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materiality and the structure that make up the environments media is accessed through. In the modern era, this includes not only the physical machines used for communication, but also the virtual environments messages are sent through and how they affect the quality of the message sent. They also explore the relations between an entity that is sent, the medium used for delivery, and how that medium can influence the environment. Entity can refer not only to subjects, but also objects, information, or situations that are shared. She looks into the article by Lance Strate as a basis for her case. In 1999, Lance Strate states media ecology theory is "the study of media environments, the idea that technology and techniques, modes of information and codes of communication play a leading role in human affairs". Hildebrand explained that Strate's concept of media ecology extends beyond the study of information and communication technology to include technology in a broader sense . This includes materiality and mobility of media environments, interconnecting Media
Ecology with Mobility Processes. Hildebrand points out that, "nvironments are created and shaped by different media and modes and the physical, virtual, and mental processes and travels they generate".
893:, which goes beyond linguistics in that it studies all forms of communication. He reflected that a cartoon of a cannibal wearing an alarm clock as a necklace was counter to McLuhan's assertion that the invention of clocks created a concept of time as consistently separated space. While it could mean this it could also take on different meanings as in the depiction of the cannibal. The medium is not the message. An individual's interpretation can vary. Believing this to be true Eco says, "It is equally untrue that acting on the form and content of the message can convert the person receiving it." In doing this Eco merges form and content, the separation of which is the basis of McLuhan's assertion. McLuhan does not offer a theory of communication. He instead investigates the effects of all media mediums between the human body and its physical environment, including language.
732:...an overarching thread in media ecological scholarship, exemplified by McLuhan's (1964/1994) assertion that "the medium is the message", the technological bias of a medium carries greater importance than the particular message it is delivering. McLuhan saw changes in the dominant medium of communication as the main determinant of major changes in society, culture, and the individual. This McLuhanesque logic, which rests at the center of the media ecology tradition, is often criticized for its media determinism. Seeing the biases of media technologies as the primary force for social and cultural change resembles the hard technological determinism of the embodied theory of technological bias.
721:. According to Postman, "The printing press, the computer, and television are not therefore simply machines which convey information. They are metaphors through which we conceptualize reality in one way or another. They will classify the world for us, sequence it, frame it, enlarge it, reduce it, argue a case for what it is like. Through these media metaphors, we do not see the world as it is. We see it as our coding systems are. Such is the power of the form of information." Postman has also stated that "a medium is a technology within which a culture grows; that is to say, it gives form to a culture's politics, social organization, and habitual ways of thinking".
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effects of media - speech, writing, printing, photograph, radio or television – should be studied within the social and cultural spheres impacted by this technology. McLuhan argues that all media, regardless of content, acts on the senses and reshapes sensory balance, further reshaping the society that created it. This differs from the viewpoints of scholars such as Neil
Postman, who argue that society should take a moral view of new media whether good or bad. McLuhan further notes that media introduced in the past brought gradual changes, which allowed people and society some time to adjust.
388:, as an era of instant communication and a return to an environment with simultaneous sounds and touch. It started with a device created by Samuel Morse's invention of the telegraph and led to the telephone, the cell phone, television, internet, DVD, video games, etc. This ability to communicate instantly returns people to the tradition of sound and touch rather than sight. McLuhan argues that being able to be in constant contact with the world becomes a nosy generation where everyone knows everyone's business and everyone's business is everyone else's. This phenomenon is called the
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increasingly mirrors the values and character attributed to young people. Here are some typical characteristics of the new generation: first, it is "the world's first generation to grow up thinking of itself as global. The internet and satellite television networks are just two of the myriad technologies that have made this possible." Second, "there may actually be no unified ethos". With "hundreds of cable channels and thousands of computer conferences, young generation might be able to isolate themselves within their own extremely opinionated forces".
941:. He argues that a particular assemblage of software, hardware and sociality have brought about 'the widespread sense that there's something qualitatively different about today's Web. This shift is characterised by co-creativity, participation and openness, represented by software that support for example, wiki-based ways of creating and accessing knowledge, social networking sites, blogging, tagging and 'mash ups'. The interactive and user-oriented nature of these technologies have transformed the global culture into a
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ecology, which "portends a new set of social relationships based on commercial exploitation". Many social network websites inject customized advertisements into the steady stream of personal communication. It is called commercial incursion which converts user-generated content into fodder for marketers and advertisers. So the control rests with the owners rather than the participants. It is necessary for online participants to be prepared to act consciously to resist the enclosure of digital commons.
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content altogether, when really McLuhan was just trying to show the content in its secondary role in relation to the medium. McLuhan says technology is an "extension of man" and when the way we physically sense the world changes, how we perceive it will also collectively change, but the content may or may not affect this change in perception. McLuhan said that the user is the content, and this means that the user must interpret and process what they receive, finding sense in their own environments.
454:". Tom Valcanis argues that this is very easily witnessed by looking at the rise of Apple's iPhone. "If the technology is the medium in which a culture grows, the interactive and user oriented nature of these technologies have given rise to a participatory and 'mash-up' culture in which the ways of producing and accessing content are deconstructed, uploaded, mixed, converged, and reconstructed through computers and smartphones mediated by online platforms; it becomes a 'participatory culture'..."
80:, a distinguished English professor, who would inspire McLuhan's later scholarly works. McLuhan admired Richards' approach to the critical view that English studies are themselves nothing but a study of the process of communication. Richards believed that "words won't stay put and almost all verbal constructions are highly ambiguous". This element of Richards' perspective on communication influenced the way in which McLuhan expressed many of his ideas using metaphors and phrases such as "
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post-secondary education. This study specifically analyzed and tested "new media" such as podcasts, blogs, websites, and discussion forums with other media, such as traditional text books, lectures, and handouts. Ultimately comparing "hot" and "cold" media at today's standard of the terms. The result of the study, which included student surveys, indicated that a mixture of media was the most "valued" method of instruction, however more interactive media enhanced student learning.
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grows.'" In other words, "Media ecology looks into the matter of how media of communication affect human perception, understanding, feeling, and value; and how our interaction with media facilitates or impedes our chances of survival. The word ecology implies the study of environments: their structure, content, and impact on people. An environment is, after all, a complex message system which imposes on human beings certain ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving."
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broader process of the general application of the ecological metaphor to the social sciences and humanities in the postwar period. There is still a scholarly debate over who coined the phrase "the medium is the message". Author Niall
Stephens argues that while most attribute the metaphor to Marshall McLuhan, it is better directed to Neil Postman, who helped popularize McLuhan under the banner of "media ecology".
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462:"The medium is the message" is the most famous insight from McLuhan, and is one of the concepts that separates the North American theory from the European theory. Instead of emphasizing the information content, McLuhan highlighted the importance of medium characteristics which can influence and even decide the content. He proposed that it is the media format that affects and changes on people and society.
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traditional values, and the creation of new values. Novikova suggests the transmedia environment is an extension of McLuhan's statement "the medium is the message" and the New Media Era. She acknowledges challenges this education strategy faces, such as the risk of presenting students with too much information, reducing retention and meaning by possibly presenting the information out of context.
