas. 1913:

rules and ban offshore companies from owning broadcast licenses or authorization.

1699:

was suspected with terminating the broadcasting of the Georgian public TV station

1351:

was launched in Tbilisi as the first media targeting the South Caucasian region.

1347:(Internews, 2005), Presa.ge and Internet.ge are other news aggregators. In 2019, 6730: 5765: 5360: 2841: 2024:

The only large multimedia holding is Palitra, owning Radio Palitra, Palitra TV,

1883:

Some journalists and professionals practice self-censorship on the internet for

1295: 1066: 977: 931: 856: 279: 3462: 3211:"Another case of political censorship by Eutelsat? - Reporters without borders" 3138: 3118: 1795:

equally called upon Georgian Courts not to encroach on editorial independence.

1615:

Incidents against journalists were reported on 26 June and 12 July 2012 in the

577:(Resonance) are the most well-reputed. Other press outlets include the dailies 6772: 3581:"Suggestions for Effective Media Ownership Transparency Provisions in Ukraine" 3193:"OSCE media freedom watchdog welcomes reopening of Imedi TV in Georgia - OSCE" 1574: 1566: 1381: 1181: 461: 455: 271: 51: 4080:(Report). Transparency International Georgia. 19 October 2015. pp. 23–24 4059:(Report). Transparency International Georgia. 19 October 2015. pp. 11–12 2619:

Georgian Public Defender, Parliamentary Report on State of Human Rights, 2007

1636:

In January 2016, three journalists from the Georgian TV and the news website

525:

standards. Founding organisations soon refused to pay their membership fees.

6685: 6218: 2942: 1754:

Georgia, about the editorial independence of the channel in the wake of the

1685: 1609: 1562: 1539: 1498: 1494: 1469: 1419: 1096: 1085: 965: 532: 518: 485: 329: 301:

The media environment of Georgia remains the freest and most diverse in the

1434:

Georgia lacks an active professional association of the media workers. The

551:

Georgia has many print outlets, but with very limited circulation numbers.

3642: 3554: 1736:

selection rounds in 2013 and 2014 did not manage to fill all vacant seats.

1021:); three of them are Tbilisi-based. Viewers prefer Rustavi 2, followed by 601:(with different professional standards) as well as the best-seller weekly 6740: 6343: 4101:(Report). Transparency International Georgia. 19 October 2015. p. 19 3718:(Report). Transparency International Georgia. 16 April 2014. pp. 5–6 2243: 1887:. Some civil servants do the same because of pressure from their bosses. 1696: 1681: 1542:

denounced the operation of the authorities and called for accountability.

1386: 1340: 1299: 1277: 1269: 1131: 1022: 923: 900: 536: 4155: 4038:(Report). Transparency International Georgia. 19 October 2015. p. 7 3790:(Report). Transparency International Georgia. 19 October 2015. p. 6 3616: 416:

The media legislation of Georgia is deemed progressive and liberal. The

6313: 5869: 5864: 4173: 3993:(Report). Transparency International Georgia. 16 April 2014. p. 21 3694:(Report). Transparency International Georgia. 16 April 2014. p. 10 2044: 1831: 1704: 1411: 1281: 1265: 1261: 1049:, financed by the Ministry of Defence to cover the defence sector, and 621: 309: 4160:— a multilingual online journal on South Caucasus published in Tbilisi 3814:(Report). Transparency International Georgia. 16 April 2014. p. 6 6550: 6318: 5879: 5859: 3458: 3456: 2436:"Georgia Today ReBranded: Quality Designed with our Readers in Mind!" 1716: 1038: 973: 610: 594: 4127:

Sidorenko, Alexey, "Internet, Society and Democracy in Georgia", in

5776: 3555:"Politically Motivated Self-Censorship? The Case of Forbes Georgia" 4200: 2013:. Its independence has been questioned and in 2012 Prime Minister 1692:, and the government announced they planned to compensate damages. 1535: 1143: 1014: 880: 873: 862: 760: 366: 3922: 3402: 3384: 3352: 3334: 3119:"Patarkatsishvili Slams Authorities over Mounting Pressure on TV" 2581: 2560: 2258: 4966: 3506: 3192: 3174: 3156: 3084: 3066: 3030: 3009: 2515: 2335: 2238: 1303: 1105:

