218:
682:
265:. It broadcast news and films for around 5,000 viewers for three hours a day. All television stations had been shut down by order of the Taliban, and printed newspapers were forbidden to publish commentary, photos, or readers letters. The radio stations under Taliban control broadcast nothing other than religious programs and selected news. Around 70% of the population listened to its broadcasts. In 2000, the Taliban government launched
782:
732:
174:, in 1916 he famously wrote: "Siraj Al Akhbar Afghaniya is neither British, nor Russian nor French nor Italian nor German nor Chinese or Japanese. It is a Muslim newspaper and, in that, it is specifically an Afghan newspaper. Whatever it says, whatever melody it sings, is from an Afghan point of view and stems from the tone of Afghan national dignity." In 1919, under
120:
743:
provides a much better picture and sound quality when compared to traditional analog television. Users will continue to receive local channels for free while, coming soon, expanded premium channels will be offered for a low month fee. Today many new TV channels start their
Broadcasting via ABS (OQAAB).
392:
there were some reports of attacks on press freedom. On April 30, 2018, nine journalists lost their lives in an insurgent bombing in Kabul, the deadliest incident against journalists since 2001. By the end of the year a total of 14 journalists and media workers were killed in
Afghanistan. In 2020,
351:
Although many fewer Afghan women than men work as journalists, female Afghan reporters and editors are increasingly making their voices heard not just on traditionally "feminine" topics like education and health, but on larger issues affecting
Afghanistan, such as the tension between tradition and
319:
Some government officials have used their positions to maintain their own communications facilities, as national and local governments own or control several dozen newspapers and many electronic media outlets. A 2004 media law prohibits censorship, but requires registration of periodicals with the
742:
ABS "Afghanistan
Broadcast System" a part of ACG "Asian Consulting Group" start its DTTV service under the trade name of Oqaab. Oqaab (meaning “eagle” in Dari) is a digital broadcasting service that allows users to see television in digital format. Digital TV is an advanced television format that
769:
staffs, two of which were released hours later and one a day later. The
Taliban justified this in a statement by saying "Some media outlets were reporting cases that offended the religious sentiments of the community and threatened our national security" and "In addition, the evil and vicious
324:
since the fall of the
Taliban. However, due to instability in Afghanistan, journalists have been as highly targeted as soldiers, as shown by instances of kidnapping and death threats. An NGO named Nai (meaning flute, an important symbolic instrument for broadcasting) tracks violence against
206:, Chief Editor of national morning newspaper, in his academic work in New York University. It was not until 1978, due to political instability in the 1970s, that the first TV channel was launched in Kabul with a grant aid from Japan. The press was
245:, approximately 19 newspapers were shut down and media came under severe restriction, ending a period of relative freedom. The first color television broadcasting appeared in 1978. The media fell into the control of Soviet influences during the
197:
and the Press Law of 1965 provided for freedom of the press, within the boundaries of appropriate behavior. The 1960s saw a rapid growth of television services around the world, including most developing countries. The conceptual foundation of
762:
256:
was characterized by strict media laws, including the banning of television. The
Taliban instigated the destruction of television sets in 1998. People caught with a television in their homes were subject to monetary fines,
312:. Over two hundred radio stations have also been established. As of 2019, there are over 1,800 media outlets in the country. All media flourished under Afghanistan's new rules, though journalists do undergo
325:
journalists with its Media Watch Data. More than 100 journalists also protested a raid on a private TV station which drew concern of further government interference in reporting.
1373:
401:, the country's first feminist news agency. Most female Afghan journalists were forced to leave their jobs and country after the takeover.In 2022, Afghan journalists founded
761:
After the return of the
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, there has been increasing censorship of television programs on established outlets. In March 2022, the Taliban's
32:
981:
Television in
Afghanistan: A Comparative Study of Educational Television in Selected Developing Countries and Its Relevance to the Similar Use Television in Afghanistan
285:, and journalists were not permitted to work with foreign media. The media environment remained bleak until the overthrow of the Taliban government in late 2001.
83:, there was a concern that the mass media will significantly decrease in the country. The number of digital media outlets is steadily increasing with the help of
873:
1218:
758:, Anaar TV, Harirood TV (Now Afghanistan TV), Hadees TV, 10 TV, Mashal TV, 11TV, Meshrano Jerga TV (Parliament's 2nd TV channel) and Afghanistan Youth TV.
