History of the Catholic Church in Japan

482: 923: 474: 903: 273:. Anjirō had heard from Xavier in 1545 and had travelled from Kagoshima to Malacca with the purpose of meeting with him. Having been charged with murder, Anjirō had fled Japan. He told Xavier extensively about his former life and the customs and culture of his beloved homeland. Anjirō helped Xavier as a mediator and translator for the mission to Japan that now seemed much more possible. "I asked whether the Japanese would become Christians if I went with him to this country, and he replied that they would not do so immediately, but would first ask me many questions and see what I knew. Above all, they would want to see whether my life corresponded with my teaching." 1033: 4022: 1266: 1426: 1242: 1474:, and revealed that their families had kept the Kirishitan faith. Those Kirishitan wanted to see the statue of the Virgin Mary with their own eyes, and to confirm that the priest was single and truly came from the Pope in Rome. After this interview, many Kirishitan thronged toward Petitjean. He investigated their underground organizations and discovered that they had kept the rite of baptism and the liturgical years without European priests for nearly 250 years. Petitjean's report surprised the Christian world; 911: 648: 138: 1151: 1147:

having a small number of clergymen working underground, the Japanese Church was able to recruit leadership from among lay members. Japanese children seem to have participated actively in the resistance, sparking admiration among the Portuguese. Nagasaki remained a Christian city in the first decades of the 17th century, and during the general persecutions other confraternities were founded in Shimabara, Kinai and Franciscans in Edo.

251: 4432: 1143:(ruled 1605–1623), was considered the first official statement of a comprehensive control of Kirishitan. It claimed that the Christians were bringing disorder to Japanese society and that their followers "contravene governmental regulations, traduce Shinto, calumniate the True Law, destroy regulations, and corrupt goodness". It was fully implemented and canonized as one of the fundamental Tokugawan laws. 458: 4442: 4034: 1548: 595: 30: 1062: 1560: 1386: 1536: 1405:, which had been overlooked by the Japanese government during the time of persecution, made their practices public in the 1980s and now perform them for audiences; however, these practices have acquired some attributes of theater, such as the telling of folktales and the use of statues and other images which most underground Christians had never created. 496:) of Japanese culture. This basic strategy for Catholic proselytism, also called "adaptationism", put the advance of the Christian faith above adherence to traditional Christian behavior. He attempted to avoid cultural frictions by making a compromise with local customs that other missionaries viewed as conflicting with Catholic values. 213:'s decree of 1608, which abolished the restrictions on the route. The Portuguese accused Spanish Jesuits of working for their homeland instead of their patron. The power struggle between Jesuits and mendicant orders caused a schism within the diocese of Funai. Furthermore, mendicant orders tried in vain to establish a diocese on the 697:. They did not confine their commercial activity to the official silk market but expanded into unauthorized markets. For the Macau-Nagasaki trade, they dealt in silk fabrics, gold, musk and other goods including military supplies and slavery. Sometimes, they even got involved in Spanish trade, prohibited by the kings of 659:

of the sick. By the end of the 16th century kanbō and jihiyakusha had similar responsibilities and also organized funerals and baptized children with permission to baptize from Rome. The kanbō were those who had left secular life but not taken formal vows, while the jihiyakusha were married and had a profession.

847:. In 1587, while trying to establish control of his new kingdom in some parts of Kyushu, he encountered Buddhist temples that had been sacked by Catholic forces attempting to convert the entire island by force. This attempted purge of Buddhism from Kyushu had begun years earlier, in 1562, with the conversion of 393:

the Yamaguchi period. Xavier stayed in Yamaguchi for two months on his way to an abortive audience with the Emperor in Kyoto. Yamaguchi was a prosperous and refined city, and its leaders, the Ouchi family, were aware that Xavier's journey to Japan had begun after the completion of his mission in India.

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Following the legalization of Christianity and secularization of Japan, many Hanare Kirishitan lineages ended abruptly. Traditionally, boys learned the rituals and prayers from their fathers; when boys were uninterested or moved away from the homes, there would be no one left to continue the lineage.

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I have received information that in your kingdoms the promulgation of the law, i.e. Christianity, is a trick and deceit by which you overcome other kingdoms, he wrote in a letter to the Philippines in reply to the embassy led by Navarrete Fajardo in 1597. Christian missionaries, in Hideyoshi's mind,

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The number of active Christians is estimated to have been around 200,000 in 1582. Christians attach a great theological importance to martyrdom, and in Japan, there were around 1,000 known martyrs during the missionary period. Countless others were dispossessed of their land and property, leading to

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By 1587, Toyotomi Hideyoshi had become alarmed, not because of too many converts but rather because the hegemon learned that the Jesuits reportedly oversaw forced conversions of retainers and commoners, that they had garrisoned the city of Nagasaki, that they participated in the slave trade of other

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Xavier brought with him paintings of the Madonna and the Madonna and Child. These paintings were used to help teach the Japanese about Christianity. There was a huge language barrier as Japanese was unlike other languages the missionaries had previously encountered. For a long time Francis struggled

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meant to be trod upon, to reveal practicing Catholics and sympathizers. Anyone reluctant to step on the pictures was identified as Catholic and sent to Nagasaki. The policy of the Japanese government (Edo) was to turn Christians from their faith; if the Catholics refused to renounce their religion,

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The systematic persecution beginning in 1614 faced stiff resistance from Christians, despite the departure of more than half the clergy. Once again, the main reason for this resistance was not the presence of a few priests but rather the self-organization of many communities. Forced to secrecy, and

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Different groups of laymen supported Christian life in Japanese mission, e.g., dōjuku (同宿), kanbō (看防), and jihiyakusha helped the clergymen in activities like the celebration of Sunday liturgy in the absence of ordained clergy, religious education, preparation of confessions, and spiritual support

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Xavier returned to India in January 1548. The next 15 months were occupied with various journeys and administrative measures in India. Then, due to displeasure at what he considered un-Christian life and manners on the part of the Portuguese which impeded missionary work, he left India and traveled

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The Kirishitan band happened to reach Japan. Not only have they sent merchant vessels to exchange commodities, but they also spread a pernicious doctrine to confuse the right ones, so that they would change the government of the country and own the country. This will become a great catastrophe. We

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in 1596, where, in an attempt to recover his cargo, the Spanish captain of a shipwrecked trading vessel claimed that the missionaries were there to prepare Japan for conquest. These claims deepened Hideyoshi's suspicions of the foreign religion. From then on, he attempted to curb Catholicism while

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Such commercial activities were contrary to the idea of honorable poverty that the priests held. But some Jesuits at this time placed the expansion of the society's influence before this ideal. Mendicant orders fiercely accused the Jesuits of being corrupt and even considered their activity as the

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The Japanese missions were economically self-sufficient. Nagasaki's misericórdias became rich and powerful institutions which every year received large donations. The brotherhood grew in numbers to over 100 by 1585 and 150 in 1609. Controlled by the elite of Nagasaki, and not by Portuguese, it had

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Accepted on a national scale, Christianity was also successful among different social groups from the poor to the rich, peasants, traders, sailors, warriors, or courtesans. Most of the daily activities of the Church were performed by Japanese from the beginning, giving the Japanese Church a native

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As several daimyos and their subjects converted to Christianity, the destruction of Buddhist and Shinto temples and shrines would often accompany it, with the Jesuits also contributing to the destruction and persecutions. Buddhist monks and Shinto priests would face persecution by being forcefully

