Mass media in Armenia - Knowledge (XXG)

1288:– international media watchdog – criticized the Armenian government for maintaining a tight grip on the country's broadcast media and accused them of routinely harassing local journalists challenging them. According to the CPJ report, new amendments to Armenian broadcasting law in 2010 positioned President Sarkisian "to maintain control over the country's docile television and radio stations, most of which were owned by pro-government politicians and businessmen." The report also claims that the Armenian police officers "routinely harassed, assaulted, and arrested journalists" in 2010. "Prosecutors regularly colluded in this practice by failing to investigate police officers, even filing charges on occasion against journalists who protested abuses, CPJ research showed." 1295:, President Kocharian controversially declared a 20-day State of Emergency on 1 March, and used it to ban all public gatherings and censor all media (both Internet and in print) to include only information sponsored by the state. Also, the authorities closed several opposition newspapers along with their websites, including A1+ and Haykakan Zhamanak. Furthermore, the government blocked access to the YouTube website which contained videos from the 1 March protest and late-night clashes with police that showed special forces firing automatic weapons directly into the crowd. Also blocked was the radio transmission and website access to Armenian Liberty, a service of 594:, as failing to promote media pluralism in the digital age, despite amendments. The shortcomings include "a limit to the number of broadcast channels; a lack of clear rules for the licensing of satellite, mobile telephone and online broadcasting; the placement of all forms of broadcasting under a regime of licensing or permission by the Regulator; the granting of authority to the courts to terminate broadcast licences based on provisions in the law that contain undue limitations on freedom of the media; and a lack of procedures and terms for the establishment of private digital channels." 2189: 1076: 1153: 1084: 1783: 1093: 1566: 801: 5357: 4570: 583:(Article 4). It also establishes the Public TV and Radio Company as a state enterprise with special status (Article 28); its management body is the Public TV Council, composed of 5 members appointed by the President. The same law establishes the National Commission of Television and Radio (NCTR) as an independent agency for the regulation of licensing and monitoring of private TV and radio companies (Article 37). 5367: 4580: 3562: 1314: 52: 648: 1797: 963: 908:. Cable TV has a limited range, while satellite TV is widespread in Yerevan. Three Armenian satellite channels – H1, Shant and Armenia – cater to Armenian communities in Europe and North America. In the year 2008 TRBNA upgraded the main circuit to digital distribution system based on DVB-IP and MPEG2 standards. 926:) was controversially forced off the air in 2002, damaging pluralism in the Armenian media landscape and the country's international reputation. A1+ continued working as an internet-based news agency. Gala faced closure in 2015, being denied a digital TV license during the digitalisation switchover process. 1608:

The law, amended in June 2010, stipulates that the following entities cannot be founders of private television and radio broadcasting companies: state and local public agencies, member of the Council of the Public Television and Radio Company, members of the Nation Commission for Television and Radio

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In June 2015 journalists from different media outlets (including Radio Azatutyun (RFE/RL), Hetq.am, Gala TV, Haykakan Zhamanak, News.am, PanArmenian.net, Epress.am, 1in.am, and ArmTimes.com) suffered physical attacks, verbal abuse and mistreatment by the police while covering public demonstrations in

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but they cover only part of the country. These broadcasts provide different kind of music: traditional one is offered by Radio Hay FM 104.1 MHz, the European, American and Russian pop music one by Radio Van FM 103.0 MHz, Radio Ardzaganq FM 103.5 MHz and Radio Avrora FM 100.6 MHz,

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Law was passed in 2003. Yet, its implementation has stalled. 2014 amendments aimed at operationalise it, but to no avail yet. While courts have been responsive, government departments have declined access requests, and many Soviet-era files remain classified. Other relevant laws for the media sector

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news agency (a paper known for its opposition stance), was severely beaten on his way home from work in Yerevan. Three unknown individuals reportedly assailed and severely beat Kiviryan causing him serious head and face injuries. His condition was reported as "serious but stable" after he was taken

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In 2010, the Armenian government passed a set of controversial amendments to Armenian law on broadcasting that enables government regulators to grant or revoke licenses without explanation, as well as impose programming restrictions that would confine some stations to narrow themes such as culture,

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prohibits incitement to national, racial and religious hatred, propaganda of violence. The Constitution also establishes the right to seek, receive, convey and disseminate information and provide foreigners with the same rights to information as citizens. Yet, law is most often unevenly applied or

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Broadcast media require licenses from the National Commission on Television and Radio (NCTR), which is composed of 8 members (4 appointed by the President, 4 by the Parliament) for a 6-years mandate. The licensing systems hinders media freedom and diversity. Print and online media are exempt from

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A major way of connecting to the Internet used to be dial-up. This was caused by very high prices of Internet access, and only very few people could use other types of connections until Beeline, Vivacell MTS and Orange started selling portable USB-modems. The average price for one hour of dial-up

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It is difficult to know who the media owners really are, but often they are politicians or well-known businesspeople (often affiliated with political groups), that then influences media editorial policy. According to most experts media are not considered as business per se. Concentration limits

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Access to the Internet in Armenia is largely unfettered, although evidence of second and third-generation filtering is mounting. Armenia's political climate is volatile and largely unpredictable. In times of political unrest, the government has not hesitated to put in place restrictions on the

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TV is the main medium in Armenia, and most of its channels are controlled or friendly with the government, as broadcast media require a license. The print sector is small and in decline, while online media are rising. Russian-language media are widely available. Ownership of the media is often

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Transparency of media ownership refers to the public availability of accurate, comprehensive and up-to-date information about media ownership structures. A legal regime guaranteeing transparency of media ownership makes possible for the public as well as for media authorities to find out who

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Armenia's internet access is delivered by Russian providers, occasionally resulting in censorship by Russian ISPs. In 2012 Russian authorities blocked kavkazcenter.com, resulting in it being blocked in Armenia. In 2014 five other websites were blocked due to filtering by the Russian

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etc. and the classical one by Vem Radio FM 101.6 MHz. Usually, the used language is Armenian or Russian. FM-102.4 broadcast in French but other radios have programmes in German. Azatutyun broadcasts news and analysis three times a day on the frequencies of

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is composed of four radio stations. According to IREX it "represents what could be considered a model public media outlet, allowing for a wide spectrum of views and opinions and providing balanced, impartial, and neutral coverage", but its audience is limited.

