Medical error - Knowledge (XXG)

247:. Identification or errors may be a challenge in these studies, and mistakes may be more common than reported as these studies identify only mistakes that led to measurable adverse events occurring soon after the errors. Independent review of doctors' treatment plans suggests that decision-making could be improved in 14% of admissions; many of the benefits would have delayed manifestations. Even this number may be an underestimate. One study suggests that adults in the United States receive only 55% of recommended care. At the same time, a second study found that 30% of care in the United States may be unnecessary. For example, if a doctor fails to order a mammogram that is past due, this mistake will not show up in the first type of study. In addition, because no adverse event occurred during the short follow-up of the study, the mistake also would not show up in the second type of study because only the principal treatment plans were critiqued. However, the mistake would be recorded in the third type of study. If a doctor recommends an unnecessary treatment or test, it may not show in any of these types of studies. 968:, healthcare professional and patient training or supplementary educational programs, adding in an extra step for double checking prescriptions (both at the level of the healthcare professional and at the administrator level), using standardized protocols in the workplace that include a check-list, physical markings or writing on syringes to indicate correct doses, programmes that include the person being able to administer the medications themselves, ensuring that the workplace or environment is well-lit, monitoring and adjusting healthcare professional working hours, and the use of an interdisciplinary team. There is weak evidence indicating that a number of these suggested interventions may be helpful in reducing errors or improving patient safety, however, in general, evidence supporting the best or most effective intervention for reducing errors not strong. Evidence supporting improvements aimed at reducing medical errors in medications for pediatric hospitalized patients is also very weak. 662:. This is the concept that there are layers of protection for clinicians and patients to prevent mistakes from occurring. Therefore, even if a doctor or nurse makes a small error (e.g. incorrect dose of drug written on a drug chart by doctor), this is picked up before it actually affects patient care (e.g. pharmacist checks the drug chart and rectifies the error). Such mechanisms include: Practical alterations (e.g.-medications that cannot be given through IV, are fitted with tubing which means they cannot be linked to an IV even if a clinician makes a mistake and tries to), systematic safety processes (e.g. all patients must have a Waterlow score assessment and falls assessment completed on admission), and training programmes/continuing professional development courses are measures that may be put in place. 374: 310:

diagnosis codes. Textbooks of medicine often describe the most typical presentations of a disease, but in many conditions patients may have variable presentations instead of the classical signs and symptoms. To add complexity, the signs and symptoms of a given condition change over time; in the early stages the signs and symptoms may be absent or minimal, and then these evolve as the condition progresses. Diagnosis is often challenging in infants and children who can't clearly communicate their symptoms, and in the elderly, where signs and symptoms may be muted or absent.

939:. In this model, there is an attempt to identify the underlying system defect that allowed the error to occur. As an example, in such a system the error of free flow IV administration of heparin is dealt with by not using IV heparin and substituting subcutaneous administration of heparin, obviating the entire problem. However, such an approach presupposes available research showing that subcutaneous heparin is as effective as IV. Thus, most systems use a combination of approaches to the problem. 466:

affected by medical errors. Medical errors can increase average hospital costs by as much as $ 4,769 per patient. One common type of medical error stems from x-rays and medical imaging: failing to see or notice signs of disease on an image. The retrospective "miss" rate among abnormal imaging studies is reported to be as high as 30% (the real-life error rate is much lower, around 4-5%, because not all images are abnormal), and up to 20% of missed findings result in long-term adverse effects.

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way? Don't take it personally". Seder states " if I left medicine, I would mourn its loss as I've mourned the passage of my poetry. On a daily basis, it is both a privilege and a joy to have the trust of patients and their families and the camaraderie of peers. There is no challenge to make your blood race like that of a difficult case, no mind game as rigorous as the challenging differential diagnosis, and though the stakes are high, so are the rewards."

634:) or reported in the medical document. There were an estimated 66 million clinically significant medication errors in the British NHS in 2018. The resulting adverse drug reactions are estimated to cause around 700 deaths a year in England and to contribute to around 22,000 deaths a year. The British researchers did not find any evidence that error rates were lower in other countries, and the global cost was estimated at $ 42 billion per year. 38: 982:

and clinical decision support directly to physicians to improve the safe and effective use of medications. Pharmacists are recognized experts in medication safety and have made many contributions that reduce error and improve patient care over the last 50 years. More recently, governments have attempted to address issues like patient-pharmacist communication and consumer knowledge through measures like the

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recipients in outpatient clinics. The report stated that these are likely to be conservative estimates. In 2000 alone, the extra medical costs incurred by preventable drug-related injuries approximated $ 887 million—and the study looked only at injuries sustained by Medicare recipients, a subset of clinic visitors. None of these figures take into account lost wages and productivity or other costs.

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Health and Human Services released January 6, 2012 found that most errors are not reported and even in the case of errors that are reported and investigated changes are seldom made which would prevent them in the future. The investigation revealed that there was often lack of knowledge regarding which events were reportable and recommended that lists of reportable events be developed.

402:, says these are "cognitive pitfalls", biases which cloud our logic. For example, a practitioner may overvalue the first data encountered, skewing their thinking. Another example may be where the practitioner recalls a recent or dramatic case that quickly comes to mind, coloring the practitioner's judgement. Another pitfall is where 715:

and to be treated with respect and empathy. Justice-seekers wanted an honest account of what happened, the circumstances leading up to it, and measures to ensure it does not happen again. Processes that, for example, involved people independent of the organisation responsible for harm gave investigations credibility.

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improve patient safety, to emphasize traceability and raise efficiency in their cancer treatment processes. Children are often more vulnerable to a negative outcome when a medication error occurs as they have age-related differences in how their bodies absorb, metabolize, and excrete pharmaceutical agents.