747:, he wrote, "there is absolutely no inevitability as long as there is a willingness to contemplate what is happening" (McLuhan & Fiore, 1967, p. 25). John Culkin (1967) summed up McLuhan's position with the quote, "we shape our tools and thereafter they shape us", suggesting a transactional approach to media." This statement from Strate would define McLuhan and Media Ecology as "
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long-distance phone calls. This concept has become one of the most prolific and understandable ideas to come out of media ecology, and has spurred significant research in many areas. It is especially relevant in today's society, where the internet, social media, and other new media have made the world a smaller place, and today many researchers give McLuhan credit for his foresight.
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52:", which is an often-debated phrase believed to mean that the medium chosen to relay a message is just as important (if not more so) than the message itself. McLuhan proposed that media influence the progression of society, and that significant periods of time and growth can be categorized by the rise of a specific technology during that period.
755:" with the difference being that "hard determinism" indicates that changes to society happen with no input or control from the members of that society, whereas "soft determinism" would argue that the changes are pushed by technology but free will and agency of the members of society ultimately have a chance to influence the outcome.
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Caronia, to contextualize his new word. Hemment argues that mobile technologies create a place out of space and time, a kind of "nonspace" or "nonplace" considering they are independent from the variables of space and time. Caronia notes that such technologies extend media to creating empty space and places.
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better for McLuhan if his oversimplifications did not happen to coincide with the pretensions of young status-hungry advertising executives and producers, who eagerly provide him with a ready-made claque, exposure on the media, and a substantial income from addresses and conventions." Theorists such as
194:. In more than five monographs, Rozhdestvensky outlined the systematic changes which take place in society each time new communication media are introduced, and connected these changes to the challenges in politics, philosophy and education. He is a founder of the vibrant school of ecology of culture.
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Hildebrand extends the concept of 'mediated mobilities', introduced by Emily
Keightley and Anna Reading, to illustrate the similarities between the fields of media ecology and mobility research and propose a "Modal Medium Theory" as a combination of both studies. Both fields place an emphasis on the
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Different mediums emphasize different senses and encourage different habits, so engaging in this medium day after day conditions our senses. Different forms of media also affect what their meaning and impact will be. The form of medium and mode of information determines who will have access, how much
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McLuhan saw the message and the medium to mean the same thing. The audience is normally focused on the content and overlooks the medium. What we forget is that the content cannot exist outside of the way that it is mediated. McLuhan recognized that the way media work as environments is because we are
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The first period in history that McLuhan describes is the Tribal Age. To McLuhan, this was a time of community, with the ear being the dominant sense organ. With everyone able to hear at the same time, listening to someone in a group was a unifying act, deepening the feeling of community. In this set
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in 1971, as he further developed the theory McLuhan had established. According to
Postman, media ecology emphasizes the environments in which communication and technologies operate and spread information and the effects these have on the receivers. "Such information forms as the alphabet, the printed
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in this context refers to the environment in which the medium is used – what they are and how they affect society. Neil
Postman states, "if in biology a 'medium' is something in which a bacterial culture grows (as in a Petri dish), in media ecology, the medium is 'a technology within which a culture
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The North
American variant of media ecology is viewed by numerous theorists such as John Fekete and Neil Compton as meaningless or "McLuhanacy". According to Compton, it had been next to impossible to escape knowing about McLuhan and his theory as the media embraced them. Compton wrote, "it would be
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Of note is McLuhan's insistence that the world becoming a global village should lead to more global responsibility. Technology has created an interconnected world, and with that should come concern for global events and occurrences outside one's own community. Postman builds on this concept with the
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The second age McLuhan outlines is the
Literacy Age, beginning with the invention of writing. To McLuhan, this was a time of private detachment, with the eye being the dominant sense organ. Turning sounds into visible objects radically altered the symbolic environment. Words were no longer alive and
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as an "entrée to the study of media". However, it took many years of work before he was able to successfully fulfill their approaches. McLuhan determined that "if words were ambiguous and best studied not in terms of their 'content' but in terms of their effects in a given context and if the effects
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McLuhan's critics state the medium is not the message. They believe that we are dealing with a mathematical equation where medium equals x and message equals y. Accordingly, x = y, but really "the medium is the message" is a metaphor not an equation. His critics also believe McLuhan is denying the
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led to both the modern newspaper and also to journalism as an academic pursuit. The introduction of broadcasting in the form of radio, following on the heels of mass circulation newspapers, magazines, as well as the movies, resulted in the study of mass communication. Due to these technologies, the
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These three assumptions can be understood as: media are everywhere all the time; media determine what we know and how we feel about what we know; and media connect us to others. Communication media have penetrated the lives of almost all people on the planet, arranging people into an interconnected
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was a scholar with a master's degree in
English who was once a student of McLuhan at the Saint Louis University. The contributions of Ong standardized and gave credibility to the field of media ecology as worthy of academic scholarship. Ong explored the changes in human thought and consciousness in
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Additionally, the rise in media communication technology has uniformed the way individuals across the globe process information. Plugh says, "Where literate societies exchange an 'eye for an ear,' according to McLuhan, emphasizing the linear and sequential order of the world, electronic technology
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According to the media ecology theory, analyzing today's generational identity through the lens of media technologies themselves can be more productive than focusing on media content. Media ecologists employ a media ecology interpretative framework to deconstruct how today's new media environment
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Marshall McLuhan defined media as anything requiring use of the human body. Under this definition, both computers and clothing can be identified as media. When a media is introduced it is adapted to human senses so that it becomes an extension of the individual, and its capabilities influence the
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helps audiences broaden their worldviews and accepted norms. Transmedial stories developed from the input of an author and the input of students creates an environment based on connections among participants in the communication process, the participants' involvement and the conceptualization of
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Similar to media ecology, mobilities research discusses a "flow" that shapes the environment, and creates contact zones. Dimmick furthers this explanation with the concept of interstices as the intersection of communication environments and issues of mobility. He quotes two scholars, Hemment and
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The key elements to media ecology have been largely attributed to
Marshall McLuhan, who coined the statement "the medium is the message". Levinson furthers McLuhan's statement by stating that "the way we communicate, often taken for granted, often determines what we communicate, and therein just
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The third stage McLuhan describes is the Print Age, when individual media products were mass-produced due to the invention of the printing press. It gave the ability to reproduce the same text over and over again. With printing came a new visual stress: the portable book, which allowed people to
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The European version of media ecology rejects the North American notion that ecology means environment. Ecology in this context is used "because it is one of the most expressive language currently has to indicate the massive and dynamic interrelation of processes and objects, beings and things,
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One example where this can be seen is in do-it-yourself education. Advancing technologies have also expanded access to do-it-yourself (DIY) education. DIY education can be defined to include "any attempt to decentralize or disrupt traditional place-based educational models through the sometimes
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The very foundation for this theory is based on a metaphor that provides a model for understanding the new territory, offers a vocabulary, and indicates in which directions to continue exploring. As Carlos Scolari states, "the configuration of media ecology in the 1960s and 1970s was part of a
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is the extension of the human nervous system. The emergence of new media will change the equilibrium between human sensual organs and affect human psychology and society. The extension of human senses will change our thoughts and behaviors and the ways we perceive the world. That's why McLuhan
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McLuhan states that, in order to study media effectively, one must study not only content but also the whole cultural environment in which media thrives. He argues that using a detached view allows the individual to observe the phenomenon of the whole as it operates within the environment. The
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As new media power takes on new dimension in the digital realm, some scholars begin to focus on defending the democratic potentialities of the Internet on the perspective of corporate impermeability. Today, corporate encroachment in cyberspace is changing the balance of power in the new media
681:: What does the medium retrieve? New media can also spur a restoration of older forms of media, which the new forms may not be able to incorporate into their new technologies. For example, the Internet has promoted new forms of social conversations, which may have been lost through television.