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They took Catholicism for some sort of new sect of Buddhism, and were curious to know of the priest's doctrine. Tolerant but shrewd, their eyes less on baptism than the Portuguese cargoes from Macau, they granted the Jesuit permission to preach. The uncompromising Xavier took to the streets of the

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Having a religious background, Takahisa showed himself to be benevolent and already allowed freedom of worship, but did not help the missionaries or favor their church. Failing to find a way to the centre of affairs, the court of the Emperor, Xavier soon tired and left to Yamaguchi, thus beginning

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When Xavier disembarked in Kagoshima, the principal chiefs of the two branches of the Shimazu family, Sanehisa and Katsuhisa, were warring for the sovereignty of their lands. Katsuhisa adopted Takahisa Shimazu, who in 1542 was accepted as head of the clan, having previously received the Portuguese

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João Rodrigues was a Jesuit missionary who became a fluent interpreter of Japanese life to the West. At age 16 he was assigned to the Jesuit Mission in Nagasaki in 1577 in a period of military and civil strife. He gained an unmatched fluency in speaking Japanese and was a lead interpreter in high

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The main goal was evangelism. But religion was also an integral part of the state and evangelization was seen as having both secular and spiritual benefits for both Portugal and Spain. Wherever these powers attempted to expand their territories or influence, missionaries would soon follow. By the

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establishment was made responsible for verifying that a person was not a Christian through what became known as the "temple guarantee system" (terauke seido). By the 1630s, people were being required to produce a certificate of affiliation with a Buddhist temple as proof of religious orthodoxy,

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to establish trade with the Philippines. The trade promotion made his policies toward Catholicism inconsistent. At the same time, in an attempt to wrest control of the Japan trade from the Catholic countries, Dutch and English traders advised the shogunate that Spain did indeed have territorial

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arrived in Korea with a Japanese monk for the purposes of ministering to the Japanese troops. He stayed there for approximately 18 months, until April or May 1595, thus being on record as the first European missionary to visit the Korean peninsula but was unable to make any inroads. The "Annual

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The Japanese people were not easily converted; many of the people were already Buddhist or Shinto. Francis tried to combat the disposition of some of the Japanese that a God who had created everything, including evil, could not be good. The concept of Hell was also a struggle; the Japanese were

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It was later revealed that tens of thousands of Kirishitan still survived in some regions near Nagasaki. Some officially returned to the Catholic Church, while others remained apart from the Catholic Church and have stayed as Hanare Kirishitan, retaining their own traditional beliefs and their

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where Kakure Kirishitans had once fled. There were only two surviving priests on the islands, both of whom were over 90, and they would not talk to each other. The few surviving laity had also all reached old age, and some of them no longer had any priests from their lineage and prayed alone.

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These groups were fundamental to the mission, and depended on both the ecclesiastical hierarchy as well as the warlords who controlled the lands where they lived. Therefore, the success of the Japanese mission cannot be explained only as the result of the action of the missionaries or of the

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and wealthy merchants. By brokerage, the Jesuits could expect not only rebates but also favorable treatment from the authorities. For this reason, the office of procurator became an important post among the Jesuits in Japan. Although trade activities by the Jesuits ate into Portuguese trade

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Most Japanese Christians lived in Kyushu, but Christianization was now a regional phenomenon and had a national impact. By the end of the 16th century it was possible to find baptized people in virtually every province of Japan, many of them organized in communities. On the eve of the

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are the mixed-race descendants of the deported Japanese Catholics. Four hundred people were officially deported by the government to Macau and Manila, but thousands of Japanese were pressured into moving voluntarily. About 10,000 Macanese and 3,000 Japanese were moved to Manila.

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was much stronger and more stable than Toyotomi Hideyoshi's administration, yet the mendicant orders relatively openly discussed military options. The Jesuits and the Mendicant Orders kept a lasting rivalry over the Japanese mission and attached to different imperial strategies.

1206:, took place in 1637. The Rebellion was sparked by economic desperation and government oppression, but later assumed a religious tone. About 27,000 people joined the uprising, but it was crushed by the shogunate after a sustained campaign. They are not considered martyrs by the 581:(Nuns of Kyoto) which accepted Korean converts such as Marina Pak, baptized in Nagasaki. Nagasaki was called "the Rome of Japan" and most of its inhabitants were Christians. By 1611, it had ten churches and was divided into eight parishes, including a specifically Korean order. 1289:, the Kakure Kirishitans kept their faith. Biblical phrases or prayers were transferred orally from parent to child, and secret posts (Mizukata) were assigned in their underground community to baptize their children, all while regional governments continuously operated 232:

due to lack of profitability, the Dutch continued to trade with Japan and became the only European country that maintained trade relations with Japan until the 19th century. Dutch traders frequently criticized the Catholic Church in Japan, which subsequently affected

518:. Its uniqueness meant that Japan was then the sole overseas country in which all members of those confraternities were locals, as was the case with Christian missions in Mexico, Peru, Brazil, the Philippines, or India, in spite of the presence of a colonial elite. 372:

in southwestern Japan and succeeded in converting some of them. One reason for their conversion may have been the Portuguese trade in which the Jesuits acted as brokers. The Jesuits recognized this and approached local rulers with offers of trade and exotic gifts.

961:, he realized that a military campaign against Japan's powerful ruler would bring catastrophe to Catholicism in Japan. Valignano survived the crisis by laying all the blame on Coelho. In 1590, the Jesuits decided to stop intervening in the struggles between the 376:

The Jesuits believed that it was most effective to seek to influence people in power and to pass the religion downward to the commoners. At the least, they needed to gain permission from local rulers to propagate Catholicism within their domains. Indeed, as

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finally decided to ban Catholicism in 1614, and in the mid-17th century demanded the expulsion of all European missionaries and the execution of all converts. This marked the end of open Christianity in Japan. The immediate cause of the prohibition was the

1497:). After Europe and the U.S. began to vocally criticize the persecution, the Japanese government realized that it needed to lift the ban in order to attain its interests. In 1873 the ban was lifted. Numerous exiles returned and began construction of the 158:, the two powers divided the world between them into exclusive spheres of influence, trade and colonization. Although at the time of the demarcation, neither nation had any direct contact with Japan, that nation fell into the sphere of the Portuguese. 692:

Their officially recognized commercial activity was a fixed-amount entry into the Portuguese silk trade between Macau and Nagasaki. They financed to a certain amount the trade association in Macau, which purchased raw silk in Canton and sold it in

1580:("hidden Christian"), a phrase referring to the Japanese communities that continued to practice a native form of Christianity secretly in spite of persecution. Their isolation led to their drifting away from the foreign version of the religion. 1346:

was passed down orally, due to fears of printed works being confiscated by authorities. Because of the expulsion of the Catholic clergy in the 17th century, the Kakure Christian community relied on lay leaders to lead the services.

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and generally tolerated Christianity. But overall, he undertook no remarkable policies toward Catholicism. Actually, Catholic power in his domain was trivial because he did not conquer western Japan, where the Jesuits were based.

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By 1579, there were about 130,000 converts. By 1603, according to Jesuit estimates of the time, the Japanese mission had become the largest overseas Christian community that was not under the rule of a European power, counting

685:, the pioneer of Catholic missions in Japan, who covered the cost of missionary work through merchant trading. From the 1550s to the 1570s, the Jesuits covered all necessary expenses with trade profits and bought land in 2460: 161:

The countries disputed the attribution of Japan. Since neither could colonize it, the exclusive right to propagate Christianity in Japan meant the exclusive right to trade with Japan. Portuguese-sponsored Jesuits under

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could exercise power over the nation. At first, Xavier planned to gain permission for building a mission from the emperor but was disappointed with the devastation of the imperial residence. The Jesuits approached

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with interpretative sections on Japanese life and culture, a history of the mission, and an introduction to Japanese culture. As treasurer of the mission he handled business and worked with Portuguese shippers.