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error of free flow IV administration of heparin is approached by teaching staff how to use the IV systems and to use special care in setting the IV pump. While overall errors become less likely, the checks add to workload and may in themselves be a cause of additional errors. In some hospitals, a regular

755:"In addition, physicians should disclose to patients information about procedural or judgment errors made in the course of care if such information is material to the patient's well-being. Errors do not necessarily constitute improper, negligent, or unethical behavior, but failure to disclose them may." 697:

However, Wu et al. suggest "...those who coped by accepting responsibility were more likely to make constructive changes in practice, but to experience more emotional distress." It may be helpful to consider the much larger number of patients who are not exposed to mistakes and are helped by medical

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Medication errors in hospital include omissions, delayed dosing and incorrect medication administrations. Medication errors are not always readily identified, but can be reported using case note reviews or incident reporting systems. There are pharmacist-led interventions that can reduce the incident

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Misdiagnosis of lower extremity cellulitis is estimated to occur in 30% of patients, leading to unnecessary hospitalizations in 85% and unnecessary antibiotic use in 92%. Collectively, these errors lead to between 50,000 and 130,000 unnecessary hospitalizations and between $ 195 and $ 515 million in

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medical centers estimated that for roughly every 10,000 patients admitted to the select hospitals, one patient died who would have lived for three months or more in good cognitive health had "optimal" care been provided. A 2001 study estimated that 1% of hospital admissions result in an adverse event

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report, about 7,000 people were estimated to die each year from medication errors – about 16 percent more deaths than the number attributable to work-related injuries (6,000 deaths). One in five Americans (22%) report that they or a family member have experienced a medical error of some kind. A 2000

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injury. The World Health Organization registered 14 million new cases and 8.2 million cancer-related deaths in 2012. It estimated that the number of cases could increase by 70% through 2032. As the number of cancer patients receiving treatment increases, hospitals around the world are seeking ways to

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In its landmark report, Improving Diagnosis in Health Care, The National Academy of Medicine proposed a new, hybrid definition that includes both label- and process-related aspects: "A diagnostic error is failure to establish an accurate and timely explanation of the patient's health problem(s) or to

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Essayists imply that the potential to make mistakes is part of what makes being a physician rewarding and without this potential the rewards of medical practice would be diminished. Laurence states that "Everybody dies, you and all of your patients. All relationships end. Would you want it any other

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are often misdiagnosed, mismanaged, or undiagnosed for many years; they may be confused with migraine, "cluster-like" headache (or mimics), CH subtypes, other TACs ( trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias), or other types of primary or secondary headache syndrome. Cluster-like head pain may be diagnosed

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A 2006 study found that medication errors are among the most common medical mistakes, harming at least 1.5 million people every year. According to the study, 400,000 preventable drug-related injuries occur each year in hospitals, 800,000 in long-term care settings, and roughly 530,000 among Medicare

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There is no single definition of diagnostic error, reflecting in part the dual nature of the word diagnosis, which is both a noun (the name of the assigned disease; diagnosis is a label) and a verb (the act of arriving at a diagnosis; diagnosis is a process). At the present time, there are at least

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In a study of physicians who reported having made a mistake, it was offered that disclosing to non-physician sources of support may reduce stress more than disclosing to physician colleagues. This may be due to the finding that of the physicians in the same study, when presented with a hypothetical

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A review of studies examining patients' views on investigations of medical harm found commonalities in their expectations of the process. For example, many wanted reviews to be transparent, trustworthy, and person-centred to meet their needs. People wanted to be meaningfully involved in the process

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Gallagher et al. state that patients want "information about what happened, why the error happened, how the error's consequences will be mitigated, and how recurrences will be prevented." Interviews with patients and families reported in a 2003 book by Rosemary Gibson and Janardan Prasad Singh, put

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A prescription or medication error, as defined by the National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention, is an event that is preventable that leads to or has led to unsuitable use of medication or has led to harm to the person during the period of time that the medicine is

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Lehnhardt, F.-G.; Gawronski, A.; Volpert, K.; Schilbach, L.; Tepest, R.; Vogeley, K. (November 15, 2011). "Das psychosoziale Funktionsniveau spätdiagnostizierter Patienten mit Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen – eine retrospektive Untersuchung im Erwachsenenalter" [Psychosocial functioning of adults

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packaging and unit dose drug distribution systems to reduce the risk of wrong drug and wrong dose errors in hospitalized patients; centralized sterile admixture services were shown to decrease the risks of contaminated and infected intravenous medications; and pharmacists provided drug information

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Traditionally, errors are attributed to mistakes made by individuals, who then may be penalized. A common approach to respond to and prevent specific errors is requiring additional checks at particular points in the system, whose findings and detail of execution must be recorded. As an example, an

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However, "there appears to be a gap between physicians' attitudes and practices regarding error disclosure. Willingness to disclose errors was associated with higher training level and a variety of patient-centered attitudes, and it was not lessened by previous exposure to malpractice litigation".

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According to a 2016 study from Johns Hopkins Medicine, medical errors are the third-leading cause of death in the United States. The projected cost of these errors to the U.S. economy is approximately $ 20 billion, 87% of which are direct increases in medical costs of providing services to patient

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The research literature showed that medical errors are caused by errors of commission and errors of omission. Errors of omission are made when providers did not take action when they should have, while errors of commission occur when decisions and action are delayed. Commission and omission errors

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Reducing errors in prescribing, dispensing, compounding/formulating, labelling, and handling medications is a priority and has been the subject of systematic reviews and studies. Examples of areas to reduce medication errors and improve safety include: Training professionals or using databases to

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Other factors include the impression that action is being taken by other groups within the institution, reliance on automated systems to prevent error., and inadequate systems to share information about errors, which hampers analysis of contributory causes and improvement strategies. Cost-cutting

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Complexity makes diagnosis especially challenging. There are less than 200 symptoms listed in Knowledge (XXG), but there are probably more than 10,000 known diseases. The World Health Organization's system for the International Classification of Disease, 9th Edition from 1979 listed over 14,000

281:, another language), improper documentation, illegible handwriting, spelling errors, inadequate nurse-to-patient ratios, and similarly named medications are also known to contribute to the problem. Misdiagnosis may be associated with individual characteristics of the patient or due to the patient 734:

lawsuit. Many physicians would not explain that an error had taken place, causing a lack of trust toward the healthcare community. In 2007, 34 states passed legislation that precludes any information from a physician's apology for a medical error from being used in malpractice court (even a full

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forward that those who have been harmed by medical errors face a "wall of silence" and "want an acknowledgement" of the harm. With honesty, "healing can begin not just for the patients and their families but also the doctors, nurses and others involved." In a line of experimental investigations,

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There are two process-related definitions: Schiff et al. defined diagnostic error as any breakdown in the diagnostic process, including both errors of omission and errors of commission. Similarly, Singh et al. defined diagnostic error as a "missed opportunity" in the diagnostic process, based on

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In the United States, adverse medical event reporting systems were mandated in just over half (27) of the states as of 2014, a figure unchanged since 2007. In U.S. hospitals error reporting is a condition of payment by Medicare. An investigation by the Office of Inspector General, Department of

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that may have resulted from the physician's mistake or judgment. In these situations, the physician is ethically required to inform the patient of all facts necessary to ensure understanding of what has occurred. Concern regarding legal liability which might result following truthful disclosure

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A number of Information Technology (IT) systems have been developed to detect and prevent medication errors, the most common type of medical errors. These systems screen data such as ICD-9 codes, pharmacy and laboratory data. Rules are used to look for changes in medication orders, and abnormal

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Complicated technologies, powerful drugs, intensive care, rare and multiple diseases, and prolonged hospital stay can contribute to medical errors. In turn, medical errors from carelessness or improper use of medical devices often lead to severe injuries or death. Since 2015, 60 injuries and 23

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Poor communication and unclear lines of authority of physicians, nurses, and other care providers are also contributing factors. Disconnected reporting systems within a hospital can result in fragmented systems in which numerous hand-offs of patients results in lack of coordination and errors.

