845:. The encapsulation of the implant can lead to further complications, since the thick layers of fibrous encapsulation may prevent the implant from performing the desired functions. Bacteria may attack the fibrous encapsulation and become embedded into the fibers. Since the layers of fibers are thick, antibiotics may not be able to reach the bacteria and the bacteria may grow and infect the surrounding tissue. In order to remove the bacteria, the implant would have to be removed. Lastly, the immune system may accept the presence of the implant and repair and remodel the surrounding tissue. Similar responses occur when the body initiates an allergic foreign body response. In the case of an allergic foreign body response, the implant would have to be removed.
439:
743:
More load is transferred from the implant to the bone, reducing stress shielding effects. The density of the bone around the implant is likely to be higher due to the increased load applied to the bone. Bone ingrowth reduces the likelihood of the implant loosening over time because stress shielding and corresponding bone resorption over extended timescales is avoided. Porosity of greater than 40% is favorable to facilitate sufficient anchoring of the osteoblastic cells.
559:
320:(MRI) machine for detailed musculoskeletal study. Therefore, concerns have been raised regarding the loosening and migration of implant, heating of the implant metal which could cause thermal damage to surrounding tissues, and distortion of the MRI scan that affects the imaging results. A study of orthopaedic implants in 2005 has shown that majority of the orthopaedic implants does not react with magnetic fields under the 1.0
763:. Ideally, the implant should not cause any undesired reaction from neighboring or distant tissues. However, the interaction between the implant and the tissue surrounding the implant can lead to complications. The process of implantation of medical devices is subjected to the same complications that other invasive medical procedures can have during or after surgery. Common complications include
752:
538:. Class II devices are considered to need more regulation than Class I devices and are required to undergo specific requirements before FDA approval. Class II devices include X-ray systems and physiological monitors. Class III devices require the most regulatory controls since the device supports or sustains human life or may not be well tested. Class III devices include replacement
794:. Three main categories of infection can occur after operation. Superficial immediate infections are caused by organisms that commonly grow near or on skin. The infection usually occurs at the surgical opening. Deep immediate infection, the second type, occurs immediately after surgery at the site of the implant. Skin-dwelling and airborne
837:
the immune system response can be accompanied by inflammation. The immune system response may lead to chronic inflammation where the implant is rejected and has to be removed from the body. The immune system may encapsulate the implant as an attempt to remove the foreign material from the site of the tissue by encapsulating the implant in
33:
534:(FDA) under three different classes depending on the risks the medical device may impose on the user. According to 21CFR 860.3, Class I devices are considered to pose the least amount of risk to the user and require the least amount of control. Class I devices include simple devices such as arm slings and hand-held
883:, all of which have caused FDA intervention. The consequences of implant failure depend on the nature of the implant and its position in the body. Thus, heart valve failure is likely to threaten the life of the individual, while breast implant or hip joint failure is less likely to be life-threatening.
836:
that become attached to the implant surface and lose their shapes. When this occurs, the protein changes conformation and different activation sites become exposed, which may trigger an immune system response where the body attempts to attack the implant to remove the foreign material. The trigger of
715:
Porous implants are characterized by the presence of voids in the metallic or ceramic matrix. Voids can be regular, such as in additively manufactured (AM) lattices, or stochastic, such as in gas-infiltrated production processes. The reduction in the modulus of the implant follows a complex nonlinear
622:
by a thin layer of oxide on their surface. A consideration, however, is that metal ions diffuse outward through the oxide and end up in the surrounding tissue. Bioreaction to metal implants includes the formation of a small envelope of fibrous tissue. The thickness of this layer is determined by the
808:
to lower the risk of infections during surgery. However, only certain types of materials can be infused with antibiotics, the use of antibiotic-infused implants runs the risk of rejection by the patient since the patient may develop a sensitivity to the antibiotic, and the antibiotic may not work on
742:
2) Porosity enables osteoblastic cells to grow into the pores of implants. Cells can span gaps of smaller than 75 microns and grow into pores larger than 200 microns. Bone ingrowth is a favorable effect, as it anchors the cells into the implant, increasing the strength of the bone-implant interface.
