37:
390:(DBS) for these diseases. Deep brain stimulation sends regulated electrical pulses to the target. In patients with tardive dyskinesia treated with DBS, most people reported more than a 50% improvement in symptoms. Tourette syndrome patients have also benefited from this treatment, showing over 50% improvement in
394:
severity (compulsive disabling motor tics are symptoms of
Tourette patients). The GPi is also considered a "highly effective target for neuromodulation" when using deep brain stimulation on Parkinson's disease patients. There is seen to be only some involvement in
291:
Direct and indirect striatopallidal pathways: Glutamatergic pathways are red, dopaminergic are magenta and GABAergic pathways are blue. STN: Subthalamic
Nucleus SNr: Substantia Nigra pars reticulata SNc: Substantia Nigra pars compacta GPe: External globus
922:
268:
that goes to the inferior part of the thalamus. The distribution of axonal islands is widespread in the lateral region of the thalamus. The innervation of the central region is done by collaterals.
915:
908:
721:"Unilateral deep brain stimulation of the right globus pallidus internus in patients with Tourette's syndrome: two cases with outcomes after 1 year and a brief review of the literature"
665:
Andrade, Pablo; Carrillo-Ruiz, José D.; Jiménez, Fiacro (2009-07-01). "A systematic review of the efficacy of globus pallidus stimulation in the treatment of
Parkinson's disease".
619:
Parent, André; Hazrati, Lili-Naz (1995-01-01). "Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. II. The place of subthalamic nucleus and external pallidium in basal ganglia circuitry".
455:
Percheron G, François C, Talbi B, Meder JF, Fenelon G, Yelnik J (1993). "The primate motor thalamus analysed with reference to subcortical afferent territories".
820:
Waldvogel, Henry J.; Kim, Eric H.; Tippett, Lynette J.; Vonsattel, Jean-Paul G.; Faull, Richard LM (2014-01-01). Nguyen, Hoa Huu Phuc; Cenci, M. Angela (eds.).
143:
1435:
1577:
1525:
1480:
1471:
288:
490:
Yelnik J, François C, Percheron G, Tandé D (April 1996). "A spatial and quantitative study of the striatopallidal connection in the monkey".
119:
279:, forms the output of the basal ganglia, these neurons extend to the thalamus, the centromedian complex and the pedunculopontine complex.
308:. As these two nuclei are needed for movement planning, this inhibition restricts movement initiation and prevents unwanted movements.
1771:
1587:
1086:
2414:
1542:
1076:
837:
276:
150:
2119:
1658:
1562:
2477:
2451:
1566:
1178:
138:
2482:
2456:
2419:
2385:
2380:
2285:
2252:
2216:
2166:
2031:
1788:
1646:
2423:
1784:
1642:
1428:
900:
2375:
2191:
2089:
2013:
1971:
1173:
2409:
2327:
2161:
1917:
1887:
1670:
1637:
773:"Globus pallidus interna deep brain stimulation for tardive dyskinesia: case report and review of the literature"
2206:
2093:
2017:
1827:
1679:
1262:
1081:
400:
352:
301:
215:
180:
2307:
2294:
2266:
2199:
2174:
2081:
2049:
2005:
1775:
1546:
1211:
1014:
396:
297:
219:
2516:
2228:
2195:
2186:
2065:
2061:
2053:
1989:
1794:
1421:
1388:
1280:
1206:
1142:
1120:
1019:
387:
372:
325:
196:
126:
114:
2344:
2281:
2257:
2248:
2220:
2211:
2108:
2069:
1993:
1896:
1804:
1722:
1383:
1304:
1250:
1135:
824:. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. Vol. 22. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 33–80.
242:
2405:
2371:
2322:
1837:
1823:
1767:
1713:
1605:
1554:
1413:
249:
within and in parallel to the
Edinger's comb system then arrives at the laterosuperior corner of the
340:, increasing overall ease of initiating and maintaining movement. As this pathway only contains one
94:
2289:
2077:
2057:
2001:
1926:
1921:
1832:
1718:
1708:
1684:
1654:
1649:
1536:
1398:
1309:
1125:
771:
Spindler, Meredith A.; Galifianakis, Nicholas B.; Wilkinson, Jayne R.; Duda, John E. (2013-02-01).