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to further explain the influence of technology on society. The laws of media theory are depicted by a tetrad, which poses questions about various media, with the goal of developing peoples' critical thinking skills and to prepare people for "the social and physical chaos" that accompany every
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Postman focused on media technology, process, and structure rather than content and considered making moral judgments the primary task of media ecology. "I don't see any point in studying media unless one does so within a moral or ethical context." Postman's media ecology approach asks three
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The critics of such a deterministic approach could be theorists who practice other forms of determinism, such as economic determinism. Theorists such as John Fekete believes that McLuhan is oversimplifying the world "by denying that human action is itself responsible for the changes that our
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is high-definition communication that demands little involvement from the audience and concentrates on one sensory organ at a time. This type of media requires no interpretation because it gives all the information necessary to comprehend. Some examples of hot media include radio, books, and
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This seems like a common sense idea today, where the internet makes it possible to check news stories around the globe, and social media connects individuals regardless of location. However, in McLuhan's day, the global village was just becoming possible due to technology like television and
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Ong's studies have greatly contributed to developing the concept of media ecology. Ong has written over 450 publications, many of which focused on the relation between conscious behavior and the evolution of the media, and he received the Media Ecology Association's Walter Benjamin Award for
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In 2009 a study was published by Cleora D'Arcy, Darin Eastburn and Bertram Bruce entitled "How Media Ecologies Can Address Diverse Student Needs". The purpose of this study was to use Media Ecology in order to determine which media is perceived as the most useful as an instructional tool in
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has a different take on the metaphor- using her own metaphor to make sense of it all. Sternberg applies the Chinese "yin/ yang" metaphor to media ecology as a means of better understanding the divergence among scholars. She states that there are two basic intellectual traditions that can be
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Logan argues that general systems theory, as well as cybernetics, complexity theory, and emergent dynamics, and media ecology "cross pollinate each other" in that, "a general system is a medium" due to the non-linear aspects of messages and that general systems are "quasi-deterministic".
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claim that McLuhan used a subjective approach to make objective claims, comparing McLuhan's willingness to back away from a "probe" if he did not find the desired results to that of an objective scientist who would not abandon it so easily. These theorists against McLuhan's idea, such as
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Various scholars have examined media ecology theory from different perspectives to gain a better understanding of this theory in the 21st century. Sternberg used the yin/yang metaphor as their interpretation of the theory, while Julia Hildebrand and John Dimmick, among others, introduce
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right hemisphere (cool) controls the left side of the body; spatial; musical; acoustic; holistic; artistic; symbolic; simultaneous; emotional; creative; minor; spiritual; qualitative; receptive; synthetic; gestalt; facial recognition; simultaneous comprehension; perception of abstract
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information will be distributed, how fast it will be transmitted, how far it will go, and, most importantly, what form it will be displayed. With society being formed around the dominant medium of the day, the specific medium of communication makes a remarkable difference.
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idea of teaching the narrative of 'Spaceship Earth' where students are taught the importance of everyone taking care of planet earth as a fragile system of diversity both biological and cultural; however, the original person to coin the term 'Spaceship Earth' was futurist
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in its youth. As each generation inherits an idiosyncratic media structure, those born into the age of radio perceive the world differently from those born into the age of television. The nature of new generation is also influenced by the nature of the new media.
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immediate, they were able to be read over and over again. Even though people would read the same words, the act of reading made communication an individual act, leading to more independent thought. Tribes didn't need to come together to get information anymore.
675:: What does the medium obsolesce? Technological advancements can render older media obsolete, as television did for the radio. This does not necessarily mean that the older medium is completely eradicated however, as radio, for example, is still in use today.
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field of media theory and media design involving the study of media environments. The European version of media ecology is a materialist investigation of media systems as complex dynamic systems. In Russia, a similar theory was independently developed by
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Few theories receive the kind of household recognition that media ecology received, due directly to McLuhan's role as a pop culture icon. He was an excellent debater and public speaker, but his writing was not always what would normally pass in academia.
580:, who once said, "I've often heard people say: 'I wonder what it would feel like to board a spaceship,' and the answer is very simple. What does it feel like? That's all we have experienced. We're all astronauts on a little spaceship called earth."
615:"McLuhan frequently referred to a chart that hung in his seminar room at the University of Toronto. This was a type of shorthand for understanding the differences between hot and cool media, characterized by their emphasis on the eye or the ear."
531:. Robert Logan summarizes a general system as "one that is composed of interacting and interrelated components such as an understanding of it must entail considering the general system as a whole and not as a collection of individual components".
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is media that demands active involvement from the audience, requiring the audience to be active and provide information by mentally participating. This is multi-sensory participation. Some examples of cool media are TV, seminars, and cartoons.
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This thinking is in line with McLuhan who once wrote, "A new medium is never an addition to an old one, nor does it leave the old one in peace. It never ceases to oppress the older media until it finds new shapes and positions for them."
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There is some recent research that puts the emphasis on the youth, the future of the society who is at the forefront of new media environment. Each generation, with its respective worldview, is equipped with certain media grammar and
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saying, "Such is the character of a village or, since electric media, such is also the character of global village. And it is the advertising and PR community that is most aware of this basic new dimension of global interdependence".
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said: "Other critics complain that media ecology scholars like McLuhan, Havelock, and Ong put forth a "Great Divide" theory, exaggerating, for example, the difference between orality and literacy, or the alphabet and hieroglyphics.
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While advancing technologies allow for the study of media ecology, they also frequently disrupt the existing system of communication as they emerge. In general, four types of disruption can occur within the study of media ecology.
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technological advancement or development. There is no specific order to the laws of media, as the effects occur simultaneously and form a feedback loop: technology impacts society, which then impacts the development of technology.
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word, and television images are not mere instruments which make things easier for us. They are environments – like language itself, symbolic environments within which we discover, fashion, and express humanity in particular ways."