551:. The Constitution also guarantees the "Freedom of mass media and other means of mass information shall be guaranteed" and that "The state shall guarantee the existence and activities of an independent and public radio and television service. Article 47 of the 1763:

Lobbying by media and media support organizations was temporary successful: in December 2015 the parliament approved a bill allowing regional stations to continue analog broadcasting within their communities. Officials cited as a reason the need to provide

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Frequent attacks on journalists of non-state sponsored media is a serious threat to Armenia's press freedom. The number of assaults has recently declined, but the physical integrity of journalists remain at stake. Nine attacks were reported in 2014 by the

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A window display at Orange's flagship Northern Avenue branch advertises various smartphones and a 3G Internet WiFi router. In November 2009, Orange became Armenia's third mobile telecommunications provider, offering a very competitively priced 3G Internet

1130:. Armenia is connected to the Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic cable system via Georgia, which runs along the railroad from Poti to Tbilisi to the Armenian border near Marneuli. At Poti, the TAE cable connects to the undersea Georgia-Russia system 698:

In 2009, Armenia registered 747 newspapers and 328 magazines. All main press publications are politically affiliated, with negative consequences on editorial independence. Daily circulation numbers are very low, ranging between 1,500 and 3,000.

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Media outlets in Armenia are many and diverse, and law against concentration exist. However, law are bypassed and there are concentration problems. The passage from analog to digital broadcasting was particularly damaging for media pluralism.

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The transition allowed only one digital broadcasting license for each of the 10 provinces. This was criticized by independent experts because it would force dozens of regional stations to close, thus reducing the plurality of regional media.

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reached Armenia later than other countries but strongly, slowing down the development of the media and advertising industry somewhere around 2014. The reduction of commercial advertising was partially compensated by political advertising.

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was eliminated in 2010, but the civil code established high monetary penalties, up to 2,000 times the minimum salary. A draft amendment that would make online media liable for defamatory comments was put forward in 2014; it was postponed

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proposed the reform of the law: the proposed amendment aims at including within the scope of the law digital media as well, obliging this kind of media outlets to disclose the same ownership information required to print media.

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that began transmissions in 1956. According to the Television Association Committee of Armenia, the TV penetration rate in Armenia is 80% according to 2011 data. TV remains the main source of information for Armenian citizens.

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is regulated in the 2003 Law on the Mass Media, which obliges print media to publish data regarding ownership structures and management. The law does not cover digital media, which were created and widely developed later.

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journalist had her recorder and photocamera seized by the Head of the Armenian diaspora in Kazakhstan after questioning at a public event in Yerevan. The official then ordered his bodyguards to remove her from the

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opaque. Public media outlets receive preferential treatment from the authorities, while private media are not financially sustainable and rely heavily on their owners and sponsors, hindering editorial independence.

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Internet as a means to curtail public protest and discontent. According to Article 11 of the Law of the Republic of Armenia on Police, law enforcement has the right to block content to prevent criminal activity.

922:, virtually all Armenian TV stations, including the Yerevan-based national networks, are controlled by or loyal to the government. The only major private network that regularly aired criticism of the government ( 631:, and in favour of Armenia's Special Investigation Service, establishing that publishing information on ongoing investigation without prior authorization is a criminal offense. The ruling was widely criticised. 1609:(NCTR), political parties, religious organisations, the president, members of the government, members of the National Assembly and judges, and persons "affiliated with them", as defined in the amended law. 1384:, condemned the act and, noting that almost all cases of violence against the journalists taken part in the past have not been disclosed, called upon the police to investigate and disclose his assailants. 896:, Armenia, AR, Yerkir Media, Hayrenik (for children), H2 and Dar21. Major Russian channels (ORT and RTR with full retransmission, as well as Kultura and Mir) are widely available throughout the country; 1460:

In 2007 the television station Gala broadcast a speech by an opposition presidential candidate. Since then, the government asked the station to change transmitter and they did not receive a new digital

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newspaper for €34,000 in damages for allegedly slanderous readers’ comments. A Yerevan court ordered the seizure of the newspaper's properties as an interim measure pending the final decision. The

1115:, which has been used for AM radio stations and for domain hacks. Internet penetration reached 46% in 2014. Public wi-fi access points in parks and cafés in Yerevan have contributed to its growth. 1218:

Media organisations in Armenia include the Journalists Union of Armenia, Yerevan Press Club (YPC), the Association of Investigative Journalists (HETQ) and the All Armenian Mass Media Association (

613:. The latter established the right to access public information and detailed the lawful limitations to such right (state, official, bank or trade secrets; privacy rights; pre-investigation data). 1274:

in Armenia is limited. Some independent channels, such as A1+, Noyan Tapan, and Russian NTV, have had their frequencies taken away by the government. Journalists covering a demonstration against

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news portal, were ordered by Armenian courts to disclose their confidential sources. Journalists were later charged for failing to comply with a court order. The situation was denounced by the

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The committee to Protect Freedom of Expression (CPFE) reported 43 cases of pressure on media workers in 2014 (57 in 2013). The government control the main broadcast media and, for this reason,

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As of 2008, Armenia has 9 am stations, 17 FM stations, and one shortwave station. Additionally, there are approximately 850,000 radios in existence. Primary network provider is TRBNA.

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Experts considered this not as a viable long-term solution. In fact, the switch off was postponed more than once until 26 October 2016, and 11 regional TV companies were forced to close.