356:
250:
2472:
2446:
2277:
1507:
1503:
1489:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1000:
886:
698:
644:
515:
380:
2460:
2389:
2332:
2318:
2156:
2073:
1997:
1945:
1891:
1866:
1666:
1629:
1591:
1493:
1218:
1130:
1064:
995:
878:
843:
833:
802:
794:
750:
742:
690:
682:
636:
601:
593:
566:
507:
472:
437:
376:
238:
1780:
1756:
1730:
1550:
1498:
1285:
1107:
1071:
990:
870:
825:
784:
732:
674:
628:
556:
546:
499:
464:
429:
360:
246:
231:
204:
535:"Computational models of basal-ganglia pathway functions: focus on functional neuroanatomy"
2244:
1940:
1688:
1515:
1511:
1255:
1233:
1201:
1112:
1091:
1009:
981:
971:
420:
Nauta WJ, Mehler WR (January 1966). "Projections of the lentiform nucleus in the monkey".
329:
262:
254:
207:
184:
55:
36:
2401:
2367:
2353:
2181:
1841:
1456:
1452:
1393:
1358:
1183:
1156:
1100:
561:
534:
345:
874:
287:
17:
2510:
2224:
1961:
1633:
1353:
945:
932:
789:
772:
632:
503:
433:
333:
200:
890:
702:
648:
519:
2311:
2270:
2097:
2041:
2021:
1981:
1375:
1272:
1193:
1056:
227:
107:
2299:
1861:
1698:
1619:
1448:
1444:
1326:
1318:
1299:
1242:
1165:
954:
936:
586:
Nihon
Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi = Japanese Journal of Psychopharmacology
737:
720:
678:
2486:
2468:
2442:
2434:
2397:
2363:
2170:
2141:
89:
798:
746:
686:
597:
551:
275:
neurons, which allow for its inhibitory function. As the GPi, along with the
131:
1365:
1042:
317:
272:
211:
882:
847:
806:
754:
694:
605:
570:
829:
640:
511:
476:
441:
156:
2303:
2262:
2123:
2085:
2045:
2009:
1985:
1726:
1662:
1558:
1037:
963:
337:
321:
305:
223:
101:
344:(from the striatum to the internal globus pallidus), it is known as the
976:
822:
Behavioral
Neurobiology of Huntington's Disease and Parkinson's Disease
719:
Dong, S.; Zhuang, P.; Zhang, X.-H.; Li, J.-Y.; Li, Y.-J. (2012-01-01).
341:
468:
188:
41:
Internal globus pallidus (GPi) is seen in the 2nd image from the left
371:
Dysfunction of the internal globus pallidus has been correlated to
286:
67:
351:
The direct pathway is modulated by stimulation of the GPi by the
1610:
1417:
904:
391:
332:. As the GPi is one of the direct output centers of the
861:
Walker, FO (20 January 2007). "Huntington's disease".
261:, then H, and suddenly changes its direction to form
584:
Morita, Makiko; Hikida, Takatoshi (2015-11-01). "".
2433:
2352:
2341:
2237:
2149:
2140:
2105:
2029:
1969:
1960:
1906:
1876:
1850:
1812:
1803:
1755:
1748:
1697:
1618:
1604:
1576:
1524:
1479:
1470:
1463:
1374:
1317:
1298:
1271:
1241:
1231:
1192:
1164:
1155:
1055:
1030:
962:
953:
944:
328:, when a movement requirement is signaled from the
137:
125:
113:
100:
88:
80:
66:
61:
51:
46:
29:
533:Schroll, Henning; Hamker, Fred H. (2013-01-01).