911:, also believe that he lacked the scientific evidence to support his claims: "McLuhan's books are not scientific in any respect; they are wrapped however in the dark, mysterious folds of the scientific ideology." Additionally, As
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Technology, especially electronic media in today's age, makes the world increasingly interconnected. Socially, economically, politically, culturally, what happens in one part of the world has a ripple effect into other countries.
426:. He worked collaboratively with Marshall McLuhan at the University of Toronto, co-publishing various works and producing his own works, heavily inspired by McLuhan. Logan updates the era of communications, adding two new eras:
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strategies used in education through the perspective of media ecology. In "Transmedia Storytelling in Education as a Practice of Media Ecology", Novikova highlights how advancements in technology and world events, such as the
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While ideas of technological determinism generally have negative connotations, technology philosopher Peter-Paul Verbeek argued that technologies are "inherently moral agents" and their development is a "moral enterprise".
622:: left hemisphere (hot) controls right side of the body; visual; speech; verbal; analytical; mathematical; linear; detailed; sequential; controlled; intellectual; dominant worldly;quantitative; active; sequential ordering
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so immersed in them. "It is the medium that has the greatest impact in human affairs, not specific messages we send or receive." The media shape us because we partake in them over and over until they become a part of us.
332:, by virtue of its ability to make speech visible, which McLuhan argues gave rise to the discipline of rhetoric in ancient time and to the study of language and poetics, which was also known as grammar. The
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world was taken from one era into the next. In order to understand the effects of symbolic environment, McLuhan splits history into four periods: the Tribal Age, the Literacy Age, the Print Age, and the
687:: What will the medium reverse? When a medium is overwhelmed due to its own nature, "pushed to the limit of its potential," it ceases to have functional utility and can cause a reversion to older media.
743:, on the other hand, argues that McLuhan's theories are in no way deterministic. "McLuhan never actually used the term, "determinism," nor did he argue against human agency. In his bestselling book,
717:). In the case of McLuhan, Postman and Media Ecology, technology is the sole determinant for society and by breaking up time in measures of man's technological achievements they can be classified as
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carry media so they could read in privacy isolated from others. Libraries were created to hold these books and also gave freedom to be alienated from others and from their immediate surroundings.
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Additionally, scholars have compared media broadly to a system of infrastructure that connect the nature and culture of a society with media ecology being the study of "traffic" between the two.
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questions: What are the moral implications of this bargain? Are the consequences more humanistic or antihumanistic? Do we, as a society, gain more than we lose, or do we lose more than we gain?
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In addition to his scholarly work, McLuhan was also a well known media personality of his day. He appeared on television shows, in magazine articles, and even had a small cameo in the movie
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were often subliminal, the same might be true of other human artifacts, the wheel, the printing press, the telegraph and the TV". This led to the emergence of his ideas on media ecology.
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Critics do worry though, that in creating a truly global village, some cultures will become extinct due to larger or more dominant cultures imposing their beliefs and practices.
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Harold Innis: The Philosophical Historian. An Exchange of Ideas Between Prof. Marshall McLuhan and Prof. Eric A. Havelock," recorded at Innis College, Toronto, October 14, 1978.
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believed when a new medium appears, no matter what the concrete content it transmits, the new form of communication brings in itself a force that causes social transformation.
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about everything else in life and society". McLuhan gave a center of gravity, a moral compass to media ecology which was later adapted and formally introduced by Neil Postman
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Dowd, John (June 2014). "A media ecological analysis of do-it-yourself education: Exploring relationships between the symbolic and the material realms of human action".
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collective, other times individual use of digital media". Through an analysis of media ecology the impact of these new technologies on society can better be understood.
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within society. Michael Plugh writes, " village is an environment produced both by technological change and human imagination of this globalized environment."
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socio-cultural world is undergoing and will undergo, McLuhan necessarily denies that a critical attitude is morally significant or practically important."
669:: What does the medium enhance? Media can enhance various social interactions, such as the telephone, which reduced the need for face-to-face interactions.
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has a "new" stranglehold on culture or are they simply extensions of what we have already experienced. The new media is characterised by the idea of
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to characterize an end to isolation: "humans can no longer live in isolation, but rather will always be connected by continuous and instantaneous
803:. Contributing to a modern rhetoric for contextualizing media ecology in the era of the internet, social media, and technological advancements.
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Milberry, K; Anderson, S. (2009). "Open Sourcing Our Way to an Online Commons: Contesting Corporate Impermeability in the New Media Ecology".
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In addition, through the study of media ecology, it is argued that through technological advancements in media, many societies have become a "
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Rogaway, P. (1994). Marshall McLuhan interview from Playboy, 1969. ECS 188: Ethics in the Age of Technology, University of California, Davis
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Strate, Lance. "Studying Media as Media: McLuhan and the Media Ecology Approach." MediaTropes eJournal. 1. (2008): 1–16. Web. 28 Nov. 2011.
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is the study of media, technology, and communication and how they affect human environments. The theoretical concepts were proposed by
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insists that all of society is a result of or effected by one central condition. In some cases the condition can be language (
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Valcanis, Tom (1 January 2011). "An iPhone in every hand: media ecology, communication structures, and the global village".
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Culkin, J. (1967). "Each culture develops its own sense ratio to meet the demands of its environment". In G. Stearn (ed.).
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Polski, Maria; Gorman, Lawrence (10 July 2012). "Yuri Rozhdestvensky Versus Marshall McLuhan: A Triumph Versus a Vortex".
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distinguished in the field: the "yang" tradition of studying media as environments, focusing on mass communication and on
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retrievers the total awareness of environment, characteristic of oral cultures, yet to an extended or 'global' level."
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and technological skills in adapting educational processes. She suggests that McLuhan's concepts are reflected in how
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whole of society, leading to change. McLuhan states that there are three inventions that transformed the world: the
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Mullen, Megan (2006). "Coming to Terms with the Future He Foresaw : Marshall McLuhan's 'Understanding Media'".
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by Marshall McLuhan, edited by Stephanie McLuhan and David Staines, Foreword by Tom Wolfe. MIT Press, 2004, p. 271.
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D'Arcy, C. J.; Eastburn, D. M. & Bruce, B. C. (2009). "How Media Ecologies Can Address Diverse Student Needs".
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Outstanding Article for his paper, "Digitization Ancient and Modern: Beginnings of Writing and Today's Computers".
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for it has different meanings in European and North American contexts. The North American definition refers to an
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Media Ecology and Value Sensitive Design: A Combined Approach to Understanding the Biases of Media Technology
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up, McLuhan argues, everything was more immediate, more present, and fostered more passion and spontaneity.
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3038:(New) Media Ecology and Generation Mash-Up Identity: The Technological Bias of Millennial Youth Culture
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Grosswiler, Paul (2016). "Cussing the buzz-saw, or, the medium is the morality of Peter-Paul Verbeek".
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Further expanding Media Ecology Theory into modern-day communication. Anna A. Novikova analyzes recent
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Griffin, Em. A First Look at Communication Theory. 7th ed. New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill, 2009. Print
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view McLuhan and his "Medium is the Message" theory as a prime example of technological determinism:
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Novikova, Anna (April 2023). "Transmedia Storytelling in Education as a Practice of Media Ecology".