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given its association with patient safety outcomes. A meta-analysis involving 21517 participants found that physicians with depressive symptoms had a 95% higher risk of reporting medical errors and that the association between physician depressive symptoms and medical errors is bidirectional

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Graber et al. defined diagnostic error as a diagnosis that is wrong, egregiously delayed, or missed altogether. This is a "label" definition, and can only be applied in retrospect, using some gold standard (for example, autopsy findings or a definitive laboratory test) to confirm the correct

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Schiff, Gordon D.; Hasan, Omar; Kim, Seijeoung; Abrams, Richard; Cosby, Karen; Lambert, Bruce L.; Elstein, Arthur S.; Hasler, Scott; Kabongo, Martin L.; Krosnjar, Nela; Odwazny, Richard; Wisniewski, Mary F.; McNutt, Robert A. (November 9, 2009). "Diagnostic error in medicine: analysis of 583

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Particularly to prevent the medication errors in the perspective of the intrathecal administration of local anaesthetics, there is a proposal to change the presentation and packaging of the appliances and agents used for this purpose. One spinal needle with a syringe prefilled with the local

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may prejudice thinking. Pat Croskerry describes clinical reasoning as an interplay between intuitive, subconscious thought (System 1) and deliberate, conscious rational consideration (System 2). In this framework, many cognitive errors reflect over-reliance on System 1 processing, although

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A large study reported several cases where patients were wrongly told that they were HIV-negative when the physicians erroneously ordered and interpreted HTLV (a closely related virus) testing rather than HIV testing. In the same study, >90% of HTLV tests were ordered erroneously. A 2008

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Practitioner risk factors include fatigue, depression, and burnout. Factors related to the clinical setting include diverse patients, unfamiliar settings, time pressures, and increased patient-to-nurse staffing ratio increases. Drug names that look alike or sound alike are also a problem.

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As far back as the 1930s, pharmacists worked with physicians to select, from many options, the safest and most effective drugs available for use in hospitals. The process is known as the Formulary System and the list of drugs is known as the Formulary. In the 1960s, hospitals implemented

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Balogh, E. P.; Miller, B. T.; Ball, J. R.; Committee on Diagnostic Error in Health Care; Board on Health Care Services; Institute of Medicine; The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (December 29, 2015). Balogh, Erin P.; Miller, Bryan T.; Ball, John R. (eds.).

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Utter, Garth H.; Atolagbe, Oluseun O.; Cooke, David T. (December 1, 2019). "The Use of the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification and Procedure Classification System in Clinical and Health Services Research: The Devil Is in the Details".

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adverse events. (Although some mistakes, such as in surgery, are harder to conceal, errors occur in all levels of care. Even though complex procedures entail more risk, adverse outcomes are not usually due to error, but to the severity of the condition being treated.) However,

338:. In emergencies, patient care may be rendered in areas poorly suited for safe monitoring. The American Institute of Architects has identified concerns for the safe design and construction of health care facilities. Infrastructure failure is also a concern. According to the 893:

A template has been developed for the design (both structure and operation) of hospital medication safety programmes, particularly for acute tertiary settings, which emphasizes safety culture, infrastructure, data (error detection and analysis), communication and training.

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Sobecks, Nancy W.; Justice, AC; Hinze, S; Chirayath, HT; Lasek, RJ; Chren, MM; Aucott, J; Juknialis, B; Fortinsky, R; Youngner, S; Landefeld, CS (February 16, 1999). "When Doctors Marry Doctors: A Survey Exploring the Professional and Family Lives of Young Physicians".

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Mill, Deanna; Bakker, Michael; Corre, Lauren; Page, Amy; Johnson, Jacinta (November 6, 2020). "A comparison between Parkinson's medication errors identified through retrospective case note review versus via an incident reporting system during hospital admission".

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If a patient experiences an adverse event during the process of care, an error has occurred. (Most medical care entails some level of risk, and there can be complications or side effects, even unforeseen ones, from the underlying condition or from the treatment

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There are more than 7000 rare diseases alone, and in aggregate these are not uncommon: Roughly 1 in 17 patients will be diagnosed with a rare disease over their lifetime. Physicians may have only learned a handful of these during their education and training.

457:, failure to take the correct blood type into account, or incorrect record-keeping. A 10th type of error is ones which are not watched for by researchers, such as RNs failing to program an IV pump to give a full dose of IV antibiotics or other medication. 1492:

Ciapponi, Agustín; Fernandez Nievas, Simon E; Seijo, Mariana; Rodríguez, María Belén; Vietto, Valeria; García-Perdomo, Herney A; Virgilio, Sacha; Fajreldines, Ana V; Tost, Josep; Rose, Christopher J; Garcia-Elorrio, Ezequiel (November 25, 2021).

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Gandhi, Tejal K.; Kachalia, Allen; Thomas, Eric J.; Puopolo, Ann Louise; Yoon, Catherine; Brennan, Troyen A.; Studdert, David M. (October 3, 2006). "Missed and Delayed Diagnoses in the Ambulatory Setting: A Study of Closed Malpractice Claims".

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Patient disclosure is important in the medical error process. The current standard of practice at many hospitals is to disclose errors to patients when they occur. In the past, it was a common fear that disclosure to the patient would incite a

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Discussing mistakes with other physicians is beneficial. However, medical providers may be less forgiving of one another. The reason is not clear, but one essayist has admonished, "Don't Take Too Much Joy in the Mistakes of Other Doctors."

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There may be several breakdowns in processes to allow one adverse outcome. In addition, errors are more common when other demands compete for a physician's attention. However, placing too much blame on the system may not be constructive.

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Lyundup, Alexey V.; Balyasin, Maxim V.; Maksimova, Nadezhda V.; Kovina, Marina V.; Krasheninnikov, Mikhail E.; Dyuzheva, Tatiana G.; Yakovenko, Sergey A.; Appolonova, Svetlana A.; Schiöth, Helgi B.; Klabukov, Ilya D. (October 29, 2021).