732:
1) The elastic modulus of the implant is decreased, allowing the implant to better match the elastic modulus of the bone. The elastic modulus of cortical bone (~18 GPa) is significantly lower than typical solid titanium or steel implants (110 GPa and 210 GPa, respectively), causing the implant take
824:
to supply the local tissue with blood. The inflow of blood causes the tissue to become swollen and may cause cell death. The excess blood, or edema, can activate pain receptors at the tissue. The site of the inflammation becomes warm from local disturbances of fluid flow and the increased cellular
798:
cause deep immediate infection. These bacteria enter the body by attaching to the implant's surface prior to implantation. Though not common, deep immediate infections can also occur from dormant bacteria from previous infections of the tissue at the implantation site that have been activated from
719:
Experimental models exist to predict the range of modulus that stochastic porous material may take. Above 10% vol. fraction porosity, models begin to deviate significantly. Different models, such as the rule of mixtures for low porosity, two-material matrices have been developed to describe
723:
AM lattices have more predictable mechanical properties compared to stochastic porous materials and can be tuned such that they have favorable directional mechanical properties. Variables such as strut diameter, strut shape, and number of cross-beams can have a dramatic effect on loading
623:
products being dissolved, and the extent to which the implant moves around within the enclosing tissue. Pure titanium may have only a minimal fibrous encapsulation. Stainless steel, on the other hand, may elicit encapsulation of as much as 2 mm.
41:
93:
depending on what is the most functional. In 2018, for example, American
Elements developed a nickel alloy powder for 3D printing robust, long-lasting, and biocompatible medical implants. In some cases implants contain electronics, e.g.
724:
characteristics of the lattice. AM has the ability to fine-tune the lattice spacing to within a much smaller range than stochastically porous structures, enabling the future cell-development of specific cultures in tissue engineering.
803:
bacteria attached to the implant prior to implantation. The blood-borne bacteria colonize on the implant and eventually get released from it. Depending on the type of material used to make the implant, it may be infused with
1362:
64:
manufactured to replace a missing biological structure, support a damaged biological structure, or enhance an existing biological structure. For example, an implant may be a rod, used to strengthen weak
1336:
1244:
Ritabh, Kumar; Richard, A Lerski; Stephen, Gandy; Benedict, A Clift; Rami, J Abboud (12 July 2006). "Safety of orthopedic implants in magnetic resonance imaging: An experimental verification".
324:
MRI scanning machine with the exception of external fixator clamps. However, at 7.0 Tesla, several orthopaedic implants would show significant interaction with the MRI magnetic fields, such as
2198:
Carpenter, R. Dana; Klosterhoff, Brett S.; Torstrick, F. Brennan; Foley, Kevin T.; Burkus, J. Kenneth; Lee, Christopher S.D.; Gall, Ken; Guldberg, Robert E.; Safranski, David L. (April 2018).
137:
implants are used for disorders affecting the major senses and the brain, as well as other neurological disorders. They are predominately used in the treatment of conditions such as
812:
Inflammation, a common occurrence after any surgical procedure, is the body's response to tissue damage as a result of trauma, infection, intrusion of foreign materials, or local
2503:
1508:
905:
revealed that medical devices that are unsafe and have not been adequately tested were implanted in patients' bodies. In United
Kingdom, Prof Derek Alderson, president of the
799:
being disturbed during the surgery. The last type, late infection, occurs months to years after the implantation of the implant. Late infections are caused by dormant
2200:"Effect of porous orthopaedic implant material and structure on load sharing with simulated bone ingrowth: A finite element analysis comparing titanium and PEEK"
2257:"Current methods of preventing aseptic loosening and improving osseointegration of titanium implants in cementless total hip arthroplasty: a review"
1534:
2161:"Biomedical materials and techniques to improve the tribological, mechanical and biomedical properties of orthopedic implants – A review article"
1634:"Three-year results from a preclinical implantation study of a long-term resorbable surgical mesh with time-dependent mechanical characteristics"
344:. The electric implant is embedded in the neck of patients with rheumatoid arthritics, the implant sends electrical signals to electrodes in the
253:
2413:
Polikov, Vadim S.; Patrick A. Tresco & William M. Reichert (2005). "Response of brain tissue to chronically implanted neural electrodes".
1067:
313:
based on magnesium with zinc and calcium addition are tested as the potential metallic biomaterials for biodegradable medical implants.
1512:
2494:
2363:
2326:
1485:
1118:
1006:
186:
348:. The application of this device is being tested an alternative to medicating people with rheumatoid arthritis for their lifetime.
755:
Complications can arise from implant failure. Internal rupturing of a breast implant can lead to bacterial infection, for example.
909:, concludes: "All implantable devices should be registered and tracked to monitor efficacy and patient safety in the long-term."
2523:
495:
491:
463:
2386:
Wagenberg, B.; Froum, S.J. (2006). "A retrospective study of 1925 consecutively placed immediate implants from 1988 to 2004".
1827:
Spoerke, Erik D.; Murray, Naomi G.; Li, Huanlong; Brinson, L. Catherine; Dunand, David C.; Stupp, Samuel I. (September 2005).
1704:
1231:
1560:
1439:
178:
894:
build-up, causing the signal to become weaker, or even non-existent, as the body reacts to a foreign object in the brain.