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and the "yin" tradition is studying environments as media, emphasizing interpersonal communication.
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2675:"Obstetric Ultrasound and the Technological Mediation of Morality: A Postphenomenological Analysis"
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Many ecologists are using media ecology as an analytical framework, to explore whether the current
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Scolari, Carlos A. (May 2012). "Media Ecology: Exploring the Metaphor to Expand the Theory".
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2929:"What Is Web 2.0? Design Patterns and Business Models for the Next Generation of Software"
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2131:"General systems theory and media ecology: Parallel disciplines that animate each other"
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3252:, see McLuhan Chapter = Media Ecology of Marshall McLuhan/ by Em Griffin and E. J. Park
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2190:"From Marshall McLuhan to Harold Innis, or From the Global Village to the World Empire"
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199:
103:
44:
Media ecology argues that media act as extensions of the human senses in each era, and
2993:
Gumpert, Gary; Robert Cathcart (1985). "Media grammars, generations, and media gaps".
2067:"Toward a More Substantive Media Ecology: Postman's Metaphor Versus Posthuman Futures"
88:", two of his most well-known phrases that encapsulate the theory of media ecology.
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Plugh, Michael (2014). "Global village: Globalization through a media ecology lens".
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1982:
76:. During his studies at Cambridge, he became acquainted with one of his professors,
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Perspectives on culture, technology, and communication: The media ecology tradition
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431:
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239:
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107:
31:
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A significant criticism of this theory is a result of its deterministic approach.
48:
is the primary cause of social change. McLuhan is famous for coining the phrase, "
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1407:
Postman, Neil. "Teaching as a conserving activity." Instructor 89.4 (1979).
1334:
384:
Lastly, McLuhan describes the Electronic Age, otherwise included under the
1961:
Chen, Xianhong; Ding, Guilan (1 November 2009). "New media as relations".
1758:
1741:
165:
the transition from a dominant oral culture to a literate one in his book
3216:
Introduction to Media Ecology: Thinkers, schools of thought, key concepts
2510:
Fekete, John (1973). "McLuhanacy: Counterrevolution in cultural theory".
210:, the European version of media ecology (as practiced by authors such as
3255:
3196:
Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business
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123:
37:
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2819:
Transforming McLuhan: Cultural, Critical, and Postmodern Perspectives
1205:
Branding the teleself: Media effects discourse and the changing self
853:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
3834:
1436:
Echoes and reflections : on media ecology as a field of study
1276:(Rev Sub ed.). Massachusetts: The MIT Press. pp. 37–39.
649:
430:
Age of nonverbal mimetic communication (characteristic of archaic
122:
90:
3138:(2): 271–287 – via Communication & Mass Media Complete.
2576:"Studying media as media: McLuhan and the media ecology approach"
1696:"Studying Media AS Media: McLuhan and the Media Ecology Approach"
1274:
Marshall McLuhan: The Medium and The Messenger : A Biography
1230:"Infrastructuralism: Media as Traffic between Nature and Culture"
3239:
2846:. London, GBR: Continuum International Publishing. p. 214.
2230:. Proc. of International Media Literacy Research Forum, London.
3838:
3259:
2772:"Modal media: connecting media ecology and mobilities research"
2717:"A shifting media ecology: What the age of Luther can teach us"
1792:. Proceedings of the Media Ecology Association. pp. 10–16.
937:. It was coined in 2003 and popularized by a media consultant,
242:, media ecology draws from many authors, including the work of
3155:
Media Ecologies: Materialist Energies in Art and Technoculture
1630:
Media Ecologies: Materialist Energies in Art and Technoculture
818:
557:". McLuhan addresses the idea of a global village in his book
3249:
1805:"Trust in technologies? Science after de-professionalization"
222:
political perspective on media as complex dynamical systems.
2496:. Proceedings of the Media Ecology Association. Vol. 6.
1298:"Who was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan"
422:
and Chief Scientist of the Strategic Innovation Lab at the
2165:
Introducing communication theory: analysis and application
1655:
Introducing Communication Theory: Analysis and Application
1469:
Orality and literacy : the technologizing of the word
3171:. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. pp.
3168:
The Gutenberg Galaxy : the making of typographic man
3022:
The World According to Y: Inside the New Adult Generation
2452:
Postman, Teaching as a Conserving Activity (1979), p. 39.
2364:. In Durham, Meenakshi Gigi; Kellner, Douglas M. (eds.).
1145:
Postman, Neil (1 March 2006). "Media Ecology Education".
2432:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 98–99.
2221:
Walkosz, Barbara J.; Tessa Jolls; Mary Ann Sund (2008).
1908:
The medium is the massage : an inventory of effects
1657:(4 ed.). New York: Mc Graw Hill. pp. 428–430.
1234:
Traffic: Media as Infrastructures and Cultural Practices
842:
311:
Media fix our perceptions and organize our experiences.
1232:. In Näser-Lather, Marion; Neubert, Christoph (eds.).
586:
The idea of the global village helps to conceptualize
2988:
2986:
1065:. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 454–472.
602:
McLuhan developed an idea called hot and cold media.
308:
Media are infused in every act and action in society.
2505:
2503:
2295:"Understanding the Implications of a Global Village"
2270:"Spaceship Earth | The Buckminster Fuller Institute"
4046:
4000:
3977:
3934:
3881:
3603:
3482:
3311:
2224:
Global/Local: Media Literacy for the Global Village
1843:. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. pp. 28–31.
1841:
Understanding New Media: Extending Marshall McLuhan
68:In 1934, Marshall McLuhan enrolled as a student at
2886:
1716:The Medium is the Massage: An Inventory of Effects
198:patterns and matter". Following theorists such as
2549:. New York: New American Library. pp. 49–57.
2423:
2421:
2419:
1742:"Marshall McLuhan: Media Ecologist and Educator"
446:Age of digital interactive media, or 'new media'
3054:Screenagers: Lessons In Chaos From Digital Kids
2626:"Can Technological Artefacts Be Moral Agents?"
1367:Marshall McLuhan: The medium and the messenger
177:North American, European and Eurasian versions
3850:
3271:
3245:Media Ecology reading list on the MEA website
2874:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 308.
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
469:is an extension of the human body, while the
16:Study of media, technology, and communication
8:
3056:. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press. p. 79.
2865:
2863:
2315:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2008:Proceedings of the Media Ecology Association
1653:West, Richard; Lynn H. Turner (2010). "25".
1632:. Leonardo Series. MIT Press. pp. 2–3.
1122:. Gencarelli: NJ: Hampton. pp. 201–225.
395:Later scholars have described the growth of
2940:
2938:
2389:McLuhan, Marshall; Lewis H. Lapham (1994).
2368:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 107–116.
1942:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1370:. New York: Ticknor & Fields. pp.