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In a survey of more than 10,000 physicians in the United States, when asked the question, "Are there times when it's acceptable to cover up or avoid revealing a mistake if that mistake would not cause harm to the patient?", 19% answered

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Prescription errors concern ambiguous abbreviations, the right spelling of the full name of drugs: improper use of the nomenclature, of decimal points, unit or rate expressions; legibility and proper instructions; miscalculations of the

1009:"Bad apples" or incompetent health care providers are a common cause. (Although human error is commonly an initiating event, the faulty care delivery process invariably permits or compounds the harm and so is the focus of improvement.) 579:

tend to get undiagnosed or delayed recognition and delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosed. Delayed or mistaken diagnosis can be traumatic for individuals and families; for example, misdiagnosis can lead to medications that worsen behavior.

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Landrigan, Christopher P.; Rothschild, Jeffrey M.; Cronin, John W.; Kaushal, Rainu; Burdick, Elisabeth; Katz, Joel T.; Lilly, Craig M.; Stone, Peter H.; Lockley, Steven W.; Bates, David W.; Czeisler, Charles A. (October 28, 2004).

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as secondary headache rather than cluster headache. Under-recognition of CH by health care professionals is reflected in consistent findings in Europe and the United States that the average time to diagnosis is around seven years.

951:. Steps such as standardization of IV medications to 1 ml doses, national and international color-coding standards, and development of improved airway support devices has the field a model of systems improvement in care. 796:

Disclosure of errors, especially "near misses", may be able to reduce subsequent errors in institutions that are capable of reviewing near misses. However, doctors report that institutions may not be supportive of the doctor.

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Errors in interpreting medical images are often perceptual instead of "fact-based"; these errors are often caused by failures of attention or vision. For example, visual illusions can cause radiologists to misperceive images.

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Maaskant, Jolanda M; Vermeulen, Hester; Apampa, Bugewa; Fernando, Bernard; Ghaleb, Maisoon A; Neubert, Antje; Thayyil, Sudhin; Soe, Aung (March 10, 2015). Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group (ed.).

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While in 2000 the Committee on Quality of Health Care in America affirmed medical mistakes are an "unavoidable outcome of learning to practice medicine", at 2019 the commonly accepted link between prescribing skills and

342:, 50% of medical equipment in developing countries is only partly usable due to lack of skilled operators or parts. As a result, diagnostic procedures or treatments cannot be performed, leading to substandard treatment. 210:

in the report, and significant subjectivity in determining which deaths were "avoidable" or due to medical error, and an erroneous assumption that 100% of patients would have survived if optimal care had been provided.

5173: 964:", prescribing through an electronic medical record system and/or using decision support systems that has automatic checks in place, with computerized alerts or other novel technologies, the use of machine-readable 276:

Medical errors can be associated with inexperienced physicians and nurses, new procedures, extremes of age, and complex or urgent care. Poor communication (whether in one's own language or, as may be the case for

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In the UK, an estimated 850,000 medical errors occur each year, costing over £2 billion (estimated in the year 2000). The accuracy of this estimate is not clear. Criticism has included the statistical handling of

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A medical error occurs when a health-care provider chooses an inappropriate method of care or improperly executes an appropriate method of care. Medical errors are often described as human errors in healthcare.

686:, which is part of many cultural traditions, may be important in coping with medical mistakes. Among other healing processes, it can be accomplished through the use of communicative disclosure guidelines. 583:

The DSM-5 field trials included "test-retest reliability" which involved different clinicians doing independent evaluations of the same patient—a new approach to the study of diagnostic reliability.

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Some physicians recognize that adverse outcomes from errors usually do not happen because of an isolated error and actually reflect system problems. This concept is often referred to as the

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by 460%. Interns admitted falling asleep during lectures, during rounds, and even during surgeries. Night shifts are associated with worse surgeon performance during laparoscopic surgeries.

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Fahrenkopf, Amy M; Sectish, Theodore C; Barger, Laura K; Sharek, Paul J; Lewin, Daniel; Chiang, Vincent W; Edwards, Sarah; Wiedermann, Bernhard L; Landrigan, Christopher P (March 1, 2008).

595:, "To Err is Human," found up to 98,000 hospital patients die from preventable medical errors in the U.S. each year, government and private sector efforts have focused on inpatient safety. 5459:

Waterman AD, Garbutt J, Hazel E, Dunagan WC, Levinson W, Fraser VJ, Gallagher TH (2007). "The Emotional Impact of Medical Errors on Practicing Physicians in the United States and Canada".

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to double or triple the number of preventable medical errors, including those that resulted in injury or death. The risk of car crash after these shifts increased by 168%, and the risk of

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has reported that medication errors during the course of a surgical procedure are three times more likely to cause harm to a patient than those occurring in other types of hospital care.

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scenario of a mistake made by another colleague, only 32% of them would have unconditionally offered support. It is possible that greater benefit occurs when spouses are physicians.

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showed surgeons discussing medical errors used the word "error" or "mistake" in only 57 percent of disclosure conversations and offered a verbal apology only 47 percent of the time.

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Weng, Qing Yu; Raff, Adam B.; Cohen, Jeffrey M.; Gunasekera, Nicole; Okhovat, Jean-Phillip; Vedak, Priyanka; Joyce, Cara; Kroshinsky, Daniela; Mostaghimi, Arash (February 1, 2017).

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of over half the serious adverse events in accredited hospitals. Other leading causes included inadequate assessment of the patient's condition, and poor leadership or training.

878:; while many of the factors that lead to errors in both fields are similar, aviation's error management protocols are regarded as much more effective. Safety measures include 830:. On the question, "Are there times when it is acceptable to cover up or avoid revealing a mistake if that mistake would potentially or likely harm the patient?", 2% answered 349:'s Annual Report on Quality and Safety 2007 found that inadequate communication between healthcare providers, or between providers and the patient and family members, was the 6928: 5166: 361:

Variations in healthcare provider training & experience and failure to acknowledge the prevalence and seriousness of medical errors also increase the risk. The so-called

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report estimated that medical errors result in between 44,000 and 98,000 preventable deaths and 1,000,000 excess injuries each year in U.S. hospitals. A 2001 study in the

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Leskovec, Thomas J.; Rowles, Brieana M.; Findling, Robert L. (March 2008). "Pharmacological Treatment Options for Autism Spectrum Disorders in Children and Adolescents".

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Coutsouvelis, John; Siderov, Jim; Tey, Amanda Y.; Bortz, Hadley D.; o'Connor, Shaun R.; Rowan, Gail D.; Vasileff, Hayley M.; Page, Amy T.; Percival, Mia A. (2020).