237:The efferent bundle is constituted first of the
386:The internal globus pallidus is the target of
1429:
916:
725:The Journal of International Medical Research
8:
214:neurons of the GPi send their axons to the
2349:
2146:
1966:
1809:
1752:
1615:
1476:
1467:
1436:
1422:
1414:
1314:
1238:
1161:
959:
950:
923:
909:
901:
35:
788:
736:
560:
550:
2323:Flocculonodular lobe/vestibulocerebellum
2282:Intermediate hemisphere/spinocerebellum
412:
2452:Ventral/anterior spinocerebellar tract
2381:Dorsal/posterior spinocerebellar tract
296:The GPi acts to tonically inhibit the
271:The internal globus pallidus contains
154:
26:
7:
777:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
766:
764:
714:
712:
660:
658:
336:, this causes disinhibition of the
2249:Lateral hemisphere/pontocerebellum
1772:Posterior limb of internal capsule
1588:Posterior limb of internal capsule
25:
1543:Posterior external arcuate fibers
539:Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
790:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.09.016
667:Journal of Clinical Neuroscience
504:10.1097/00001756-199604100-00006
277:substantia nigra pars reticulata
151:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
195:. The GPi is one of the output
191:its homologue is known as the
1:
2478:Rostral spinocerebellar tract
1179:Anterior perforated substance
875:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60111-1
633:10.1016/0165-0173(94)00008-D
434:10.1016/0006-8993(66)90103-X
316:The GPi receives inhibitory
2424:Anterior lobe of cerebellum
2533:
2376:Posterior thoracic nucleus
2090:Thalamocortical radiations
2014:Thalamocortical radiations
1174:Anterior olfactory nucleus
738:10.1177/030006051204000545
679:10.1016/j.jocn.2008.11.006
457:Stereotact Funct Neurosurg
73:globus pallidus internus,
2410:Accessory cuneate nucleus
2328:Vestibulocerebellar tract
2162:Vestibulocerebellar tract
1936:
1671:Posterior parietal cortex
1638:Anterior white commissure
939:and associated structures
149:
34:
2207:Inferior olivary nucleus
2094:Supplementary motor area
2018:Supplementary motor area
1828:Genu of internal capsule
1680:Spinomesencephalic tract
1263:Nucleus of diagonal band
552:10.3389/fnsys.2013.00122
401:external globus pallidus
353:external globus pallidus
302:ventral anterior nucleus
216:ventral anterior nucleus
181:external globus pallidus
169:internal globus pallidus
75:globus pallidus medialis
30:Internal globus pallidus
2295:Cerebellothalamic tract
1776:Decussation of pyramids
1547:Internal arcuate fibers
1212:Lateral olfactory stria
298:ventral lateral nucleus
220:ventral lateral nucleus
2229:Deep cerebellar nuclei
2196:Deep cerebellar nuclei
2187:Pontocerebellar fibers
2062:Subthalamic fasciculus
2054:Subthalamic fasciculus
1795:Neuromuscular junction
1281:Diagonal band of Broca
1207:Medial olfactory stria
1143:Subthalamic fasciculus
1121:Pallidothalamic tracts
621:Brain Research Reviews
388:deep brain stimulation
326:striatopallidal fibres
293:
193:entopeduncular nucleus
177:medial globus pallidus
18:Medial globus pallidus
2415:Cuneocerebellar tract
2258:Dentatothalamic tract
2212:Olivocerebellar tract
2109:nigrostriatal pathway
2070:Lenticular fasciculus
1994:Lenticular fasciculus
1897:Vestibulospinal tract
1305:Hippocampal formation
1251:Substantia innominata
1136:Lenticular fasciculus
830:10.1007/7854_2014_354
367:Clinical significance
290:
243:lenticular fasciculus
203:(the other being the
1927:Reticulospinal tract
1838:Facial motor nucleus
1824:Primary motor cortex
1768:Primary motor cortex
1714:Spinoreticular tract
1555:Trigeminal lemniscus
1494:Meissner's corpuscle
397:Huntington's disease
253:and constitutes the
230:complex, and to the
2290:Reticular formation
2078:Thalamic fasciculus
2058:Subthalamic nucleus
2002:Thalamic fasciculus
1922:Reticular formation
1918:Vestibulocerebellum
1888:Vestibulocerebellum
1833:Corticobulbar tract
1781:Corticospinal tract
1719:Reticular formation
1709:Group C nerve fiber
1685:Superior colliculus
1650:Spinothalamic tract
1537:sensory decussation
1399:Schaffer collateral
1310:Hippocampus anatomy
1126:Thalamic fasciculus
373:Parkinson's disease
357:subthalamic nucleus
251:subthalamic nucleus
245:, then crosses the
222:(VL) in the dorsal
2473:Golgi tendon organ
2447:Golgi tendon organ
2278:Interposed nucleus
1508:Cuneate fasciculus
1504:Gracile fasciculus
1490:Pacinian corpuscle
1327:Hippocampus proper
1001:Olfactory tubercle
381:tardive dyskinesia
294:
183:(GPe) make up the
2504:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2461:Cerebellar vermis
2390:Cerebellar vermis
2333:Vestibular nuclei
2319:Fastigial nucleus
2157:Vestibular nuclei
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2074:Ansa lenticularis
1998:Ansa lenticularis
1956:
1955:
1949:→ muscles of neck
1946:Tectospinal tract
1892:Vestibular nuclei
1867:Rubrospinal tract
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1667:Postcentral gyrus
1630:Free nerve ending
1600:
1599:
1592:Postcentral gyrus
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1294:
1293:
1227:
1226:
1219:Olfactory trigone
1151:
1150:
1131:Ansa lenticularis
1065:Centrum semiovale
1051:
1050:
996:Nucleus accumbens
469:10.1159/000100588
377:Tourette syndrome
320:signals from the
165:
164:
160:
16:(Redirected from
2524:
2350:
2147:
2113:
2036:
1976:
1967:
1911:
1881:
1855:
1817:
1810:
1753:
1731:Cingulate cortex
1655:Spinal lemniscus
1616:
1551:Medial lemniscus
1499:Posterior column
1477:
1468:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1415:
1315:
1286:Stria terminalis
1239:
1162:
1108:External capsule
1072:Internal capsule
991:Ventral striatum
960:
951:
925:
918:
911:
902:
895:
894:
869:(9557): 218–28.