1133:Understanding Me: Lectures and Interviews,
799:as a path to expand the media ecology theor
72:, a school which pioneered modern literary
3857:
3843:
3835:
3278:
3264:
3256:
2559:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1946:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1938:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1417:
1415:
1413:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
885:One of McLuhan's high-profile critics was
527:originated in 1928 in the Ph.D. thesis of
3992:McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology
3986:Extraordinary Canadians: Marshall McLuhan
3098:
2958:
2649:
2391:Understanding media: The Extension of Man
2205:
2108:
2049:
1820:
1757:
1570:
869:Learn how and when to remove this message
181:Media ecology is a contested term within
102:McLuhan used the approaches of Richards,
3024:. Australia: Crows Nest NSW. p. 17.
2428:McLuhan, Marshall; Eric McLuhan (1988).
1394:Postman, Neil. "What is Media Ecology."
1207:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
457:
144:founded the Program in Media Ecology at
2246:"The Harvard Educational Review – HEPG"
1713:McLuhan, M.; Fiore Q.; Agel J. (1967).
1061:West, Richard; Turner, Lynn H. (2014).
1050:
638:Another aspect of media ecology is the
235:
231:
2995:Critical Studies in Mass Communication
2765:
2763:
2761:
2552:
2308:
2071:International Journal of Communication
1931:
1429:
1427:
2328:
2326:
2188:Tremblay, Gaëtan (13 December 2012).
2124:
2122:
2120:
2023:
2021:
1994:
1992:
1906:McLuhan, Marshall, 1911–1980 (2001).
1834:
1832:
1615:Media Ecology Pedagogy—Art or Techne?
658:The four effects, as depicted in the
7:
3250:A First Look at Communication Theory
2366:Media and Cultural Studies: Keyworks
1803:Dickel, Sascha (21 September 2016).
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1056:
1054:
979:Transmedia Storytelling in Education
949:is not additive; it is ecological".
945:which proves Neil Postman's saying "
642:which McLuhan outlined with his son
519:Connection to general systems theory
3918:War and Peace in the Global Village
2893:. New York: Viking Press. pp.
2673:Peter-Paul Verbeek (1 March 2008).
2090:"The Yin and Yang of Media Ecology"
2065:Stephens, Niall P. (15 July 2014).
1617:. MEA conference. Grand Rapids, MI.
3132:ETC: A Review of General Semantics
2844:McLuhan: A Guide for the Perplexed
1438:. Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton Press.
477:We are accustomed to thinking the
336:in the nineteenth century and the
14:
2194:Canadian Journal of Communication
1740:Delicata, Nadia (December 2008).
547:Marshall McLuhan used the phrase
424:Ontario College of Art and Design
30:was first formally introduced by
3819:
3818:
3473:
2947:Journal of Communication Inquiry
2624:Peterson, M.; Spahn, A. (2011).
2393:. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
2129:Logan, Robert K. (1 June 2015).
2042:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2012.01404.x
1963:Chinese Journal of Communication
1910:. Fiore, Quentin. Berkeley, CA.
1809:Journal of Science Communication
1694:Strate, Lance (1 January 2008).
1063:Introducing Communication Theory
823:
3338:Computer-mediated communication
2464:"The Humanism of Media Ecology"
2293:K, Dixon, Violet (2009-01-01).
889:. Eco comes from background in
763:Disruptions to existing systems
2630:Science and Engineering Ethics
2430:Laws of media: The new science
995:, have increased the need for
982:as A Practice of Media Ecology
1:
3041:. NCA 94th Annual Convention.
2740:Explorations in Media Ecology
2599:Explorations in Media Ecology
2335:Explorations in Media Ecology
2138:Explorations in Media Ecology
1786:The Humanism of Media Ecology
1588:Explorations in Media Ecology
1559:Communication Research Trends
1147:Explorations in Media Ecology
815:The medium is not the message
322:
314:Media tie the world together.
3460:Text and conversation theory
2927:O'Reilly, Tim (2005-09-30).
2842:Gordon, W. Terrance (2010).
2776:Media, Culture & Society
2770:Hildebrand, Julia M (2018).
2167:. McGraw-Hill. p. 432.
2163:West, Richard (2009-02-17).
1746:Ultimate Reality and Meaning
1719:. San Francisco: HardWired.
1228:Peters, John Durham (2015).
2870:Rosenthal, Raymond (1968).
2362:"The Medium is the Message"
2207:10.22230/cjc.2012v37n4a2662
2001:"McLuhan and Media Ecology"
1783:Postman, Neil (June 2000).
1501:"About Walter J. Ong, S.J."
1203:Hakanen, Ernest A. (2007).
849:the claims made and adding
513:intrapersonal communication
458:'The medium is the message'
4113:
4055:Turn on, tune in, drop out
3157:. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
3052:Rushkoff, Douglas (2006).
2360:McLuhan, Marshall (2009).
2097:MEA Convention Proceedings
1396:Media Ecology Association.
1364:Marchand, Phillip (1989).
1118:Gencarelli, T. F. (2006).
1093:McLuhan, Marshall (1964).
443:Age of electric mass media
3963:The medium is the message
3911:The Medium Is the Massage
3872:
3814:
3471:
3293:
3240:Media Ecology Association
3020:Huntley, Rebecca (2006).
3007:10.1080/15295038509360059
2885:Miller, Jonathan (1971).
2817:Grosswiler, Paul (2010).
2694:10.1007/s10746-007-9079-0
2642:10.1007/s11948-010-9241-3
2088:Sternberg, Janet (2002).
1975:10.1080/17544750903209242
1839:Logan, Robert K. (2010).
1272:Marchand, Philip (1998).
1242:10.1163/9789004298774_003
1236:. BRILL. pp. 29–49.
1178:Media Ecology Association
1039:Technological determinism
745:The Medium is the Message
719:technological determinism
697:Technological determinism
654:Depiction of Media Tetrad
414:is professor emeritus of
303:Assumptions of the theory
86:The Medium Is the Message
50:the medium is the message
3925:From Cliché to Archetype
3418:Nonviolent communication
3348:History of communication
3153:Fuller, Matthew (2005).
2969:10.1177/0196859909340349
2788:10.1177/0163443717707343
2715:Soukup, Paul A. (2017).
2347:10.1386/eme.13.3-4.219_1
1700:CMS Faculty Publications
1628:Fuller, Matthew (2005).
1600:10.1386/eme.10.3-4.263_1
1552:"A Media Ecology Review"
1525:"What is Media Ecology?"
1398:2009. Web. 29 Sept 2014.
1174:"What is Media Ecology?"
1001:transmedial storytelling
46:communication technology
26:in 1964, while the term
3969:Tetrad of media effects
3413:Nonverbal communication
3403:Models of communication
3214:Granata, Paolo (2021).
3091:10.3200/CTCH.57.1.56-63
2150:10.1386/eme.14.1-2.39_1
1999:Levinson, Paul (2000).
1467:Ong, Walter J. (2002).
1034:Tetrad of media effects
988:transmedia storytelling
711:theological determinism
660:tetrad of media effects
323:McLuhan's media history
2752:10.1386/eme.13.2.155_1
2611:10.1386/eme.15.2.129_1
2574:Strate, Lance (2008).