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media in Armenia are diverse, but television stations are controlled by the state or wealthy business. In practice the law is not fully respected. E.g. Panarmenian Media Group (formerly

2997: 2268: 1183:(Rating and statistics for Armenian web resource) popular sites in Armenia include Hetq online, A1+ online, PanArmenian Network, News.am, Armenia Now, Armenia Today, Panorama.am, and 639:

There is no specific Press Council in Armenia. Journalists and media outlets can be prosecuted in court, and have one month to explain errors and convince the court of its innocence.

1648:... broadcasts of domestically produced programmes by television-radio companies on one television (radio) channel may not be less than 55 per cent of the overall monthly airtime ... 1175:

Ucom telecom company has built up the first FTTH (Fiber to the home) Network in Armenia providing convergent Triple play services including Internet, IPTV and Digital Phone services.

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ruled in 2008 that A1+'s licence was improperly revoked, but in 2014 the station had not been returned any licence. A1+ merely manages to broadcast a working-days news programme on

2203:(Statistical Indicators for the Electronic Communications Market), Autoriteti Komunikimeve Elektronike Dhe Postare (Electronic Communications and Postal Authority), November 2011. 911:

TV channels lack economic sustainability, and their editorial independence is hindered by financial needs. They are often sponsored by political parties for propaganda purposes.

5506: 5081: 788:, the government introduced a 20-days "state of emergency". During this time most of the journals were forced to suspend publishing activities or report only official news. 5593: 2488: 227: 1241: 1206:

Armenia's constitution recognises the right to form and join trade unions, with some restrictions for members of the armed forces or police. The main trade union is the

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Armenia is listed as engaged in substantial filtering in the political area and selective filtering in the social, conflict/security, and Internet tools areas by the

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denounced the judgement, and recalled that "compensation... should be proportional to actual damages and should not lead to the closure of a news outlet".

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In Mary 2015 Armenia's prosecutor-general warned journalists that reporting on ongoing investigations without prior authorization would constitute a crime.

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Civil defamation is still used by politicians and businessmen to put pressure on the media since high fines are foreseen – deemed disproportionate by the

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was eliminated. In 2011 the Constitutional Court ruled that "critical assessment of facts" and "evaluation judgments" cannot be charged for defamation.

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There are approximately 1,400,000 internet users and approximately 65,279 internet hosts in Armenia. The country code (Top level domain) for Armenia is

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Armenian ISP Icon Communications has selected Alcatel-Lucent to design, deploy and maintain a commercial WiMAX 802.16e-2005 (Rev-e) network in Armenia.

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Televisions outlets must obtain licenses for operate from the (highly politicised) National Commission on Television and Radio (NCTR). Other than the

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As of March 2010, it is estimated that there are about 100,000 broadband subscribers in Armenia. DSL connectivity is offered by Beeline, Cornet,

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remains restricted, among threats of violence, strong political inferences, and expensive defamation lawsuits. Armenia ranks 49th in the 2023

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The Armenian Association of Film Critics and Cinema Journalists (AAFCCJ) gathers the workers in the mass media sector. It is a public NGO.

785: 5729: 5327: 2355: 2134: 5744: 5696: 5588: 5286: 5191: 3732: 3675: 3592: 2499: 1616: 1033: 2632:"Safety of journalists must be ensured at all times, OSCE Representative says, following attacks on journalists in Armenia | OSCE" 1409:

were assaulted and later detained by the police during an opposition demonstration. The case, raised to the Armenian authorities b the

5701: 5553: 5296: 3509: 2760:"SUMMARY: 2015 Report on Media in Armenia by Investigative Journalists NGO/AEJ-Armenia and the Committee to Protect Freedom of Speech" 1013:

describing the ill fate of two lovers, who were engaged by their families to each other since childhood, but because of violations of

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In 2014 Soviet-era cable radio was terminated, particularly affecting old people who had this kind of radio in the kitchen.

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In 2009, unresolved cases of violence against journalists included those of Lusine Barseghyan from the opposition newspaper

4545: 3842: 3812: 3648: 1048: 693: 3082: 2530:"OSCE media freedom representative expresses concern over continuing violence against journalists in Armenia | OSCE" 488:. Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on 4086: 4003: 3770: 3695: 3261: 3226: 1714: 1391:, some of them having their equipment damaged or seized. Nobody was prosecuted by the police, due to "lack of evidence". 1275: 383: 180: 3288: 4879: 4692: 4070: 4065: 3969: 3852: 3827: 3727: 3546: 3416: 1118:

Armentel's (the national communications company's) only fiber optic connection to the Internet enters Armenia through

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effectively owns, controls and influences the media as well as media influence on political parties or state bodies.

2318: 1979:"OSCE media freedom representative calls for amendments to Armenia's draft broadcast law to promote media pluralism" 5396: 4940: 4717: 4609: 4294: 3540: 1765: 1664: 1641:) was adopted in June 2010. The law prohibits ownership of more than one channel in the same area of broadcasting. 435: 395: 390: 117: 2691:"OSCE media freedom representative expresses concern over growing number of libel lawsuits in Armenia | OSCE" 2660:"OSCE media freedom watchdog concerned about increased tension in Armenia's media freedom environment | OSCE" 1999:"Armenian broadcasting law fails to guarantee media pluralism, says OSCE media freedom representative | OSCE" 987: 4055: 3752: 3627: 3622: 3607: 3535: 3504: 1749:

was originally scheduled for completion in 2015, but doubts were expressed that the deadline could be respected.

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is the only one state-owned news agency. There are eight private agencies: Shant, Noyan Tapan, Arminfo, Arka,

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In the country's media landscape, the most popular daily newspapers include the leading liberal newspaper

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journalist Marine Khachatryan suffered an attack in September 2014, but notwithstanding the call by the

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offers both 2G and 3G as well as 4G services. All of them provide internet connection on mobile phones.