858:
852:
851:
817:
811:
810:
792:
768:
759:
758:
740:
731:(5): 2021–2028.
716:
707:
706:
662:
653:
652:
616:
610:
609:
592:(5–6): 107–111.
581:
575:
574:
564:
554:
530:
524:
523:
487:
481:
480:
452:
446:
445:
417:
403:being affected.
399:with mostly the
361:indirect pathway
247:internal capsule
232:pedunculopontine
205:substantia nigra
157:edit on Wikidata
39:
27:
21:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2492:
2429:
2402:muscle spindles
2368:muscle spindles
2355:
2345:Spinocerebellar
2343:
2337:
2245:Dentate nucleus
2233:
2128:
2106:
2101:
2030:
2025:
1970:
1952:
1941:Midbrain tectum
1932:
1907:
1902:
1877:
1872:
1851:
1846:
1813:
1799:
1736:
1693:
1689:Midbrain tectum
1609:
1596:
1572:
1539:/arcuate fibers
1520:
1516:Cuneate nucleus
1512:Gracile nucleus
1459:
1442:
1412:
1403:
1370:
1308:
1303:
1290:
1267:
1256:Nucleus basalis
1234:basal forebrain
1223:
1202:Olfactory tract
1188:
1147:
1113:Extreme capsule
1092:Optic radiation
1047:
1026:
1010:Globus pallidus
982:Caudate nucleus
972:Dorsal striatum
940:
929:
899:
898:
860:
859:
855:
840:
819:
818:
814:
770:
769:
762:
718:
717:
710:
664:
663:
656:
618:
617:
613:
583:
582:
578:
532:
531:
527:
489:
488:
484:
454:
453:
449:
419:
418:
414:
409:
369:
330:cerebral cortex
314:
285:
266:
258:
208:pars reticulata
185:globus pallidus
161:
74:
56:Globus pallidus
42:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2530:
2528:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2465:
2464:
2439:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2394:
2393:
2360:
2358:
2356:proprioception
2347:
2342:Bidirectional:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2315:
2314:
2274:
2273:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2203:
2202:
2182:Pontine nuclei
2178:
2177:
2153:
2151:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2103:
2102:
2039:
2037:
2027:
2026:
1979:
1977:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1914:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1884:
1882:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1842:Facial muscles
1820:
1818:
1807:
1805:Extrapyramidal
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1761:
1759:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1704:
1702:
1695:
1694:
1675:
1674:
1625:
1623:
1613:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1583:
1581:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1531:
1529:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1486:
1484:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1394:Perforant path
1391:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1359:Fascia dentata
1351:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1323:
1321:
1312:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1247:
1245:
1236:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1198:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1184:Olfactory bulb
1181:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1159:
1157:Rhinencephalon
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:Corona radiata
1097:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1087:Posterior limb
1084:
1079:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
998:
987:
986:
985:
984:
979:
968:
966:
957:
948:
942:
941:
930:
928:
927:
920:
913:
905:
897:
896:
853:
838:
812:
783:(2): 141–147.
760:
708:
673:(7): 877–881.
654:
627:(1): 128–154.
611:
576:
525:
498:(5): 985–988.
482:
463:(1–3): 32–41.