The Rustavi 2 network produced significant coverage of the 2003

5780: 5375: 4970: 4586: 4204: 782:, as well localised versions of international outlets (such as 2865: 899:

broadcasts in Georgian and Russian in the breakaway region of

810: 772: 658:. Minority-language newspapers include Russian-language ones ( 375: 4017:(Report). Transparency International Georgia. 2014. p. 5 3745:(Report). Transparency International Georgia. 2014. p. 6 2917: 1538:

channel, leading it to off the airing of demonstrations. The

984:

airs four hours a day of locally produced news and analysis.

3967: 3902:"Urgent need to guarantee public broadcaster's independence" 608:

Regional print media outlets are mainly weeklies, including

4188: 4150: 3553:

Basilaia–Shavgulidze, Lika; Huter, Mathias (3 April 2012).

1561:, head of the Causasus Images Agency and correspondent for 3429:"Government of Georgia Fact Sheet on Rustavi 2 Court Case" 2720: 4183: 2738: 369:

TV station among political protests, as well as the 2008

343:

was killed, and several other journalists were attacked.

4194: 3833:"Georgia / Country report / Freedom of the Press / 2015" 2969:"Georgia - Country report - Freedom of the Press - 2016" 2759: 2679: 2677: 956:

Foreign radios that are re-broadcast in Georgia include

755:

cater mostly to the international community in Tbilisi.

4178: 3282:"TV channel scandal sparks censorship fears in Georgia" 3102:

Three journalists attacked in broad daylight in Tbilisi

1354:

Internet-based news media includes following websites:

827: 392: 346:

The media had a big role in the coverage of the rigged

4163: 3509:. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe 3507:"Georgian Media: New Challenges and New Opportunities" 2028:

newspaper, Interpress News, Biblusi book stores, etc.

3229:"Forbes Georgia Head Quits, Citing Censorship - News" 1942:

Art. 60 of Georgian Law on Broadcasting states that:

298:, the Georgian media system is under transformation. 1339:

Internet-based news media have been slow to appear.

1053:, broadcasting in Russian language to the breakaway 6723: 6666: 6522: 6444: 6361: 6334: 6294: 6195: 6129: 6068: 5903: 5827: 5818: 5705: 5665: 5407: 5300: 5260: 5002: 4916: 4878: 4620: 4532: 4494: 4236: 3371:"Georgian TV channel Rustavi 2 faces legal threats" 1522:

List of journalists killed in Europe § Georgia

1029:. Other major television broadcasters 2008 include 865:

broadcast stations: AM 7, FM 12, shortwave 4 (1998)