4025: 326:," which asserted that the problem in medical errors is not bad people in health care—it is that good people are working in bad systems that need to be made safer. 4720: 3094: 7157:

Khalil, Hanan; Bell, Brian; Chambers, Helen; Sheikh, Aziz; Avery, Anthony J (October 4, 2017). Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group (ed.).

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Nocera, Antony; Khursandi, Diana Strange (June 1998). "Doctors' working hours: can the medical profession afford to let the courts decide what is reasonable?".

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Wadhwa, R. R.; Park, D. Y.; Natowicz, M. R. (2018). "The accuracy of computer-based diagnostic tools for the identification of concurrent genetic disorders".

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Barger, Laura K; Ayas, Najib T; Cade, Brian E; Cronin, John W; Rosner, Bernard; Speizer, Frank E; Czeisler, Charles A; Mignot, Emmanuel (December 12, 2006).

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Clement JP; Lindrooth RC; Chukmaitov AS; Chen HF (February 2007). "Does the patient's payer matter in hospital patient safety?: a study of urban hospitals".

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anaesthetic agents may be marketed in a single blister pack, which will be peeled open and presented before the anaesthesiologist conducting the procedure.

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Waite, Stephen; Grigorian, Arkadij; Alexander, Robert G.; Macknik, Stephen L.; Carrasco, Marisa; Heeger, David J.; Martinez-Conde, Susana (June 25, 2019).

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Siemieniuk, Reed; Fonseca, Kevin; Gill, M. John (November 2012). "Using Root Cause Analysis and Form Redesign to Reduce Incorrect Ordering of HIV Tests".

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Hayward, Rodney A.; Hofer, Timothy P. (July 25, 2001). "Estimating Hospital Deaths Due to Medical Errors: Preventability Is in the Eye of the Reviewer".

1079: 251: 224: 6101:"Patient, carer and family experiences of seeking redress and reconciliation following a life-changing event: Systematic review of qualitative evidence" 5900:

West, Colin P.; Huschka, Mashele M.; Novotny, Paul J.; Sloan, Jeff A.; Kolars, Joseph C.; Habermann, Thomas M.; Shanafelt, Tait D. (September 6, 2006).

1800: 626:(quantity, route and frequency of administration, duration of the treatment, dosage form and dosage strength); lack of information about patients (e.g. 6782:

Relihan, Eileen C; Silke, Bernard; Ryder, Sheila A (June 23, 2012). "Design template for a medication safety programme in an acute teaching hospital".

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McGurk, S; Brauer, K; Macfarlane, TV; Duncan, KA (2008). "The effect of voice recognition software on comparative error rates in radiology reports".

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occurs when new residents arrive at teaching hospitals, causing an increase in medication errors according to a study of data from 1979 to 2006.

5119: 521:. Its early diagnosis necessitates that clinicians pay attention to the features of the patient's depression and also look for present or prior 373: 7635: 6446: 4093:

Alexander, Robert; Yazdanie, Fahd; Waite, Stephen Anthony; Chaudhry, Zeshan; Kolla, Srinivas; Macknik, Stephen; Martinez-Conde, Susana (2021).

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point out the dismally low rate of accurate diagnosis of the disorder, and have often asked for better physician education on sleep disorders.

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Medical error is the "third leading cause of death" in the United States. This canard stems from an erroneous 2016 study which, according to

2453: 171:

communicate that explanation to the patient." This is the only definition that specifically includes the patient in the definition wording.

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Singh, Hardeep (2014). "Editorial: Helping health care organizations to define diagnostic errors as missed opportunities in diagnosis".

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admission of fault). This encourages physicians to acknowledge and explain mistakes to patients, keeping an open line of communication.

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Standards and regulations for medical malpractice vary by country and jurisdiction within countries. Medical professionals may obtain

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Dagan Y, Ayalon L (2005). "Case study: psychiatric misdiagnosis of non-24-hours sleep–wake schedule disorder resolved by melatonin".

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et al. developed evidence-based disclosure guidelines under the scientific "Medical Error Disclosure Competence (MEDC)" framework.

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Misdiagnosis is the leading cause of medical error in outpatient facilities. Since the National Institute of Medicine's 1999

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has also been cited as a contributing factor in medical errors. One study found that being awake for over 24 hours caused

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Alldred D.P.; Standage C.; Zermansky A.G.; Jesson B.; Savage I.; Franklin B.D.; Barber N.; Raynor D.K. (2008).

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is also a common problem. There may be long delays of patients getting a correct diagnosis of this disorder.

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meeting is scheduled to discuss complications or deaths and learn from or improve the overall processes.

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Inability to forgive oneself may create a cycle of distress and increased likelihood of a future error.

229: 5552: 3159:"Physicians Want To Learn from Medical Mistakes but Say Current Error-reporting Systems Are Inadequate" 1687:

Hayward, Rodney A.; Heisler, Michele; Adams, John; Dudley, R. Adams; Hofer, Timothy P. (August 2007).

738:

The American Medical Association's Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs states in its ethics code:

147:

There are many types of medical error, from minor to major, and causality is often poorly determined.

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Committee on Identifying and Preventing Medication Errors; Board on Health Care Services (2007).

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Kill as few patients as possible: and fifty-six other essays on how to be the world's best doctor

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laboratory results that may be indicative of medication errors and/or adverse drug events.

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diagnosis. Many diagnostic errors fit several of these criteria; the categories overlap.

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Tfelt-Hansen, Peer C.; Jensen, Rigmor H. (July 2012). "Management of Cluster Headache".

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New Horizons in Patient Safety: Understanding Communication: Case Studies for Physicians

2256:"Debunking the myth that the majority of medical errors are attributed to communication" 1633: 1612: 7827: 7681: 7671: 7597: 7570: 7429: 7183: 7158: 7096: 7071: 6904: 6879: 6855: 6828: 6710: 6685: 6626: 6601: 6576: 6338: 6313: 6076: 6051: 5959: 5942: 5844: 5819: 5523: 5498: 5436: 5411: 5309: 5284: 4815: 4790: 4697: 4672: 4649: 4417: 4400: 4376: 4349: 4121: 4094: 4070: 4043: 3959:"Hospital Nurse Staffing and Patient Mortality, Nurse Burnout, and Job Dissatisfaction" 3934: 3909: 3885: 3876: 3860: 3833: 3806: 3662: 3635: 3611: 3586: 3447: 3422: 3371: 3197: 3059: 3034: 3005: 2970: 2818: 2793: 2691: 2666: 2642: 2609: 2577: 2544: 2429: 2404: 2064: 2039: 1960: 1935: 1906: 1881: 1713: 1688: 1577: 1519: 1494: 1051: 869: 719: 650:

Mistakes can have a strongly negative emotional impact on the doctors who commit them.