832:
done within the body to prevent blood loss from damaged blood vessels. However, the coagulation process is triggered from
2528:
928:
531:
507:
257:
2538:
2484:
933:
317:
36:
Orthopedic implants to repair fractures to the radius and ulna. Note the visible break in the ulna. (right forearm)
394:— attempt to bring some portion of the body back to an acceptable aesthetic norm. They are used as a follow-up to
948:
906:
790:
When the site of an implant becomes infected during or after surgery, the surrounding tissue becomes infected by
876:
619:
345:
229:
880:
1390:"Core Concept: The rise of bioelectric medicine sparks interest among researchers, patients, and industry"
451:
249:
233:
174:
1538:
784:
1923:"A Finite Element Model to Predict the Effect of Porosity on Elastic Modulus in Low-Porosity Materials"
2533:
2105:
2038:
1934:
923:
918:
776:
535:
487:
479:
407:
372:
360:
341:
95:
2489:
1337:"With Bioelectronic Medicine, SetPoint Medical Wants To Revolutionize Autoimmune Disease Treatment"
471:
376:
107:
103:
2094:"Computationally designed lattices with tuned properties for tissue engineering using 3D printing"
2438:
2070:
1968:
1903:
1614:
1269:
595:
483:
455:
272:
225:
217:
209:
111:
49:
438:
733:
up a disproportionate amount of the load applied to the appendage, leading to an effect called
2430:
2395:
2359:
2322:
2294:
2276:
2255:
Apostu, Dragos; Lucaciu, Ondine; Berce, Cristian; Lucaciu, Dan; Cosma, Dan (3 November 2017).
2237:
2219:
2180:
2141:
2123:
2062:
2054:
2007:
1960:
1895:
1856:
1848:
1806:
1788:
1747:
1663:
1606:
1481:
1473:
1447:
1421:
1318:
1261:
1213:
1172:
1164:
1114:
1002:
447:
427:
423:
411:
194:
150:
74:
2025:
Fernandes, Matheus C.; Aizenberg, Joanna; Weaver, James C.; Bertoldi, Katia (February 2021).
275:
implants help alleviate issues with the bones and joints of the body. They are used to treat
2422:
2284:
2268:
2227:
2211:
2172:
2131:
2113:
2046:
1999:
1950:
1942:
1887:
1840:
1796:
1778:
1739:
1653:
1645:
1598:
1411:
1401:
1308:
1300:
1253:
1230:
Nowosielski R., Cesarz-Andraczke K., Sakiewicz P., Maciej A., JakĂłbik-Kolon A., Babilas R.,
1203:
1154:
735:
716:
relationship dependent on the volume fraction of base material and morphology of the pores.
499:
310:
304:
296:
245:
198:
190:
182:
99:
70:
1589:
Simmons M, Montague D (2008). "Penile prosthesis implantation: past, present, and future".
872:
860:
854:
632:
599:
527:
419:
387:
368:
300:
288:
241:
237:
134:
2109:
2042:
1987:
1938:
1029:
2289:
2256:
2232:
2199:
2136:
2093:
2003:
1801:
1766:
1658:
1633:
1416:
1389:
1313:
1288:
938:
868:
864:
791:
650:
511:
459:
415:
280:
261:
61:
45:
558:
2517:
2089:
2074:
1972:
1907:
1143:"3D printing in surgery - The evolving paradigm-shift in surgical implants on demand"
817:
760:
680:
503:
467:
403:
399:
356:
276:
221:
2442:
2026:
1767:"Complete Osseointegration of a Retrieved 3-D Printed Porous Titanium Cervical Cage"
1618:
1190:
Ibrahim, H.; Esfahani, S. N.; Poorganji, B.; Dean, D.; Elahinia, M. (January 2017).
462:
systems. Implants are used in those and other locations to treat conditions such as
2426:
2160:
2159:
Ibrahim, Mahmoud Z.; Sarhan, Ahmed A.D.; Yusuf, Farazila; Hamdi, M. (August 2017).
1273:
956:
768:
539:
321:
292:
166:
158:
154:
2176:
1828:
2353:
2316:
2118:
1844:
1108:
996:
2215:
1682:
887:
829:
800:
780:
546:
stimulators. Many implants typically fall under Class II and Class III devices.
475:
391:
364:
213:
146:
78:
17:
1922:
1208:
1159:
1142:
751:
2088:
Egan, Paul F.; Gonella, Veronica C.; Engensperger, Max; Ferguson, Stephen J.;
2050:
1946:
1891:
1783:
1649:
943:
838:
813:
805:
667:
543:
395:
162:
130:
40:
2280:
2272:
2223:
2184:
2127:
2058:
2011:
1964:
1899:
1852:
1792:
1451:
1168:
1743:
1406:
821:
764:
673:
640:
603:
284:
2456:
2434:
2399:
2298:
2241:
2145:
2066:
1860:
1810:
1667:
1610:
1425:
1322:
1265:
1217:
1192:"Resorbable bone fixation alloys, forming, and post-fabrication treatments"
1176:
1875:
1751:
1730:
Gotman, I. (December 1997). "Characteristics of metals used in implants".