4146:Online newspapers in Georgia at NewspaperIndex.com 3139:"Rustavi 2 Talk-Show Anchor Quits Citing Pressure" 2601:"Georgia on the boil after police raid TV station" 1767:In August 2015, the Tbilisi City Court ordered an 1146:stations. In 2010, 90% of Imedi was owned by the 517:has a progressive Code of Conduct, as well as an 1690:EU Special Representative for the South Caucasus 4136:Robakidze, Nino, "Georgia: Immature Media", in 1958: 1944: 1633:newspaper was twice assaulted in October 2014. 1534:, the riot police attacked the headquarters of 1503: 1298:lines connect the major cities and Georgia and 1184:broadcast stations: 25 (plus repeaters) (2011) 5792: 5387: 4982: 4598: 4216: 3666: 3664: 2686:, Georgian National Agency of Communications. 2532:Article 15, Georgian 2004 Law on Broadcasting 2064:. Some opposition website were founded after 1612:protested with the Georgian Foreign Ministry. 1276:There are three cellular telephone networks: 1206:and was showcased in a special exhibition at 247: 8: 3443:"Tensions High As Georgians Protest TV Case" 2647: 2645: 2643: 2576: 2574: 1746:"Utsnobi" (brother of the former politician 1302:are connected with fiber-optic line between 1120:In 2008 and 2009 the Tbilisi-based stations 4122:Georgian National Communications Commission 3734: 3732: 3004: 3002: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 1843:Georgian National Communications Commission 1793:OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media 1454:Georgian National Communications Commission 1448:Georgian National Communications Commission 1126:Georgian National Communications Commission 1113:government, and reported on corruption and 724:published by the Civil Development Agency. 507:Georgian National Communications Commission 6528: 6450: 6367: 6201: 5824: 5799: 5785: 5777: 5394: 5380: 5372: 4989: 4975: 4967: 4614:Transparency of media ownership in Europe 4605: 4591: 4583: 4223: 4209: 4201: 3904:. Reporters Without Borders. March 8, 2013 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 1703:after signing a contract with the Russian 1210:in 2008 in the occasion of the centenary. 1045:. Two new stations were launched in 2006: 706:. Azerbaijani-language newspapers include 438:or means of dissemination of information; 254: 240: 28: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3249:"Statement of NGOs on TV company Maestro" 2816: 2814: 2812: 2694: 2692: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 1975:introduced: according to the panelist of 1845:in general does not much to fight online 1253:Mobile cellular: 3.1 million lines (2009) 930:, that broadcast three hours per day via 498:Status and self-regulation of journalists 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 286:, and other sales-related revenues. The 5402:Transparency of media ownership in Asia 2080: 1600:, brother of the opposition politician 1516:Attacks and threats against journalists 1250:Main lines: 830,222 lines in use (2009) 688:. Armenian-language newspapers include 561:List of newspapers in Georgia (country) 452:Law on Freedom of Speech and Expression 160: 121: 114: 107: 100: 93: 86: 79: 72: 65: 58: 40: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3025: 3023: 2801:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2794: 2380: 2378: 1742:In February 2016, the Georgian rapper 1005:, when Georgia was still known as the 2283: 2281: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 1969:Art. 40, Georgian Law on Broadcasting 1951:Art. 60, Georgian Law on Broadcasting 1756:Georgian parliamentary election, 2016 1327:National Statistics Office of Georgia 1011:Georgian Public Broadcaster Channel I 348:Georgian parliamentary election, 2003 7: 3529:Media Sustainability Index - Georgia 3505:Kvesitadze, Eka (17 November 2005). 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 1815:Internet censorship and surveillance 1134:was launched by the Georgian tycoon 3465:, OpenNet Initiative, November 2010 1803:decision on the ownership dispute. 