631: 559: 555: 500: 377:

A plate written in a hospital, containing drugs that are similar in spelling or writing

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Aiken, Linda H.; Clarke, SP; Sloane, DM; Sochalski, J; Silber, JH (October 23, 2002).

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Internal Bleeding: The Truth Behind America's Terrifying Epidemic of Medical Mistakes

7406: 7253: 7226: 6759: 6734: 6548: 6543: 6176: 6067: 6024: 5300: 5269: 4759: 4549: 4239: 3423:"A July Spike in Fatal Medication Errors: A Possible Effect of New Medical Residents" 2594: 2516: 2192: 2055: 1704: 1689:"Overestimating Outcome Rates: Statistical Estimation When Reliability Is Suboptimal" 764: 547: 533: 7540: 6813: 6454: 6431: 6298: 5622: 4987: 4911: 4868: 4775: 3749: 3356: 3213: 2778: 2545:"Misdiagnosis of diabetic foot ulcer in patients with undiagnosed skin malignancies" 2485:""SACCIA Safe Communication": Five core competencies for safe and high-quality care" 960:

compare new and previous prescribed medications to prevent mistakes, also known as "

285:. Patient actions or inactions may also contribute significantly to medical errors. 7811: 7738: 7707: 7656: 7401: 7174: 6207: 5804: 4533: 2021: 1775:"Medication Errors Injure 1.5 Million People and Cost Billions of Dollars Annually" 1624: 1510: 1328: 1003: 385: 295: 192:

One extrapolation suggests that 180,000 people die each year partly as a result of

104: 5396: 1457: 441:

Errors can include misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis, administration of the wrong

250:

Cause of death on United States death certificates, statistically compiled by the

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The field of medicine that has taken the lead in systems approaches to safety is

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A newer model for improvement in medical care takes its origin from the work of

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commonly encountered in medicine were initially identified by psychologists

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with late diagnosed autism spectrum disorders--a retrospective study].

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National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention

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measures by hospitals in response to reimbursement cutbacks can compromise

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History of the Statistical Classification of Diseases and Causes of Death

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is very common among the medical profession to cover up medical errors.

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to offset the risk and costs of lawsuits based on medical malpractice.

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High-risk procedures or medical specialties are responsible for most

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to the wrong patient or in the wrong way, giving multiple drugs that

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has been indirectly responsible for at least 7,000 deaths annually.

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Physician well-being has also been recommended as an indicator of

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Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses

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was not yet demonstrated by the available data and in the U.S.

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avoidable health care spending annually in the United States.

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controlled by a clinician, the person, or the consumer. Some

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Based on anecdotal and survey evidence, Banja states that

747:

should not affect the physician's honesty with a patient."

642:

has been shown to reduce prescribing errors by up to 30%.

150:

There are many taxonomies for classifying medical errors.

7358:"Five System Barriers to Achieving Ultrasafe Health Care" 6447:"Doctors' New Tool To Fight Lawsuits: Saying 'I'm Sorry'" 5546: 5544: 5542: 5122:

from the original on September 26, 2020 – via DOAJ.

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Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association

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From the American College of Physicians Ethics Manual:

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have also been attributed with communication failures.

56: 5461:

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5002:"Reliability and Prevalence in the DSM-5 Field Trials" 4442:

Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety

1734: 1732: 1360:

Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety

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is often confused with: psychophysiological insomnia;

407:

cognitive errors may also sometimes involve System 2.

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Chapter IV.3 Developing Intravenous Admixture Systems

7119:

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Disclosure may actually reduce malpractice payments.

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Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

