179:
differentiate thymoma from other tumors such as carcinoid, Hodgkin's, and seminoma. Patients are usually asymptomatic but can present with myasthenia gravis-related symptoms, substernal pain, dyspnea, or cough. Invasive tumors can produce compression effects such as superior vena cava syndrome. Thymomas are diagnosed with CT or MRI revealing a mass in anterior mediastinum. Therapy in stage I tumors consists of surgical resection with good prognosis. Stage II–III requires maximal resection possible followed by radiation. Stage IV disease requires addition of cisplatin-based chemotherapy in addition to those in stage II and III. For those with invasive thymoma, treatment is based on induction chemotherapy, surgical resection, and post-surgical radiation. 5-year survival for invasive thymoma is between 12 and 54% regardless of any myasthenia gravis symptoms.
194:
40:
75:
178:
Most common primary anterior mediastinal tumor (20%) in adults but rarely seen in children. It can be classified as lymphocytic, epithelial, or spindle cell histologies, but the clinical significance of these classifications is controversial. Tonofibrils seen under electron microscopy can
271:
is usually not adequate. Treatment of mediastinal
Hodgkin's involves chemotherapy and/or radiation. 5 year survival is now around 75%. Large-cell type may have somewhat better prognosis. Surgery is generally not performed because of invasive nature of tumor.
714:
695:
135:
The mediastinum has three main parts: the anterior mediastinum (front), the middle mediastinum, and the posterior mediastinum (back). Masses in the anterior portion of the mediastinum can include thymoma,
1146:
313:
usually the former class will have an irregular shape and the latter class will have a smooth spherical or ovoid shape. A large minority of patients with a mediastinal teratoma (including
159:
Masses in the posterior portion of the mediastinum tend to be neurogenic in origin, and in adults tend to be of neural sheath origin including neurilemomas and neurofibromas.
938:
1139:
796:
500:"Molecular diagnosis of primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma identifies a clinically favorable subgroup of diffuse large B cell lymphoma related to Hodgkin lymphoma"
953:
1132:
201:
216:
Second most common primary anterior mediastinal mass in adults. Most are seen in the anterior compartment and rest are seen in middle compartment.
927:
1227:
1432:
1299:
973:
640:
1370:
309:
Many signs and symptoms of a mediastinal tumor do not distinguish between these two principal classes of mediastinal tumor. However, on a
918:
789:
647:
Frequency of lymphoid neoplasms. (Source: Modified from WHO Blue Book on Tumour of
Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. 2001, p. 2001.)
410:"Primary cysts and neoplasms of the mediastinum: recent changes in clinical presentation, methods of diagnosis, management, and results"
225:
991:
948:
193:
120:. The most common mediastinal masses are thymoma (20% of mediastinal tumors), usually found in the anterior mediastinum, followed by
1402:
968:
1315:
782:
910:
276:
547:
RodrĂguez J, GutiĂ©rrez A, Piris M (June 2008). "Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma: treatment and therapeutic targets".
1397:
1289:
847:
330:
244:
923:
1046:
933:
1437:
963:
864:
842:
733:
958:
874:
817:
39:
1294:
1095:
1355:
943:
830:
217:
121:
1392:
1382:
983:
292:
According to
Christian the mediastinal neoplasms which are neither so rare nor so obscure as to make
221:
74:
1375:
1254:
1061:
718:
293:
252:
1387:
1360:
1350:
1261:
1177:
883:
572:
109:
1124:
1187:
1182:
1172:
1155:
1020:
809:
762:
636:
613:
564:
529:
480:
431:
390:
352:
63:
51:
1409:
1365:
1340:
1327:
1244:
1234:
1204:
859:
603:
556:
519:
511:
470:
462:
421:
382:
287:
In several editions of
Physical Diagnosis, concerning mediastinal tumors the author writes:
248:
141:
1304:
1284:
256:
145:
774:
255:
showing lobulated mass. Confirmation done by tissue biopsy of accompanying nodes if any,
451:"Classification of thymic epithelial neoplasms: a controversial issue coming to an end?"