1565:, both killed on 10 August 2008 in 1545:Journalists killed during the 2008 941:(GPB) operates two radio channels: 883:(focusing on news and commentary), 6091:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic 3559:Transparency International Georgia 3106:European Federation of Journalists 2994:Georgia: State of emergency called 2907:, EJC Media Landscapes, circa 2010 2887:, EJC Media Landscapes, circa 2010 2831:, EJC Media Landscapes, circa 2010 2709:, EJC Media Landscapes, circa 2010 2662:, EJC Media Landscapes, circa 2010 2505:, EJC Media Landscapes, circa 2010 2472:, EJC Media Landscapes, circa 2010 2372:, EJC Media Landscapes, circa 2010 2325:, EJC Media Landscapes, circa 2010 2298:, EJC Media Landscapes, circa 2010 2275:Chapter 33, Article 230, point1/ u 2228:, EJC Media Landscapes, circa 2010 2193:, EJC Media Landscapes, circa 2010 1436:Georgian Federation of Journalists 25: 5941:Unification of the Georgian realm 4139:Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 25 4130:Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 15 2165:Georgia 2015 Press Freedom report 1799:intervened again in 2017 after a 443:necessary in a democratic society 274:outlets based in the Republic of 6186: 6060:Absorption by the Russian Empire 5760: 5751: 5750: 5355: 5346: 5345: 3262:Statement of Maestro journalists 2943:"2015 World Press Freedom Index" 2739:"სილქნეტი - ყველაფერი კავშირშია" 1789:European Journalists' Federation 1714:On 27 March 2012, the editor of 1187:Televisions: 2.57 million (1997) 814: 468:The 1999, Civil Code includes a 379: 221: 50: 6851:Mass media in Europe by country 6841:Mass media in Georgia (country) 3925:. Vienna: OSCE. 6 November 2015 2898:Georgia #Regulatory authorities 2599:Ian Traynor (2 November 2001). 2316:Georgia #Accountability systems 997:Television in Georgia (country) 982:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 962:America's National Public Radio 872:Tbilisi radio stations include 521:to receive viewers complaints. 6076:Democratic Republic of Georgia 5718:British Indian Ocean Territory 5313:British Indian Ocean Territory 3883:(Report). IREX. pp. 10–11 3672:"Georgian Law on Broadcasting" 3463:"ONI Country Profile: Georgia" 2947:2015 World Press Freedom Index 2070:parliamentary election of 2012 2036:According to a 2014 report by 1990:According to a 2014 report by 1763:Ownership battle for Rustavi 2 718:, and the bimonthly bilingual 541:2010 Georgian news report hoax 1: 6856:Mass media in Asia by country 3617:"Country case study: Georgia" 3579:Mathias Huter (18 May 2015). 3486:(Report). Freedom House. 2014 2671:Georgian National Film Center 1960:According to the decision of 1660:Sandro Girgvliani murder case 1604:. The attack caused injuries. 1239:Telecommunications in Georgia 1227:Georgian National Film Center 953:, which closed down in 2005. 679:Komsomolskaya Pravda v Gruzii 6336:Russian-occupied territories 6167:Timeline of Georgian history 3481:Freedom of the Net - Georgia 3447:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty 3321:"Transparency International" 1532:2007 Georgian demonstrations 1481:Censorship and media freedom 676:), as well as the bilingual 357:With the coming to power of 228:Georgia (country) portal 43:Culture of Georgia (country) 4197:- radio stations in Tbilisi 4169:Public Broadcasting Channel 2949:. Reporters Without Borders 2700:Georgia #Telecommunications 2092:Freedom of the Press - 2016 2003:Georgian Public Broadcaster 1933:Concentration and pluralism 1733:Georgian Public Broadcaster 1573:, cameraman with the Dutch 1507:still not very independent. 1063:Georgian Public Broadcaster 939:Georgian Public Broadcaster 868:Radios: 3.02 million (1997) 727:English-language magazines 515:Georgian Public Broadcaster 475:Open Government Partnership 424:. It states at Article 19: 6872: 5895:Christianization of Iberia 3949:(Report). IREX. p. 10 3647:Transparency International 2219:Georgia #Media legislation 2057:Transparency International 2038:Transparency International 1992:Transparency International 1980:Media Sustainability Index 1926:Transparency International 1874:Media Sustainability Index 1781:Transparency International 1752:Transparency International 1619:region in central Georgia. 1519: 1445: 1317: 1236: 1195: 1088:expressed disappointment. 1079:government. GPB underwent 1072:public service broadcaster 1041:, Mzera Television, TV 9, 1001:Television in Georgia was 994: 958:Radio France International 918:(gathered together as the 906:Regional stations include 850: 558: 18:Media of Georgia (country) 6792: 6531: 6453: 6370: 6204: 6184: 6050:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti 6023:Principality of Mingrelia 5746: 5341: 3988:Who Owns Georgia's Media? 3859:(Report). IREX. p. 9 3809:Who Owns Georgia's Media? 3769:(Report). IREX. p. 1 3713:Who Owns Georgia's Media? 3689:Who Owns Georgia's Media? 