1632:
Hjort, H; Mathisen, T; Alves, A; Clermont, G; Boutrand, JP (April 2012).
1602:
1304:
842:
795:
704:
658:
615:
611:
170:
142:
138:
86:
82:
1232:
Corrosion of biocompatible Mg66+XZn30-XCa4 (X=0.2) bulk metallic glasses
618:-based implant alloys are also permanently implanted. All of these are
2502:– Recalls, Safety Alerts and Field Safety Notices of medical devices –
1955:
833:
90:
1876:"Correlation between Young's modulus and porosity in porous materials"
1257:
2318:
Biological
Performance of Materials: Fundamentals of Biocompatibility
607:
598:
metals are routinely implanted. The most commonly implanted form of
329:
2499:
1191:
890:
of the brain produce the highest quality signals, but are prone to
77:. The surface of implants that contact the body might be made of a
1363:"Arthritis sufferers offered hope after electrical implants leave"
316:
Patients with orthopaedic implants sometimes need to be put under
66:
32:
2027:"Mechanically robust lattices inspired by deep-sea glass sponges"
2508:
960:
902:
891:
787:. Depending on the type of implant, the complications may vary.
772:
325:
122:
Implants can roughly be categorized into groups by application:
1988:"Effect of Porosity on Physical Properties of Sintered Alumina"
2388:
825:
activity to repair the tissue or remove debris from the site.
553:
1561:"Chapter 1, Part 2, Section 160.19: Phrenic Nerve Stimulator"
1537:. The Regents of The University of California. Archived from
1509:"Upper G.I. Surgery - Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)"
759:
Under ideal conditions, implants should initiate the desired
27:
Device surgically placed within the body for medical purposes
212:
medical devices are implanted in cases where the heart, its
69:. Medical implants are human-made devices, in contrast to a
1765:
van den Brink, Wimar; Lamerigts, Nancy (26 November 2020).
1570:. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. 27 March 2015
2204:
Journal of the
Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials
220:
is in disorder. They are used to treat conditions such as
110:
drug delivery devices in the form of implantable pills or
2490:
ACOG - IUDs and Birth
Control Implants: Resource Overview
995:
Wong, J.Y.; Bronzino, J.D.; Peterson, D.R., eds. (2012).
340:
Electrical implants are being used to relieve pain from
820:. Inflammation starts with the rapid dilation of local
570:
363:
and treat conditions such as non-pathological forms of
1234:, Arch. Metall. Mater. 2016 vol. 61 iss. 2, s. 807-810
2504:
International
Consortium of Investigative Journalists
1474:"Chapter 27: Modern Concepts in Intrauterine Devices"
1287:
David, X Feng; Joseph, P McCauley (9 November 2015).
775:. Other complications that can occur include risk of
1829:"A bioactive titanium foam scaffold for bone repair"
1107:
McLatchie, G.; Borley, N.; Chikwe, J., eds. (2013).
450:
can occur in the systems of the body, including the
2355:An Introduction to Tissue-Biomaterial Interactions
1147:International Journal of Surgery (London, England)
1921:Morrissey, Liam S.; Nakhla, Sam (24 April 2018).
442:AMS 800 and ZSI 375 artificial urinary sphincters
1568:Medicare National Coverage Determinations Manual
1511:. Keck School of Medicine of USC. Archived from
728:Porosity in implants serves two primary purposes
307:used to anchor fractured bones while they heal.
2347:
2345:
2321:. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 520.
1394:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1074:. Food and Drug Administration. 4 November 2014
1001:. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 281.
1986:COBLE, R. L.; KINGERY, W. D. (November 1956).
1480:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 405–416.
828:Implant-induced coagulation is similar to the
2310:
2308:
1683:"Overview: FDA Regulation of Medical Devices"
52:— is another common item implanted in humans.
8:
1711:. Food and Drug Administration. 29 July 2014
1289:"Evaluation of 39 medical implants at 7.0 T"
1068:"Download Product Code Classification Files"
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
2352:Dee, K.C.; Puleo, D.A.; Bizios, R. (2002).
1591:International Journal of Impotence Research
1141:Thomas, Daniel; Singh, Deepti (June 2017).
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
406:, and modifying aspects of the body (as in
1927:Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A
1478:Clinical Reproductive Medicine and Surgery
2288:
2261:Journal of International Medical Research
2231:
2135:
2117:
1954:
1800:
1782:
1657:
1440:"New arthritis implant hailed as 'magic'"
1415:
1405:
1312:
1207:
1158:
2457:"Patients given unsafe medical implants"
2358:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Liss. p. 248.