1194:
1041:
891:
524:
499:
475:
466:
450:
260:
727:
723:
426:
409:
386:
1426:
1266:
1051:
152:, thyroid tissue, and parathyroid lesions. Masses in this area are more likely to be
576:
1335:
1249:
1087:
825:
608:
591:
373:
Macchiarini P, Ostertag H (February 2004). "Uncommon primary mediastinal tumours".
314:
240:
209:
55:
738:
1239:
1105:
901:
837:
757:
264:
236:
205:
125:
93:
17:
1345:
1276:
1056:
708:
704:
560:
310:
268:
197:
129:
47:
1092:
1002:
153:
105:
617:
568:
533:
484:
394:
317:) will cough up hair. For a differential diagnosis, the key is to exclude
435:
1222:
1025:
1015:
515:
318:
301:
188:
149:
137:
68:
687:
300:(including lymphosarcoma, leucaemic growths, and Hodgkins' disease; (2)
1309:
1199:
1010:
297:
173:
1214:
1164:
1079:
854:
805:
699:
113:
635:. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 283.
232:
192:
117:
101:
89:
220:
usually present in 40–50's with nodular sclerosing type (7), and
666:(7th ed.). New York: William Wood and Company. p. 527.
97:
1128:
778:
498:
Rosenwald A, Wright G, Leroy K, et al. (September 2003).
243:, and compressive symptoms such as pain, dyspnea, wheezing,
279:, 2% of cases are mediastinal large B cell lymphomas.
231:
Common symptoms of a mediastinal lymphoma of include
677:
1326:
1275:
1213:
1163:
1104:
1078:
1034:
1000:
982:
909:
900:
882:
873:
816:
748:
681:
408:Davis RD, Oldham HN, Sabiston DC (September 1987).
62:
32:
277:cancers involving the same class of blood cell
124:(15–20%) located in the anterior mediastinum.
1140:
790:
204:, a rare type of lymphoma that arises in the
8:
100:from the rest of the chest. It contains the
657:
655:
592:"Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma"
1147:
1133:
1125:
906:
879:
797:
783:
775:
678:
633:Clinical hematology: theory and procedures
347:
345:
73:
38:
29:
607:
523:
474:
425:
224:appears in all age groups. There is also
202:primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma
341:
50:of the primitive neuroepithelium of an
1228:Asplenia with cardiovascular anomalies
353:"Neurogenic Tumors of the Mediastinum"
1300:Intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma
974:Basaloid squamous cell lung carcinoma
7:
228:with exceptionally good prognosis.
226:primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma
467:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2001.tb00182.x
156:than those in other compartments.
25:
1403:Postmastectomy lymphangiosarcoma
1371:Lymphedema–distichiasis syndrome
296:practically impossible are: (1)
96:, the cavity that separates the
1316:Template:Respiratory pathology
609:10.1634/theoncologist.11-5-488
1:
992:Combined small-cell carcinoma
954:Salivary gland–like carcinoma
911:Non-small-cell lung carcinoma
631:Turgeon, Mary Louise (2005).
427:10.1016/S0003-4975(10)62059-0
387:10.1016/S1470-2045(04)01385-3
1433:Respiratory system neoplasia
1398:Postinflammatory lymphedema
1290:Generalized lymphadenopathy
1158:: organ and vessel diseases
928:Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
848:Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
331:Mediastinal lymphadenopathy
245:Superior vena cava syndrome
1454:
186:
171:
1047:Solitary pulmonary nodule
934:Large-cell lung carcinoma
662:Cabot, Richard C (1919).
561:10.1080/10428190801958994
128:typically spreads to the
46:
37:
964:Papillary adenocarcinoma
865:Laryngeal papillomatosis
843:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
959:Adenosquamous carcinoma
919:Squamous-cell carcinoma
251:. Diagnosis usually by
1096:solitary fibrous tumor
590:Savage KJ (May 2006).