1010: 875: 740: 378: 351: 292: 4965: 4950: 1364: 710: 3108: 726:(Nation). Periodicals published in Russian are also very popular in Armenia and include the newspaper 496:, and other sales-related revenues. Armenia's press freedoms improved considerably following the 2018 4864: 4344: 4339: 4234: 3998: 3862: 3747: 3717: 3690: 3617: 3570: 1746: 1717:. For 12 years (2002–2014) advertising of strong alcoholic beverages was prohibited on radio and TV. 1131: 854: 548: 331: 100: 73: 4935: 2498:. Background report prepared by Mr William Horsley, special representative for media freedom of the 1142:

Internet access was about 48 cents, plus 20 cents for using phone line (summary 68 cents per hour).

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There are three mobile phone operators currently in Armenia: Viva Cell MTS, Orange and Beeline.

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is the national public radio channel. Armenia has dozens of private radio stations, including

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There is no law exempting journalists from testimony or protecting their sources in Armenia.

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report they "have acted consistently as a quite obedient tool in the hands of authorities".

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Armenia has 48 private television stations alongside 2 public networks (National 1 (H1) and

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suggested that these amendments are primarily aimed at keeping the independent TV station

681: 425: 205: 3030: 2512:"Recent assaults on journalists in Armenia threaten free press, says OSCE representative" 1126:) and then connects to the rest of the Internet via an undersea fiber-optic cable in the 2188: 4854: 4779: 4749: 4555: 4474: 4434: 4409: 4389: 4324: 4299: 4289: 4274: 4103: 3926: 3471: 2161: 520: 260: 89: 2618:"Journalists' rights in Armenia must be ensured, says OSCE Representative | OSCE" 1565: 1439:

At least three journalists were obstructed or assaulted, in the period leading to the

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has 3.3 million mobile phone subscribers in total, and a 120% penetration rate.

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The state had a monopoly in the media market until the early 2000s. Currently the

2572:(Press release). Human Rights Defender of Armenia. April 30, 2009. Archived from 5370: 4583: 4143: 3303: 2731: 1313: 1061: 489: 17: 2706: 1505:(CPFE) had counted 17 civil defamation lawsuits against media workers in 2014. 647: 3612: 3436: 1778: 1672: 1501:. Almost 30 lawsuits were counted between May 2010 and November 2011. The NGO 1491: 673: 580: 560: 481: 51: 3185: 4013: 3431: 3426: 1515: 1498: 1478: 1421: 1410: 1321: 1127: 881: 858: 857:, Radio Jazz, Radio Avrora, Radio Van, Nor (New) Radio, Radio Hay, City FM, 722: 591: 2722:, adopted on April 16, 2001, Official Bulleting No 15(147) of May 31, 2001. 1424:

the Armenian Special Investigative Service refused to open a criminal case.

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The law limits the broadcast of programmes produced in foreign countries:

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are published outside the country. English-language publications include

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Headquarters of VivaCell MTS, Armenia's leading mobile services provider

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were attacked when police intervened to detain the protestors in 2005.

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Information about beneficial ownership is inaccessible to the public.

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Human rights in Armenia § Freedom of expression and of the media

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Georgia's Function as a Transit Country and Sustainable Development

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In December 2013, Vardan Minasyan, a journalist with the newspaper

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Online media are growing. According to the local monitoring centre

744:(Republic of Armenia). Other noteworthy publications are the daily 4594: 4138: 3343: 3057:"No End in Sight for Armenia's Transition to Digital Broadcasting" 1341:, Armenia's most prominent investigative journalist and editor of 1312: 1151: 1091: 1082: 1074: 1015: 961: 646: 2673: 2645: 2631: 2617: 2598: 2511: 1978: 4189: 3298: 3134:"Media NGOs: Digitalization process need to be better regulated" 2690: 2659: 2529: 2467: 1998: 1964: 1615:

In 2015 Liana Sayadyab, the Head of the Armenian Section of the

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IRIS Legal Observations of the European Audiovisual Observatory

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owns four channels, one of which is satellite. According to an

3083:"For Many Armenian TV Stations, Digital Switch Spells Closure" 2734:, Media.am, December 25, 2012. Retrieved on December 14, 2014. 2201:"Treguesit Statistikore Te Tregut Te Komunikimeve Elektronike" 1560: 1387:

Several journalists were attacked during the campaign for the

1225: 1112: 897: 795: 3161:"Deadline For Digital Broadcasting In Armenia Again Extended" 2162:"Western Watchdog Deplores Government Control Of Armenian TV" 1884: 1401:

In February 2014, Ani and Sarkis Gevorkyan, journalists with

1360:, the Chairman of the Investigative Journalists' Association. 1096:

A Beeline service store on Amiryan Street in downtown Yerevan

2431: 2382:"Armenia's Icon to deploy WiMAX network with Alcatel-Lucent" 1436:

Yerevan. Some of them had their equipment seized or damaged.

784:

During the Yerevan's Freedom Square' protests following the

2277:

Georgian Foundation for Strategic and International Studies

942:, another, functioning independent broadcaster based in 904:(in Russian) are the only foreign broadcasters covering 2341: 2212:

Country_code_top-level_domain#Commercial_and_vanity_use

1577: 812: 2851:. Kyiv: EaP Media Freedom Watch. 2015. pp. 6–20. 2702: 2700: 2413: 1413:, was dropped. Gevorkyan's later appeal was dismissed. 2395: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 1756:

Moreover, the law did not envisaged private regional

1240:

The regulatory authority for the media sector is the

2910:"Armenia's Public TV is Ceding its Leading Position" 2356:"Comstar Launches National Wimax Network In Armenia" 1886:|date=October 14, 2020 }}, 2020 Press Freedom report 5715: 5677: 5419: 5310: 5270: 5012: 4926: 4888: 4630: 4523: 4483: 4225: 4096: 4046: 3979: 3883: 3861: 3784: 3662: 3569: 3523: 3497: 3394: 3271: 3253: 1309:

List of journalists killed in Europe § Armenia

1270:While the media has a degree of independence, the 1156:A Ucom service store in Yerevan's Arabkir district 2887:National Integrity System Assessment Armenia 2014 1228:active in the media field in Armenia include the 2845:Eastern Partnership Media Freedom Landscape 2014 2789:"Mapping Digital Media: Armenia. Country report" 2746:, Freedom House. Retrieved on December 14, 2014. 2290:Black Sea Fiber Optic Cable System: Connectivity 767:living outside the country's territory, several 1646: 1663:According to a report by the local chapter of 1161:Cornet launched a nationwide WiMAX network in 5397: 4992: 4610: 4205: 3227: 2685: 2683: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 568:after domestic and international criticisms. 457: 8: 2794:. Open Society Foundation. November 12, 2013 2593: 2591: 1713:Commercial advertising is prohibited on the 1293:2008 Armenian presidential election protests 623:In June 2014, a Yerevan court ruled against 2766:. Association of European Journalists. 2015 2732:"Armenia Subject to Censorship from Russia" 2612: 2610: 2608: 2135:"Embattled TV Raising Money To Stay On Air" 1739:OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media 1729:Passage from analog to digital broadcasting 5413:Transparency of media ownership in Europe 5404: 5390: 5382: 4999: 4985: 4977: 4617: 4603: 4595: 4212: 4198: 4190: 3889: 3790: 3668: 3575: 3268: 3234: 3220: 3212: 3190:Committee to Protect Freedom of Expression 3031:"Armenia: New Amendments to Broadcast Law" 2244:Armenia Suffers Widespread Internet Outage 2187: 2045: 2043: 2041: 1503:Committee to Protect Freedom of Expression 1331:Committee to Protect Freedom of Expression 1230:Committee to Protect Freedom of Expression 464: 450: 28: 3055:Harutyunyan, Mesrop (September 9, 2015). 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2489:The Protection of media freedom in Europe 1826:Transparency of media ownership in Europe 1733:The broadcast law has been criticized by 635:Status and self-regulation of journalists 2720:Law of the Republic of Armenia on Police 2343:Internet Society of Armenia – Statistics 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1441:Armenian constitutional referendum, 2015 1208:Confederation of Trade Unions of Armenia 577:Law on Television and Radio Broadcasting 5007:Transparency of media ownership in Asia 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2709:, OpenNet Initiative, November 17, 2010 2479: 2477: 1912: 1910: 1836: 1352:; Hrach Melkumyan, the acting Chief of 1303:Attacks and threats against journalists 106: 99: 72: 65: 58: 40: 3107:Barseghyan, Anna (December 24, 2015). 2935:State of the Media Industry in Armenia 2908:Vardanyan, Gegham (January 26, 2012). 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2816: 2805: 2783: 2781: 2754: 2752: 1679:circulation of information and ideas. 1333:(they were 10 in 2013 and 4 in 2012). 1138:. The BSFOCS is co-owned by Armentel. 1068:only offer 2G,3G and 4G LTE services. 938:off the air. It also pointed out that 3159:Gishia, Ruzanna (December 29, 2015). 3081:Mirzoyan, Gayane (October 27, 2014). 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2307:, Black Sea Fiber Optic Cable System. 2293:, Black Sea Fiber Optic Cable System. 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1001:(1926) was the first Armenian silent 7: 3003:(Report). IREX. 2016. Archived from 2998:Media Sustainability Index – Armenia 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1639:On Television and Radio Broadcasting 1522:Internet censorship and surveillance 1490:In 2010, the criminal liability for 1467:In July 2015 two media outlets, the 1389:Armenian presidential election, 2013 1242:Ministry of Communication of Armenia 786:Armenian presidential election, 2008 2500:Association of European Journalists 2223:Fiber Optic Cable Damage in Georgia 2125:, EJC Press Landscapes (circa 2009) 2096:, EJC Press Landscapes (circa 2009) 2060:, EJC Press Landscapes (circa 2009) 2035:, EJC Press Landscapes (circa 2009) 1954:, EJC Press Landscapes (circa 2009) 1617:Association of European Journalists 1600:Transparency of media ownership in 1034:Yerevan International Film Festival 880:Public television channels include 571:Specialized media laws include the 3758:President of the National Assembly 2744:"Freedom on the Net 2014: Armenia" 1324:(ombudsman) of Armenia (2006–2012) 1136:Black Sea Fiber Optic Cable System 507:guarantees freedom of speech, yet 25: 2570:"Violence against the journalist" 2543:Grigoryan, Armine (May 1, 2009). 2450:"Armenia - Amnesty International" 2076:CIA World Factbook, 2009: Armenia 1675:, Armnews, ATV and formerly TV5. 1036:(GAIFF) was established in 2004. 5365: 5356: 5355: 4578: 4569: 4568: 3560: 1945:Armenia #National media policies 1795: 1781: 1564: 1378:Human Rights Defender of Armenia 1286:Committee to Protect Journalists 932:Committee to Protect Journalists 799: 50: 5791:Mass media in Europe by country 2963:Iskandaryan, Alexander (2016). 2452:. March 1, 2006. Archived from 1354:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 892:); private TV channels include 750:(Times), which is published in 732:(Voice of Armenia), the weekly 590:was negatively assessed by the 5323:British Indian Ocean Territory 4536:British Indian Ocean Territory 2707:"ONI Country Profile: Armenia" 2483:Parliamentary Assembly of the 991:(1924) was the first Armenian 948:European Court of Human Rights 763:As a consequence of the large 1: 5786:Mass media in Asia by country 2254:, EurasiaNet, August 7, 2006. 1544:telecommunications regulator 1049:Telecommunications in Armenia 694:List of newspapers in Armenia 684:, News-Armenia and Photolur. 2937:(Report). Yerevan Press Club 1653:Art. 8, broadcasting statute 1252:Censorship and media freedom 523:region, and ranking between 4071:Armenian Brotherhood Church 4066:Armenian Evangelical Church 3417:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 1766:digital television adapters 1624:Concentration and pluralism 1134:which then connects to the 930:education, and sports. The 588:Law on Television and Radio 165:Armenian Brotherhood Church 160:Armenian Evangelical Church 5807: 3541:Armenian national movement 2250:September 4, 2008, at the 2121:February 13, 2016, at the 2092:February 13, 2016, at the 2056:February 13, 2016, at the 2031:February 13, 2016, at the 1950:February 13, 2016, at the 1768:to low-income households. 