1550:Strate, Lance (2004).
1434:Lance, Strate (2006).
1335:10.1353/tech.2006.0143
1323:Technology and Culture
1029:"Hot" and "cool" media
734:
707:linguistic determinism
655:
529:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
525:general systems theory
128:
99:
4097:Communication studies
3565:Mediated cross-border
3287:Communication studies
2547:McLuhan: Hot and cool
1759:10.3138/uram.31.4.314
1471:. London: Routledge.
943:participatory culture
790:Mobility and modality
730:
653:
452:participatory culture
420:University of Toronto
140:Inspired by McLuhan,
126:
94:
20:Media ecology theory
4028:Derrick de Kerckhove
3897:The Gutenberg Galaxy
3890:The Mechanical Bride
3500:Communication theory
3495:Communication design
2872:McLuhan: Pro and Con
2030:Communication Theory
1523:Nystrom, Christine.
1184:on 14 September 2013
1097:. New York: Mentor.
947:technological change
715:economic determinism
560:The Gutenberg Galaxy
230:Along with McLuhan (
167:Orality and Literacy
70:Cambridge University
4077:Information science
3904:Understanding Media
1822:10.22323/2.15050303
1613:Polski, M. (2013).
1302:marshallmcluhan.com
1159:10.1386/eme.5.1.5_1
1095:Understanding media
1019:Information ecology
481:is separate from a
284:Claude Lévi-Strauss
276:George Herbert Mead
226:Other contributions
192:Yuri Rozhdestvensky
146:New York University
4008:Eric McLuhan (son)
3952:Hot and cool media
3530:Discourse analysis
3455:Telecommunications
3398:Meta-communication
3035:Serazio, Michael.
2524:10.3817/0373015075
2470:on 2 December 2017
834:possibly contains
656:
598:Hot vs. cool media
578:Buckminster Fuller
288:Benjamin Lee Whorf
220:post-structuralist
129:
100:
82:The Global Village
4064:
4063:
3942:Figure and ground
3832:
3831:
3206:978-0-670-80454-2
3182:978-0-8020-6041-9
3163:McLuhan, Marshall
3063:978-1-57273-624-5
2904:978-0-670-01912-0
2853:978-1-4411-4380-8
2828:978-1-4331-1067-2
2721:Media Development
2439:978-0-8020-7715-8
2400:978-0-262-63159-4
2375:978-1-4051-5030-9
2299:Inquiries Journal
2174:978-0-07-338507-5
1917:978-1-58423-070-0
1850:978-1-4331-1126-6
1726:978-1-888869-02-6
1664:978-0-07-338507-5
1639:978-0-262-06247-3
1531:on 8 January 2016
1478:978-0-415-28182-9
1445:978-1-57273-725-9
1381:978-0-89919-485-1
1283:978-0-262-63186-0
1251:978-90-04-29877-4
1214:978-0-7391-1734-7
1104:978-0-262-63159-4
1072:978-0-07-353428-2
1014:Digital ecosystem
993:COVID-19 pandemic
909:Raymond Rosenthal
879:
878:
871:
836:original research
724:Scholars such as
467:traditional media
407:Updating the ages
330:phonetic alphabet
319:human community.
187:interdisciplinary
4104:
4082:Marshall McLuhan
3866:Marshall McLuhan
3859:
3852:
3845:
3836:
3822:
3821:
3477:
3428:Public relations
3323:Biocommunication
3280:
3273:
3266:
3257:
3229:
3210:
3186:
3158:
3140:
3139:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3102:
3079:College Teaching
3074:
3068:
3067:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3017:
3011:
3010:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2962:
2942:
2933:
2932:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2892:
2889:Marshall McLuhan
2882:
2876:
2875:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2767:
2756:
2755:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2679:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2466:. Archived from
2459:
2453:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2425:
2414:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2341:(3–4): 219–235.
2330:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2306:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2135:
2126:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2094:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1937:
1929:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1761:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1691:
1678:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1594:(3–4): 263–278.
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1556:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1527:. Archived from
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1431:
1422:
1419:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1269:
1256:
1255:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1180:. Archived from
1169:
1163:
1162:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1090:
1077:
1076:
1058:
874:
867:
863:
860:
854:
851:inline citations
827:
826:
819:
772:New Technologies
753:hard determinism
749:soft determinism
555:electronic media
96:Marshall McLuhan
64:Marshall McLuhan
24:Marshall McLuhan
4112:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4042:
4033:Robert K. Logan
4001:Related figures
3996:
3973:
3930:
3877:
3868:
3863:
3833:
3828:
3810:
3599:
3478:
3469:
3316:
3314:
3307:
3289:
3284:
3236:
3226:
3213:
3207:
3199:. US: Penguin.
3189:
3183:
3161:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3019:
3018:
3014:
2992:
2991:
2984:
2960:10.1.1.475.4604
2944:
2943:
2936:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2769:
2768:
2759:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2551:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2509:
2508:
2501:
2490:Zimmer, Michael
2488:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2462:Postman, Neil.
2461:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2427:
2426:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2307:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2276:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2254:
2252:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2227:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2118:
2110:10.1.1.455.1611
2092:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1930:
1918:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1766:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1693:
1692:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1572:10.1.1.476.8063
1554:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1506:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1479:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1446:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1306:
1304:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1271:
1270:
1259:
1252:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1172:Postman, Neil.
1171:
1170:
1166:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1092:
1091:
1080:
1073:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1047:
1010:
972:
927:
922:
904:Jonathan Miller
899:
875:
864:
858:
855:
840:
828:
824:
817:
792:
765:
699:
694:
636:
600:
545:
521:
508:Janet Sternberg
496:
460:
440:Age of literacy
412:Robert K. Logan
409:
386:information age
382:
373:
364:
355:
325:
305:
300:
292:Gregory Bateson
228:
208:Manuel De Landa
204:Gregory Bateson
179:
159:
138:
66:
61:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4110:
4108:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4069:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3981:
3979:
3978:Related topics
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3947:Global village
3944:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3839:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3570:Organizational
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3520:Cross-cultural
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3368:Intrapersonal
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3247:
3242:
3235:
3234:External links
3232:
3231:
3230:
3225:979-8766469889
3224:
3211:
3205:
3187:
3181:
3159:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3122:
3069:
3062:
3044:
3027:
3012:
2982:
2953:(4): 393–412.
2934:
2919:
2910:
2903:
2877:
2859:
2852:
2834:
2827:
2821:. Peter Lang.
2809:
2782:(3): 348–364.
2757:
2746:(2): 155–175.
2730:
2707:
2665:
2636:(3): 411–424.
2616:
2605:(2): 129–139.
2589:
2566:
2537:
2518:(15): 75–123.
2499:
2481:
2454:
2445:
2438:
2415:
2406:
2399:
2381:
2374:
2352:
2322:
2285:
2261:
2237:
2213:
2200:(4): 561–575.