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assumed power over Japan, in 1600. Like Toyotomi Hideyoshi, he disliked Christian activities in Japan but gave priority to trade with Portugal and Spain. He secured Portuguese trade in 1600. He negotiated with

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Japanese and, apparently offending Hideyoshi's Buddhist sentiments, that they allowed the slaughter of horses and oxen for food. He was concerned that divided loyalties might lead to dangerous rebels like the

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reunified Japan. Hideyoshi first allowed Christianity since he believed it to be a matter of individual belief. Later, Hideyoshi began to pay more attention to external threats, particularly the expansion of

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interests, procurators continued their brokerage utilizing the authority of the Catholic Church. At the same time, Portuguese merchants required the assistance of procurators who were familiar with Japanese

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face, and this was one of the reasons for its success. By 1590, there were seventy native brothers in Japan, fully one half of Jesuits in Japan and fifteen percent of all Jesuits who were working in Asia.

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ambitions, and that Catholicism was Spain's principal means. In contrast, the Dutch and English promised that they would limit themselves to trading and would not conduct missionary activities in Japan.

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Portuguese shipping arrived in Japan in 1543, and Catholic missionary activities in Japan began in earnest around 1549, performed in the main by Portuguese-sponsored Jesuits until Spanish-sponsored

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campaign against local Buddhists and their places of worship, despite Jesuits advising him to not destroy Shinto and Buddhist temples. This added to Hideyoshi's suspicion of the religion.

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Letters of Japan" made a substantial contribution to the introduction of Korea to Europe, Francis Xavier having crossed paths with Korean envoys dispatched to Japan during 1550 and 1551.

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in 1858. Many Christian clergymen were sent from Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox Churches, though proselytizing was still banned. In 1865, some of the Japanese who lived in

1277:". Some priests remained in Japan illegally, including eighteen Jesuits, seven Franciscans, seven Dominicans, one Augustinian, five seculars, and an unknown number of Jesuit 507:

converts, 190 churches, and 122 Jesuits in activity. The Jesuits possessed in 1614 eleven colleges, sixty-four residences, two novitiates, and two seminaries; according to

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merchants on Tanegashima Island and learned about the use of firearms. Later, he met Xavier himself at the castle of Uchiujijo and permitted the conversion of his vassals.

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descendants asserting that they keep their ancestors' religion. However, it became difficult for them to keep their community and rituals, so they eventually converted to

1489:, the American minister-resident in Japan, privately complained of this persecution to the Nagasaki magistrates, though little action was taken to stop it. The succeeding 708:

It was mainly procurators who brokered Portuguese trade. They resided in Macau and Nagasaki, and accepted purchase commitments by Japanese customers such as the shogunate

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were baptized, and their domains stretched from Hyuga in Southeast Kyushu to Dewa in North Honshū (see Costa 2003). Hundreds of churches had been built throughout Japan.

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banning Christianity, there were communities that kept practicing Catholicism without any contact with the Church until missionaries were able to return much later.

1024:. At this time, Catholicism was officially outlawed. The Church, without a clergy, went underground until the arrival of Western missionaries in the 19th century. 1016:

Persecution continued sporadically, breaking out again in 1613 and 1630. On 10 September 1622, 55 Christians were martyred in Nagasaki in what became known as the

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shogunate's edicts banning Christianity were still on the books, however, and thus the religion continued to be persecuted up to 1867, the last year of its rule.

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and Paulo Okamoto were named as principals in an assassination plot to murder the magistrate in charge of the shogunate's most important port city of Nagasaki.

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city denouncing, among other things, infanticide, idolatry, and homosexuality (the last being widely accepted at the time). Misunderstandings were inevitable.

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refused. Then they called for a deployment of reinforcements from their homeland and its colonies. But this plan was vetoed by Valignano. Like the Kirishitan

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When Toyotomi Hideyoshi issued the Bateren edict, the Jesuits in Japan, led by Coelho, planned armed resistance. At first, they sought help from Kirishitan

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The Jesuits in Japan had to maintain economic self-sufficiency because they could not expect stable and sufficient payment from their patron, the King of

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for the Christian God; attempting to adapt the concept to local traditions. As Xavier learned more about the religious nuances of the word, he changed to

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bothered by the idea of their ancestors living in Hell. Despite Francis' different religion, he felt that they were good people, and could be converted.

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In some cases, the communities drifted away from Christian teachings. They lost the meaning of the prayers and their religion became a version of the

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gained access to Japan. Of the 95 Jesuits who worked in Japan up to 1600, 57 were Portuguese, 20 were Spaniards and 18 Italian. Francisco Xavier,

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led to the conversion of many of their subjects. The conversion of several elites in the area was likely due to the decentralized nature of the

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evicted out of the temples which were then reused as Christian facilities. Some Christian daimyos also ordered the forced marriage of monks.

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The history of the popes, from the close of the middle ages : drawn from the secret Archives of the Vatican and other original sources

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Many secret Christians, some of whom had adopted these new ways of practicing Christianity, came out of hiding when religious freedom was

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led some warlords to believe that being more open to external sources of power and legitimacy as a possible method to gain an advantage.

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of the province. However, lacking fluency in the Japanese language, he had to limit himself to reading aloud a Japanese translation of a

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With the passage of time, Xavier's sojourn in Japan could be considered somewhat fruitful as attested by congregations established in

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primary reason for Japan's ban on Catholicism. Mendicant orders themselves were not necessarily uninvolved in commercial activities.

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Ruiz-de-Medina, Father Juan G., Cultural Interactions in the Orient 30 years before Matteo Ricci. Catholic Uni. of Portugal, 1993.

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Xavier reached Japan on 27 July 1549, with Anjirō and three other Jesuits, but it was not until 15 August that he went ashore at

446:. Xavier worked for more than two years in Japan and saw his successor-Jesuits established. He then decided to return to India. 228:

traders in the early 17th century. Although the English withdrew from their Japanese operations after a decade of trading under

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Violence against Catholics in East Asia: Japan, China, and Korea from the Late Sixteenth Century to the Early Twentieth Century

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For 45 years, the Jesuits were the only Christian missionaries in Asia, and then the Franciscans began proselytizing as well.

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Kentaro Miyazaki, "Kakure Kirishitan --Orasho, Figured Bass of Their Souls", 2001, Nagasaki Shimbun Shinsho (in Japanese),

720: 127: 4356: 4306: 4261: 4241: 4231: 4131: 3854: 3433: 3408: 3017: 803:. Ōtomo maintained an alliance with Christian Europeans throughout his military career. His wife, known to the Jesuits as 146: 1980: 1526: 939:

Sect of earlier years and produced his edict expelling missionaries. However, this decree was not particularly enforced.

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lords converted to Catholicism, the number of believers within their territories also drastically increased. After the

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For a while, Hanare Kirishitans were thought to have died out entirely, due to their tradition of secrecy. A group on

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but failed to meet with the Emperor. He returned to Yamaguchi in March 1551, where he was permitted to preach by the

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Maria Kannon, Dehua Kiln Statue of Buddhist Kannon used for Christian worship in Japan, Nantoyōsō Collection, Japan.