1665:Transparency International 1525: 1508:In 2011 a lawyer sued the 1306: 1255: 1199: 1104: 1046: 975: 873: 835: 691: 556:completely disapplicated. 5351: 4564: 4156: 4056:Armenian Apostolic Church 3892: 3793: 3733:National Security Service 3671: 3578: 3558: 3536:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 3505:First Republic of Armenia 3452:1508–1828 Iranian Armenia 2229:December 9, 2008, at the 1486:Civil defamation lawsuits 1165:and 18 biggest cities of 1026:The Color of Pomegranates 517:Reporters Without Borders 150:Armenian Apostolic Church 5072:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 4285:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 4061:Armenian Catholic Church 3676:Administrative divisions 3029:Richter, Andrei (2010). 2233:, Arminco, June 5, 2008. 1821:Media freedom in Armenia 1536:(ONI) in November 2010. 1262:Media freedom in Armenia 391:Churches and monasteries 337:Weightlifting in Armenia 155:Armenian Catholic Church 5333:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 4546:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3638:Shikahogh State Reserve 3289:Shulaveri–Shomu culture 1816:Human rights in Armenia 1448:Political interferences 1367:, a coordinator of the 1356:'s Yerevan bureau; and 1202:Trade unions in Armenia 1009:and based on a play of 870:Television broadcasting 851:Public Radio of Armenia 842:Public Radio of Armenia 717:Hayastani Hanrapetutyun 559:Criminal liability for 553:Constitution of Armenia 541:Constitution of Armenia 505:Constitution of Armenia 233:Illuminated manuscripts 5462:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4673:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4109:Armenian eternity sign 3871:South Caucasus Railway 2815:Cite journal requires 2271:March 5, 2009, at the 1656: 1325: 1236:Regulatory authorities 1157: 1097: 1089: 1080: 982:List of Armenian films 973: 661: 610:Freedom of Information 599:Freedom of information 347:Rugby union in Armenia 5781:Mass media by country 5776:Mass media in Armenia 3482:Treaty of Turkmenchay 2494:July 2, 2016, at the 2168:), February 15, 2011. 1811:Censorship in Armenia 1637:A new broadcast law ( 1403:Chorrord Ishkhanutyun 1322:Human Rights Defender 1316: 1284:In January 2011, the 1258:Censorship in Armenia 1155: 1095: 1086: 1078: 1032:The "Golden Apricot" 1011:Alexander Shirvanzade 965: 876:Television in Armenia 757:Chorrord ishghanutyun 650: 573:Telecommunication Law 535:Legislative framework 478:mass media in Armenia 352:Basketball in Armenia 5247:United Arab Emirates 4460:United Arab Emirates 3803:AMX (stock exchange) 1897:"Armenia | RSF" 1747:digital broadcasting 1427:In September 2014 a 1376:medical center. The 1337:On 17 November 2008 549:freedom of the press 374:World Heritage Sites 332:Wrestling in Armenia 5678:States with limited 5274:limited recognition 4889:States with limited 4487:limited recognition 3813:Central Depository 3515:Independent Armenia 3294:Kura–Araxes culture 2164:, Armenia Liberty ( 2137:, Armenia Liberty ( 2051:Armenia Print media 1528:Internet in Armenia 1191:Media organisations 1107:Internet in Armenia 769:Armenian newspapers 515:report compiled by 513:Press Freedom Index 322:Football in Armenia 254:and performing arts 3843:Telecommunications 3764:more on government 3588:Armenian highlands 3366:Kingdom of Armenia 3359:Satrapy of Armenia 3192:. November 7, 2016 3138:Yerevan Press Club 2718:Article 11 of the 2362:on October 5, 2011 2141:), March 19, 2008. 1576:. You can help by 1534:OpenNet Initiative 1326: 1158: 1098: 1090: 1081: 1043:Telecommunications 1005:film, directed by 974: 832:Radio broadcasting 811:. You can help by 741:Respublika Armenia 714:(Armenian Times), 662: 604:Law on Advertising 539:Article 27 of the 43:Culture of Armenia 5763: 5762: 5379: 5378: 5316:other territories 4974: 4973: 4592: 4591: 4529:other territories 4187: 4186: 4152: 4151: 4004:Ethnic minorities 3879: 3878: 3780: 3779: 3743:Political parties 3728:National Assembly 3696:Foreign relations 3658: 3657: 3556: 3555: 3531:Armenian genocide 3412:Bagratuni Armenia 3381:Byzantine Armenia 3354:Achaemenid Empire 3339:Kingdom of Urartu 2858:978-617-7157-12-9 2485:Council of Europe 1922:www.parliament.am 1789:Journalism portal 1715:public television 1689:public television 1594: 1593: 1429:Haykakan Zhamanak 1382:Armen Harutyunyan 1365:Argishti Kiviryan 1363:On 30 April 2009 1358:Edik Baghdasaryan 1350:Haykakan Zhamanak 1339:Edik Baghdasaryan 1318:Armen Harutyunyan 1297:Radio Free Europe 1053:As of June 2014, 978:Cinema of Armenia 900:(in English) and 829: 828: 773:Armenian language 765:Armenian diaspora 711:Haykakan zhamanak 545:freedom of speech 519:, leading in the 498:Velvet Revolution 484:outlets based in 474: 473: 342:Boxing in Armenia 16:(Redirected from 5798: 5716:Dependencies and 5420:Sovereign states 5406: 5399: 5392: 5383: 5369: 5359: 5358: 5328:Christmas Island 5014:Sovereign states 5001: 4994: 4987: 4978: 4927:Dependencies and 4631:Sovereign states 4619: 4612: 4605: 4596: 4582: 4572: 4571: 4541:Christmas Island 4227:Sovereign states 4214: 4207: 4200: 4191: 4172: 4165: 3890: 3853:Waste management 3791: 3669: 3576: 3564: 3477:Karabakh Khanate 3386:Sasanian Armenia 3269: 3265: 3236: 3229: 3222: 3213: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3010:on April 8, 2017 3009: 3002: 2994: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2960: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2883: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2850: 2840: 2825: 2824: 2818: 2813: 2811: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2793: 2785: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2756: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2695: 2694: 2687: 2678: 2677: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2614: 2603: 2602: 2595: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2576:on July 17, 2012 2566: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2508: 2502: 2481: 2472: 2471: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2358:. Archived from 2352: 2346: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2323: 2314: 2308: 2300: 2294: 2286: 2280: 2261: 2255: 2240: 2234: 2219: 2213: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2175: 2169: 2159: 2142: 2132: 2126: 2114:Anais Melikyan, 2112: 2097: 2085:Anais Melikyan, 2083: 2077: 2074: 2061: 2049:Anais Melikyan, 2047: 2036: 2024:Anais Melikyan, 2022: 2003: 