1607:
1323:
261:, or imprisonment. Most media operated from other countries, except for a small area in northern Afghanistan, which had its own television service called
612:
being the first station. By the late 1970s most homes owned at least one radio, especially in the major cities. As of 2023, the country has over 200
189:, serving as an organ of the government, while several smaller private journals appeared under different ministries. Along with these developments,
1715:
1536:
1163:
1065:
1037:
955:
928:
600:
333:
64:
1675:
1282:
1705:
988:
389:
348:
in 2010 with an aim to report stories in
English. It later started to publish contents in Persian and Pashto in addition to English.
246:
1421:
505:
365:
68:
1204:
1124:
373:
214:, and public order. Afghan journalism progressed and developed from the 1950s through to the 1970s, though it remained limited.
650:
In 2019 Afghanistan had over 107 television stations. They include local and international channels. One of this is state-owned
523:
309:
175:
158:(Lamp of the News) was initially published on January 11, 1906, with Abdul-Rauf as editor. After this first and only issue in
1710:
1374:"As winter approaches, Afghan women journalists speak out: "I enjoyed all the liberties of life. Now I feel like a prisoner""
253:
76:
852:
795:
528:
320:
Ministry of Information and Culture; in 2005 some 250 periodicals were registered. International organizations have been
1582:
651:
891:
765:
announced an order that all foreign serials and dramas are to be banned from airing. This led to the arrests of three
479:
194:
1633:
217:
289:
316:; penalties are still in place for defaming individuals and running material contrary to the principles of Islam.
1222:
1135:
1097:
645:
385:
297:
202:
to improve literacy rate and specific technical recommendation for initial launch was first published in 1967 by
199:
60:
1187:
716:, which broadcasts in Pashto language, is a sister channel of Tolo. Another channel that is mostly in Pashto is
1611:
1466:
1348:
916:
724:
is another channel that broadcasts in Pashto in the Eastern zone of Afghanistan, it is owned by Shaiq Network.
692:
With a combination of national news and political programs, original reality TV shows, American programs like "
655:
559:
56:
751:
414:
269:, an English-language newspaper designed to counteract information produced by the "enemies of Islam". Only
119:
72:
591:
has been confined primarily to the Kabul region. About 500 publications are now registered in the country.
207:
540:
1397:
534:
510:
Afghanistan has nearly 1,500 print media as of 2019. The principal daily newspapers are the state-owned
210:
from government but was instructed to safeguard the interests of the state and constitutional monarchy,
770:
elements were receiving their propaganda material against the state from the contents of these media".
336:. It has reporters in nearly every province, and publishes stories online in English, Dari and Pashto.
292:
in the early 2000s, with dozens of TV stations reestablished around the country. Some of these include
512:
388:
was arrested for criticizing members of the cabinet. He was later released without charge. During the
281:
had news bureaus based in Kabul due to instability. The Kabul TV center was converted into a military
747:
was the first Digital TV (DTT) which starts its broadcasting on 31 May 2015 dedicated to technology.
725:
577:
80:
1533:
1445:
1132:
518:
456:
444:
337:
329:
242:
238:
1557:
820:
583:
787:
721:
712:, said Moby's revenues are in the $ 20 million range and the media company operates at a profit.
605:
345:
301:
104:
1242:
750:
The following are some of the digital TV channels that have been airing programs: Khurshid TV,
193:
began broadcasting in 1925, which inaugurated a new era of mass media in the country. The 1964
1159:
1061:
1033:
984:
951:
924:
701:
625:
432:
427:
361:
293:
681:
675:
629:
565:
551:
468:
402:
353:
1349:"Fewer than 100 of Kabul's 700 women journalists still working | Reporters without borders"
571:
546:
376:), and speaks up for hopes that a better and freer press will lead to strong democracy and
1540:
1254:
1128:
621:
617:
613:
482:, had access to the internet. The country currently has 9,237,489 regular internet users.
398:
313:
203:
1268:
1121:
693:
474:
274:
178:
166:, the editor and owner of the newspaper who was critical of the friendship between the
1012:
478:. According to a 2020 estimate, over 7 million residents, which is roughly 18% of the
1699:
1141:
423:
381:
377:
143:
40:
1651:
1398:"Just 39 Female Journalists Are Still Working in Kabul After the Taliban's Takeover"
17:
800:
705:
556:
450:
341:
226:
163:
123:
36:
1491:
1506:
755:
717:
685:
633:
609:
492:
438:
418:
305:
222:
190:
167:
731:
636:
and others have also been active in Afghanistan as additional sources of news.