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two hospitals (one for lepers) and a large church. By 1606, there already existed a feminine religious order called

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and to disarm themselves, however, they continued to send secret shipments of food and financial aid to Kirishitan

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In the 1580s, Valignano believed in the effectiveness of military action and fortified Nagasaki and Mogi. In 1585,

2030:"The Many Meanings of Iconoclasm: Warrior and Christian Temple-Shrine Destruction in Late Sixteenth Century Japan" 1841:

Ellis, Robert Richmond (2003). "'The Best Thus Far Discovered': The Japanese in the Letters of Francisco Xavier".

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Although these Hanare Kirishitans had a strong tradition of secrecy, they agreed to be filmed for her documentary

681:, the king allowing the Jesuits to engage in trade with Japan. Such economic activity can be found in the work of 605: 4256: 4221: 4176: 4171: 4080: 3927: 3629: 2940: 1961:

L. Walker, Brett (Fall 2002). "Foreign Affairs and Frontiers in Early Modern Japan: a Historio-graphical Essay".

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are called the "hidden" Christians because they continued to practice Christianity in secret. They worshipped in

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When Xavier arrived in Japan, the country was embroiled in a nationwide civil war. Neither the emperor nor the

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took the lead in proselytizing in Japan over the objection of the Spaniards. The fait accompli was approved in

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The Japanese Mission to Europe, 1582–1590; The journey of Four Samurai Boys through Portugal, Spain and Italy

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Ellis, Robert Richmond. “The Best Thus Far Discovered”: The Japanese in the Letters of St. Francisco Xavier.

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visited Nagasaki in 1981, he baptized some young people from Kakure Kirishitan families – a rare occurrence.

3378: 3234: 2961: 2714: 2368:"Japanese Pentecostalism and the World of the Dead: a Study of Cultural Adaptation in Iesu no Mitama Kyokai" 1606: 1303:" provides detailed accounts of the persecution of Christian communities and the suppression of the Church. 1300: 1108:, but there were also other reasons behind it. The shogunate was concerned about a possible invasion by the 740: 521:

The earliest success Christianity witnessed in Japan occurred in Kyushu. Conversions of local warlords like

997:. These individuals were raised on crosses and then pierced through with spears. The Martyrs of Japan were 880:

also maintaining good trading relations with Portugal and Spain, who may have provided military support to

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level negotiations, as with Hideyoshi. He compiled essential reference books including a Japanese grammar,

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practices. However, there were those who decided not to rejoin. They are known as the Hanare Kirishitan (

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to send a fleet but the plan was rejected due to the shortness of its military capability. Christians

155: 3795: 3355: 804: 647: 492:, who supervised the Jesuit missions to the Far East from 1574 to 1606, promoted a deep accommodation ( 807:, was one of the precursors against Christianity. He later had to divorce her and declare war against 719:, since they established no permanent trading post in Japan. Probably the most notable procurator was 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3904: 3831: 3674: 3634: 3453: 3330: 3269: 3074: 3049: 2985: 1494: 1124:

for land to build a Spanish fortress and this deepened Japan's suspicion against Catholicism and the

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The Kakure Kirishitan of Japan: A Study of Their Development, Beliefs and Rituals to the Present Day

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also provided Westerners with a rare opportunity to visit Korea. Under orders of Gomaz, the Jesuit

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banned Christianity in 1620 it ceased to exist publicly. Many Catholics went underground, becoming

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Why do you destroy shrines and temples, persecute the priests, and not try to reconcile with them?

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The anthropologist Christal Whelan uncovered the existence of genuine Hanare Kirishitans on the

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colonial powers, which had previously occurred in the New World and the Philippines. In 1615, a

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Buddhist statue with hidden cross on back, used by Christians in Japan to disguise their faith.

3984: 3889: 3664: 3650: 3624: 3609: 3513: 3498: 3428: 3418: 3287: 3219: 3120: 3084: 2980: 2682: 2628: 2609: 2590: 2543: 2522: 2505: 2404: 2280: 2251: 2142: 2092: 2051: 1922:, Vol. 71 No. 2 (Spring 2003), pp. 155-169 University of Pennsylvania Press. 30 November 2008 1893: 1858: 1693: 1588: 1577: 1514: 1498: 1471: 1362: 1355: 1274: 1236: 1140: 1125: 1109: 1041: 848: 796: 757: 530: 522: 508: 198: 167: 103: 84: 1655: 1615:'s novel about the 17th-century suppression of the last known Japanese Christian communities. 1128:

colonial powers behind it. Domestically, the ban was closely related to measures against the

3874: 3679: 3659: 3579: 3564: 3463: 3365: 3239: 3079: 3037: 3032: 3012: 2995: 2908: 2379: 2321: 2084: 2041: 1885: 1850: 1739: 1716: 1683: 1650: 1583: 1490: 1441: 1437: 1351: 1339: 1211: 1203: 1010: 686: 511:(citing Steichen (194) and L. Delplace (1884)), the total number of Christians in Japan was 301: 290: 286: 206: 190: 175: 1273:

The Catholic remnant in Japan were driven underground and its members became known as the "

1150: 431: 3932: 3899: 3843: 3837: 3694: 3599: 3503: 3315: 2809: 1818: 1219: 1207: 1049: 927: 906:

Hideyoshi's Bateren-tsuiho-rei (the Purge Directive Order to the Jesuits) on July 24, 1587

728: 526: 123: 119: 68: 34: 1938:. Translated by M. Joseph Costellos, S.J. St Louis: The Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1992 1409: 1829: 250: 220:

Religious rivalries between Catholics and Protestants reached Japan with the arrival of

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The Jesuits provided various kinds of support including military support to Kirishitan

682: 534: 443: 430:, who died in the middle of the unification of Japan. He favored the Jesuit missionary 334:

to learn the language. Artwork continued to play a role in Francis’ teachings in Asia.

258: 221: 46: 17: 1295:

to expose Christians. Drawn from the oral histories of Japanese Catholic communities,

1009:, commemorated on February 6, February 5, the date of their death, being the feast of 4460: 4435: 3879: 3805: 3771: 3755: 3715: 3398: 3373: 3149: 3059: 3044: 2966: 2764: 2583: 2578: 2063: 1743: 1720: 1136:

monk Konchiin Suden (1563–1633) and issued in 1614 under the name of second Tokugawa

1037: 943: 815: 800: 466: 419:

issued edicts to ban Catholicism in 1565 and 1568. The orders of the Emperor and the

415:, so special treatment cannot be confirmed regarding the Jesuits. On the other hand, 214: 2538:

Kentaro Miyazaki, "Kakure Kirishitan --Orasho, Figured Bass of Their Souls", 2001,

2500:

Kentaro Miyazaki, "Kakure Kirishitan --Orasho, Figured Bass of Their Souls", 2001,

2384: 2367: 1811: 3989: 3864: 3720: 3684: 3423: 3345: 3189: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2913: 2088: 1612: 1594: 1564: 1475: 1327: 1296: 1002: 538: 457: 427: 179: 149:, of Pedro Martins S.J., the second bishop of Funai, who had died in February 1598. 1210:

since they took up arms for materialistic reasons. Many Japanese were deported to

1132:

clan. The statement on the "Expulsion of all missionaries from Japan", drafted by

936: 868:

Why do you eat cows and horses even though they are beneficial animals for humans?