1491:Reporters Without Borders 1487:World Press Freedom Index 6304:Administrative divisions 6045:Shah Abbas I's invasions 6008:Principality of Abkhazia 5951:First Kingdom of Kakheti 5467:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 5062:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 4099:Who owns Georgia's media 4078:Who owns Georgia's media 4057:Who owns Georgia's media 4036:Who owns Georgia's media 3788:Who owns Georgia's media 2066:United National Movement 1878:Georgian Orthodox Church 1823:(ONI) in November 2010. 1785:United National Movement 1642:Georgian Orthodox Church 1077:United National Movement 334:Georgian Orthodox Church 6013:Principality of Svaneti 5936:Kingdom of the Iberians 5840:Shulaveri–Shomu culture 5728:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5323:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 4012:Who owns regional media 3740:Who owns regional media 2878:Georgia #TNews Agencies 2094:, Retrieved: 4 May 2016 1649:Political interferences 991:Television broadcasting 418:Constitution of Georgia 288:Constitution of Georgia 5911:Principality of Iberia 4663:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4279:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3409:. Vienna. 3 March 2017 1972: 1954: 1852:According to the 2014 1847:copyright infringement 1664:Badri Patarkatsishvili 1662:the media businessman 1510: 1485:In the 2016 and 2017, 1442:Regulatory authorities 1369:Business Media Georgia 1148:Georgian Media Holding 1136:Badri Patarkatsishvili 920:Georgian Radio Network 752:Georgian Business Week 587:Sakartvelos Respublika 470:Freedom of Information 448: 431: 6846:Mass media by country 6055:1795 Persian Invasion 6018:Principality of Guria 2289:Georgia #Trade Unions 2184:Georgia #Introduction 482:must carry/must offer 435: 426: 412:Legislative framework 296:country in transition 268:mass media in Georgia 6651:World Heritage Sites 6234:Environmental issues 5642:United Arab Emirates 5237:United Arab Emirates 3534:(Report). IREX. 2017 2721:"Magticom / მთავარი" 2684:Annual Report (2009) 2363:Georgia #Print Media 1775:(a supporter of the 1744:Giorgi Gachechiladze 1598:Georgi Gachechiladze 1466:conflict of interest 1460:for a 6-years term. 1458:President of Georgia 1408:Agence France Presse 1208:Cannes Film Festival 945:– Pirveli Radio and 784:Cosmopolitan Georgia 350:, leading up to the 178:World Heritage Sites 6101:Independent Georgia 5931:Kingdom of Abkhazia 5845:Kura–Araxes culture 5835:Prehistoric Georgia 5669:limited recognition 5264:limited recognition 4879:States with limited 4495:States with limited 4191:- Imedi news portal 3286:The Calvert Journal 2896:Maia Mikashavidze, 2876:Maia Mikashavidze, 2820:Maia Mikashavidze, 2698:Maia Mikashavidze, 2651:Maia Mikashavidze, 2496:Georgia #Television 2494:Maia Mikashavidze, 2461:Maia Mikashavidze, 2361:Maia Mikashavidze, 2314:Maia Mikashavidze, 2287:Maia Mikashavidze, 2217:Maia Mikashavidze, 2182:Maia Mikashavidze, 2015:Bidzina Ivanishvili 1885:professional ethics 1748:Levan Gachechiladze 1726:Irakli Garibashvili 1668:Imedi Media Holding 1624:Erosi Kitsmarishvil 1602:Levan Gachechiladze 1396:Media organisations 1320:Internet in Georgia 1219:J.S.C Georgian Film 1217:, was inherited by 1115:human rights abuses 1111:Eduard Shevardnadze 703:Samkhretis Karibche 667:Golovinski Prospect 655:Samkhretis Karibche 433:And at Article 24: 359:Mikhail Saakashvili 6493:Telecommunications 6121:Russo-Georgian War 6035:Kingdom of Kakheti 6003:Kingdom of Imereti 5998:Turkmen incursions 5993:Samtskhe atabegate 5956:Kingdom of Georgia 5926:Emirate of Tbilisi 5916:Bagrationi dynasty 3621:Access-Info Europe 3267:2016-03-03 at the 2903:2016-10-18 at the 2883:2016-10-18 at the 2827:2016-10-18 at the 2822:Georgia #New Media 2705:2016-10-18 at the 2658:2016-10-18 at the 2501:2016-10-18 at the 2468:2016-10-18 at the 2368:2016-10-18 at the 2321:2016-10-18 at the 2294:2016-10-18 at the 2224:2016-10-18 at the 2189:2016-10-18 at the 2109:2016-03-03 at the 1872:According to most 1854:Freedom of the Net 1821:OpenNet Initiative 1680:In November 2007, 1629:A journalist from 1586:Russo-Georgian war 1559:Alexander Klimchuk 1547:Russo-Georgian war 1334:Russo-Georgian war 1233:Telecommunications 1150:, a subsidiary of 1003:introduced in 1956 847:Radio broadcasting 826:. You can help by 747:The Georgian Times 700:and the bilingual 661:Svobodnaya Gruziya 391:. You can help by 371:Russo-Georgian War 6828: 6827: 6788: 6787: 6681:Ethnic minorities 6610: 6603: 6596: 6589: 6518: 6517: 6440: 6439: 6422:Political parties 6385:Foreign relations 6357: 6356: 6182: 6181: 6086:Red Army invasion 6030:Kingdom of Kartli 5988:Timur's invasions 5971:Battle of Didgori 5946:Kingdom of Hereti 5875:Kingdom of Iberia 5774: 5773: 5711:other territories 5369: 5368: 5306:other territories 4964: 4963: 4580: 4579: 4157:Caucasian Journal 3968:"Palitra Holding" 3585:Council of Europe 3373:. 