1324:"'For as long as we can': reporting as an Afghan woman as the Taliban advance"
1296:
777:
709:
394:
171:
127:
1610:. International Security Assistance Force/NATO. July 25, 2011. Archived from
1302:
874:"Amid Taliban takeover, fear Afghanistan's media landscape will 'disappear'"
588:
230:
88:
967:
544:, founded by first Afghan lady journalist Kathreen Wida in December 2003,
1188:
Afghan journalists protest raid on TV station ordered by attorney general
766:
744:
735:
713:
671:
659:
654:(RTA). Many global news channels have local bureaus in Kabul, including:
490:
A popular Afghan magazine that was published in the 20th century was the
462:
282:
258:
84:
44:
700:
has been the first exclusive channel for children and teenagers, while
697:
667:
100:
96:
332:, which was founded in 2004 by Afghan journalists who worked with the
1558:"Ministry: 200 Radio Stations On Air, 44 Shut Down For Lack of Funds"
278:
270:
225:
transmitter in the 1950s. Transmitter can be heard as far distant as
108:
92:
59:
of the nation. It was reported in 2019 that Afghanistan had over 107
52:
624:
radio stations. They broadcast mainly in Pashto and Dari languages.
170:
and Afghanistan. Mahmud Tarzi became known as the pioneer of Afghan
821:"Farahi Says MoIC Responsible for Addressing Issues Faced by Media"
1298:
Afghan Journalists: 14 journalists, media workers killed this year
730:
680:
216:
211:
118:
1140:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
763:
Ministry for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice
1676:"Taliban release three Afghan journalists after media crackdown"
853:"Suspects Sentenced To Death For Killing Journalist In Kandahar"
159:
48:
663:
532:(The first Independent English Newspaper of Afghanistan) and
162:, its publication stopped. It was revived in October 1911 by
1422:"Female Afghan journalists continue their fight from abroad"
241:'s government was overthrown in the 1973 coup by his cousin
1269:"RFI - Afghan reporters defy government decree and Taliban"
892:"Mujahid: The Islamic Emirate believes in freedom of press"
1492:"Asia Internet Stats by Country and Population Statistics"
1205:"Unlikely Stories, or the Making of an Afghan News Agency"
328:
One of Afghanistan's largest independent news agencies is
923:(2nd ed.). Oxford Pakistan Paperbacks. p. 405.
384:
occurred in 2008 when presenter Mohammad Nasir Fayyaz of
340:, another wire service, is run by the Afghan government.
1283:"'A dark day': Tributes for journalists killed in Kabul"
1219:"Afghan reporter tells her story - St. Petersburg Times"
1175:
321:
1583:"Around 123 radio networks stop functioning nationwide"
948:
Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival.
288:
The Afghan media experienced a rapid growth during the
380:. One of the most high-profile government attacks on
1178:
Nai Media Watch data - violence against journalists.
1058:
Insurgency Online: Web Activism and Global Conflict.
426:
is gradually increasing in Afghanistan. A number of
1652:"TOLOnews Presenter Freed After Night in Detention"
728:is a women-dedicated channel started in July 2017.
103:, and other such online platforms. IEA's spokesman
1608:"ISAF Spokesman Discusses Progress in Afghanistan"
1446:"Individuals using the Internet (% of population)"
1156:War, Media, and Propaganda: A Global Perspective.
107:suggested that the media should be in line with
1378:Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism
946:Saikal, A., Farhadi, R. & Nourzahanov K.
8:
847:
845:
843:
841:
720:, which is owned by another Afghan group.
153:
137:
142:was published in 1873 during the rule of
344:was established by an Afghan journalist
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
968:http://hafizsahar.com/Images/thesis.pdf
812:
538:in local languages of Dari and Pashto,
1092:
1090:
1076:
1074:
1529:
1527:
1117:
1115:
942:
940:
708:, chairman of Tolo's parent company,
601:List of radio stations in Afghanistan
334:Institute for War and Peace Reporting
7:
1030:The Soviet Union: Party and Society.
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
704:is one of the most watched station.
154:
138:
1060:University of Toronto Press, 2006.