808: 305: 79:

missionaries, Christianity was repressed as a threat to national unity. After the

2774: 2461:"Number XLVIII March LET US ALSO GO, THAT WE MAY DIE WITH HIM John 11:16 APOSTLE" 2326: 2309: 2078: 4445: 3790: 3619: 3594: 3569: 3542: 3529: 3438: 3340: 3027: 2769: 1600: 1470:) barely a month before. A female member of the group spoke to a French priest, 1322:

were transformed into figurines that looked like the traditional statues of the

1319: 1246: 1215: 1192: 1072: 819: 594: 210: 115: 71:

in 1565 and 1568, but to little effect. Beginning in 1587, with imperial regent

53:

in the 1540s and briefly flourished, with over 100,000 converts, including many

29: 4033: 2463:. Newsletter of the Society of Saint Pius X in Asia. 1 March 2018. p. 12. 2080:

Christ in Japanese Culture: Theological Themes in Shusaku Endo's Literary Works

3574: 3159: 2341: 2046: 1432:

by Andries Beeckman, circa 1656. Japanese Christians appear in the foreground.

1366: 1307: 1286: 1113: 978: 975: 462: 171: 2752:

Japan’s Encounter with Christianity: The Catholic Mission in Pre-modern Japan

2715:"Unveiling Histories of the Tohoku District; Juan Goto and Crypto-Christians" 2443: 2055: 1862: 1787: 1697: 404:

and the surrounding regions. In 1559, Gaspar Vilela obtained permission from

4049: 2563:

Ellisonas, Jurgis. "Christianity and the daimyo", in John Whitney Hall, ed.

2294: 1672:"Strangers in a Strange Land: Translating Catholicism in Early Modern Japan" 1547: 1117: 1061: 998: 844: 768:

were officially baptized, and many more were sympathetic to the Christians.

761: 343: 323: 297: 278: 266: 234: 131: 2220: 967: 773: 710: 665: 363: 318: 277:

to East Asia. He left Goa on 15 April 1549, stopped at Malacca and visited

270: 55: 2765:

History of Catholic Church in Japan, Catholic Bishops’ Conference of Japan

1493:

initially continued in this vein and several thousand people were exiled (

1385: 1365:

and rejoined the Roman Catholic Church after renouncing their unorthodox,

3388: 3142: 3130: 1506: 1453: 1323: 1188: 1129: 994: 702: 678: 409: 183: 174:

of 1575, which decided that Japan belonged to the Portuguese diocese of

3645: 3259: 2881: 2698:"AN OVERVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN JAPAN, 1543-1944" 1981:"Treccani - la cultura italiana | Treccani, il portale del sapere" 1923: 1870: 1449: 1223: 1184: 1105: 1065: 982: 716: 651: 619: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 412: 338: 50: 38: 2655:

Kitagawa, Tomoko (2007). "The Conversion of Hideyoshi's Daughter Gō".

2342:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Sts. Peter Baptist and Twenty-Five Companions" 1688: 871:

Why do Portuguese buy so many Japanese and take them abroad as slaves?

799:

was a famous Christian daimyo, he fought alongside Portugueses in the

3254: 3164: 3069: 1676:

ASIANetwork Exchange: A Journal for Asian Studies in the Liberal Arts

1510: 1444:

in 1853. It became possible for foreigners to live in Japan with the

1291: 1250: 1171: 1154:

Image of Christ used to reveal practicing Catholics and sympathizers.

1076: 1054: 986: 942:

Toyotomi Hideyoshi promulgated a ban on Christianity in form of the "

840: 439: 378: 202: 194: 142: 76: 60: 1854: 1768:

Ruiz-de-Medina, Father Juan G., Documentos de Japon, Rome 1990, 1995

285:

and Brother João Fernandes. He had taken with him presents for the "

254:

Japanese-Portuguese Bell Inscribed 1570, Nantoyōsō Collection, Japan

862:

Why are you so enthusiastic about making Japanese people Christian?

408:

to teach Christianity. This license was the same as those given to

281:. He was accompanied by Anjirō, two other Japanese men, the father 63:. It soon met resistance from the highest office holders of Japan. 2625:

Christianity in Early Modern Japan: Kirishitan Belief and Practice

2401:

Christianity in Early Modern Japan: Kirishitan Belief and Practice

1424: 1384: 1343: 1331: 1315: 1264: 1254: 1240: 1179: 1149: 1060: 1031: 921: 909: 901: 698: 646: 480: 472: 456: 401: 382: 313: 249: 136: 28: 2670:

Quattro Ragazzi: Tenshō Mission of Youths and the Imperial World

4053: 3811:

Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

2778: 2743:

Murai Shōsuke y “Tanegashima: The Arrival of Europe in Japan”.

2572:

Deus Destroyed: The Image of Christianity in Early Modern Japan

2277:

Deus Destroyed; The Image of Christianity in Early Modern Japan

1482: 1133: 1087:'s death in 1598, it seems that the Jesuits realized that the 588: 537:

period where warlords vied for control among themselves. This

2248:

Rodrigues the Interpreter= An Early Jesuit in Japan and China

756:

converted to Christianity to gain more favorable access to

2191:. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. pp. 131–133. 3700:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

731:

and even participated in the administration of Nagasaki.

2403:. Brill Academic Publishers, Incorporated. p. 139. 1187:. Those who would not recant were typically executed on 261:

was the first Jesuit to go to Japan as a missionary. In

2650:(1). Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture: 27–66. 2642:

Elisonas, Jurgis S. A. (2007). "Journey to the West".

1314:

in private homes. As time went on, the figures of the

3731:

Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary

2663:(1). Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture: 9–25. 1947:

Lopez-Gay, St Francis Xavier and the Shimazu Family,

1524: 289:" since he was intending to introduce himself as the 237:

policies toward the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal.

217:

that was to be independent from the Portuguese one.

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represented the first wave of European imperialism.