447:
411:
410:
408:
405:
368:
365:
346:direct pathway
313:
312:Direct pathway
310:
284:
281:
264:
256:
163:
162:
153:
147:
146:
141:
135:
134:
129:
123:
122:
117:
111:
110:
105:
98:
97:
92:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
70:
64:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
44:
43:
40:
32:
31:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2529:
2518:
2517:Basal ganglia
2515:
2514:
2512:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2225:Purkinje cell
2222:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2125:
2121:
2120:Pars compacta
2118:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1962:Basal ganglia
1959:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1634:A delta fiber
1631:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1606:Anterolateral
1603:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:neural tracts
1450:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1354:Dentate gyrus
1352:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1311:
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1297:
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1237:
1235:
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1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1077:Anterior limb
1075:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
992:
989:
988:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
973:
970:
969:
967:
965:
961:
958:
956:
952:
949:
947:
946:Basal ganglia
943:
938:
934:
933:basal ganglia
926:
921:
919:
914:
912:
907:
906:
903:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
857:
854:
849:
845:
841:
839:9783662463437
835:
831:
827:
823:
816:
813:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
786:
782:
778:
774:
767:
765:
761:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
715:
713:
709:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
661:
659:
655:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
615:
612:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
580:
577:
572:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
544:
540:
536:
529:
526:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
486:
483:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
451:
448:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
416:
413:
406:
404:
402:
398:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
366:
364:
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
334:basal ganglia
331:
327:
323:
319:
311:
309:
307:
303:
299:
289:
282:
280:
278:
274:
269:
267:
260:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
218:(VA) and the
217:
213:
209:
206:
202:
201:basal ganglia
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
158:
152:
148:
145:
142:
140:
136:
133:
130:
128:
124:
121:
118:
116:
112:
109:
106:
103:
99:
96:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
71:
69:
65:
60:
57:
54:
50:
45:
38:
33:
28:
19:
2476:
2450:
2413:
2379:
2326:
2312:Motor cortex
2293:
2271:Motor cortex
2256:
2210:
2200:Granule cell
2185:
2175:Granule cell
2160:
2107:
2098:Motor cortex
2042:Motor cortex
2032:
2022:Motor cortex
1982:Motor cortex
1972:
1944:
1925:
1908:
1895:
1878:
1865:
1852:
1831:
1814:
1779:
1764:
1712:
1678:
1676:
1641:
1535:
1497:
1376:White matter
1273:White matter
1194:White matter
1119:
1057:White matter
866:
862:
856:
821:
815:
780:
776:
728:
724:
670:
666:
624:
620:
614:
589:
585:
579:
542:
538:
528:
495:
491:
485:
460:
456:
450:
425:
421:
415:
385:
370:
350:
315:
295:
270:
236:
228:centromedian
192:
179:), and the
176:
172:
168:
166:
120:A14.1.09.511
108:birnlex_1555
72:
2354:Unconscious
2300:Red nucleus
1862:Red nucleus
1449:spinal cord
1319:Grey matter
1300:Archicortex
1243:Grey matter
1166:Grey matter
955:Grey matter
937:human brain
492:NeuroReport
428:(1): 3–42.
62:Identifiers
2487:Cerebellum
2469:upper limb
2443:lower limb
2435:Reflex arc
2398:upper limb
2364:lower limb
2221:Hemisphere
2171:Cerebellum
2142:Cerebellar
2020:) → 5° (
1909:extension:
1879:extension:
407:References
359:, via the
324:by way of
90:NeuroNames
81:Acronym(s)
2096:) → 7° (
2033:indirect:
1757:Pyramidal
1457:fasciculi
1366:Subiculum
1043:Claustrum
799:1873-5126
747:1473-2300
687:0967-5868
598:1340-2544
422:Brain Res
318:GABAergic
273:GABAergic
234:complex.
226:, to the
212:GABAergic
2511:Category
2475:) → 2° (
2449:) → 2° (
2408:) → 2° (
2374:) → 2° (
2304:Thalamus
2263:Thalamus
2238:Efferent
2150:Afferent
2124:Striatum
2088:) → 6° (
2086:Thalamus
2068:) → 5° (
2060:) → 4° (
2052:) → 3° (
2048:) → 2° (
2046:Striatum
2012:) → 4° (
2010:Thalamus
1992:) → 3° (
1988:) → 2° (
1986:Striatum
1853:flexion:
1815:flexion:
1789:Anterior
1765:flexion:
1729:) → 3° (
1727:Thalamus
1721:) → 2° (
1669:) → 4° (
1665:) → 3° (
1663:Thalamus
1647:Anterior
1636:) → 2° (
1622:/lateral
1559:Thalamus
1038:Amygdala
964:Striatum
931:Rostral
891:46151626
883:17240289
848:25300927
807:23099106
755:23206487
703:36080071
695:19398341
649:20808851
606:26785520
571:24416002
520:25425297
338:thalamus
322:striatum
306:thalamus
292:pallidus
283:Function
259:of Forel
224:thalamus
102:NeuroLex
2292:, or →
1973:direct:
1785:Lateral
1701:/medial
1643:Lateral
1464:Sensory
1389:Fimbria
977:Putamen
935:of the
641:7711765
562:3874581
545:: 122.