2002: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1961: 1955: 1943:Anais Melikyan, 1941: 1926: 1925: 1914: 1905: 1904: 1893: 1887: 1878: 1805: 1800: 1799: 1791: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1654: 1589: 1586: 1568: 1561: 1279:Robert Kocharyan 1272:freedom of press 1021:Sergei Parajanov 1007:Hamo Beknazarian 993:documentary film 838:Radio in Armenia 824: 821: 803: 796: 738:(New Times) and 466: 459: 452: 327:Chess in Armenia 228:Medieval authors 54: 45: 29: 21: 18:Media in Armenia 5806: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5717: 5711: 5697:Northern Cyprus 5679: 5673: 5594:North Macedonia 5415: 5410: 5380: 5375: 5347: 5315: 5306: 5287:Northern Cyprus 5273: 5266: 5008: 5005: 4975: 4970: 4928: 4922: 4908:Northern Cyprus 4890: 4884: 4805:North Macedonia 4626: 4625:Media of Europe 4623: 4593: 4588: 4560: 4528: 4519: 4500:Northern Cyprus 4486: 4479: 4221: 4218: 4188: 4183: 4175: 4168: 4161: 4148: 4129:National anthem 4092: 4042: 3975: 3875: 3857: 3818:Dram (currency) 3776: 3654: 3565: 3552: 3519: 3493: 3489:Russian Armenia 3447:Ottoman Armenia 3390: 3376:Parthian Empire 3349:Orontid dynasty 3259: 3258: 3249: 3240: 3210: 3205: 3195: 3193: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3169: 3167: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3141: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3065: 3063: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3039: 3037: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2962: 2961: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2892: 2890: 2885: 2884: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2828: 2814: 2804: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2786: 2779: 2769: 2767: 2758: 2757: 2750: 2742: 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Mijatovic 1722:Great Recession 1661: 1655: 1652: 1635: 1633:Legal framework 1626: 1590: 1584: 1581: 1574:needs expansion 1559: 1554: 1552:Media ownership 1530: 1524: 1488: 1456:is widespread. 1454:self-censorship 1450: 1311: 1305: 1268: 1256:Main articles: 1254: 1238: 1216: 1204: 1198: 1193: 1109: 1103: 1051: 1045: 1003:black and white 984: 976:Main articles: 960: 878: 872: 855:Radio Ardzaganq 844: 836:Main articles: 834: 825: 819: 816: 809:needs expansion 794: 696: 690: 671: 645: 637: 537: 470: 441: 440: 436:National anthem 421: 420: 411: 410: 369: 368: 359: 358: 357: 356: 315: 314: 303: 302: 283: 282: 271: 270: 256: 255: 243: 242: 223: 222: 211: 210: 201: 200: 189: 188: 187: 186: 143: 142: 131: 130: 121: 120: 95: 94: 85: 84: 41: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5804: 5802: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5768: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5721: 5719: 5718:other entities 5713: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5683: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 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4929:other entities 4924: 4923: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4894: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4882: 4880:United Kingdom 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4693:Czech Republic 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4621: 4614: 4607: 4599: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4586: 4576: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4532: 4530: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4491: 4489: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4231: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4219: 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3573: 3567: 3566: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3550: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3517: 3512: 3510:Soviet Armenia 3507: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3491: 3486: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3472:Erivan Khanate 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3362: 3361: 3351: 3346: 3344:Median kingdom 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3275: 3273: 3266: 3251: 3250: 3241: 3239: 3238: 3231: 3224: 3216: 3209: 3208:External links 3206: 3204: 3203: 3177: 3151: 3125: 3099: 3073: 3047: 3021: 2982: 2948: 2926: 2900: 2871: 2857: 2826: 2817:|journal= 2777: 2748: 2736: 2724: 2711: 2696: 2679: 2665: 2651: 2637: 2623: 2604: 2587: 2561: 2535: 2521: 2503: 2473: 2459: 2456:on 2006-03-01. 2441: 2423: 2405: 2387: 2373: 2347: 2334: 2317:Pearce, Katy. 2309: 2304:BSFOCS: Owners 2295: 2281: 2256: 2235: 2214: 2205: 2193: 2170: 2143: 2127: 2098: 2087:Armenia #Radio 2078: 2062: 2037: 2004: 1990: 1970: 1956: 1927: 1906: 1888: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1792: 1776: 1773: 1731: 1730: 1711: 1710: 1685: 1684: 1660: 1657: 1650: 1634: 1631: 1625: 1622: 1592: 1591: 1571: 1569: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1526:Main article: 1523: 1520: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1473:newspaper and 1465: 1462: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1437: 1433: 1425: 1414: 1399: 1392: 1385: 1361: 1346: 1304: 1301: 1291:Following the 1253: 1250: 1237: 1234: 1215: 1214:Media agencies 1212: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1149:, and others. 1105:Main article: 1102: 1099: 1047:Main article: 1044: 1041: 988:Soviet Armenia 959: 956: 874:Main article: 871: 868: 833: 830: 827: 826: 806: 804: 793: 790: 692:Main article: 689: 686: 670: 667: 644: 641: 636: 633: 536: 533: 521:South Caucasus 472: 471: 469: 468: 461: 454: 446: 443: 442: 439: 438: 433: 428: 422: 418: 417: 416: 413: 412: 409: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 387: 386: 376: 370: 366: 365: 364: 361: 360: 355: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 318: 317: 316: 310: 309: 308: 305: 304: 301: 300: 295: 290: 284: 278: 277: 276: 273: 272: 269: 268: 263: 257: 250: 249: 248: 245: 244: 241: 240: 235: 230: 224: 218: 217: 216: 213: 212: 209: 208: 202: 196: 195: 194: 191: 190: 185: 184: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 146: 145: 144: 138: 137: 136: 133: 132: 129: 128: 122: 116: 115: 114: 111: 110: 104: 103: 97: 96: 93: 92: 86: 82: 81: 80: 77: 76: 70: 69: 63: 62: 56: 55: 47: 46: 38: 37: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5803: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5730:Faroe Islands 5728: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5702:South Ossetia 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5554:Liechtenstein 