1685:. Quality and Regulatory Associates, LLC
750:
437:
39:
31:
1992:Journal of the American Ceramic Society
1446:. Press Association. 23 December 2014.
1113:. Oxford, UK: OUP Oxford. p. 794.
1084:Relevant info in the foiclass.zip file.
972:
657:ASTM F67 Unalloyed (Commercially Pure)
359:implants are primarily used to prevent
2500:International Medical Devices Database
998:Biomaterials: Principles and Practices
500:diaphragmatic/phrenic nerve stimulator
254:implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
1822:
1820:
303:. Examples include a wide variety of
7:
1880:Journal of Materials Science Letters
1196:Materials Science and Engineering: C
169:; and neurological diseases such as
1476:. In Falcone, T.; Hurd, W. (eds.).
1110:Oxford Handbook of Clinical Surgery
2004:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1956.tb15608.x
1388:Peeples, Lynne (3 December 2019).
886:Devices implanted directly in the
25:
187:intrastromal corneal ring segment
1535:"Gastric Electrical Stimulation"
627:List of implantable metal alloys
557:
2415:Journal of Neuroscience Methods
2165:Journal of Alloys and Compounds
1246:Journal of Orthopaedic Research
464:gastroesophageal reflux disease
402:, for correcting some forms of
2495:FDA - Implants and Prosthetics
2485:AAOMS - Dental Implant Surgery
2427:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.08.015
1705:"Classify Your Medical Device"
785:allergic foreign body response
496:implantable gastric stimulator
305:pins, rods, screws, and plates
179:treatment-resistant depression
1:
2177:10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.04.231
1472:Duke, J.; Barhan, S. (2007).
2119:10.1371/journal.pone.0182902
1845:10.1016/j.actbio.2005.04.005
1293:British Journal of Radiology
532:Food and Drug Administration
523:United States classification
508:artificial urinary sphincter
258:artificial cardiac pacemaker
2216:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.01.017
1874:Kováčik, J. (1 July 1999).
934:List of orthopedic implants
901:, an investigation made by
690:ASTM F562 Co-35Ni-20Cr-10Mo
2555:
1209:10.1016/j.msec.2016.09.069
1160:10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.04.027
852:
318:magnetic resonance imaging
73:, which is a transplanted
2051:10.1038/s41563-020-0798-1
1947:10.1007/s11661-018-4623-2
1784:10.3389/fsurg.2020.526020
1681:Syring, G. (6 May 2003).
1650:10.1007/s10029-011-0885-y
907:Royal College of Surgeons
687:ASTM F90 Co-20Cr-15W-10Ni
590:Commonly implanted metals
530:are classified by the US
2273:10.1177/0300060517732697
645:ASTM F1314 22Cr-13Ni–5Mn
434:Other organs and systems
414:). Examples include the
126:Sensory and neurological
1892:10.1023/A:1006669914946
1744:10.1089/end.1997.11.383
1407:10.1073/pnas.1919040116
877:artificial heart valves
720:mechanical properties.
663:ASTM F136 Ti-6Al-4V-ELI
594:A variety of minimally
490:. Examples include the
244:. Examples include the
230:ventricular tachycardia
181:. Examples include the
2524:Biomedical engineering
1732:Journal of Endourology
1709:FDA.gov/MedicalDevices
1072:FDA.org/medicaldevices
756:
693:ASTM F1537 Co-28Cr-6Mo
443:
250:artificial heart valve
234:valvular heart disease
216:, and the rest of the
53:
37:
859:The many examples of
816:, or as a part of an
779:from implant-induced
754:
441:
43:
35:
1771:Frontiers in Surgery
1603:10.1038/ijir.2008.11
1305:10.1259/bjr.20150633
924:Biofunctionalisation
919:Drug-eluting implant
711:Porosity in Implants
703:ASTM F560 Unalloyed
536:surgical instruments
488:erectile dysfunction
408:buttock augmentation
377:intrauterine devices
361:unintended pregnancy
342:rheumatoid arthritis
102:. Some implants are
96:artificial pacemaker
2529:Implants (medicine)
2110:2017PLoSO..1282902E
2043:2021NatMa..20..237F
1939:2018MMTA...49.2622M
1400:(49): 24379–24382.
929:Implantable devices
830:coagulation process
681:Cobalt Chrome Alloy
502:, neurostimulator,
472:respiratory failure
367:. Examples include
175:Parkinson's disease
161:issues, as well as
112:drug-eluting stents
79:biomedical material
2539:Tissue engineering
2463:. 25 November 2018
2315:Black, J. (2006).