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Med 5709: 5703: 5702: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5657: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5572: 5557: 5548: 5537: 5536: 5526: 5494: 5485: 5484: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5439: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5312: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5263: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5178: 5171: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5145: 5138: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5101: 5083: 5074: 5065: 5064: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5013: 5006: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4818: 4801:(6): 1974–1984. 4786: 4780: 4779: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4700: 4683:(8): 1123–1125. 4668: 4662: 4661: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4522:JAMA Dermatology 4513: 4507: 4506: 4496: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4420: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4379: 4369: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4321:(5): 1173–1178. 4310: 4304: 4303: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4270: 4259: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4124: 4114: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4073: 4063: 4039: 4030: 4029: 4023: 4015: 4013: 4011: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3978: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3937: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3888: 3871:(11): e1916097. 3856: 3847: 3846: 3836: 3826: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3785: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3685: 3676: 3675: 3665: 3655: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3614: 3582: 3573: 3572: 3562: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3450: 3427:J Gen Intern Med 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3289: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3161:. Archived from 3154: 3148: 3147: 3137: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3082: 3073: 3072: 3062: 3030: 3019: 3018: 3008: 2990: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2887: 2881: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2821: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2694: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2645: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2580: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2432: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2353: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2303: 2294: 2293: 2275: 2251: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2231: 2214: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2108: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2067: 2044:J Gen Intern Med 2035: 2026: 2025: 2007: 1983: 1974: 1973: 1963: 1931: 1920: 1919: 1909: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1838: 1820: 1809: 1808: 1803:. Archived from 1797: 1791: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1736: 1727: 1726: 1716: 1699:(4): 1718–1738. 1684: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1636: 1607: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1522: 1505:(11): CD009985. 1489: 1478: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1454: 1448: 1447: 1441: 1433: 1398: 1392: 1391: 1355: 1349: 1348: 1311: 1305: 1304: 1268: 1262: 1261: 1241: 1235: 1234: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1186:. Archived from 1163: 1157: 1156: 1150: 1142: 1140: 1123:(Supp1): 75–77. 1108: 880:informed consent 838:and 3% answered 718:A 2005 study by 709:Annegret Hannawa 529:symptomatology. 519:major depression 515:bipolar disorder 505:anxiety disorder 382:Cognitive errors 347:Joint Commission 279:medical tourists 88: 81: 77: 74: 68: 40: 39: 32: 21: 7879: 7878: 7874: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7869: 7868: 7844: 7843: 7842: 7837: 7816: 7780: 7732:Political abuse 7727: 7713:Balance billing 7696: 7645: 7642: 7568: 7562: 7547: 7512: 7506: 7491: 7485: 7470: 7464: 7449: 7443: 7426: 7420: 7400: 7397: 7395:Further reading 7392: 7391: 7355: 7354: 7350: 7340: 7338: 7328: 7327: 7323: 7316: 7303: 7302: 7298: 7291: 7278: 7277: 7273: 7266: 7251: 7250: 7246: 7239: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7205: 7204: 7200: 7156: 7155: 7151: 7142: 7140: 7118: 7117: 7113: 7069: 7068: 7064: 7054: 7052: 7043: 7042: 7038: 7028: 7026: 7011: 7010: 7006: 6996: 6994: 6990: 6967: 6963: 6962: 6958: 6948: 6946: 6942: 6931: 6926: 6925: 6921: 6877: 6876: 6872: 6826: 6825: 6821: 6781: 6780: 6776: 6732: 6731: 6727: 6683: 6682: 6678: 6668: 6666: 6652: 6651: 6647: 6640: 6623: 6622: 6618: 6574: 6573: 6569: 6562: 6541: 6540: 6536: 6505: 6504: 6497: 6467: 6466: 6462: 6444: 6443: 6439: 6401: 6400: 6396: 6373:(11): 1359–66. 6360: 6359: 6355: 6311: 6310: 6306: 6268: 6267: 6263: 6246: 6239: 6237: 6230:"Archived copy" 6228: 6227: 6223: 6213: 6211: 6201: 6200: 6196: 6186: 6184: 6155: 6154: 6150: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6062:(12): 770–775. 6049: 6048: 6044: 6037: 6026:Wall of Silence 6022: 6021: 6017: 5981: 5980: 5976: 5940: 5939: 5935: 5899: 5898: 5894: 5884: 5882: 5869: 5868: 5861: 5817: 5816: 5812: 5774: 5773: 5766: 5759: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5676: 5675: 5671: 5635: 5634: 5630: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5555: 5550: 5549: 5540: 5496: 5495: 5488: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5422:(7237): 726–7. 5409: 5408: 5404: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5334:N. Engl. J. Med 5331: 5330: 5326: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5127: 5081: 5076: 5075: 5068: 5053: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5017: 5015: 5011: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4728: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4670: 4669: 4665: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4620: 4618: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4559: 4557: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4448:(11): 506–512. 4439: 4438: 4434: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4312: 4311: 4307: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4257: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4194: 4192: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4041: 4040: 4033: 4016: 4009: 4007: 4000:"Press Release" 3997: 3996: 3992: 3969:(16): 1987–93. 3956: 3955: 3951: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3858: 3857: 3850: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3728:(12): 616–618. 3719: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3702: 3687: 3686: 3679: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3597:(5): CD008508. 3584: 3583: 3576: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3525: 3523: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3300:(16): 2089–94. 3291: 3290: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3168: 3166: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3084: 3083: 3076: 3032: 3031: 3022: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2879:Wayback Machine 2869: 2865: 2855: 2853: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2722:(970): 767–70. 2713: 2712: 2708: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2524: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2467: 2465: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2387: 2385: 2378: 2355: 2354: 2347: 2337: 2335: 2328: 2305: 2304: 2297: 2253: 2252: 2245: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2223: 2212: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2099:(26): 2635–45. 2086: 2085: 2081: 2037: 2036: 2029: 1985: 1984: 1977: 1946:(7237): 774–7. 1933: 1932: 1923: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1864: 1862: 1847: 1822: 1821: 1812: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1784: 1782: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1738: 1737: 1730: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1671: 1669: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1619:(3): CD006208. 1609: 1608: 1601: 1591: 1589: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1491: 1490: 1481: 1471: 1469: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1434: 1422: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1357: 1356: 1352: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1270: 1269: 1265: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1208: 1207: 1203: 1193: 1191: 1165: 1164: 1160: 1143: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1032: 996: 974: 957: 949:anaesthesiology 945: 943:Anaesthesiology 921: 912: 872: 866: 854: 848: 846:Legal procedure 834:, 95% answered 822:, 60% answered 815: 803: 794: 785: 776: 704: 692: 681: 672: 656: 648: 607: 601: 589: 491:female hysteria 484: 463: 439: 415:medical interns 394:Jerome Groopman 390:Daniel Kahneman 371: 359: 324:To Err is Human 320: 291: 270: 264: 221: 203: 190: 177: 156: 141: 89: 78: 72: 69: 54: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7877: 7875: 7867: 7866: 7864:Patient safety 7861: 7856: 7846: 7845: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7835: 7828:Drug pollution 7824: 7822: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7788: 7786: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7735: 7733: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7704: 7702: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7682:Adverse effect 7679: 7674: 7672:Patient safety 7669: 7664: 7659: 7653: 7651: 7647: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7640: 7633: 7626: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7581:(2): 263–266. 