252:In the late 1990s, media under the
33:Ministry of Information and Culture
1255:"Afghan TV journalist is detained"
1032:Cambridge University Press, 1988.
608:in Afghanistan began in 1925 with
390:Afghan presidential election, 2009
247:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
25:
1505:Whitlock, Monica (2 March 2018).
1158:Rowman & Little field, 2004.
1154:Kamalipour, Y. R. & Snow, R.
587:. The circulation of independent
506:List of newspapers in Afghanistan
1243:"The Media Report" 22 June 2006
780:
374:National Assembly of Afghanistan
524:Afghanistan Group of Newspapers
405:, first Afghan media in exile.
310:Afghanistan National Television
77:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
1:
1716:Mass media in Asia by country
1534:Afghanistan Press Report 2008
1098:"Afghanistan Country Profile"
979:Sahar, Hafiz (7 April 2021).
796:Communications in Afghanistan
529:The Daily Outlook Afghanistan
356:founded the weekly bilingual
126:became the pioneer of Afghan
1192:International Herald Tribune
1100:. BBC News. January 31, 2018
652:Radio Television Afghanistan
1122:Afghanistan country profile
1082:Middle East review 2003/04.
195:Constitution of Afghanistan
1732:
855:. TOLOnews. April 16, 2019
643:
598:
522:, and the privately owned
503:
412:
75:. After the return of the
1706:Mass media in Afghanistan
1507:"A short history of Life"
1136:Federal Research Division
646:Television in Afghanistan
560:My Voice Weekly Newspaper
430:are available, including
386:Ariana Television Network
372:, the lower house of the
298:Ariana Television Network
221:Central control panel at
200:Television in Afghanistan
29:mass media in Afghanistan
322:training new journalists
185:(Afghan Peace) replaced
111:and national interests.
415:Internet in Afghanistan
366:the House of the People
208:editorially independent
1539:June 23, 2011, at the
1084:Kogan Page Publishers.
1080:World of Information.
739:
689:
308:, and the state-owned
234:
130:
1711:Mass media by country
1176:http://www.nai.org.af
734:
684:
599:Further information:
535:The Daily Afghanistan
504:Further information:
413:Further information:
364:. She was elected to
290:Karzai administration
263:Badakhshan Television
220:
133:The first newspaper,
122:
35:(MoIC), and includes
1305:. September 25, 2018
73:online media outlets
67:, including 100s of
31:is monitored by the
18:Media in Afghanistan
1589:. February 13, 2023
1587:Pajhwok Afghan News
1564:. February 13, 2023
1133:Library of Congress
898:. February 12, 2023
457:Pajhwok Afghan News
445:Bakhtar News Agency
338:Bakhtar News Agency
330:Pajhwok Afghan News
267:The Islamic Emirate
249:from 1979 to 1992.
149:Another newspaper,
1471:The World Factbook
1448:. World Bank. 2020
1127:2014-04-08 at the
950:I.B.Tauris, 2006.
827:. January 25, 2023
788:Afghanistan portal
740:
690:
606:Radio broadcasting
589:print publications
346:Khushnood Nabizada
254:Taliban government
235:
131:
105:Zabihullah Mujahid
47:. It is mainly in
1680:www.aljazeera.com
1194:, April 18, 2007.
1164:978-0-7425-3563-3
1066:978-0-8020-8553-5
1038:978-0-521-34459-3
1028:Potichnyj, P. J.
1013:Afghanistan media
956:978-1-84511-316-2
930:978-0-19-577634-8
702:TOLO (TV channel)
626:BBC World Service
433:Afghanistan Times
428:online newspapers
16:(Redirected from
1723:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1614:on July 25, 2011
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1554:
1548:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1221:. Archived from
1215:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1195:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1152:
1146:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1094:
1085:
1078:
1069:
1056:Dartnell, M. Y.
1054:
1041:
1026:
1020:
1010:
995:
994:
976:
970:
965:
959:
944:
935:
934:
913:
907:
906:
904:
903:
888:
882:
881:
870:
864:
863:
861:
860:
849:
836:
835:
833:
832:
817:
790:
785:
784:
783:
676:Voice of America
630:Voice of America
552:The Afghan Times
469:The Afghan Times
403:The Afghan Times
360:to campaign for
354:Shukria Barakzai
160:Persian language
157:
156:
141:
140:
21:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1684:
1682:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1658:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1634:"The Networker"
1632:
1631:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1592:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1567:
1565:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1541:Wayback Machine
1532:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1451:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1430:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1406:
1404:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1382:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1358:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1333:
1331:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1308:
1306:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1257:. 29 July 2008.