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5402: 5400: 5395: 5393: 5388: 5387: 5384: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5362: 5354: 5353: 5350: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5297:South Ossetia 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5011: 5002: 4997: 4995: 4990: 4988: 4983: 4982: 4979: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4941:Faroe Islands 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4913:South Ossetia 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4765:Liechtenstein 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4620: 4615: 4613: 4608: 4606: 4601: 4600: 4597: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4575: 4567: 4566: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4510:South Ossetia 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4220:Media of Asia 4215: 4210: 4208: 4203: 4201: 4196: 4195: 4192: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4026:Social issues 4024: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3462:Afsharid Iran 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3371:Roman Armenia 3369: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3232: 3230: 3225: 3223: 3218: 3217: 3214: 3207: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3166: 3162: 3155: 3152: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3114: 3110: 3103: 3100: 3088: 3084: 3077: 3074: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3048: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3022: 3006: 2999: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2970: 2969:Freedom House 2966: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2936: 2930: 2927: 2915: 2911: 2904: 2901: 2888: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2860: 2854: 2847: 2846: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2809: 2790: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2669: 2666: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2633: 2627: 2624: 2619: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2562: 2550: 2546: 2539: 2536: 2531: 2525: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2463: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2445: 2442: 2437: 2436:mediaforum.am 2433: 2427: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2383: 2377: 2374: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2344: 2338: 2335: 2320: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2291: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2239: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2218: 2215: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2174: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2117: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2052: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2027: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1974: 1971: 1966: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1946: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1881:Freedom House 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1798: 1793: 1790: 1779: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1761: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1658: 1649: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1632: 1630: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1598: 1588: 1579: 1575: 1572:This section 1570: 1567: 1563: 1562: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1529: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1455: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1369:ARMENIA Today 1366: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1332: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1221: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1203: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1108: 1100: 1094: 1085: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1070:Viva Cell MTS 1067: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1050: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 999: 994: 990: 989: 983: 979: 972: 968: 967:Moscow Cinema 964: 957: 955: 954:frequencies. 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 927: 925: 921: 917: 912: 909: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 886: 883: 877: 869: 867: 865: 864:Radio Yerevan 860: 856: 852: 847: 843: 839: 831: 823: 820:February 2016 814: 810: 807:This section 805: 802: 798: 797: 791: 789: 787: 782: 780: 779: 774: 770: 766: 761: 759: 758: 753: 749: 748: 743: 742: 737: 736: 731: 730: 729:Golos Armenii 725: 724: 719: 718: 713: 712: 707: 706: 700: 695: 687: 685: 683: 679: 675: 669:News agencies 668: 666: 659: 658: 657:The New Times 653: 652:Video podcast 649: 643:Media outlets 642: 640: 634: 632: 630: 626: 621: 618: 614: 612: 611: 605: 600: 595: 593: 589: 586:The 2010 new 584: 582: 578: 574: 569: 567: 562: 557: 554: 550: 546: 542: 534: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 509:media freedom 506: 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 467: 462: 460: 455: 453: 448: 447: 445: 444: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 423: 415: 414: 407: 404: 402: 401:Caravanserais 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 385: 382: 381: 380: 377: 375: 372: 371: 363: 362: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 319: 313: 307: 306: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 285: 281: 275: 274: 267: 264: 262: 259: 258: 253: 247: 246: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 225: 221: 215: 214: 207: 204: 203: 199: 193: 192: 183: 182: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 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Retrieved 3189: 3180: 3168:. Retrieved 3164: 3154: 3142:. Retrieved 3137: 3128: 3116:. Retrieved 3112: 3102: 3090:. Retrieved 3086: 3076: 3064:. Retrieved 3060: 3050: 3038:. Retrieved 3034: 3024: 3012:. Retrieved 3005:the original 2973:. Retrieved 2968: 2939:. Retrieved 2929: 2917:. Retrieved 2913: 2903: 2891:. Retrieved 2862:. Retrieved 2844: 2808:cite journal 2796:. Retrieved 2768:. Retrieved 2763: 2739: 2727: 2714: 2668: 2654: 2640: 2626: 2578:. Retrieved 2574:the original 2564: 2552:. Retrieved 2548: 2538: 2524: 2516:www.osce.org 2515: 2506: 2462: 2454:the original 2444: 2435: 2426: 2417: 2408: 2399: 2390: 2376: 2366:February 23, 2364:. Retrieved 2360:the original 2350: 2342: 2337: 2325:. 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