851:, Japan's first Roman Catholic daimyo, who began a 2582: 2565:The Cambridge History of Japan: Early modern Japan 1736:Japan and Europe: the Christian Century, 1549-1650 1020:. On 4 December 1623, 50 were executed during the 400:The Jesuits attempted to expand their activity to 1163:social acceptability, and loyalty to the regime. 453:Alessandro Valignano and the accommodation policy 265:in December 1547, Xavier met a Japanese man from 3801:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 2279:. Harvard University Press. pp. 54 and 64. 1624:List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868 974:On 5 February 1597, twenty-six Christians – six 875:The turning point for Catholic missions was the 858:Hideyoshi's questions to missionaries included: 2141:. Bainbridgebooks/Trans-Atlantic Publications. 1195:. The prosecution lasted for over 2 centuries. 189:In rivalry with the Jesuits, Spanish-sponsored 95: 1936:The Letters and Instructions of Francis Xavier 1371: 1354:, in which the ancestors happened to be their 1104:, a case of fraud involving Ieyasu's Catholic 89: 4065: 2790: 2221:"｢日本人の奴隷化｣を食い止めた豊臣秀吉の大英断 | リーダーシップ・教養・資格・スキル" 2123:, "Rodrigues in Japan, a Jesuit Missionary", 45:Christian missionaries arrived in Japan with 8: 1465: 777:when they were threatened by non-Kirishitan 663:commercial and political interests of a few 2731:The Dominican mission in Japan (1602–1622), 1788:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Francis Xavier" 186:) was founded under Portuguese protection. 4072: 4058: 4050: 3816:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary 3766:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart 3185: 3174: 2957: 2797: 2783: 2775: 1670:Lough, Christopher Thomas (16 July 2023). 705:, and antagonized the Portuguese traders. 485:Saint Mary of the Snows (Nanban art) c1600 141:The gravestone (second from the left), in 134:with hopes to bring Catholicism to Japan. 106:was Christianity re-established in Japan. 4482:History of the Catholic Church by country 2455: 2453: 2383: 2325: 2127:, April 1973, Vol. 23 Issue 4, pp 247–255 2045: 1687: 1654: 635:Learn how and when to remove this message 201:'s decree of 1600, which allowed Spanish 2740:3rd edition. Manchester: Carcanet, 1993. 1886:"Background: Catholic Missions in Japan" 1467:Société des Missions Etrangères de Paris 312:. Shortly before Christmas, he left for 300:, the principal port of the province of 2745:Bulletin of Portuguese/Japanese Studies 2700:. Catholic Bishops' Conference of Japan 1949:Bulletin of Portuguese/Japanese Studies 1635: 1531: 1381:Modern extinction of Hanare Kirishitans 789:, who fought against the anti-Catholic 2250:. Weatherhill, New York. p. 160. 1884:Roldán-Figueroa, Rady (16 June 2021), 1812:Saint Francis Xavier on Catholic Forum 1656:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935420.013.002 1363:re-established in the mid-19th century 2657:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 2644:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 2372:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 2314:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 1734:Ward, Haruko Nawata (10 March 2015). 1591:, Japan's first Roman Catholic daimyo 1202:, led by a young Christian boy named 654:depicting Christ, 17th century, Japan 477:Celebrating a Christian Mass in Japan 178:. In 1588, the diocese of Funai (the 7: 2490:from the original on 10 August 2013. 2467:from the original on 19 August 2022. 2028:Strathern, Alan (18 November 2020). 1951:, Uni. Nova de Lisboa, Portugal 2003 1005:, and are listed on the calendar as 918:. 16–17th-century Japanese painting. 781:. Most notable was their support of 617:adding citations to reliable sources 102:, while others died. Only after the 3670:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 1738:(Report). Oxford University Press. 1715:(Report). Oxford University Press. 1167:their subsequent death in poverty. 585:Nature of early Christian community 3225:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 2484:Catholic Education Resource Center 2430:Kirishitan Kankei Hosei Shiryo Shu 1048:After Toyotomi Hideyoshi's death, 811:in which Jezebel was a priestess. 25: 2729:C. R. Boxer & J. S. Cummins, 1643:Rausch, Franklin (3 March 2014). 1007:Sts. Paul Miki and his Companions 4467:History of Christianity in Japan 4440: 4431: 4430: 4032: 4020: 3351:Fourth Council of Constantinople 3306:Second Council of Constantinople 2444:"Catholic Encyclopedia on Japan" 1711:Scully, Robert (27 April 2017). 1558: 1546: 1534: 1253:, Kirishitan cult, 17th century 593: 566:1592 War between Japan and Korea 465:style. End of the 16th century. 3321:Third Council of Constantinople 3245:First Council of Constantinople 2738:The Christian Century in Japan. 2385:10.18874/jjrs.17.4.1990.353-374 2034:Journal of Early Modern History 1501:, which was completed in 1895. 834:The situation was changed when 604:needs additional citations for 426:Christians refer positively to 4472:History of Catholicism in Asia 4398:British Indian Ocean Territory 3560:Dissolution of the monasteries 2826:History of the Catholic Church 2717:. IWATE PREFECTURAL UNIVERSITY 2089:10.1163/ej.9789004165960.i-248 1744:10.1093/obo/9780195399301-0286 1721:10.1093/obo/9780195399301-0351 1462:Paris Foreign Missions Society 1259:Paris Foreign Missions Society 741:Japanese-Portuguese dictionary 351:from the Latin and Portuguese 130:were the first who arrived in 1: 3434:Fourth Council of the Lateran 3409:Second Council of the Lateran 3018:Apostles in the New Testament 2754:New York: Paulist Press 1991. 2696:Secretariat, General (2007). 2627:. Brill Academic Publishers. 2202:Ryrie, Alec (11 March 2020). 1438:opened to foreign interaction 1170:The Japanese government used 989:including three young boys – 512: 501: 341:monks since he used the word 3548:Catholic Counter-Reformation 3414:Third Council of the Lateran 3404:First Council of the Lateran 2860:Catholic ecumenical councils 2589:. Harvard University Press. 2327:10.18874/jjrs.20.1.1993.3-29 2111:Oliveira e Costa, João Paulo 1487:Robert Bruce Van Valkenburgh 1460:which had been built by the 991:were executed by crucifixion 764:. Between 1553 and 1620, 86 2169:(in Japanese), 21 June 2021 2077:Mase-Hasegawa, Emi (2008). 1994:Ludwig, von Pastor (1891). 1830:Catholic Hierarchy of Japan 1756: 1649:. Oxford University Press. 1116:emissary of the Viceroy of 898:Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan 337:Xavier was welcomed by the 96: 4498: 4081:Roman Catholicism in Asia 2894:History of the Roman Curia 2623:Higashibaba, Ikuo (2002). 2585:The Making of Modern Japan 2428:Shimizu, Hirokazu (1977). 2399:Higashibaba, Ikuo (2001). 2227:(in Japanese). 8 June 2021 1234: 895: 4426: 4015: 3630:European wars of religion 2941:Eastern Catholic Churches 2668:Wakakuwa, Midori (2005). 2604:Turnbull, Stephe (1998). 2366:Mullins, Mark R. (1990). 2047:10.1163/15700658-BJA10023 1892:, Brill, pp. 13–34, 1472:Bernard Thaddée Petitjean 1377:, separated Christians). 1372: 1102:Okamoto Daihachi incident 914:The Christian martyrs of 892:Persecution and martyrdom 461:A Japanese votive altar, 90: 4477:Catholic Church in Japan 4147:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 3761:Mary of the Divine Heart 3384:Clash against the empire 3336:Second Council of Nicaea 3230:Old St. Peter's Basilica 2677:Cooper, Michael (2005). 2540:Nagasaki Shimbun Shinsho 2502:Nagasaki Shimbun Shinsho 2246:Cooper, Michael (1974). 1573:Catholic Church in Japan 1036:The Japanese embassy of 423:made little difference. 4408:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 4027:Vatican City portal 3379:Investiture Controversy 3235:First Council of Nicaea 2681:. Global Oriental Ltd. 2275:Elison, George (1973). 2189:The Far East since 1500 2187:Eckel, Paul E. (1948). 2137:Toshihiko, Abe (1998). 985:and seventeen Japanese 193:entered into Japan via 18:Medical School of Japan 4039:Catholicism portal 3850:Second Vatican Council 3736:Our Lady of La Salette 3543:Protestant Reformation 3530:Protestant Reformation 3449:Second Council of Lyon 2838:Ecclesiastical history 2204:"The Japanese Martyrs" 1619:Suwa Shrine (Nagasaki) 1466: 1433: 1421:Rediscovery and return 1390: 1270: 1262: 1204:Amakusa Shirō Tokisada 1155: 1080: 1045: 1022:Great Martyrdom of Edo 931: 919: 907: 655: 570:Gregorious de Cespedes 505: 200,000-300,000 486: 478: 470: 255: 150: 126:(a Jesuit priest) and 42: 3746:First Vatican Council 3444:First Council of Lyon 3208:Constantine the Great 2904:Christian monasticism 2713:Eishiro, Ito (2007). 