213:
1356:Congenital lymphedema
944:Sarcomatoid carcinoma
831:Esthesioneuroblastoma
196:
1393:Factitial lymphedema
1383:Secondary lymphedema
984:Small-cell carcinoma
969:Giant-cell carcinoma
516:10.1084/jem.20031074
132:in the mediastinum.
54:of the mediastinum.
1295:Castleman's disease
1062:Bronchial leiomyoma
1388:Bullous lymphedema
1361:Lymphedema praecox
1351:Primary lymphedema
1262:Splenic infarction
1114:Mediastinal tumors
939:Rhabdoid carcinoma
749:External resources
664:Physical diagnosis
218:Hodgkin's lymphoma
214:
1418:
1417:
1328:Lymphatic vessels
1188:DiGeorge syndrome
1156:Lymphatic disease
1122:
1121:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1021:Immature teratoma
810:respiratory tract
772:
771:
642:978-0-7817-5007-3
455:J. Cell. Mol. Med
414:Ann. Thorac. Surg
249:pleural effusions
86:mediastinal tumor
82:
81:
52:immature teratoma
33:Mediastinal tumor
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
1445:
1410:Waldmann disease
1376:Milroy's disease
1366:Lymphedema tarda
1341:Lymphangiectasia
1255:Banti's syndrome
1245:Wandering spleen
1235:Accessory spleen
1205:Thymic carcinoma
1149:
1142:
1135:
1126:
907:
880:
860:Laryngeal cancer
799:
792:
785:
776:
679:
668:
667:
659:
650:
649:
628:
622:
621:
611:
587:
581:
580:
544:
538:
537:
527:
495:
489:
488:
478:
446:
440:
439:
429:
405:
399:
398:
370:
364:
363:
361:
359:
349:
146:germ cell tumors
142:pheochromocytoma
122:neurogenic Timor
78:
77:
42:
30:
21:
18:Mediastinal mass
1453:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1438:Heart neoplasia
1423:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1322:
1305:Kikuchi disease
1285:Lymphadenopathy
1271:
1209:
1159:
1153:
1123:
1118:
1100:
1066:
1057:Peripheral lung
1030:
996:
978:
896:
869:
812:
803:
773:
768:
767:
744:
743:
690:
676:
671:
661:
660:
653:
643:
630:
629:
625:
589:
588:
584:
546:
545:
541:
497:
496:
492:
449:Kuo TT (2001).
448:
447:
443:
407:
406:
402:
372:
371:
367:
357:
355:
351:
350:
343:
339:
327:
285:
257:mediastinoscopy
191:
185:
176:
170:
165:
72:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1451:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1219:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1195:Ectopic thymus
1192:
1191:
1190:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1129:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1042:Pancoast tumor
1038:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1005:
998:
997:
995:
994:
988:
986:
980:
979:
977:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
924:Adenocarcinoma
921:
915:
913:
904:
898:
897:
895:
894:
892:Tracheal tumor
888:
886:
877:
871:
870:
868:
867:
862:
857:
851:
850:
845:
840:
834:
833:
828:
822:
820:
814:
813:
808:involving the
804:
802:
801:
794:
787:
779:
770:
769:
766:
765:
753:
752:
750:
746:
745:
742:
741:
730:
711:
691:
686:
685:
683:
682:Classification
675:
674:External links
672:
670:
669:
651:
641:
623:
582:
555:(6): 1050–61.
549:Leuk. Lymphoma
539:
490:
441:
400:
365:
340:
338:
335:
334:
333:
326:
323:
307:
306:
284:
281:
261:mediastinotomy
187:Main article:
184:
181:
172:Main article:
169:
166:
164:
161:
80:
79:
66:
60:
59:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1450:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1421:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1267:Splenic tumor
1265:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
999:
993:
990:
989:
987:
985:
981:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
929:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
914:
912:
908:
905:
903:
899:
893:
890:
889:
887:
885:
881:
878:
876:
872:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
852:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
800:
795:
793:
788:
786:
781:
780:
777:
764:
760:
759:
755:
754:
751:
747:
740:
736:
735:
731:
729:
725:
721:
720:
716:
712:
710:
706:
702:
701:
697:
693:
692:
689:
684:
680:
673:
665:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
638:
634:
627:
624:
619:
615:
610:
605:
602:(5): 488–95.