2180:
2173:
2155:
2116:
2080:
2057:
2036:(2): 204–225.
2017:
1988:
1969:(3): 367–379.
1953:
1916:
1898:
1856:
1849:
1828:
1795:
1775:
1752:(4): 314–341.
1732:
1725:
1705:
1679:
1670:
1663:
1645:
1638:
1620:
1605:
1578:
1542:
1515:
1492:
1477:
1459:
1444:
1423:
1409:
1400:
1387:
1380:
1356:
1329:(2): 373–380.
1313:
1289:
1282:
1257:
1250:
1220:
1213:
1195:
1164:
1137:
1125:
1110:
1103:
1078:
1071:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1009:
1006:
997:media literacy
971:
968:
959:media literacy
926:
923:
921:
918:
898:
895:
877:
876:
831:
829:
822:
816:
813:
791:
788:
783:
782:
779:
776:
773:
764:
761:
751:" opposed to "
726:Michael Zimmer
713:), financial (
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
688:
682:
676:
670:
640:laws of media,
635:
632:
631:
630:
623:
599:
596:
550:global village
544:
543:Global village
541:
520:
517:
495:
492:
459:
456:
448:
447:
444:
441:
438:
437:Age of orality
435:
408:
405:
390:global village
381:
380:Electronic age
378:
372:
369:
363:
360:
354:
351:
343:Electronic Age
334:printing press
324:
321:
316:
315:
312:
309:
304:
301:
299:
296:
272:Edward T. Hall
268:Erving Goffman
264:Susanne Langer
256:Félix Guattari
227:
224:
212:Matthew Fuller
200:Felix Guattari
178:
175:
158:
155:
137:
134:
104:William Empson
65:
62:
60:
57:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4109:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4087:Media studies
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4023:Quentin Fiore
4021:
4019:
4018:Harley Parker
4016:
4014:
4013:Northrop Frye
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3957:Media ecology
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3855:
3853:
3848:
3846:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3825:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:Media studies
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3550:International
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3535:Environmental
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3525:Developmental
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3505:Communicology
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3393:Media ecology
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3363:Interpersonal
3361:
3359:
3358:Intercultural
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3333:Communication
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3281:
3276:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3191:Postman, Neil
3188:
3184:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3045:
3040:
3039:
3031:
3028:
3023:
3016:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2682:Human Studies
2676:
2669:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2548:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2286:
2275:
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2018:
2013:
2009:
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1995:
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1968:
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1057:
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1027:
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1024:Medium theory
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
984:
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859:November 2019
852:
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832:This section
830:
821:
820:
814:
812:
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804:
802:
798:
789:
787:
780:
778:New Authority
777:
775:New Audiences
774:
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704:
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686:
683:
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674:
671:
668:
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664:
663:
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634:Laws of media
633:
627:
624:
621:
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617:
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613:
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605:
597:
595:
591:
589:
588:globalization
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465:For example,
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298:Core concepts
297:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:Margaret Mead
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:Eric Havelock
257:
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249:
248:Lewis Mumford
245:
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217:
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213:
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183:media studies
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162:Walter J. Ong
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4092:Anthropology
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3875:Bibliography
3392:
3343:Conversation
3328:Broadcasting
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3135:
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3085:(1): 56–63.
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2688:(1): 11–26.
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2468:the original
2457:
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2365:
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1966:
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1503:
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1301:
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1177:
1167:
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939:Tim O'Reilly
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900:
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639:
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488:
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394:
383:
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362:Literacy age
356:
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240:Harold Innis
236:Postman 1985
234:), Postman (
232:McLuhan 1962
229:
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139:
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130:
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101:
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27:
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3490:Closed-loop
3353:Information
3315:terminology
2580:MediaTropes
2274:www.bfi.org
2051:10230/25652
1535:18 November
1504:www.slu.edu
1153:(1): 5–14.
887:Umberto Eco
703:Determinism
667:Enhancement
397:open access
4071:Categories
4038:B. W. Powe
3806:Wertheimer
3686:Horkheimer
3423:Propaganda
3378:Mass media
3373:Journalism
3313:Topics and
3147:References
2727:(2): 5–10.
2474:9 November
2279:2017-11-17
2255:2017-11-17
1886:A254190842
1815:(5): C03.
1509:2018-12-03
1307:2016-11-16
843:improve it
609:Cool media
607:lectures.
353:Tribal age
244:Walter Ong
157:Walter Ong
127:Walter Ong
117:Annie Hall
98:, c. 1936.
59:Background
3590:Technical
3575:Political
3483:Subfields
3408:New media
3117:274764053
3109:144651734
3100:2142/9761
3001:: 23–35.
2977:144027680
2955:CiteSeerX
2804:149286101
2796:0163-4437
2702:145663406
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2555:cite book
2532:147429966
2105:CiteSeerX
1934:cite book
1893:861735405
1567:CiteSeerX
1454:631683671
1351:110819701
970:Education
931:new media
925:New media
891:semiotics
847:verifying
692:Criticism
679:Retrieval
604:Hot media
471:new media
371:Print age
338:telegraph
74:criticism
34:in 1968.
3935:Concepts
3824:Category
3776:Richards
3701:Jakobson
3681:Habermas
3636:Castells
3626:Benjamin
3604:Scholars
3193:(1985).
3165:(1962).
3113:ProQuest
2660:20927601
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2250:hepg.org
2234:. OfCom.
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1983:58502045
1926:47679653
1889:ProQuest
1878:42579090
1770:26831184
1487:49874897
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1008:See also
920:Research
797:modality
685:Reversal
629:patterns
506:Scholar
3796:Tankard
3791:Shannon
3786:Schramm
3771:Quebral
3766:Postman
3756:Packard
3736:McLuhan
3731:Marcuse
3726:Luhmann
3721:Lippman
3716:Kincaid
3711:Johnson
3676:Goffman
3671:Gerbner
3661:Flusser
3641:Chomsky
3621:Bateson
3616:Barthes
3585:Science
3515:Climate
3465:Writing
3433:Reading
3383:Meaning
3303:Outline
3298:History
2651:3183318
935:web 2.0
841:Please
483:medium.
479:message
418:at the
416:physics
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3801:Tannen
3781:Rogers
3761:Peirce
3746:Morgan
3691:Huxley
3666:Gasset
3656:Fisher
3611:Adorno
3595:Visual
3545:Health
3540:Global
3510:Crisis
3443:Symbol
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3696:Innis
3651:Ellul
3646:Craig
3631:Burke
3388:Media
3105:S2CID
2973:S2CID
2800:S2CID
2698:S2CID
2678:(PDF)
2528:S2CID
2512:Telos
2305:(11).
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1790:(PDF)
1764:INIST
1555:(PDF)
1347:S2CID
1339:JSTOR
1188:2 Oct
1045:Notes
662:are:
3741:Mead
3580:Risk
3555:Mass
3448:list
3220:ISBN
3201:ISBN
3177:ISBN
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2792:ISSN
2656:PMID
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1944:link
1940:link
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