2092:(10 August 2017).
1833:Acta Biomaterialia
1369:. 23 December 2014
1299:(1056): 20150633.
881:Bjork–Shiley valve
757:
569:. You can help by
484:fecal incontinence
444:
226:cardiac arrhythmia
218:circulatory system
151:visual impairments
54:
50:drug-eluting stent
38:
1886:(13): 1007–1010.
1258:10.1002/jor.20213
1034:American Elements
1030:"Medical Devices"
949:Microchip implant
587:
586:
448:organ dysfunction
428:injectable filler
424:ocular prosthesis
412:chin augmentation
390:implants — often
195:tympanostomy tube
165:diseases such as
100:cochlear implants
75:biomedical tissue
48:— in this case a
16:(Redirected from
2546:
2509:Implant-Register
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2349:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2292:
2267:(6): 2104–2119.
2252:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2121:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2031:Nature Materials
2022:
2016:
2015:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1958:
1933:(7): 2622–2630.
1918:
1912:
1911:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1786:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1661:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1565:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1419:
1409:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1316:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1252:(9): 1799–1802.
1241:
1235:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1211:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1162:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1104:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1064:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
992:
963:, November 2018.
955:
736:stress shielding
582:
579:
561:
554:
452:gastrointestinal
311:Metallic glasses
301:hip replacements
246:artificial heart
191:cochlear implant
183:intraocular lens
21:
18:Medical implants
2554:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2514:
2513:
2481:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2104:(8): e0182902.
2087:
2086:
2082:
2024:
2023:
2019:
1998:(11): 377–385.
1985:
1984:
1980:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1541:on 30 July 2019
1533:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1367:The Independent
1361:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1343:. 29 March 2019
1341:Forbes Magazine
1335:
1334:
1330:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1229:
1225:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1106:
1105:
1090:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1009:
994:
993:
974:
970:
953:
915:
873:hip replacement
869:breast implants
861:implant failure
857:
855:Implant failure
851:
818:immune response
749:
730:
713:
700:
684:
654:
639:ASTM F138/F139
636:
633:Stainless Steel
629:
600:stainless steel
592:
583:
577:
574:
567:needs expansion
552:
528:Medical devices
525:
520:
446:Other types of
436:
420:nose prosthesis
385:
354:
338:
289:spinal stenosis
270:
242:atherosclerosis
238:angina pectoris
207:
199:neurostimulator
128:
120:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2552:
2550:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2479:External links
2477:
2475:
2474:
2448:
2405:
2378:
2364:
2341:
2327:
2304:
2247:
2190:
2151:
2090:Shea, Kristina
2080:
2037:(2): 237–241.
2017:
1978:
1913:
1866:
1839:(5): 523–533.
1816:
1757:
1738:(6): 383–389.
1722:
1696:
1673:
1624:
1597:(5): 437–444.
1581:
1552:
1526:
1500:
1486:
1464:
1431:
1380:
1354:
1328:
1279:
1236:
1223:
1202:(1): 870–888.
1182:
1133:
1119:
1088:
1046:
1021:
1007:
971:
969:
966:
965:
964:
951:
946:
941:
939:Medical device
936:
931:
926:
921:
914:
911:
879:, such as the
853:Main article:
850:
847:
809:the bacteria.
792:microorganisms
748:
745:
729:
726:
712:
709:
708:
707:
699:
696:
695:
694:
691:
688:
683:
678:
677:
676:
670:
664:
661:
653:
651:Titanium Alloy
648:
647:
646:
643:
635:
630:
628:
625:
591:
588:
585:
584:
564:
562:
551:
548:
542:and implanted
524:
521:
519:
518:Classification
516:
512:penile implant
435:
432:
416:breast implant
384:
381:
353:
350:
337:
334:
295:as well as in
281:osteoarthritis
277:bone fractures
269:
266:
262:coronary stent
210:Cardiovascular
206:
205:Cardiovascular
203:
127:
124:
119:
116:
62:medical device
46:coronary stent
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2551:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2367:
2365:9780471461128
2361:
2357:
2356:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2330:
2328:9780849339592
2324:
2320:
2319:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1723:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1684:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1582:
1569:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1515:on 9 May 2018
1514:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1489:
1487:9780323076593
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1381:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1122:
1120:9780199699476
1116:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1010:
1008:9781439872512
1004:
1000:
999:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
973:
967:
962:
958:
957:Implant Files
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
912:
910:
908:
904:
900:
899:Implant files
895:
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
856:
848:
846:
844:
840:
835:
831:
826:
823:
819:
815:
810:
807:
802:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:host response
753:
747:Complications
746:
744:
740:
739:
737:
727:
725:
721:
717:
710:
706:
702:
701:
697:
692:
689:
686:
685:
682:
679:
675:
671:
669:
665:
662:
660:
656:
655:
652:
649:
644:
642:
638:
637:
634:
631:
626:
624:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
589:
581:
572:
568:
565:This section
563:
560:
556:
555:
549:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
522:
517:
515:
513:
509:
505:
504:surgical mesh
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:gastroparesis
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
440:
433:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
404:disfigurement
401:
400:breast cancer
397:
393:
389:
382:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:Contraceptive
352:Contraception
351:
349:
347:
343:
335:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
267:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:heart failure
219:
215:
211:
204:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
125:
123:
117:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
63:
59:
51:
47:
42:
34:
30:
19:
2465:. Retrieved
2460:
2451:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2394:(1): 71–80.