601:
597:
593:
586:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
543:
540:
535:
531:
526:
521:
517:
513:
510:(6): 851–62.
509:
505:
501:
494:
491:
486:
482:
477:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
445:
442:
437:
433:
428:
423:
420:(3): 229–37.
419:
415:
411:
404:
401:
396:
392:
388:
384:
381:(2): 107–18.
380:
376:
369:
366:
354:
348:
346:
342:
336:
332:
329:
328:
324:
322:
320:
316:
312:
305:
303:
299:
295:
290:
289:
288:
282:
280:
278:
273:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
222:non-Hodgkin's
219:
211:
210:H&E stain
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
182:
180:
175:
167:
162:
160:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
76:
70:
67:
65:
61:
57:
56:H&E stain
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1420:
1336:Lymphangitis
1250:Splenomegaly
1113:
1088:Mesothelioma
1052:Central lung
826:Nasal cavity
756:
732:
713:
694:
663:
646:
632:
626:
599:
595:
585:
552:
548:
542:
507:
503:
493:
461:(4): 442–8.
458:
454:
444:
417:
413:
403:
378:
375:Lancet Oncol
374:
368:
356:. Retrieved
315:dermoid cyst
308:
291:
286:
274:
241:night sweats
230:
215:
177:
158:
134:
85:
83:
1240:Polysplenia
1178:Hyperplasia
1106:Mediastinum
1035:By location
838:Nasopharynx
758:MedlinePlus
504:J. Exp. Med
265:thoracotomy
237:weight loss
206:mediastinum
130:lymph nodes
126:Lung cancer
94:mediastinum
1427:Categories
1346:Lymphedema
1277:Lymph node
1183:Hypoplasia
596:Oncologist
337:References
311:radiograph
269:FNA biopsy
198:Micrograph
148:including
48:Micrograph
1093:Malignant
1003:carcinoma
949:Carcinoid
304:and cyst.
294:diagnosis
283:Diagnosis
154:malignant
106:esophagus
64:Specialty
1223:Asplenia
1026:Melanoma
1016:Lymphoma
875:Lower RT
818:Upper RT
618:16720849
577:24939529
569:18452109
534:12975453
485:12067481
395:14761815
325:See also
319:aneurysm
302:Teratoma
189:lymphoma
183:Lymphoma
150:teratoma
138:lymphoma
69:Oncology
1310:Tonsils
1200:Thymoma
1173:Abscess
1011:Sarcoma
884:Trachea
739:D008479
525:2194208
476:6740057
436:2820323
358:28 July
298:Sarcoma
275:Of all
174:thymoma
168:Thymoma
110:trachea
92:in the
1215:Spleen
1165:Thymus
1080:Pleura
855:Larynx
806:Cancer
763:001086
639:
616:
575:
567:
532:
522:
483:
473:
434:
393:
116:, and
114:thymus
71:
728:164.9
724:786.6
709:C38.3
705:C38.1
573:S2CID
263:, or
233:fever
200:of a
163:Types
118:aorta
102:heart
98:lungs
90:tumor
88:is a
1314:see
1001:Non-
902:Lung
734:MeSH
719:9-CM
637:ISBN
614:PMID
565:PMID
530:PMID
481:PMID
432:PMID
391:PMID
360:2012
715:ICD
696:ICD
604:doi
557:doi
520:PMC
512:doi
508:198
471:PMC
463:doi
422:doi
383:doi
1429::
761::
737::
722::
703::
700:10
654:^
645:.
612:.
600:11
598:.
594:.
571:.
563:.
553:49
551:.
528:.
518:.
506:.
502:.
479:.
469:.
457:.
453:.
430:.
418:44
416:.
412:.
389:.
377:.
344:^
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