7566: 7560: 7545: 7525:(5): 317–323. 7510: 7504: 7489: 7483: 7468: 7462: 7447: 7441: 7424: 7418: 7396: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7368:(9): 756–764. 7348: 7321: 7314: 7296: 7289: 7271: 7264: 7244: 7237: 7217: 7198: 7149: 7111: 7062: 7036: 7004: 6956: 6919: 6890:(5): 458–459. 6870: 6819: 6790:(3): 340–344. 6774: 6725: 6676: 6645: 6638: 6616: 6567: 6560: 6534: 6495: 6460: 6437: 6394: 6353: 6304: 6271:Ann Intern Med 6261: 6221: 6194: 6148: 6091: 6042: 6035: 6015: 5974: 5933: 5892: 5859: 5830:(2): 106–108. 5810: 5764: 5757: 5739: 5720:(5): 594–601. 5704: 5669: 5628: 5584: 5538: 5509:(4): 232–237. 5486: 5467:(2): 467–476. 5451: 5410:Wu AW (2000). 5402: 5359: 5324: 5275: 5254:(6): 466–480. 5234: 5207:(6): 663–666. 5190: 5157: 5125: 5066: 5051: 5025: 4993: 4950: 4937:(4): 310–318. 4917: 4890:(2): 120–123. 4874: 4830: 4781: 4754:(7): 571–580. 4738: 4712: 4663: 4628: 4602: 4567: 4528:(2): 141–146. 4508: 4467: 4432: 4391: 4360:(1): 171–182. 4340: 4305: 4282: 4245: 4202: 4151: 4136: 4085: 4031: 3990: 3949: 3900: 3848: 3797: 3755: 3712: 3677: 3626: 3574: 3533: 3497: 3462: 3433:(8): 774–779. 3413: 3362: 3335:(2): 103–112. 3329:Health Affairs 3319: 3275: 3249: 3219: 3176: 3149: 3128:(7): 510–516. 3108: 3074: 3020: 2961: 2926: 2882: 2863: 2846:schmidtlaw.com 2833: 2784: 2741: 2706: 2657: 2620:(8): e039040. 2600: 2555:(4): 871–887. 2534: 2475: 2444: 2395: 2376: 2362:. De Gruyter. 2345: 2326: 2312:. De Gruyter. 2295: 2243: 2221: 2198: 2155: 2136:(17): 1665–7. 2120: 2079: 2027: 1975: 1921: 1872: 1845: 1810: 1792: 1766: 1728: 1679: 1648: 1599: 1569: 1550:(23): 1851–7. 1534: 1479: 1449: 1420: 1412:10.17226/21794 1393: 1350: 1306: 1263: 1236: 1201: 1158: 1102: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1010: 1007: 995: 994:Misconceptions 992: 973: 970: 956: 953: 944: 941: 935:in a model of 920: 917: 911: 908: 870:Patient safety 865: 862: 850:Main article: 847: 844: 814: 811: 802: 799: 793: 790: 784: 781: 775: 772: 757: 756: 749: 748: 720:Wendy Levinson 703: 700: 691: 688: 680: 677: 671: 668: 655: 652: 647: 644: 632:renal function 603:Main article: 600: 597: 588: 585: 560:sleep medicine 556:school refusal 501:food allergies 483: 480: 462: 459: 438: 435: 370: 367: 358: 355: 336:patient safety 319: 316: 304:Avanos Medical 290: 287: 283:multimorbidity 263: 260: 220: 217: 202: 199: 189: 186: 176: 173: 155: 152: 140: 137: 101:adverse effect 91: 90: 51:of the subject 49:worldwide view 44: 42: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7876: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7854:Medical error 7852: 7851: 7849: 7833: 7829: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7783: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7761: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7730: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7705: 7703: 7699: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7687:Patient abuse 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7667:Medical error 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7648: 7639: 7634: 7632: 7627: 7625: 7620: 7619: 7616: 7608: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7567: 7563: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7511: 7507: 7501: 7497: 7496: 7490: 7486: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7469: 7465: 7459: 7455: 7454: 7448: 7444: 7438: 7433: 7432: 7425: 7421: 7415: 7410: 7409: 7403: 7402:Gawande, Atul 7399: 7398: 7394: 7385: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7352: 7349: 7336: 7332: 7325: 7322: 7317: 7311: 7307: 7300: 7297: 7292: 7286: 7282: 7275: 7272: 7267: 7261: 7257: 7256: 7248: 7245: 7240: 7234: 7230: 7229: 7221: 7218: 7213: 7209: 7202: 7199: 7194: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7153: 7150: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7115: 7112: 7107: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7066: 7063: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7037: 7024: 7020: 7019: 7014: 7008: 7005: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6966: 6960: 6957: 6941: 6937: 6930: 6923: 6920: 6915: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6874: 6871: 6866: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6823: 6820: 6815: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6778: 6775: 6770: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6729: 6726: 6721: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6680: 6677: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6649: 6646: 6641: 6635: 6630: 6629: 6620: 6617: 6612: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6571: 6568: 6563: 6557: 6552: 6551: 6545: 6538: 6535: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6502: 6500: 6496: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6464: 6461: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6441: 6438: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6410:(12): 970–2. 6409: 6405: 6398: 6395: 6390: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6357: 6354: 6349: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6324:(7): 988–96. 6323: 6319: 6315: 6308: 6305: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6277:(7): 560–82. 6276: 6272: 6265: 6262: 6257: 6251: 6235: 6231: 6225: 6222: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6195: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6161:NIHR Evidence 6158: 6152: 6149: 6144: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6095: 6092: 6087: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6046: 6043: 6038: 6032: 6028: 6027: 6019: 6016: 6011: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5994:(8): 1001–7. 5993: 5989: 5985: 5978: 5975: 5970: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5937: 5934: 5929: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5912:(9): 1071–8. 5911: 5907: 5903: 5896: 5893: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5811: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5769: 5765: 5760: 5754: 5750: 5743: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5705: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5673: 5670: 5665: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5632: 5629: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5601:(7): 488–96. 5600: 5596: 5588: 5585: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5534: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5452: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5406: 5403: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5375:(4): 424–31. 5374: 5370: 5363: 5360: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5340:(2): 118–22. 5339: 5335: 5328: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5279: 5276: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5238: 5235: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5194: 5191: 5175: 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Retrieved 1188:the original 1178:(6): 261–9. 1175: 1171: 1161: 1147:cite journal 1120: 1116: 1106: 1056: 1013: 1004:David Gorski 997: 975: 972:Historically 958: 946: 930: 922: 913: 900: 896: 892: 873: 855: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 816: 804: 795: 786: 777: 769: 762: 758: 750: 737: 728: 717: 713: 705: 696: 693: 682: 673: 664: 657: 649: 636: 630:, declining 620: 608: 590: 582: 571: 564: 538: 531: 512: 495: 485: 476: 468: 464: 449:negatively, 440: 431: 427: 423: 409: 397: 396:, author of 386:Amos Tversky 380: 360: 344: 332: 328: 321: 312: 308: 292: 275: 271: 249: 233: 222: 213: 204: 191: 178: 169: 165: 161: 157: 149: 146: 142: 105:iatrogenesis 96: 94: 79: 70: 46: 29: 18:Medical harm 7692:Never event 6476:(2): 71–5. 6187:January 12, 6029:. Regnery. 5018:January 13, 2716:Br J Radiol 1785:February 1, 1052:Emily's Law 955:Medications 732:malpractice 702:To patients 684:Forgiveness 552:ADHD or ADD 404:stereotypes 363:July effect 139:Definitions 7848:Categories 7055:January 6, 6805:2262/66780 5783:(2): 142. 5116:8186593909 4411:(1): 3–9. 4105:: 629469. 3268:August 11, 3242:August 11, 2936:Geriatrics 2468:August 29, 1252:: 126–37. 1098:References 864:Prevention 840:it depends 828:it depends 690:To oneself 544:depression 508:orthorexia 351:root cause 266:See also: 245:negligence 194:iatrogenic 103:of care (" 6997:April 22, 6949:April 22, 6936:NASHP.org 6240:April 25, 6214:March 17, 6177:266946352 6125:1369-6513 5885:April 21, 5270:229332634 5221:0961-7671 5150:April 16, 5108:2301-9123 5092:: 41–42. 4748:CNS Drugs 4731:3 January 4621:March 30, 4550:205110504 4240:206910205 4218:: i2139. 4010:March 23, 3406:March 23, 3169:March 23, 3101:March 13, 2997:1750-1172 2981:(1): 69. 2948:0016-867X 2913:2168-6262 2634:2044-6055 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