2391:
2387:
2381:
2369:. Retrieved
2354:
2332:. Retrieved
2317:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2101:
2097:
2083:
2034:
2030:
2020:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1836:
1832:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1713:. Retrieved
1708:
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1676:
1644:(2): 191–7.
1641:
1637:
1627:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1572:. Retrieved
1567:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1539:the original
1529:
1517:. Retrieved
1513:the original
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1477:
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1444:The Guardian
1443:
1434:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1371:. Retrieved
1366:
1357:
1345:. Retrieved
1340:
1331:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1226:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1124:. Retrieved
1109:
1083:
1076:. Retrieved
1071:
1037:. Retrieved
1033:
1024:
1012:. Retrieved
997:
898:
896:
885:
875:joints, and
867:of silicone
858:
827:
811:
789:
769:inflammation
758:
741:
734:
731:
722:
718:
714:
620:made passive
593:
575:
571:adding to it
566:
540:heart valves
526:
445:
386:
355:
339:
315:
309:
293:chronic pain
271:
208:
167:otitis media
159:hearing loss
155:otosclerosis
149:, and other
135:neurological
129:
121:
118:Applications
108:subcutaneous
57:
55:
29:
2534:Prosthetics
2421:(1): 1–18.
2171:: 636–667.
1956:10315/35416
1574:19 February
1347:19 November
1039:20 December
959:scandal by
954:(in French)
892:scar-tissue
888:grey matter
822:capillaries
806:antibiotics
801:blood-borne
781:coagulation
672:ASTM F1472
666:ASTM F1295
596:bioreactive
476:sleep apnea
456:respiratory
392:prosthetics
365:menorrhagia
346:vagus nerve
273:Orthopaedic
147:keratoconus
2518:Categories
2467:5 February
1777:: 526020.
1457:1 February
1373:1 February
968:References
944:Prosthesis
839:fibrinogen
814:cell death
668:Ti-6Al-7Nb
544:cerebellar
460:urological
396:mastectomy
268:Orthopedic
163:middle ear
157:and other
106:, such as
71:transplant
2281:0300-0605
2224:1751-6161
2210:: 68–76.
2185:0925-8388
2128:1932-6203
2075:221824575
2059:1476-4660
2012:0002-7820
1973:140090946
1965:1073-5623
1908:134497468
1900:1573-4811
1853:1742-7061
1793:2296-875X
1452:0261-3077
1169:1743-9159
1153:: 58–59.
897:In 2018,
843:platelets
777:rejection
765:infection
674:Ti-6Al-4V
578:July 2019
550:Materials
332:implant.