11 August 2015. 3108:, 13 January 2016 2866:Caucasian Journal 2386:"Georgia Profile" 2055:A 2015 report by 1924:A 2014 report by 1893:Gela Bezhuashvili 1707:-linked operator 1551:Grigol Chikhladze 1349:Caucasian Journal 1288:Georgia (Russian 1198:Cinema of Georgia 1152:Rakeen Investment 943:Sakartvelos Radio 844: 843: 789:Tskheli Shokoladi 673:Argumenti i Facti 409: 408: 328:. 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Freedom House 3831: 3830: 3826: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3793: 3791: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3737: 3730: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3649:. 16 April 2014 3641: 3640: 3636: 3626: 3624: 3615: 3614: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3478: 3469: 3461: 3454: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3412: 3410: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3310:, November 2015 3305: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3269:Wayback Machine 3260: 3256: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3100: 3096: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3029: 3028: 3021: 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6337: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6293: 6287: 6286: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6189: 6175: 6174: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6128: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5802: 5797: 5795: 5790: 5788: 5783: 5782: 5779: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5757: 5749: 5748: 5745: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5692:South Ossetia 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5664: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5397: 5392: 5390: 5385: 5383: 5378: 5377: 5374: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5352: 5344: 5343: 5340: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5287:South Ossetia 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5001: 4997:Media of Asia 4992: 4987: 4985: 4980: 4978: 4973: 4972: 4969: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4931:Faroe Islands 4929: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4903:South Ossetia 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4755:Liechtenstein 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4603: 4601: 4596: 4594: 4589: 4588: 4585: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4547:Faroe Islands 4545: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4519:South Ossetia 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4371:Liechtenstein 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4226: 4221: 4219: 4214: 4212: 4207: 4206: 4203: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4152: 4151:The Financial 4149: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4100: 4094: 4091: 4079: 4073: 4070: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4013: 4007: 4004: 3989: 3983: 3980: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3945: 3939: 3936: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3879: 3873: 3870: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3834: 3828: 3825: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3789: 3783: 3780: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3741: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3690: 3684: 3681: 3673: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3648: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3572: 3560: 3556: 3549: 3546: 3530: 3524: 3521: 3508: 3501: 3498: 3482: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3430: 3424: 3421: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3263: 3258: 3255: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3170: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3144: 3143:Civil Georgia 3140: 3134: 3131: 3126: 3125: 3124:Civil Georgia 3120: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2974: 2973:Freedom House 2970: 2964: 2961: 2948: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2862: 2859: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2823: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2798: 