512:8804036
477:8511432
442:4956247
342:synapse
304:of the
263:field H
255:field H
210:). The
199:of the
189:rodents
52:Part of
47:Details
2471:→ 1° (
2445:→ 1° (
2400:→ 1° (
2366:→ 1° (
1384:Alveus
1232:Other
889:
881:
863:Lancet
846:
836:
805:
797:
753:
745:
701:
693:
685:
647:
639:
604:
596:
569:
559:
518:
510:
475:
440:
379:, and
197:nuclei
187:. In
1749:Motor
1445:Brain
1031:Other
887:S2CID
699:S2CID
645:S2CID
516:S2CID
155:[
144:61840
68:Latin
2310:) →
2269:) →
2040:1° (
1980:1° (
1707:1° (
1699:Slow
1677:2° (
1645:and
1628:1° (
1620:Fast
1611:pain
1549:) →
1510:) →
1472:DCML
1455:and
1447:and
1082:Genu
879:PMID
844:PMID
834:ISBN
803:PMID
795:ISSN
751:PMID
743:ISSN
691:PMID
683:ISSN
637:PMID
602:PMID
594:ISSN
567:PMID
508:PMID
473:PMID
438:PMID
355:and
300:and
241:and
239:ansa
167:The
132:5572
115:TA98
2483:ICP
2457:SCP
2420:ICP
2406:DRG
2386:ICP
2372:DRG
2321:in
2286:SCP
2280:in
2253:SCP
2247:in
2217:ICP
2209:→
2192:MCP
2167:ICP
2084:of
2066:GPi
2050:GPe
2008:of
1990:GPi
1890:→
1725:of
1687:of
1661:of
1659:VPL
1567:VPM
1563:VPL
1347:CA4
1342:CA3
1337:CA2
1332:CA1
1020:GPi
1015:GPe
871:doi
867:369
826:doi
785:doi
733:doi
675:doi
629:doi
557:PMC
547:doi
500:doi
465:doi
430:doi
392:tic
175:or
173:GPi
139:FMA
127:TA2
95:233
84:GPi
2513::
2485:→
2481:→
2459:→
2455:→
2422:→
2418:→
2412:→
2404:→
2388:→
2384:→
2378:→
2370:→
2331:→
2325:→
2308:VL
2302:→
2298:→
2288:→
2284:→
2267:VL
2261:→
2255:→
2251:→
2227:→
2223:→
2219:→
2215:→
2198:→
2194:→
2190:→
2184:→
2173:→
2169:→
2165:→
2159:→
2122:→
2092:→
2082:VL
2080:→
2076:→
2064:→
2056:→
2044:→
2016:→
2006:VL
2004:→
2000:→
1984:→
1943:→
1924:→
1920:→
1894:→
1864:→
1840:→
1836:→
1830:→
1826:→
1793:→
1787:,
1778:→
1774:→
1770:→
1723:MD
1717:→
1711:→
1691:)
1683:→
1657:→
1653:→
1640:→
1632:→
1590:→
1586:→
1578:3°
1565:,
1557:→
1545:,
1534:→
1526:2°
1496:→
1481:1°
1451::
885:.
877:.
865:.
842:.
832:.
801:.
793:.
781:19
779:.
775:.
763:^
749:.
741:.
729:40
727:.
723:.
711:^
697:.
689:.
681:.
671:16
669:.
657:^
643:.
635:.
625:20
623:.
600:.
590:35
588:.
565:.
555:.
541:.
537:.
514:.
506:.
494:.
471:.
461:60
459:.
436:.
424:.
383:.
375:,
363:.
348:.
104:ID
2489:)
2463:)
2426:)
2392:)
2306:(
2265:(
2111::
2100:)
2072:/
2024:)
1996:/
1791:)
1783:(
1733:)
1673:)
1608:/
1580::
1569:)
1561:(
1553:/
1541:(
1528::
1514:/
1506:/
1502:(
1492:/
1483::
1437:e
1430:t
1423:v
1307:/
1302::
1123::
924:e
917:t
910:v
893:.
873::
850:.
828::
809:.
787::
757:.
735::
705:.
677::
651:.
631::
608:.
573:.
549::
543:7
522:.
502::
496:7
479:.
467::
444:.
432::
426:1
265:1
257:2
171:(
159:]
20:)
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