2308:Nosco, Peter (1993). 2083:. BRILL. p. 23. 1478:called it a miracle. 1430:The Castle of Batavia 1428: 1388: 1268: 1257:. Salle des Martyrs, 1244: 1153: 1064: 1035: 1018:Great Genna Martyrdom 925: 913: 905: 650: 484: 476: 460: 253: 156:Treaty of Tordesillas 140: 67:issued edicts to ban 32: 4322:United Arab Emirates 3923:Sexual abuse scandal 3832:Mit brennender Sorge 3675:Age of Enlightenment 3454:Bernard of Clairvaux 3331:Byzantine Iconoclasm 3270:Council of Chalcedon 3050:Council of Jerusalem 2919:Role in civilization 2899:Religious institutes 2831:By country or region 1890:The Martyrs of Japan 1495:Urakami Yoban Kuzure 1299:'s acclaimed novel " 613:improve this article 490:Alessandro Valignano 164:Alessandro Valignano 4349:limited recognition 3751:Papal infallibility 3741:Our Lady of Lourdes 3690:Shimabara Rebellion 3534:Counter-Reformation 2770:Feiqe no Monogatari 2608:. RoutledgeCurzon. 2480:"Kakure Kirishitan" 2432:. pp. 284–286. 2416:cannot but stop it. 2139:Japan's Hidden Face 2000:. London, J. Hodges 1403:Nagasaki prefecture 1200:Shimabara Rebellion 877:San Felipe incident 748:Military activities 673:Economic activities 205:to enter Japan via 3796:Our Lady of Fátima 3585:Ignatius of Loyola 3509:Catherine of Siena 3477:Pope Boniface VIII 3296:Benedict of Nursia 3265:Council of Ephesus 3102:Ante-Nicene period 3055:Split with Judaism 2889:Crusading movement 2346:home.newadvent.org 1963:Early Modern Japan 1817:2010-11-20 at the 1713:St. Francis Xavier 1434: 1391: 1271: 1263: 1214:or to the Spanish 1174:, pictures of the 1156: 1097:Tokugawa shogunate 1089:Tokugawa shogunate 1081: 1069:Hasekura Tsunenaga 1046: 1001:on 8 June 1862 by 932: 920: 908: 888:in western Japan. 882:Dom Justo Takayama 836:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 830:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 818:asked the Spanish 805:Ōtomo-Nata Jezebel 725:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 656: 487: 479: 471: 406:Ashikaga Yoshiteru 263:Portuguese Malacca 256: 151: 81:Tokugawa shogunate 73:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 43: 4454: 4453: 4391:other territories 4047: 4046: 4007:COVID-19 pandemic 3985:Pope Benedict XVI 3890:Pope John Paul II 3665:Pope Benedict XIV 3651:French Revolution 3635:Thirty Years' War 3625:Robert Bellarmine 3610:John of the Cross 3514:Pope Alexander VI 3499:Council of Vienne 3429:Francis of Assisi 3419:Pope Innocent III 3288:Early Middle Ages 3282: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3220:Arian controversy 3173: 3172: 3121:Apostolic Fathers 2688:978-1-901903-38-6 2634:978-90-04-12290-1 2615:978-1-873410-70-7 2567:(1991) pp 301–371 2478:Downes, Patrick. 2410:978-90-04-12290-1 2286:978-0-674-19962-0 2257:978-0-8348-0319-0 2148:978-1-891696-05-3 2098:978-90-474-3321-7 1934:Xavier, Francis. 1899:978-90-04-45806-2 1792:www.newadvent.org 1689:10.16995/ane.8141 1578:Kakure Kirishitan 1515:Pope John Paul II 1499:Urakami Cathedral 1356:Christian martyrs 1352:cult of ancestors 1275:Hidden Christians 1237:Kakure Kirishitan 1231:Kakure Kirishitan 1042:Pope Gregory XIII 981:, three Japanese 930:in Nagasaki, 1619 926:The martyrdom of 723:, who approached 645: 644: 637: 509:Ludwig von Pastor 304:on the island of 199:Pope Clement VIII 168:Pope Gregory XIII 104:Meiji Restoration 97:kakure kirishitan 85:hidden Christians 33:The martyrdom of 16:(Redirected from 4489: 4444: 4434: 4433: 4403:Christmas Island 4089:Sovereign states 4074: 4067: 4060: 4051: 4037: 4036: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4002:Patriarch Kirill 3875:Pope John Paul I 3680:Anti-clericalism 3660:Pope Innocent XI 3580:Society of Jesus 3565:Council of Trent 3519:Age of Discovery 3464:Late Middle Ages 3366:High Middle Ages 3356:East–West Schism 3240:Pope Sylvester I 3186: 3175: 3085:General epistles 3080:Pauline epistles 3013:John the Baptist 2996:Great Commission 2958: 2909:Catholic culture 2799: 2792: 2785: 2776: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2692: 2673: 2664: 2651: 2638: 2619: 2600: 2588: 2570:Elison, George. 2551: 2536: 2530: 2519: 2513: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2457: 2448: 2447: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2352: 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41:painting, Japan. 21: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4457: 4456: 4455: 4450: 4422: 4390: 4381: 4362:Northern Cyprus 4348: 4341: 4083: 4078: 4048: 4043: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4011: 3933:World Youth Day 3911: 3900:World Youth Day 3844:Pacem in terris 3838:Pope John XXIII 3777: 3704: 3695:Edict of Nantes 3653: 3649: 3639: 3605:Teresa of Ávila 3600:Tridentine Mass 3536: 3532: 3523: 3504:Knights Templar 3458: 3360: 3316:Gregorian chant 3274: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3181: 3169: 3096: 2965: 2953: 2945: 2812: 2810:Catholic Church 2803: 2761: 2747:8: 93–106 2004. 2720: 2718: 2712: 2703: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2676: 2667: 2654: 2641: 2635: 2622: 2616: 2603: 2597: 2577: 2560: 2555: 2554: 2542:(in Japanese), 2537: 2533: 2520: 2516: 2504:(in Japanese), 2499: 2495: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2459: 2458: 2451: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2411: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2350: 2348: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2287: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2258: 2245: 2244: 2240: 2230: 2228: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2206: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2172: 2170: 2167:Knowledge (XXG) 2161: 2160: 2156: 2149: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2121:Cooper, Michael 2119: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2099: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2027: 2026: 2013: 2003: 2001: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1946: 1942: 1933: 1929: 1920:Hispanic Review 1917: 1913: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1855:10.2307/3247185 1843:Hispanic Review 1840: 1839: 1835: 1828: 1824: 1819:Wayback Machine 1810: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1755: 1751: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1642: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1569: 1559: 1557: 1545: 1535: 1533: 1525: 1523: 1423: 1399:Ikitsuki Island 1383: 1370: 1239: 1233: 1208:Catholic Church 1050:Tokugawa Ieyasu 1030: 1028:Tokugawa Ieyasu 928:Leonardo Kimura 900: 894: 832: 760:, used to make 750: 729:Tokugawa Ieyasu 675: 641: 630: 624: 621: 610: 598: 587: 527:Arima Yoshisada 515: 504: 455: 283:Cosme de Torrès 248: 243: 124:Cosme de Torres 112: 87: 35:Saint Sebastian 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4495: 4493: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4459: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4448: 4438: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4394: 4392: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4353: 4351: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4093: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4069: 4062: 4054: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4041: 4029: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3930: 3925: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3907: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3840: 3835: 3828: 3823: 3821:Lateran Treaty 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3787: 3785: 3779: 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3217: 3216: 3215: 3204: 3202: 3183: 3179:Late antiquity 3171: 3170: 3168: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3139: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3126:Pope Clement I 3116:Church Fathers 3113: 3107: 3105: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3041: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2972: 2970: 2955: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2922: 2921: 2916: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2885: 2884: 2879: 2877:Biblical canon 2872:Catholic Bible 2869: 2868: 2867: 2857: 2856: 2855: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2834: 2833: 2822: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2804: 2802: 2801: 2794: 2787: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2767: 2760: 2759:External links 2757: 2756: 2755: 2750:Fujita, Neil. 2748: 2741: 2734: 2727: 2710: 2693: 2687: 2674: 2665: 2652: 2639: 2633: 2620: 2614: 2601: 2595: 2579:Jansen, Marius 2575: 2568: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2531: 2514: 2493: 2470: 2449: 2435: 2420: 2409: 2391: 2378:(4): 353–374. 