2784:on 2016-03-03 2783: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2752: 2741:. Silknet.com 2740: 2734: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2654: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2625: 2622: 2616: 2613: 2608: 2607: 2602: 2595: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2535: 2529: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2464: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2440:Georgia Today 2437: 2431: 2428: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2272: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2254: 2251: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2220: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2161:Freedom House 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2105: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2088:Freedom House 2084: 2081: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2007:First Channel 2004: 2000: 1997: 1996:Freedom House 1993: 1985: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1965: 1963: 1957: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1888: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1858:Freedom House 1855: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1801:Supreme Court 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1731:In 2013, the 1730: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1622:In July 2014 1621: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1608:damaged. The 1606: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1449: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1359:Civil Georgia 1357: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1321: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1291: 1290:Beeline group 1287: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1240: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1225:state-funded 1222: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1199: 1191: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1176: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1056: 1055:South Ossetia 1052: 1048: 1047:TV Sakartvelo 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1027:First Channel 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 998: 990: 988: 985: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 954: 952: 951:Radio Georgia 948: 944: 940: 935: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 908:Dzveli Kalaki 904: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 877: 875: 867: 864: 861: 860: 858: 854: 853:Radio Georgia 846: 838: 835:February 2016 829: 825: 822:This section 820: 817: 813: 812: 806: 804: 801: 799: 795: 791: 790: 786:) as well as 785: 781: 780: 775: 774: 769: 768: 763: 762: 756: 754: 753: 748: 744: 743: 742:Georgia Today 738: 737: 736:The Financial 732: 731: 730:The Messenger 725: 723: 722: 717: 716: 711: 710: 705: 704: 699: 698: 693: 692: 687: 686: 681: 680: 675: 674: 669: 668: 663: 662: 657: 656: 651: 650: 645: 644: 643:Kakhetis Khma 639: 638: 633: 629: 628: 627:Akhali Gazeti 623: 619: 618: 613: 612: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 566: 562: 554: 552: 547:Media outlets 546: 544: 542: 538: 534: 531:In 2010, the 529: 526: 522: 520: 516: 511: 508: 505:In 2009, the 503: 497: 495: 492: 489: 487: 483: 478: 476: 471: 466: 463: 459: 457: 453: 447: 444: 439: 434: 430: 425: 423: 422:press freedom 419: 411: 403: 400:February 2016 394: 390: 387:This section 385: 382: 378: 377: 374: 372: 368: 364: 360: 355: 353: 349: 344: 342: 341:Giorgi Sanaia 337: 335: 331: 327: 323: 315: 313: 311: 306: 304: 299: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 257: 252: 250: 245: 243: 238: 237: 235: 234: 229: 219: 218: 217: 216: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 195: 187: 186: 179: 176: 175: 167: 166: 163: 159: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 138: 134: 128: 127: 124: 120: 117: 113: 110: 106: 103: 99: 96: 92: 89: 85: 82: 78: 75: 71: 68: 64: 61: 57: 53: 49: 48: 44: 39: 35: 31: 30: 27: 19: 6761:Saint George 6746:Coat of arms 6712: 6668:Demographics 6655: 6615: 6541:Architecture 6507: 6463:Central bank 6395:Human rights 6375:Constitution 6323: 6296:Subdivisions 6283: 6171: 6081:Armenian War 5707:Dependencies 5637:Turkmenistan 5602:Saudi Arabia 5302:Dependencies 5232:Turkmenistan 5197:Saudi Arabia 4908:Transnistria 4524:Transnistria 4189:imedinews.ge 4156: 4137: 4128: 4103:. 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