1253:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1237:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1153:
1149:
1129:Wayback Machine
1120:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1079:
1072:
1055:
1044:
1027:
1023:
1017:Press reference
1011:
998:
991:
983:. David Sahar.
978:
977:
973:
966:
962:
945:
938:
931:
915:
914:
910:
901:
899:
890:
889:
885:
872:
871:
867:
858:
856:
851:
850:
839:
830:
828:
819:
818:
814:
809:
786:
781:
779:
776:
648:
642:
603:
597:
578:Ittefaq-e Islam
526:which includes
508:
502:
488:
421:
411:
399:Rukhshana Media
314:self-censorship
204:Dr. Hafiz Sahar
187:Siraj al-Akhbar
151:Siraj-ul-Akhbar
117:
71:and over 1,800
55:, the official
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1729:
1727:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1667:
1643:
1638:The New Yorker
1625:
1599:
1574:
1549:
1523:
1497:
1483:
1458:
1437:
1413:
1389:
1365:
1340:
1315:
1288:
1274:
1260:
1246:
1235:
1210:
1196:
1180:
1168:
1147:
1111:
1086:
1070:
1042:
1021:
996:
990:978-1737020707
989:
971:
960:
936:
929:
908:
883:
865:
837:
811:
810:
808:
805:
804:
803:
798:
792:
791:
775:
772:
644:Main article:
641:
638:
596:
593:
501:
498:
487:
484:
475:Voice of Jihad
410:
407:
362:women's rights
275:Czech Republic
179:Amanullah Khan
168:British Empire
135:Shams-ul-Nahar
116:
113:
65:radio stations
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1728:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1545:Freedom House
1542:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1473:. www.cia.gov
1472:
1468:
1467:"Afghanistan"
1462:
1459:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1225:on 2011-07-12
1224:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1142:public domain
1137:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
997:
992:
986:
982:
975:
972:
969:
964:
961:
957:
953:
949:
943:
941:
937:
932:
926:
922:
918:
917:Dupree, Louis
912:
909:
897:
893:
887:
884:
879:
875:
869:
866:
854:
848:
846:
844:
842:
838:
826:
822:
816:
813:
806:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
789:
778:
773:
771:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
748:
746:
738:studio (2017)
737:
733:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
688:studio (2010)
687:
683:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
647:
639:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
594:
592:
590:
586:
585:
580:
579:
574:
573:
568:
567:
562:
561:
558:
553:
549:
548:
543:
542:
537:
536:
531:
530:
525:
521:
520:
519:Arman-e Melli
515:
514:
507:
499:
497:
495:
494:
485:
483:
481:
477:
476:
471:
470:
465:
464:
459:
458:
453:
452:
447:
446:
441:
440:
435:
434:
429:
425:
424:Digital media
420:
416:
409:Digital media
408:
406:
404:
400:
396:
391:
387:
383:
382:press freedom
379:
378:civil society
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:Women's Voice
355:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
323:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
232:
228:
224:
219:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:Aman-i-Afghan
180:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
152:
147:
145:
144:Sher Ali Khan
136:
129:
125:
121:
115:Media history
114:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
1683:. Retrieved
1679:
1670:
1659:. Retrieved
1655:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1616:. Retrieved
1612:the original
1602:
1591:. Retrieved
1586:
1577:
1566:. Retrieved
1561:
1552:
1544:
1514:. Retrieved
1510:
1500:
1486:
1475:. Retrieved
1470:
1461:
1450:. Retrieved
1440:
1429:. Retrieved
1425:
1416:
1405:. Retrieved
1401:
1392:
1381:. Retrieved
1377:
1368:
1357:. Retrieved
1355:. 2021-08-31
1352:
1343:
1332:. Retrieved
1330:. 2021-08-12
1328:the Guardian
1327:
1318:
1307:. Retrieved
1297:
1291:
1277:
1263:
1249:
1238:
1227:. Retrieved
1223:the original
1213:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1171:
1155:
1150:
1139:
1102:. Retrieved
1081:
1057:
1029:
1024:
1016:
980:
974:
963:
947:
920:
911:
900:. Retrieved
895:
886:
877:
868:
857:. Retrieved
829:. Retrieved
824:
815:
801:Pashto media
760:
749:
741:
706:Saad Mohseni
691:
649:
604:
582:
576:
570:
564:
557:Khaama Press
555:
545:
539:
533:
527:
517:
511:
509:
491:
489:
473:
467:
461:
455:
451:Khaama Press
449:
443:
437:
431:
422:
370:Wolesi Jirga
369:
357:
350:
342:Khaama Press
327:
318:
287:
266:
262:
251:
236:
227:South Africa
186:
182:
164:Mahmud Tarzi
155:سراج الاخبار
150:
148:
134:
132:
124:Mahmud Tarzi
37:broadcasting
28:
26:
1618:December 6,
1426:Nikkei Asia
921:Afghanistan
896:Ariana News
756:Shamshad TV
718:Shamshad TV
686:Shamshad TV
634:Radio Azadi
610:Radio Kabul
439:Ariana News
419:Zawia Media
393:journalist
352:modernity.