2358: 2333: 2300: 2285: 2267: 2256: 2238: 2212: 2194: 2179: 2154: 2147: 2129: 2113: 2104: 2097: 2069: 2040:(3): 163–193. 2011: 1986: 1972: 1953: 1940: 1927: 1911: 1898: 1876: 1849:(2): 155–169. 1833: 1822: 1804: 1779: 1770: 1761: 1749: 1726: 1703: 1662: 1634: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1604: 1597: 1592: 1589:Omura Sumitada 1586: 1581: 1575: 1568: 1567: 1555: 1543: 1522: 1519: 1422: 1419: 1382: 1379: 1235:Main article: 1232: 1229: 1160:ecclesiastical 1029: 1026: 896:Main article: 893: 890: 884:, a Christian 873: 872: 869: 866: 863: 853:scorched earth 849:Omura Sumitada 831: 828: 824:Protasio Arima 809:Usa Hachimangū 787:Arima Harunobu 783:Omura Sumitada 749: 746: 721:João Rodrigues 683:Francis Xavier 674: 671: 643: 642: 601: 599: 592: 586: 583: 523:Ōmura Sumitada 454: 451: 259:Francis Xavier 247: 246:Francis Xavier 244: 242: 239: 128:Juan Fernandez 111: 108: 47:Francis Xavier 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4494: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4447: 4443: 4439: 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3151: 3150:Justin Martyr 3148: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3061: 3060:New Testament 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3023:Commissioning 3021: 3020: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2967:Apostolic Age 2963: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2853:Papal primacy 2851: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2788: 2786: 2781: 2780: 2777: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2739: 2736:Boxer, C. R. 2735: 2732: 2728: 2716: 2711: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2596:9780674003347 2592: 2587: 2586: 2580: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2548:4-931493-40-8 2545: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2527:4-931493-40-8 2524: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2510:4-931493-40-8 2507: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2474: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2439: 2436: 2431: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2392: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2362: 2359: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2304: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2282: 2278: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2253: 2249: 2242: 2239: 2226: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2205: 2198: 2195: 2190: 2183: 2180: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2155: 2150: 2144: 2140: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2125:History Today 2122: 2117: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2100: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2073: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2012: 1999: 1998: 1990: 1987: 1982: 1976: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1901: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1880: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1808: 1805: 1793: 1789: 1783: 1780: 1774: 1771: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1730: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1707: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1666: 1663: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1639: 1636: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1556: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1532: 1528: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1452:village near 1451: 1447: 1446:Harris Treaty 1443: 1442:Matthew Perry 1439: 1431: 1427: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1387: 1380: 1378: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1285:. During the 1284: 1280: 1276: 1267: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1249:disguised as 1248: 1243: 1238: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1222:and Japanese 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1161: 1158:The Buddhist 1152: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1078: 1074: 1071:converted to 1070: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1051: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 977: 972: 970: 969: 964: 960: 956: 952: 947: 945: 944:Bateren edict 940: 938: 929: 924: 917: 912: 904: 899: 891: 889: 887: 883: 878: 870: 867: 864: 861: 860: 859: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 837: 829: 827: 825: 821: 817: 816:Gaspar Coelho 812: 810: 806: 802: 801:Siege of Moji 798: 794: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 775: 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 747: 745: 742: 736: 732: 730: 726: 722: 718: 713: 712: 706: 704: 700: 696: 690: 688: 684: 680: 672: 670: 669:and traders. 668: 667: 660: 653: 649: 639: 636: 628: 618: 614: 608: 607: 602:This section 600: 596: 591: 590: 584: 582: 580: 574: 571: 567: 562: 558: 556: 552: 546: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 519: 510: 497: 495: 491: 483: 475: 468: 467:Guimet Museum 464: 459: 452: 450: 447: 445: 441: 436: 433: 429: 424: 422: 418: 414: 411: 407: 403: 398: 394: 390: 386: 384: 380: 374: 371: 366: 365: 361: 356: 354: 350: 346: 345: 340: 335: 331: 327: 325: 321: 320: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 294: 292: 288: 287:King of Japan 284: 280: 274: 272: 268: 264: 260: 252: 245: 240: 238: 236: 231: 227: 223: 218: 216: 215:Tohoku region 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 187: 185: 182:, centred on 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 159: 157: 148: 144: 139: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 109: 107: 105: 98: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 57: 52: 48: 40: 36: 31: 27: 19: 4387:Dependencies 4317:Turkmenistan 4282:Saudi Arabia 3994: 3990:Pope Francis 3916:21st century 3865:Pope Paul VI 3842: 3830: 3783:20th century 3770: 3721:Pope Pius IX 3709:19th century 3685:Pope Pius VI 3552: 3424:Latin Empire 3394:Universities 3346:Pope Leo III 3213:Christianity 3198:state church 3190:Great Church 2991:Resurrection 2954:(30–325/476) 2951:Early Church 2936:Latin Church 2931:Papal States 2926:Vatican City 2751: 2744: 2737: 2730: 2719:. Retrieved 2702:. Retrieved 2678: 2672:. Shūei-sha. 2669: 2660: 2656: 2647: 2643: 2624: 2605: 2584: 2571: 2564: 2539: 2534: 2529:, pp.284–286 2517: 2512:, pp.282–283 2501: 2496: 2483: 2473: 2438: 2429: 2423: 2414: 2400: 2394: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2349:. Retrieved 2345: 2336: 2317: 2313: 2303: 2295:j.ctt1tg5jpg 2276: 2270: 2261: 2247: 2241: 2229:. Retrieved 2224: 2215: 2197: 2188: 2182: 2171:, retrieved 2166: 2157: 2138: 2132: 2124: 2116: 2107: 2079: 2072: 2037: 2033: 2002:. Retrieved 1996: 1989: 1975: 1966: 1962: 1956: 1948: 1943: 1935: 1930: 1919: 1914: 1903:, retrieved 1889: 1879: 1846: 1842: 1836: 1825: 1807: 1795:. 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When 1450:Urakami 1373:離れキリシタン 1340:Spanish 1306:Kakure 1301:Silence 1218:. Many 1126:Iberian 1110:Iberian 1106:vavasor 1066:Samurai 1040:, with 983:Jesuits 968:daimyōs 963:daimyōs 959:daimyōs 955:daimyōs 951:daimyōs 791:Ryuzoji 779:daimyōs 774:daimyōs 766:daimyōs 754:daimyōs 717:customs 711:daimyōs 666:daimyōs 652:Netsuke 555:daimyōs 535:Sengoku 413:temples 339:Shingon 302:Satsuma 226:English 91:隠れキリシタン 56:daimyōs 51:Jesuits 39:tempera 4377:Taiwan 4312:Turkey 4277:Russia 4212:Kuwait 4192:Jordan 4182:Israel 4142:Cyprus 4127:Brunei 4122:Bhutan 3826:Nazism 3648:to the 3255:Jerome 3165:Origen 2848:Papacy 2685: 2631: 2612: 2593: 2574:(1988) 2546: 2525: 2508: 2407: 2293: 2283: 2254: 2145: 2095: 2062: 2054: 1896: 1869: 1861: 1757:Jansen 1696: 1511:Shinto 1415:Otaiya 1342:. 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