285:scoliosis
104:bioactive
2443:11248506
2435:16198003
2400:16519184
2371:12 March
2334:12 March
2299:29098919
2242:29414477
2146:28797066
2098:PLOS ONE
2067:32958878
1861:16701832
1811:33330602
1715:12 March
1689:12 March
1668:21972049
1619:35545391
1611:18385678
1545:12 March
1519:12 March
1493:12 March
1426:31796581
1323:26481696
1266:16838376
1218:27770965
1177:28435025
1126:12 March
1078:12 March
1014:12 March
913:See also
863:include
849:Failures
834:proteins
796:bacteria
705:Tantalum
698:Tantalum
659:Titanium
616:titanium
612:chromium
388:Cosmetic
383:Cosmetic
336:Electric
171:epilepsy
143:glaucoma
139:cataract
87:silicone
83:titanium
81:such as
2290:6023061
2233:7603939
2137:5552288
2106:Bibcode
2039:Bibcode
1935:Bibcode
1802:7732662
1752:9440845
1659:3895198
1417:6900593
1314:4984944
1274:2991113
865:rupture
480:urinary
398:due to
375:-based
373:hormone
330:fibular
131:Sensory
91:apatite
58:implant
2441:
2433:
2398:
2362:
2325:
2297:
2287:
2279:
2240:
2230:
2222:
2183:
2144:
2134:
2126:
2073:
2065:
2057:
2010:
1971:
1963:
1906:
1898:
1859:
1851:
1809:
1799:
1791:
1750:
1666:
1656:
1638:Hernia
1617:
1609:
1484:
1450:
1424:
1414:
1321:
1311:
1272:
1264:
1216:
1175:
1167:
1117:
1005:
771:, and
608:Cobalt
486:, and
458:, and
426:, and
371:- and
369:copper
291:, and
260:, and
240:, and
214:valves
197:, and
177:, and
2439:S2CID
2071:S2CID
1969:S2CID
1904:S2CID
1615:S2CID
1564:(PDF)
1270:S2CID
322:Tesla
89:, or
67:bones
60:is a
2469:2019
2431:PMID
2396:PMID
2373:2016
2360:ISBN
2336:2016
2323:ISBN
2295:PMID
2277:ISSN
2238:PMID
2220:ISSN
2181:ISSN
2142:PMID
2124:ISSN
2063:PMID
2055:ISSN
2008:ISSN
1961:ISSN
1896:ISSN
1857:PMID
1849:ISSN
1807:PMID
1789:ISSN
1748:PMID
1717:2016
1691:2016
1664:PMID
1607:PMID
1576:2016
1547:2016
1521:2016
1495:2016
1482:ISBN
1459:2019
1448:ISSN
1422:PMID
1375:2019
1349:2019
1319:PMID
1262:PMID
1214:PMID
1173:PMID
1165:ISSN
1128:2016
1115:ISBN
1080:2016
1041:2023
1016:2016
1003:ISBN
961:ICIJ
903:ICIJ
841:and
783:and
773:pain
641:316L
614:and
604:316L
510:and
492:LINX
482:and
410:and
328:and
326:heel
299:and
297:knee
133:and
98:and
2461:BBC
2423:doi
2419:148
2285:PMC
2269:doi
2228:PMC
2212:doi
2173:doi
2169:714
2132:PMC
2114:doi
2047:doi
2000:doi
1951:hdl
1943:doi
1888:doi
1841:doi
1797:PMC
1779:doi
1740:doi
1654:PMC
1646:doi
1599:doi
1412:PMC
1402:doi
1398:116
1309:PMC
1301:doi
1254:doi
1204:doi
1155:doi
602:is
573:.
56:An
2520::
2459:.
2437:.
2429:.
2417:.
2392:21
2390:.
2344:^
2307:^
2293:.
2283:.
2275:.
2265:46
2263:.
2259:.
2236:.
2226:.
2218:.
2208:80
2206:.
2202:.
2179:.
2167:.
2163:.
2140:.
2130:.
2122:.
2112:.
2102:12
2100:.
2096:.
2069:.
2061:.
2053:.
2045:.
2035:20
2033:.
2029:.
2006:.
1996:39
1994:.
1990:.
1967:.
1959:.
1949:.
1941:.
1931:49
1929:.
1925:.
1902:.
1894:.
1884:18
1882:.
1878:.
1855:.
1847:.
1835:.
1831:.
1819:^
1805:.
1795:.
1787:.
1773:.
1769:.
1746:.
1736:11
1734:.
1707:.
1662:.
1652:.
1642:16
1640:.
1636:.
1613:.
1605:.
1595:20
1593:.
1566:.
1442:.
1420:.
1410:.
1396:.
1392:.
1365:.
1339:.
1317:.
1307:.
1297:88
1295:.
1291:.
1268:.
1260:.
1250:24
1248:.
1212:.
1200:70
1198:.
1194:.
1171:.
1163:.
1151:42
1149:.
1145:.
1091:^
1082:.
1070:.
1049:^
1032:.
975:^
871:,
767:,
606:.
514:.
506:,
498:,
494:,
478:,
474:,
470:,
466:,
454:,
430:.
422:,
418:,
379:.
287:,
283:,
279:,
264:.
256:,
252:,
248:,
236:,
232:,
228:,
224:,
201:.
193:,
189:,
185:,
173:,
153:;
145:,
141:,
114:.
85:,
44:A
2471:.
2445:.
2425::
2402:.
2375:.
2338:.
2301:.
2271::
2244:.
2214::
2187:.
2175::
2148:.
2116::
2108::
2077:.
2049::
2041::
2014:.
2002::
1975:.
1953::
1945::
1937::
1910:.
1890::
1863:.
1843::
1837:1
1813:.
1781::
1775:7
1754:.
1742::
1719:.
1693:.
1670:.
1648::
1621:.
1601::
1578:.
1549:.
1523:.
1497:.
1461:.
1428:.
1404::
1377:.
1351:.
1325:.
1303::
1276:.
1256::
1220:.
1206::
1179:.
1157::
1130:.
1043:.
1018:.
738:.
610:-
580:)
576:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