223:Radio Kabul
191:Radio Kabul
69:print media
61:TV stations
1700:Categories
1685:2022-03-20
1661:2022-03-20
1593:2023-02-16
1568:2023-02-15
1516:6 February
1477:2023-01-21
1452:2023-01-21
1431:2024-07-11
1407:2022-03-05
1383:2022-03-05
1359:2022-03-05
1334:2022-03-05
1309:2019-04-16
1229:2011-03-07
1104:2019-04-19
902:2023-02-12
859:2019-04-16
831:2023-02-12
807:References
710:MOBY Group
656:Al Jazeera
640:Television
500:Newspapers
480:population
395:Zahra Joya
243:Daoud Khan
239:Zahir Shah
237:When King
172:journalism
139:شمس النهار
128:journalism
1303:TRT World
878:USA Today
622:shortwave
486:Magazines
231:Indonesia
89:Instagram
79:(IEA) in
57:languages
1656:TOLOnews
1562:TOLOnews
1537:Archived
1511:BBC News
1138:(2006).
1125:Archived
919:(1997).
825:TOLOnews
774:See also
767:TOLOnews
745:ANAAR TV
736:TOLOnews
726:Baano TV
722:Sharq TV
714:Lemar TV
672:Sky News
584:Shari'at
493:Zhvandūn
463:TOLOnews
397:founded
306:Shamshad
283:barracks
259:flogging
85:Facebook
63:and 284
45:printing
698:ARIA TV
668:DD News
541:Cheragh
101:YouTube
97:Twitter
41:digital
1162:
1064:
1036:
987:
954:
927:
674:, and
581:, and
566:Eradeh
550:, and
279:Serbia
271:Russia
109:Sharia
93:TikTok
53:Pashto
595:Radio
572:Hewad
563:and
547:Eslah
302:Lemar
212:Islam
1620:2011
1518:2018
1402:Time
1160:ISBN
1062:ISBN
1034:ISBN
985:ISBN
952:ISBN
925:ISBN
752:1 TV
620:and
554:and
513:Anis
472:and
417:and
368:(or
294:Tolo
277:and
229:and
176:King
81:2021
51:and
49:Dari
43:and
27:The
1353:RSF
696:",
664:CNN
660:BBC
1702::
1678:.
1654:.
1636:.
1585:.
1560:.
1543:,
1526:^
1509:.
1469:.
1424:.
1400:.
1376:.
1351:.
1326:.
1301:.
1190:,
1131:.
1114:^
1089:^
1073:^
1045:^
1015:,
999:^
939:^
894:.
876:.
840:^
823:.
754:,
694:24
678:.
670:,
666:,
662:,
658:,
632:,
628:,
618:FM
616:,
614:AM
575:,
569:,
516:,
496:.
466:,
460:,
454:,
448:,
442:,
436:,
304:,
300:,
296:,
273:,
181:,
146:.
99:,
95:,
91:,
87:,
39:,
1688:.
1664:.
1640:.
1622:.
1596:.
1571:.
1547:.
1520:.
1494:.
1480:.
1455:.
1434:.
1410:.
1386:.
1362:.
1337:.
1312:.
1285:.
1271:.
1232:.
1207:.
1166:.
1144:.
1109:.
1107:.
1068:.
1040:.
1019:.
993:.
958:.
933:.
905:.
880:.
862:.
834:.
233:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
